Rentschler, JunHallegatte, StéphaneAvner, Paolo2014-06-302014-06-302014-06https://hdl.handle.net/10986/18829This paper investigates the effect of carbon or gasoline taxes on commuting-related CO2 emissions in an urban context. To assess the impact of public transport on the efficiency of the tax, the paper investigates two exogenous scenarios using a dynamic urban model (NEDUM-2D) calibrated for the urban area of Paris: (i) a scenario with the current dense public transport infrastructure, and (ii) a scenario without. It is shown that the price elasticity of CO2 emissions is twice as high in the short run if public transport options exist. Reducing commuting-related emissions thus requires lower (and more acceptable) tax levels in the presence of dense public transportation. If the goal of a carbon or gasoline tax is to change behaviors and reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions (not to raise revenues), then there is an incentive to increase the price elasticity through complementary policies such as public transport development. The emission elasticity also depends on the baseline scenario and is larger when population growth and income growth are high. In the longer run, elasticities are higher and similar in the scenarios with and without public transport, because of larger urban reconfiguration in the latter scenario. These results are policy relevant, especially for fast-growing cities in developing countries. Even for cities where emission reductions are not a priority today, there is an option value attached to a dense public transport network, since it makes it possible to reduce emissions at a lower cost in the future.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABSOLUTE LEVEL OF EMISSIONSACCESSIBILITYACCIDENTSAIRAIR TRAVELALTERNATIVE FORMS OF TRANSPORTAUTOMOBILEAUTOMOBILE INDUSTRYAUTOMOBILESBUSBUSESCARCAR COSTCAR INDUSTRYCAR TECHNOLOGIESCAR TRANSPORTCAR TRAVELCAR TRAVEL DEMANDCARBONCARBON BUDGETCARBON DIOXIDECARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONSCARBON EMISSIONCARBON EMISSIONSCARBON PRICECARBON TAXCARBON TAXESCARRIERSCARSCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECO2COMBUSTIONCOMMUTER MODE CHOICECOMMUTERSCONVERGENCECOST OF TRANSPORTCOSTS OF TRANSPORTCROSS ELASTICITYCROSS-ELASTICITIESDECREASE IN EMISSIONSDEMAND ELASTICITIESDEMAND ELASTICITYDEMAND FOR AUTOMOBILE FUELDEMAND FOR ROAD TRANSPORTDEMAND FOR TRANSPORTDEMAND FOR TRANSPORTATIONDEMAND FOR TRANSPORTATION FUELSDRIVERSDRIVINGELASTICITIESELASTICITIES OF ROAD TRAFFICELASTICITIES OF TRAVEL DEMANDELASTICITY OF FUEL CONSUMPTIONELASTICITY VALUESELECTRIC VEHICLESELECTRICITYEMISSIONEMISSION LEVELEMISSION LEVELSEMISSION REDUCTIONEMISSION REDUCTION TARGETEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMISSION-REDUCTIONEMISSIONSEMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTEMISSIONS REDUCTIONENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY POLICYENVIRONMENTAL TAXESEXTERNALITIESFINANCE INFRASTRUCTUREFINANCIAL BURDENFOSSIL FUELFOSSIL FUELSFUELFUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL ECONOMYFUEL EFFICIENCYFUEL EFFICIENT VEHICLESFUEL PRICEFUEL PRICE ELASTICITIESFUEL PRICE ELASTICITYFUEL PRICE INCREASEFUEL PRICE INCREASESFUEL PRICESFUEL TAXATIONFUEL TAXESFUEL-EFFICIENT VEHICLESGASOLINEGASOLINE CONSUMPTIONGASOLINE PRICEGASOLINE PRICESGASOLINE TAXGASOLINE TAXESGHGGLOBAL WARMINGGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSHYBRID CARSIMPACT OF ROAD PRICINGINCOMEINFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTINFRASTRUCTURE POLICIESINFRASTRUCTURESINTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINESJOURNEYLAND USELOCAL AIR POLLUTIONLONG RUN ELASTICITIESLONG-TERM ELASTICITIESLONG-TERM ELASTICITYLOW-CARBONMARGINAL ABATEMENTMARGINAL ABATEMENT COSTMEANS OF TRANSPORTMOBILITYMODAL CHOICEMODAL SHAREMODAL SHIFTMODAL SPLITMODE OF TRANSPORTNEGATIVE IMPACTNEIGHBORHOODSNOISENUCLEAR ENERGYPASSENGERSPOPULATION DENSITIESPOPULATION DENSITYPOPULATION GROWTHPRICE CHANGESPRICE ELASTICITIESPRICE ELASTICITYPRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDPRICE ELASTICITY OF GASOLINEPRICE INCENTIVESPRICE OF FUELPRICE OF GASOLINEPRIVATE MOTOR VEHICLEPRIVATE VEHICLESPUBLIC TRANSITPUBLIC TRANSIT NETWORKPUBLIC TRANSPORTPUBLIC TRANSPORT ALTERNATIVESPUBLIC TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTUREPUBLIC TRANSPORT INVESTMENTSPUBLIC TRANSPORT MODESPUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORKPUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORKSPUBLIC TRANSPORT PROVISIONPUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICEPUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMPUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMSPUBLIC TRANSPORT USAGEPUBLIC TRANSPORT USEPUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONRAILRAIL TRANSPORTREBATESRISK MANAGEMENTROADROAD CONGESTIONROAD TRAFFICROAD TRANSPORTROADSROUTESCENARIOSSOCIAL COST OF CARBONSPRAWLTAXTAX REVENUETRAFFIC DEMANDTRAFFIC ELASTICITIESTRAFFIC PSYCHOLOGYTRANSIT INFRASTRUCTURETRANSIT SYSTEMTRANSIT USAGETRANSIT USETRANSPORTTRANSPORT CHOICESTRANSPORT COSTSTRANSPORT DEMANDTRANSPORT ECONOMICSTRANSPORT ELASTICITIESTRANSPORT EMISSIONSTRANSPORT IMPACTSTRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURETRANSPORT MODETRANSPORT POLICIESTRANSPORT POLICYTRANSPORT PRICETRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPORT SUBSIDIESTRANSPORTATION COSTSTRANSPORTATION ECONOMICSTRANSPORTATION EMISSIONSTRANSPORTATION NETWORKSTRANSPORTATION RESEARCHTRANSPORTATION SYSTEMTRANSPORTSTRAVEL BEHAVIORTRAVEL DISTANCESTRAVEL MODETRAVEL OPTIONSTRIPTRIPSURBAN SPRAWLURBAN SYSTEMSURBAN TRANSPORTATIONVEHICLEVEHICLE FLEETVEHICLESWALKING10.1596/1813-9450-6941