World Bank2013-08-232013-08-232002-10-28https://hdl.handle.net/10986/15335This report is part of an ongoing project to understand poverty, growth, and human development in Pakistan. It argues that if the country does not close its social gap, its long-term ability to grow economically, alleviate poverty, and sustain its debt will be fundamentally compromised. Spanning social, economic, and fiscal difficulties, the country's current predicament is not rooted in a discrete set of policies amenable to rapid rectification, but in structural factors linked very often to issues of governance. It is within this context of a broader failure of policy and implementation that one should understand Pakistan's inability to take sufficient advantage of the growth that it has enjoyed in the past, to attract investment, build enough infrastructure, or to promote adequate advances in social indicators. Over the past decade, stagnating policy and a persistent, even widening, social gap are direct legacies of these failures. As this report suggests, issues of governance, for instance, in the form of the lack of accountability, are at the heart of many of the dificulties encountered in mitigating poverty and broadening access to social services in Pakistan. Neither debt reform nor the mere availability of donor funds is likely to dispel these problems. The strategies and tactics outlined in this report take this into account, emphasizing the need to consider and implement concomitant policies in a comprehensive, mututally reinforcing manner.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOPOVERTY ASSESSMENTSGOVERNMENT SPENDING POLICYPUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONFISCAL DEFICITSPOVERTY MEASUREMENTPOVERTY INCIDENCESOCIAL INEQUALITYVULNERABILITYLABOR MARKETSRULE OF LAWHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHOUSEHOLD WELFARE INDICATORSSERVICE DELIVERYACCESS TO EDUCATIONLAND OWNERSHIPIRRIGATION SYSTEMSSOIL DEGRADATIONACCESS TO CREDITFACTOR MARKETSAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITYSOCIAL PROTECTION SYSTEMSRISK MANAGEMENTHUMAN DEVELOPMENTRURAL POVERTYSCHOOL ENROLLMENTMATERNAL HEALTH SERVICESINFANT MORTALITYHEALTH INDICATORSQUALITY OF EDUCATIONMALNUTRITION ABATEMENTAGRICULTURAL SECTORANATOMYCASE STUDIESCHILDBIRTHCHRONIC POVERTYCOLLECTIVE ACTIONCOMMERCIAL BANKSCOMPARATOR COUNTRIESCONSULTATIVE PROCESSCONSUMPTION EXPENDITURESCONSUMPTION PATTERNSCONSUMPTION POVERTYCOUNTRY CONTEXTCURRENCY UNITDATADATA SOURCESDEBTDEMOGRAPHICSDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDEVELOPMENT GOALSDEVELOPMENT INDICATORSDEVELOPMENT POLICYDIVERSIFICATIONDRINKING WATERECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC MANAGEMENTECONOMIC SHOCKSEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT STATUSEQUAL DISTRIBUTIONEXPENDITURE CATEGORIESEXPENDITURE GROUPEXPENDITURE SURVEYEXTERNALITIESFEMALE EDUCATIONFINANCIAL SUPPORTFOOD POLICY RESEARCHGENDER DISPARITIESGENDER GAPSGINI COEFFICIENTGIRLSGOVERNMENT EFFECTIVENESSGROWTH INCIDENCEGROWTH PERFORMANCEGROWTH RATEGROWTH RATESHEAD-COUNT RATIOHEALTH CAREHEALTH CENTERSHEALTH INDICATORSHIGH VOLATILITYHOUSEHOLDHOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICSHOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTIONHOUSEHOLD DATAHOUSEHOLD HEADHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHOUSEHOLD WELFAREHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTILLITERACYIMPROVED ACCESSINCOME LEVELINCOME LEVELSINEQUALITYINFANT MORTALITYINSTITUTIONAL REFORMSINTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTINTERVENTIONLABOR MARKETSLAND INEQUALITYLOCAL RESEARCHERSMACROECONOMIC STABILITYMALNUTRITIONMEAN CONSUMPTIONMORTALITYMULTIVARIATE ANALYSISNATIONAL POVERTYNON-POOR HOUSEHOLDSPARENTSPER CAPITA INCOMEPERSISTENT POVERTYPOLICY DECISIONSPOLICY IMPLICATIONSPOLICY MAKERSPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOVERTY ALLEVIATIONPOVERTY ANALYSISPOVERTY ASSESSMENTPOVERTY ASSESSMENT WORKPOVERTY CHANGESPOVERTY LINEPOVERTY MONITORINGPOVERTY RATEPOVERTY RATESPOVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGYPOVERTY TRENDSPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIVATE SCHOOLSPRIVATE SECTORPRODUCTIVITYPROPERTY RIGHTSPUBLIC EDUCATIONPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEWPUBLIC POLICIESPUBLIC PROGRAMSPUBLIC PROVISIONPUBLIC SECTORPUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENTPUBLIC SERVICEPUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERYPUBLIC SERVICESPUBLIC SPENDINGQUALITATIVE DATAQUALITATIVE INFORMATIONQUALITATIVE POVERTYREFORM PROGRAMRESEARCH INSTITUTERULE OF LAWRURAL AREASRURAL INHABITANTSRURAL POORRURAL POPULATIONRURAL POVERTYSAMPLE SIZESCHOOLSSECONDARY ENROLLMENTSERVICE DELIVERYSHORT TERMSIGNIFICANT IMPACTSOCIAL ACTIONSOCIAL GROUPINGSSOCIAL INDICATORSSOCIAL PROTECTIONSOCIAL SECTORSSOCIAL SERVICESSOCIAL SPENDINGSOIL DEGRADATIONSTRUCTURAL REFORMSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTUNDERSTANDING POVERTYURBAN AREASURBAN POPULATIONURBAN POVERTYWORKERSWorld Bank10.1596/15335