Hoekman, Bernard2012-03-192012-03-192011-01-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3298This paper summarizes the major arguments and proposals to reform the modus operandi of the World Trade Organization --including decision-making procedures, negotiating modalities, and dispute settlement. Much has already been done to improve the internal and external transparency of World Trade Organization processes. Some proposals for structural reform ignore incentive constraints and the fact that the World Trade Organization is an incomplete contract that must be self-enforcing. Others -- such as calls for a "critical mass" approach to negotiations --can already be pursued (and have been). The agenda for international cooperation increasingly revolves around "behind-the-border" regulatory externalities that do not necessarily lend themselves to binding commitments in a trade agreement. This suggests a focus on strengthening notification/surveillance and developing more effective mechanisms for dialogue on regulatory policies that may create negative spillovers.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCESSIONACCESSION PROCESSADJUDICATING BODIESADVERSE CONSEQUENCESAGREEMENT ON GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENTAGRICULTUREAPPELLATE BODYAVERAGE TARIFFSBALANCE OF CONCESSIONSBALANCE OF RIGHTSBENCHMARKBILATERAL TRADECIVIL SOCIETYCOMMITTEE ON TRADECOMPETITIVENESSCONSUMER PROTECTIONCONSUMERSCONTRACTING PARTIESCOUNCIL FOR TRADE IN GOODSCOUNCIL FOR TRADE IN SERVICESCUSTOMSDAMAGESDECISION MAKINGDEVELOPMENT AGENCIESDEVELOPMENT POLICYDIFFERENTIAL TREATMENTDIRECT COMPENSATIONDIRECT INVESTMENTDISPUTE SETTLEMENTDISPUTE SETTLEMENT BODYDISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISMDISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCESSDISPUTE SETTLEMENT SYSTEMDOMESTIC REGULATIONECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC LAWECONOMIC ORDERECONOMIC RESEARCHECONOMIC THEORIESENFORCEMENT MECHANISMSENTIRE MEMBERSHIPEXCHANGE RATESEXPORT RESTRAINTSEXPORTERSEXPORTSEXTERNALITIESFINANCIAL CRISISFINANCIAL SECTORFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFREE TRADEFREE TRADE AGREEMENTSFREER TRADEFULL EMPLOYMENTGDPGLOBAL TRADEGLOBAL TRADINGGLOBAL TRADING SYSTEMGLOBAL WELFAREIMPORT BARRIERSIMPORT PROTECTIONINCENTIVE EFFECTSINDIVIDUAL MEMBERSINDUSTRIALIZED NATIONSINEFFICIENCYINTELLECTUAL PROPERTYINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSINTERNATIONAL BANKINTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONINTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAWINTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDERINTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCEINTERNATIONAL LAWINTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONINTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONSINTERNATIONAL TRADEINTERNATIONAL TRADING ENVIRONMENTITCJOINT VENTURELDCSLEGAL SYSTEMSLIABILITYLIBERALIZATION OF TRADEMACROECONOMIC POLICYMARKET ACCESSMARKET SEGMENTATIONMEMBER COUNTRIESMFNMINISTERIAL CONFERENCEMINISTERIAL CONFERENCESMINISTERIAL DECISIONMINISTERIAL MEETINGMULTILATERAL AGREEMENTSMULTILATERAL NEGOTIATIONSMULTILATERAL TRADEMULTILATERAL TRADING SYSTEMNATIONAL TRADE POLICIESNATIONAL WELFARENEGATIVE EXTERNALITIESNEGATIVE SPILLOVERSNONTARIFF BARRIERSOPENNESSOPPORTUNITY COSTOPPORTUNITY COSTSPANEL STAGEPER CAPITA INCOMESPERMANENT PANEL BODYPOLICY CHANGESPOLICY MAKERSPOLICY REFORMPOLICY REFORMSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RULESPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOOR COUNTRIESPOVERTY REDUCTIONPREFERENTIAL TRADEPREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTSPRIVATE INVESTMENTPRODUCT STANDARDSPROPERTY RIGHTSPROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSPROTECTIONIST POLICIESPUBLIC GOODQUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONSRADICAL REFORMREGIONALISMREGULATORY BARRIERSREGULATORY POLICIESREGULATORY POLICYREGULATORY REFORMREGULATORY REGIMESREMEDIESROUND AGREEMENTSSERVICES TRADESUPRANATIONAL ENFORCEMENTSURVEILLANCE FUNCTIONSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTTARIFF CONCESSIONSTARIFF EQUIVALENTTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETECHNICAL COOPERATIONTERMS OF TRADETRADE AGREEMENTTRADE AGREEMENTSTRADE AREATRADE COSTSTRADE DISPUTESTRADE FACILITATIONTRADE FLOWSTRADE INTEGRATIONTRADE ISSUESTRADE LIBERALIZATIONTRADE NEGOTIATIONSTRADE POLICIESTRADE POLICYTRADE POLICY REVIEW MECHANISMTRADE REGIMETRADE REGIMESTRADE RESTRICTIONSTRADE THEORIESTRADE THEORYTRADING NATIONSTRADING PARTNERSTRADING SYSTEMTRANSITION ECONOMIESTRANSPARENCYTREATIESUNILATERAL LIBERALIZATIONURUGUAY ROUNDVALUE JUDGMENTSVALUE OF TRADEVOLUNTARY EXPORT RESTRAINTSWEAK ENFORCEMENTWORLD ECONOMYWORLD TRADEWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONWORLD TRADING SYSTEMWTOWTO ACCESSIONWTO AGREEMENTSWTO MEMBERSWTO MEMBERSHIPWTO RULESWTO SECRETARIATWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-5525