Hartley, Gonzalo ReyesAbels, Miglena2025-04-092025-04-092025-04-09https://hdl.handle.net/10986/43042This report examines the state of pension and social insurance systems globally, focusing on old-age income protection. It analyzes expenditure, coverage, adequacy of benefits, and sustainability of both contributory and non-contributory pension schemes. The report highlights the impact of population aging on pension systems, emphasizing the need for reforms to ensure fiscal sustainability and adequate benefits. It also explores the challenges of extending coverage to informal sector workers and the importance of gender equity in pension provision. The report concludes with recommendations for adapting pension systems to evolving economic and demographic realities, emphasizing the need for inclusive and sustainable solutions.en-USCC BY-NC 3.0 IGOWELL-BEINGPENSION AND SOCIAL INSURANCE SYSTEMSADEQUACY OF BENEFITSPOPULATION AGINGWorking Paper (Numbered Series)World Bank10.1596/43042