Loayza, NormanWada, Tomoko2014-04-172014-04-172012-08https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17881This paper analyzes the public infrastructure trends and gaps in Pakistan, especially by placing the Pakistani experience in an international context. It examines the major sectors of public infrastructure, including (a) transportation, (b) telecommunication, (c) electricity generation and (d) water, sanitation and irrigation. Public infrastructure in Pakistan has made some progress over the last five decades. However, compared to other similar countries, the rate of improvement in Pakistan has been among the slowest for the majority of public infrastructure sectors. This has matched the relatively weak economic growth performance of the country in recent decades, which has remained at or below the median country in the world. Moreover the infrastructure improvement has been insufficient to ameliorate substantially the infrastructure conditions of Pakistani citizens.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS FEEACCESS TO ELECTRICITYACCOUNTINGAIRAIR TRANSPORTAIRPORTSAMOUNT OF POWERAPPROACHASSET MANAGEMENTAVAILABILITYCANAL SYSTEMCAPITAL EXPENDITURECAPITAL EXPENDITURESCLIMATE CHANGECLIMATIC CONDITIONSCONCESSIONCORPORATE GOVERNANCECOST RECOVERYDEBTDEFICITSDISCOSDISTRIBUTION COMPANIESDISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITYDRAINAGEDRIVINGECONOMETRIC ESTIMATIONECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC GROWTH RATEECONOMIC GROWTH RATESECONOMIC PERFORMANCEECONOMICSEFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTSELECTRIC POWERELECTRIC POWER SECTORELECTRIC SUPPLYELECTRICITYELECTRICITY GENERATIONELECTRICITY INFRASTRUCTUREELECTRICITY SECTOREMPLOYMENTENERGY OUTLOOKFINANCIAL MANAGEMENTFINANCING OF INFRASTRUCTUREFISCAL CONSTRAINTSFREIGHTFREIGHT TRAFFICFREIGHT TRAINSFUELGASGAS SUPPLYGENERATING CAPACITYGENERATION CAPACITYGENERATION COSTSGENERATORSGOVERNMENT BUDGETGOVERNMENT FUNDSGROWTH MODELHIGHWAYHIGHWAY AUTHORITYHYDROELECTRIC POWERHYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATIONINFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTSINFRASTRUCTURE PROVISIONINTERNATIONAL ROAD FEDERATIONJOURNEYJOURNEY TIMEJOURNEY TIME RELIABILITYKILOWATT HOURLENGTH OF ROADSLOCOMOTIVEMANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTUREMARGINAL COSTSMONIESNATIONAL HIGHWAYSNUCLEAR PLANTSOILOPEN ACCESSPASSENGER SERVICESPASSENGER TRAFFICPASSENGER TRAINSPEDESTRIANSPENSIONSPORT AUTHORITIESPORT FACILITIESPOWERPOWER COMPANYPOWER DEMANDPOWER GENERATIONPOWER GENERATION CAPACITYPOWER GENERATORSPOWER PLANTSPOWER SECTORPOWER STATIONPOWER SYSTEMPRIVATE CAPITALPRIVATE PROVIDERSPRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENTPRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATIONPRIVATIZATIONPROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTSPUBLICPUBLIC DEBTPUBLIC INFRASTRUCTUREPUBLIC INVESTMENTPUBLIC INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTUREPUBLIC SECTORPUBLIC SECTOR ENTITIESPUBLIC SECTOR WAGESPUBLIC WORKSQUANTITY OF ELECTRICITYRAILRAIL INFRASTRUCTURERAILROADSRAILWAYRAILWAY SECTORRAILWAYSREFORM PROGRAMSREGULATORY FRAMEWORKREVENUE BASEROADROAD DEVELOPMENTROAD MAINTENANCEROAD NETWORKROAD NETWORKSROAD SECTORROAD SYSTEMROAD USERROADSROLLING STOCKSANITATIONSANITATION INFRASTRUCTURESERVICE PROVIDERSSOCIAL WELFARETELECOMMUNICATIONSTELEPHONE INDUSTRYTHERMAL EFFICIENCYTHERMAL PLANTSTHERMAL POWERTHERMAL POWER GENERATIONTOLLTOLL RATESTOLLSTRAFFICTRAFFIC CAPACITYTRAFFIC DEMANDTRAFFIC MANAGEMENTTRANSITTRANSPARENCYTRANSPORTTRANSPORT INDICATORSTRANSPORT INDUSTRYTRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURETRANSPORT MARKETTRANSPORT MODETRANSPORT OPERATIONSTRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURETRANSPORTATION NETWORKTRIPTRIP SPEEDSTRUCKSURBANIZATIONWATER DISTRIBUTIONWATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT10.1596/17881