Conway, PatrickShah, Manju2013-03-152013-03-152011-05-09https://hdl.handle.net/10986/12779This country-level analysis of international trading patterns examines all sub-Saharan (SSA) countries for which trade data exist. Firm-level analysis is restricted to five countries: Kenya, Mauritius, Madagascar, Swaziland, and Lesotho, for which enterprise surveys are available from the period just before or after the elimination of the final quotas in 2005, under the Agreement for Textiles and Clothing (ATC). Comparators were selected from Asia (Bangladesh, Indonesia, Vietnam), and North Africa (Morocco, Egypt), as benchmarks for the SSA countries, and also to examine their performance relative to normal world trading patterns and volumes. The findings, along with corresponding policy recommendations, are summarized, and key issues are addressed, including which countries adjusted to this with lowest cost; what lessons can the SSA countries draw from this episode in their negotiation and exploitation of trade preferences offered by the US, EU and other potential markets; and how does an SSA country create or attract an export-ready apparel firm. Does the poor performance of sub-Saharan African (SSA) exporters in the period since the removal of quotas in 2005, imply that SSA countries do not have a comparative advantage in apparel, and thus should focus development efforts on other sectors? This report focussed on the evolution of the apparel trade with the removal of ATC quotas. It is important, though, to recognize that African apparel exporters have now been through two negative shocks, the end of trade diversion with the ending of the ATC quota system, and the trade elimination through demand reduction in the US and EU in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2008.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCOUNTINGADVERSE EFFECTSADVERSE SHOCKANTIDUMPINGANTIDUMPING DUTIESAPPARELAPPAREL EXPORTAPPAREL EXPORTSAPPAREL GOODSAPPAREL INDUSTRYAPPAREL MARKETAPPAREL PRODUCERSAPPAREL PRODUCTSAPPAREL SECTORAPPAREL TRADEAVERAGE EXCHANGE RATEAVERAGE PRICEBENCHMARKBENCHMARKSBENEFICIARIESBENEFICIARYBILATERAL CUMULATIONBILATERAL TRADECAPITAL PER WORKERCAPITAL STOCKCOMMERCIAL POLICYCOMMON MARKETCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGECOMPETITIVE MARKETCOMPETITIVE POSITIONCOUNTRY MARKETCOUNTRY MARKETSCOUNTRY OF ORIGINCURRENCYCURRENCY VALUESDEPENDENT VARIABLEDEPENDENT VARIABLESDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDIVERSIFICATION OF EXPORTSDOLLAR VALUEDOMESTIC PRODUCERSDUMPINGECONOMETRIC ANALYSISECONOMIC COOPERATIONECONOMIC CRISISECONOMIC GROWTHEMERGING ECONOMIESEXCHANGE RATEEXOGENOUS FACTORSEXPORT DIVERSIFICATIONEXPORT GOODSEXPORT MARKETEXPORT PATTERNSEXPORT PERFORMANCEEXPORT PROCESSINGEXPORT PROCESSING ZONESEXPORT REVENUEEXPORT TAX EQUIVALENTSEXPORT VALUEEXPORTEREXPORTERSEXPORTSFINANCIAL CRISISFOREIGN INVESTORSFOREIGN MARKETSFOREIGN OWNERSHIPFREE ACCESSFREE TRADEFREE TRADE AREAFREE TRADE AREASGDPGDP DEFLATORGENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCESGLOBAL MARKETGLOBAL MARKETPLACEGLOBAL MARKETSGLOBAL TRADEGOVERNMENT POLICYHOST GOVERNMENTSIMPACT OF SHOCKSIMPORTIMPORT COMPETITIONIMPORT MARKETSIMPORT PRICEIMPORT VALUEINDUSTRIALIZATIONINSTRUMENTINTERMEDIATE GOODSINTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESSINTERNATIONAL ECONOMICSINTERNATIONAL MARKETSINTERNATIONAL TRADEINVESTMENT CLIMATEITCLABOR FORCELOW-INCOME COUNTRIESMARKET COMPETITIONMARKET DISRUPTIONMARKET DIVERSIFICATIONMARKET POSITIONMARKET SHAREMARKETINGMARKETPLACEMULTILATERAL TARIFF REDUCTIONNEGATIVE SHOCKPATTERN OF TRADEPER CAPITA INCOMEPOSITIVE EXTERNALITIESPOVERTY REDUCTIONPREFERENTIAL ACCESSPREFERENTIAL RULES OF ORIGINPREFERENTIAL TARIFFPREFERENTIAL TARIFF TREATMENTPREFERENTIAL TREATMENTPRICE ADJUSTMENTPRICE ADVANTAGEPRICE COMPETITIONPRICE ELASTICITYPRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDPRICE OF GOODSPROFIT MARGINPURCHASINGPURCHASING POWERPURCHASING POWER PARITYQUOTASRAPID GROWTHRECESSIONREGIONAL MARKETREMOVAL OF QUOTAREMOVAL OF QUOTASRESTRICTIVE RULES OF ORIGINRULES OF ORIGINSALESSHORTFALLSLOWDOWNSPECIALIZATIONSTATISTICAL ANALYSISSUPPLIERSUPPLIERSTARIFF PROTECTIONTARIFF RATESTARIFF SCHEDULETAXTECHNOLOGY TRANSFERTHIRD MARKETSTOTAL EXPORTTOTAL EXPORT REVENUETOTAL EXPORT REVENUESTOTAL EXPORTSTOTAL IMPORTTOTAL IMPORTSTOTAL MARKETTRADE AGREEMENTSTRADE BARRIERTRADE BARRIERSTRADE CONCENTRATIONTRADE CREATIONTRADE DATATRADE DIVERSIONTRADE FLOW DATATRADE PREFERENCESTRADE RESTRICTIONSTRADE VALUESTRADINGTRADING PARTNERTRUST FUNDUNEMPLOYMENTVALUE ADDEDVALUE OF APPARELVALUE OF EXPORTSVALUE OF IMPORTSVALUE OF TRADEWAGESWEALTHWEIGHTSWELFARE LOSSWHOLESALE DISTRIBUTORWORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORSWORLD TRADEWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONWTOWorld Bank10.1596/12779