World Bank2013-04-222013-04-222012https://hdl.handle.net/10986/13248This report contributes to the migration policy debates in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) by providing evidence of the impacts of migration; at the same time, it outlines possible policy approaches to increase benefits from migration. The study focuses primarily on Thailand and Myanmar: the main labor receiving and sending countries, respectively, in the GMS. This report not only presents the recent migration trends and drivers in the GMS but also addresses policy issues related to the economic and social impact of migration on countries both receiving and sending labor; it also addresses the issue of migrants' welfare including social services; and the role of migration policy and institutions. The findings challenge several existing paradigms of developing country migration research and may have broader transferability. Specifically, the proceeding analysis suggests: (a) demographic and income differences among the GMS countries drive migration within the region, suggesting the rising prominence of South-South migration; (b) migration in the GMS tends to be long-term, contrasting the more temporary nature of migration from most of the world's developing countries; and (c) economic factors contribute to migration within the region significantly more so than political factors.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABUSEACCOUNTINGADBAGEDAGEING POPULATIONSAGINGASYLUMASYLUM-SEEKERSBANKING SECTORBASIC EDUCATIONBORDERSBRAIN DRAINCENSUSESCHILD LABORCITIZENSCOERCIONCOUNTRIES OF ORIGINCRIMECURRENT PRICESDEBTDEMOGRAPHIC FACTORSDEPORTATIONDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT STRATEGIESDIASPORADISASTERSDISCRIMINATIONDISSEMINATIONDOCUMENTED MIGRANTSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC INTEGRATIONECONOMIC STABILITYECONOMIC TRANSITIONELDERLYEMIGRANTSEMIGRATIONEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESENFORCEMENT MECHANISMSENTREPRENEURSHIPEQUILIBRIUM MODELSESSENTIAL SOCIAL SERVICESEXERCISESEXPATRIATESEXTERNALITIESFAMILIESFAMILY MEMBERSFEMALE MIGRANTSFINANCIAL DEEPENINGFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSFINANCIAL RISKFINANCING SOURCESFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTGLOBAL POPULATIONHEALTH CAREHEALTH EDUCATIONHEALTH EXPENDITURESHEALTH FACILITIESHEALTH INSURANCEHEALTH SERVICESHOME COUNTRIESHOSPITALHOSPITALIZATIONHOSPITALSHOST COUNTRIESHOST COUNTRYHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSINGHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN TRAFFICKINGILL HEALTHILLEGAL ENTRYILLNESSIMMIGRANTIMMIGRANTSIMMIGRATIONIMPACT OF MIGRATIONINSTITUTIONAL CAPACITYINTENSIVE INDUSTRIESINTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTSINTERNATIONAL BANKSINTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATIONINTERNATIONAL MIGRANTINTERNATIONAL MIGRANTSINTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONINTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATIONINTERNATIONAL TRADEINTRAREGIONAL MIGRATIONIRREGULAR MIGRANTSIRREGULAR MIGRATIONJOB CREATIONJOB OPPORTUNITIESJOB SECURITYLABOR COSTSLABOR EXPLOITATIONLABOR FORCELABOR MARKETLABOR MARKETSLABOR MIGRATIONLABOR SHORTAGESLABOR SUPPLYLAWSLEGAL PROTECTIONLEGAL STATUSLIFE EXPECTANCYLOCAL AUTHORITIESLOCAL POPULATIONLONG-TERM MIGRANTLONG-TERM MIGRANTSMACROECONOMIC STABILITYMANAGEMENT SYSTEMSMARKET ECONOMYMICROFINANCEMIGRANTMIGRANT LABORMIGRANT WORKERSMIGRANTSMIGRATIONMIGRATION DATAMIGRATION FLOWMIGRATION FLOWSMIGRATION POLICIESMIGRATION POLICYMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALMINISTRY OF HEALTHMOBILITYMORTALITYMOVEMENT OF PEOPLENATIONAL EFFORTSNATIONAL INTERESTNATIONAL SECURITYNATIVE WORKERSNATURAL DISASTERSNEW ENTRANTSNUMBER OF MIGRANTSNUMBER OF WORKERSOUTPATIENT CAREPOLICY DIALOGUEPOLICY PROCESSPOLITICAL INSTABILITYPOPULATION DECLINESPOPULATION DIVISIONPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRODUCTIVITYPROFITABILITYPROPENSITY TO SAVEPUBLIC AWARENESSPUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC HEALTH SERVICESPUBLIC OPINIONPUBLIC SERVICESPULL FACTORPULL FACTORSPURCHASING POWERPURCHASING POWER PARITYPUSH FACTORSRECIPIENT COUNTRIESRECIPIENT COUNTRYREFUGEESREGIONAL COOPERATIONREMITTANCEREMITTANCESRETIREMENTSAFETY NETSAVINGSSCHOOL ENROLMENTSSEXSEX TRAFFICKINGSHORT-TERM MIGRANTSHORT-TERM MIGRANTSSKILLED WORKERSSOCIAL AFFAIRSSOCIAL COHESIONSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSOCIAL FACTORSSOCIAL IMPACTSOCIAL RESEARCHSOCIAL SECURITYSOCIAL SERVICESOCIAL SERVICESSPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONSPILLOVERSPOUSESUBSIDIARYTELEVISIONTRANSPORTUNDOCUMENTED MIGRANTUNDOCUMENTED MIGRANTSUNDOCUMENTED WORKERSUNEMPLOYMENTUNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT FUND FOR WOMENURBAN AREASVICTIMSVULNERABILITYWAGESWARYOUNG POPULATIONSWorld Bank10.1596/13248