THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY JUNE 2025 Operations Policy & Country Services THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY JUNE 2025 Operations Policy & Country Services © 2025 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. 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Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. iii THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY THEMES ARE • Goals and objectives of World Bank- supported activities • Policy areas • Used to capture World Bank support to Sustainable Development Goals. THEMES ARE NOT • Methods or instruments of delivery of World Bank support or ways of doing business • Mutually exclusive iv ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS Acronym Description Acronym Description A&A Accounting and Auditing CDD Customer Due Diligence AD Afro-Descendants CDN Content Delivery Network AgSMEs Agricultural Small and Medium CE Citizen Engagement Enterprises CEM Country Economic Memorandum AgTech Agriculture Technology CERO Climate and Environmental Risk and AI Artificial Intelligence Opportunity AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome CERT Community Emergency Response Team ALMP Active Labor Market Program CFT Combating the Financing of Terrorism AML Anti-Money Laundering CGE Computable General Equilibrium AML/CFT Anti-Money Laundering / Combating CIRT Computer Incident Response Team the Financing of Terrorism CORS Continuous Operating Reference AMR Antimicrobial Resistance Station ANC Antenatal Care CPF Country Partnership Framework API Application Programming Interface CPSD Country Private Sector Diagnostic ARV Anti-Retroviral CRW Crisis Response Window ASA Advisory Services and Analytics CSA Climate-Smart Agriculture ASER Annual Status of Education Report CSIRT Computer Security Incident ASPP Adaptive Social Protection Program Response Team B2B Business-to-Business D4P Data for Policy BCC Behavior Change Communication DBO Design-Build-Operate BOO Build-Own-Operate DDR Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration BOS Businesses of the State DeMPA Debt Management Performance BOT Build-Operate-Transfer Assessment BRT Bus Rapid Transit DFID Department for International CA Certificate Authority Development CAD Computer-Aided Design DHS Demographic and Health Survey CBAM Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism DOTS Directly Observed Treatment Short- CC Closed Circuit Course CCDR Country Climate and Development DPA Data Protection Authority Report DPI Digital Public Infrastructure CCS Carbon Capture and Storage DPF Development Policy Financing CCSA Cross-Cutting Solutions Area v THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Acronym Description Acronym Description DRM Disaster Risk Management GAMS General Algebraic Modeling System DRR Disaster Risk Reduction GBV Gender-Based Violence DSA Debt Sustainability Analysis GDP Gross Domestic Product DSGE Dynamic Stochastic General GDPR General Data Protection Regulation Equilibrium GF Guarantee Fund E&S Environmental and Social GHG Greenhouse Gas EAC East African Community GICD Green Investment Climate Diagnostic ECE Early Childhood Education GIS Geographic Information System EEU Eurasian Economic Union GISD Global Investors for Sustainable EGMA Early Grade Mathematics Assessment Development EGRA Early Grade Reading Assessment GMP Growth Monitoring and Promotion EID Emerging Infectious Disease GP Global Practice EMIS Education Management Information GPFI Global Partnership for Financial System Inclusion EMR Electronic Medical Record GPS Global Positioning System EOC Emergency Operations Center GRID Green Resilience and Inclusive ESF Environmental and Social Framework Development ESG Environmental, Social, and Governance GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism ESS Environmental and Social Standard GVC Global Value Chain EU European Union HCF Health Care Facility EU CRD IV European Union Capital Requirements HD Human Development Directive IV HEMIS Higher Education Management EV Electric Vehicle Information System FATF Financial Action Task Force HiFi Harnessing Innovation for Financial Inclusion FCCL Fiscal Commitments and Contingent Liabilities HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Countries FCS Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations HIS Health Information System FCV Fragility, Conflict, and Violence HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus FDI Foreign Direct Investment HMIS Health Management Information System FGM Female Genital Mutilation HPC High-Performance Computing FGM/C Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting HPV Human Papillomavirus FinSAC Financial Sector Advisory Center HRH Human Resources for Health FISF Financial Inclusion Support Framework HSNP Hunger Safety Net Program FLW Food Loss and Waste I&D Irrigation and Drainage FSAP Financial Sector Assessment Program IaaS Infrastructure as a Service FSB Financial Stability Board IAIS International Association of Insurance G20 Group of Twenty Supervisors G2B Government-To-Business ICR Insolvency and Creditor/Debtor Rights G2G Government-To-Government ICT Information and Communication G2P Government-To-Person Technology G8 Group of Eight ID Identification vi Acronym Description Acronym Description IDP Internally Displaced Person LIPW Labor-Intensive Public Works IEC Information, Education, and LLECE Laboratorio Latinoamericano de Communication Evaluación de la Calidad de la Educación IFC International Finance Corporation LMIS Labor Market Information System IFF Illicit Financial Flow LPG Liquified Petroleum Gas IFMIS Integrated Financial Management LSMS Living Standards Measurement Study Information System LTS Long-Term Strategy IFRS International Financial Reporting M&E Monitoring and Evaluation Standards MAC Market-Access Country IGIF Integrated Geospatial Information MAPS Methodology for the Assessment of Framework Procurement Systems IIF Infrastructure Fund MCH Maternal and Child Health InfraSAP Infrastructure Sector Assessment MCPAT Market and Competition Policy Program Assessment Toolkit IOSCO International Organization of Securities MDB Multilateral Development Bank Commissions MDRI Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative IoT Internet of Things MFD Maximizing Finance for Development IPEM Indigenous People, Ethnic Minorities MFI Microfinance Institution IPF Investment Project Financing MFM Macroeconomics and Fiscal IPO/SPO Initial Public Offering / Secondary Management Public Offering MIS Management Information System IPP Independent Power Producer ML Machine Learning IPSAS International Public Sector Accounting MNC Multinational Corporation Standards MoF Ministry of Finance ISA International Standards of Accounting MPO Macro Poverty Outlook ISAC Information Sharing and Analysis Center MRV Measurement, Reporting, and Verification iSOEf Integrated State-Owned Enterprises Framework MSMEs Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises IT Information Technology MTDS Medium-Term Debt Management Strategy IWT Inland Waterways Transport MTPL Motor Third-Party Insurance IXP Internet Exchange Point MUS Multiple-Use System IYCF Infant and Young Child Feeding NASP National Association for Securities JEE Joint External Evaluation Professionals JET Jobs and Economic Transformation NBFI Nonbanking Financial Institution LAMP Literacy Assessment and Monitoring NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy Program and Action Plan LCR Low-Carbon and Climate-Resilient NBW National Bridging Workshop LGBTQI Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, NCD Noncommunicable Disease Queer, Questioning, Intersex NDC Nationally Determined Contribution LIC DSF Low-Income Country Debt Sustainability Framework NEET Not in Education, Employment, or Training LIMS Land Information and Management System NGO Nongovernmental Organization vii THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Acronym Description Acronym Description NPL Nonperforming Loan PMR Product Market Regulation NPS National Payments System PMTCT Prevention of Mother to Child NQAF National Quality Assurance Framework Transmission for Statistics PPA Power Purchase Agreement NREN National Research and Education PPP Public-Private Partnership Network PFRAM PPP Fiscal Risk Assessment Model NRW Nonrevenue Water PSD Private Sector Development NSDS National Statistical Development PSNP Productive Safety Nets Project Strategy PVE Preventing Violent Extremism NTD Neglected Tropical Disease PVS Performance of Veterinary Services NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product QR Quick Response O&M Operations and Maintenance R&D Research and Development OBA Output-Based Aid REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation OHS Occupational Health and Safety and Forest Degradation OIE Office International des Epizooties REIT Real Estate Investment Trust ORT Oral Rehydration Therapy ROSC Report on the Observance of Standards OT Operating Technology and Codes P2P Peer-To-Peer ROT Rehabilitate-Operate-Transfer PaaS Platform as a Service RTGS Real-Time Gross Settlement PASEC Program for the Analysis of Education SaaS Software as a Service Systems SACMEQ Southern and Eastern Africa PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl Consortium for Monitoring PCE Private Capital Enabled Educational Quality PCM Private Capital Mobilization SAICM Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management PEFA Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability SAM Severe Acute Malnutrition PER Public Expenditure Review SBCC Social and Behavior Change Communication PES Payment For Ecosystem/ Environmental Services SCD Systematic Country Diagnostic PEVC Private Equity / Venture Capital SDGs Sustainable Development Goals PFAS Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances SDI Spatial Data Infrastructure PFF Project Facilitation Fund SEA Sexual Exploitation and Abuse PFM Public Finance Management SEA-PLM Southeast Asia Primary Learning Metrics PforR Program for Results SEL Social and Emotional Learning PIAAC Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies SEZ Special Economic Zone PILNA Pacific Islands Literacy and Numeracy SH Sexual Harassment Assessment SHG Self-Help Group PIM Public Investment Management SIF Strategic Investment Fund PIRLS Progress in International Reading SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises Literacy Study SOC Security Operation Center PISA Program for International Student SOE State-Owned Enterprise Assessment SOFI State-Owned Financial Institution PKI Public Key Infrastructure ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS viii Acronym Description Acronym Description SOGI Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity TIMSS Trends in International Mathematics SOP Standard Operating Procedure and Science Study SPJ Social Protection and Jobs TPAF Tax Policy Assessment Framework SPV Special Purpose Vehicle TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training SRH Sexual and Reproductive Health UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle SSB Securities Supervisory Board UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention SSN Social Safety Net on Climate Change StAR Stolen Asset Recovery V2G Vehicle-to-Grid STEM Science, Technology, Engineering, and VAW Violence Against Women Mathematics VAWG Violence Against Women and Girls STEP Skills towards Employability and Productivity VCT Voluntary Counseling and Testing STI Science, Technology, and Innovation VGF Viability Gap Fund STP Sewage Treatment Plant VRE Variable Renewable Energy TA Technical Assistance WASH Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene TADAT Tax Administration Diagnostic WBG World Bank Group Assessment Tool WCAG Web Content Accessibility Guidelines TB Tuberculosis WHO World Health Organization TF Trust Fund WOAH World Organization for Animal Health TFGBV Technology-Facilitated WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant Gender-Based Violence ix THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY CONTENTS [110000] Economic Policy 1 [110100] FISCAL POLICY 2 [110101] Fiscal Sustainability 3 [110102] Public Expenditure Policy 4 [110103] Debt Management 5 [110104] Debt Policy 7 [110105] Tax Policy 8 [110106] Subnational Fiscal Policies 9 [110107] Fiscal Risk Management 10 [110200] MACRO-FINANCIAL POLICIES 11 [110201] External Finance 12 [110202] Monetary and Credit Policies 13 [110203] Macro-Financial Risks and Resilience Policies 14 [110204] Exchange Rate Regimes 15 [110205] Exchange Rate Policies 16 [110300] ECONOMIC GROWTH 17 [110301] Inclusive Growth 18 [110302] Green and Resilient Growth 19 [110303] Spatial Growth 20 [110304] Productivity 21 [110305] Economic Diversification 22 [110306] Structural Transformation and Reform 23 [110307] Institutional Economics 24 [110308] Blue Growth 25 [110400] TRADE 26 [110401] Trade Policy 27 [110500] MACROECONOMIC MODELING 28 [110501] Macroeconomic Model Development 29 [110502] Macroeconomic Simulation and Policy Analysis 30 [110503] Macro Modelling Training of Client Governments 31 [110504] Modelling of the Macroeconomics of Climate Change 32 [120000] Private Sector Development 33 [120100] BUSINESS ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 34 [120101] Business Regulation and Investment Climate Policies 36 x [120102] Investment Policy, Promotion, and Facilitation 37 [120103] Productivity, Firm Dynamics, and Jobs 39 [120200] MARKET COMPETITION 40 [120201] Competition Policy 41 [120202] State-Owned Enterprises in Commercial Markets 43 [120203] Consumer and Supplier Protection 44 [120204] Markets and Digital Business Regulation and Enforcement 45 [120300] INNOVATION, TECHNOLOGY, AND GREEN COMPETITIVENESS 47 [120301] Technology Adoption by Firms 49 [120302] E-commerce, Private Sector Platforms, and Cross-Border Digital Trade 50 [120303] Green Business Regulations and Green Investment Policy 51 [120304] Innovation and Technology Policy 52 [120400] ENTERPRISE AND SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 53 [120401] Entrepreneurship and Digital Entrepreneurship 55 [120402] Global Value Chains 57 [120403] MSME Development 58 [120404] Sector Competitiveness and Jobs 59 [120500] REGIONAL INTEGRATION 60 [120501] Trade Facilitation and Trade Logistics 61 [120600] MAXIMIZING FINANCE FOR DEVELOPMENT 62 [120700] PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS 66 [120701] PPP Framework 70 [120702] PPP Institutions and Capacity Building 71 [120703] PPP Projects and Pipeline Development 73 [120704] Fiscal Commitments and Contingent Liabilities 74 [120705] PPP Funding 76 [120706] PPP Financing 78 [120707] PIM – PPP Synchronization 79 [120708] Climate Change with/through PPPs 81 [130000] Finance 83 [130100] STRENGTHEN FINANCIAL RESILIENCY 84 [130101] Financial Sector Oversight and Policy / Financial Regulation and Restructuring 85 [130102] Financial Sector Integrity 87 [130103] Climate and Disaster Risk Finance 89 [130104] Cybersecurity and Data Privacy for Financial Sector 91 [130200] FINANCE FOR THE POOR AND VULNERABLE 92 [130201] Payment Systems and Digital Finance 94 [130202] Financial Inclusion 96 xi THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [130300] FINANCE FOR THE REAL ECONOMY 97 [130301] Agriculture Finance 98 [130302] Infrastructure Finance 102 [130303] Housing Finance 104 [130304] Insolvency and Credit Infrastructure 106 [130305] Firms/MSME Finance 108 [130400] DEVELOP FINANCIAL MARKETS 110 [130401] Competition in the Financial Sector 112 [130402] Capital Markets 113 [130403] Institutional Investors 115 [130404] Climate Change and Sustainable Finance 117 [140000] Governance and Public Sector Management 119 [140100] PUBLIC FINANCE MANAGEMENT 120 [140101] Public Expenditure Management 121 [140102] Domestic Revenue Administration 122 [140103] Public Assets and Investment Management 123 [140104] Oversight, Accountability, and Supreme Audit Institutions 125 [140105] Government Financial Reporting and Balance Sheets 126 [140106] Procurement 127 [140107] Budget and Treasury Management 128 [140200] JUSTICE AND RULE OF LAW 129 [140201] Judicial and Other Dispute Resolution Mechanisms 130 [140202] Legal Institutions for a Market Economy 131 [140203] Personal and Property Rights 132 [140300] PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS 133 [140301] Public Administration, Compensation, and Management 134 [140302] Anticorruption, Transparency, and Political Economy 135 [140303] State-Owned Enterprise Reform 136 [140304] Municipal Institution Building 138 [140305] Intergovernmental and Subnational Institution Building 140 [140306] Corporate Financial Reporting 142 [140400] GOVTECH 143 [140401] Core Government Systems 144 [140402] Public Service Delivery 145 [140403] Citizen Engagement 146 [140404] GovTech Enabling Environment 147 [150000] Social Sustainability 149 [150100] SOCIAL INCLUSION POLICY AND PROGRAMS 150 xii [150101] Indigenous People, Ethnic Minorities, Race, and Caste 151 [150102] Other Excluded Groups 153 [150103] Disability 155 [150104] Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI) 156 [150200] SOCIAL COHESION POLICY AND PROGRAMS 157 [150300] SOCIAL RESILIENCE POLICY AND PROGRAMS 158 [150400] CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT AND SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY POLICY, PROGRAMS, AND CAPACITY BUILDING 159 [150500] COMMUNITY AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY AND PROGRAMS 161 [150501] Community and Local Infrastructure and Service Delivery 162 [150502] Community Livelihoods and Local Economic Development 163 [150503] Community and Local Governance 164 [160000] Social Risk Management Systems 165 [160100] SOCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT POLICY, PROGRAMS, AND CAPACITY BUILDING 166 [170000] Human Development 167 [170100] DISEASE CONTROL 168 [170101] HIV/AIDS 169 [170102] Malaria 170 [170103] Tuberculosis 171 [170104] Neglected Tropical Diseases 172 [170105] Non-Communicable Diseases 173 [170106] Health Security and Emergency Preparedness 174 [170107] Health Security and Emergency Response 176 [170108] One Health 177 [170200] HEALTH SYSTEMS AND POLICIES 179 [170201] Health System Strengthening 180 [170202] Health Service Delivery 181 [170203] Health Financing 182 [170204] Private Sector Delivery in Health 183 [170205] Reproductive and Maternal Health 184 [170206] Adolescent Health 185 [170207] Child Health 186 [170208] Primary Health Care 187 [170209] Health Facilities and Hospitals 188 [170210] Health Information Systems 189 [170211] Health Services Intended to Reduce Health Risks from Climate Change 191 [170300] DEMOGRAPHICS AND AGING 193 xiii THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170400] EDUCATION 194 [170401] Scholarships, Loans, and Incentives for Education Access 196 [170402] Education Financing 197 [170403] Science, Technology, and Innovation 198 [170404] Teachers 199 [170405] Learning Assessment 200 [170406] Administration of Education Institutions 202 [170407] Education System Management 203 [170408] Curriculum, Textbooks, and Learning Materials 204 [170409] Education Facilities 206 [170410] Education Management Information Systems and Data Analysis 207 [170411] Education Technology 208 [170412] Private Sector Delivery of Education 209 [170500] LABOR MARKETS POLICY AND PROGRAMS 210 [170501] Skills Development 211 [170502] Labor Markets Institutions 212 [170503] Active Labor Markets Programs 213 [170600] NUTRITION AND FOOD SECURITY 214 [170601] Nutrition 216 [170602] Food Security 219 [170603] Food Security / Nutrition Crisis Response 220 [170604] Plant Health and Pest Management 221 [170700] SOCIAL PROTECTION 223 [170701] Social Safety Nets 225 [170702] Social Insurance and Pensions 226 [170703] Social Protection Delivery Systems 227 [170704] Economic Inclusion 229 [170705] Adaptive Social Protection 231 [170706] Migration and Labor Mobility 233 [170800] HUMAN CAPITAL SERVICE DELIVERY TRANSFORMATION 235 [170801] Disruptive and Transformative Technologies for Human Development Service Delivery 237 [180000] Gender 239 [180100] GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE 240 [180200] HUMAN CAPITAL TO ADVANCE GENDER EQUALITY 242 [180300] ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES TO ADVANCE GENDER EQUALITY 244 [180301] Childcare 246 [180400] WOMEN’S LEADERSHIP AND DECISION MAKING 248 xiv [190000] Jobs 249 [190100] JOB CREATION 250 [190200] INCREASING LABOR PRODUCTIVITY 252 [190300] WORKING CONDITIONS 254 [190400] JOB INCLUSION AND ACCESS 255 [190500] GREEN JOBS 256 [200000] Poverty and Equity 259 [200100] POVERTY AND EQUITY 260 [210000] Urban Development and Land Administration / Management 263 [210100] URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICE DELIVERY 264 [210200] SERVICES AND HOUSING FOR THE POOR 265 [210300] PUBLIC TRANSPORT 266 [210301] Non-Motorized Transport/Active Mobility 267 [210302] Fleet Renewal/Modernization 268 [210400] ROAD SAFETY 269 [210500] URBAN PLANNING 270 [210600] MUNICIPAL FINANCE 271 [210700] URBAN WATER AND SANITATION 272 [210800] LOW CARBON CITIES 274 [210900] GEOSPATIAL SERVICES AND LAND INFORMATION SYSTEMS 275 [211000] NATIONAL LAND POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION 276 [211100] URBAN LAND ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT 277 [211200] GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION FRAMEWORK 278 [211300] CULTURE AND CULTURAL HERITAGE 279 [220000] Rural Development 281 [220100] RURAL MARKETS 282 [220200] RURAL NON-FARM INCOME GENERATION 283 [220300] RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICE DELIVERY 284 [220400] RURAL DEVELOPMENT 286 [230000] Disaster Risk Management 287 [230100] DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE 288 xv THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [230101] Hydro-Meteorological Services and Early Warning Systems 289 [230200] DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 290 [230300] POST-DISASTER RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION 292 [230400] DISASTER RISK INFORMATION AND DECISION-SUPPORT SYSTEMS 293 [230500] DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT GOVERNANCE 295 [240000] Environment, Infrastructure, and Natural Resource Management 297 [240100] CLIMATE CHANGE 298 [240101] Mitigation 299 [240102] Adaptation 300 [240200] CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS 301 [240201] Carbon Pricing Policies 302 [240202] Carbon Markets 303 [240300] NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS (NDCS) AND LONG-TERM STRATEGIES (LTSS) FOR LOW EMISSIONS AND RESILIENT DEVELOPMENT 304 [240301] Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Enhancement 305 [240302] Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Implementation 306 [240303] Long-Term Strategy (LTS) Development 307 [240304] Long-Term Strategy (LTS) Implementation 308 [240400] ACCESS TO CLIMATE FINANCE 309 [240500] CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE 310 [240600] E-MOBILITY 312 [240700] GREEN LOGISTICS AND FREIGHT INFRASTRUCTURE 313 [240800] PROMOTING LOW-CARBON MANUFACTURING 314 [240900] RESILIENT TRANSPORT 315 [241000] CIRCULAR ECONOMY 316 [241100] CHEMICALS AND HAZARDOUS WASTE 318 [241200] ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 320 [241300] POLLUTION MANAGEMENT 322 [241301] Air Pollution 323 [241302] Water Pollution 324 [241303] Soil Pollution 326 [241304] Plastic Pollution 328 [241400] ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT 329 [241401] Biodiversity 330 [241402] Landscape Management 331 xvi [241403] Coastal Zone Management 332 [241404] Watershed Management 333 [241405] Oceans Management 334 [241406] Natural Resource Use 335 [241407] Nature-Based Solutions 336 [241500] ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS 337 [241501] Ecosystem Management Policies and Institutions 338 [241502] Pollution Policies and Institutions 340 [241503] Biodiversity Policies and Institutions 341 [241504] Measurement and Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital Policies and Institutions 342 [241600] WATER INSTITUTIONS, POLICIES, AND REFORM 343 [241601] Water and Wastewater Utility Performance 345 [241602] Institutional Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene 347 [241603] Irrigation and Drainage Service Delivery Performance Improvement 348 [241604] Water Resources Management 349 [241700] WATER STORAGE 351 [241701] Dams 352 [241702] Other Water Storage 353 [241800] ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES 354 [241801] Enabling Renewable Energy 355 [241802] Just Transition from Coal 356 [241803] Just Transition in Non-Coal Sectors 358 [241804] Energy-Efficient Supply 360 [241805] Energy-Efficient Demand 362 [241806] Energy and Mining Policies and Reform 364 [241807] Energy Access — Electricity 365 [241808] Energy Access — Clean Cooking 366 [241900] FOOD LOSS AND WASTE 367 [250000] Digital Transformation 371 [250100] BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY 372 [250101] Broadband Enabling Environment 374 [250102] Broadband Infrastructure & Services 375 [250103] Digital Device Access for All 376 [250200] DATA INFRASTRUCTURE 377 [250201] Data Centers 379 [250202] Data Storage and Computing Infrastructure 380 [250203] Cloud Computing 381 xvii THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [250300] AI AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 383 [250301] Artificial Intelligence Foundations 384 [250302] Artificial Intelligence Enablers 385 [250303] Artificial Intelligence Services & Applications 386 [250304] Other Emerging Technologies (IoT, Quantum, Blockchain, etc.) 387 [250400] CYBERSECURITY 388 [250500] DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY 389 [250600] DIGITAL PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE 390 [250601] Identification Systems and Civil Registration 392 [250602] Data Sharing, Data Exchange and Interoperability 393 [250603] E-Signatures and Trust Services 394 [250700] DIGITAL PUBLIC SERVICES (DPS) 396 [250701] Leadership and Policy for Digital Public Services 398 [250702] Data Management and Insights for Digital Public Services 400 [250703] Capacity Building and Government Training 402 [250704] User-centric Service Delivery 403 [250800] DIGITAL ECONOMY 405 [250801] Digital Economy Strategy, Policy, Regulation and Enabling Environment 407 [250802] ICT Industry 409 [250803] Smart Industry and Smart Infrastructure 411 [250804] Data Economy and Data Markets 413 [250900] GREEN DIGITAL 414 [250901] Greening of Digital 415 [250902] Greening with Digital 416 [251000] DIGITAL INCLUSION 417 [251001] Closing the Gender Digital Divide 418 [251002] Enhancing the Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities 419 [251003] Supporting Online Safety and Security 420 [251100] DIGITAL FOR FRAGILE AND CONFLICT-AFFECTED SITUATIONS 421 [251101] Digital Solutions for Addressing Fragility, Conflict and Violence 422 [251102] Digital Solutions for Displaced Persons and Host Communities 423 [251200] DIGITAL SKILLS AND JOBS 424 [251201] Digital Literacy 425 [251202] Intermediate and Advanced Digital Skills 426 [251203] Digital Jobs 427 [251300] DIGITAL USE CASES ACROSS SECTORS 429 [251301] Digital and Data-Driven Agriculture 431 xviii [260000] Fragility, Conflict, and Violence 433 [260100] PREVENTION AND TRANSITION 434 [260200] CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE 436 [260300] FORCED DISPLACEMENT 438 [260400] POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION 439 [270000] Data Ecosystem 441 [270100] DATA STANDARDS AND METHODS 442 [270101] Data Standards 443 [270102] Data Methods 444 [270200] DATA COLLECTION AND DATA ACQUISITION 445 [270201] Collection of Data from Traditional Sources 446 [270202] Collection of Data from Alternative or Non-Traditional Sources 447 [270300] DATA CURATION AND DATA MANAGEMENT 448 [270301] Data Management, Documentation, and Preservation 449 [270302] Data Cleaning, Consistency, Data Quality Assurance, and Data Interoperability 450 [270400] DATA DISSEMINATION, ACCESSIBILITY, AND DISCOVERABILITY 451 [270401] Data Platforms, Websites, Dashboards, or Information Systems (MISs) 453 [270402] Data-Driven Tools or Applications 454 [270500] DATA USE 455 [270501] Data Use by Government Officials 456 [270502] Data Use by non-Government Actors 457 [270600] DATA POLICY, LAW, REGULATION, AND GOVERNANCE 458 [270601] Data Diagnostic or Data Assessment 460 [270602] Data Strategy and Data Governance 461 [270603] Development of Policies, Laws, and Regulations for Data or Statistics 463 [270604] Data Rights 464 [270700] LITERACY AND CAPACITY BUILDING ON DATA 465 [270701] Capacity Building on Data or Statistics 467 [270702] Development or Strengthening of Data Institutions 468 [270703] Data Ethics 469 [270800] GEOSPATIAL DATA 470 [270801] Spatial Data Creation, Analysis, Visualization, and Use 472 [270802] Remote Sensing or Earth Observation Products or Services 473 [270803] Geospatial Information Framework, or Geospatial Data/Service Standards 474 xix THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY xx [110000] ECONOMIC POLICY 1 [110100] FISCAL POLICY Definition Fiscal policy refers to government actions involving its revenue, expenditures, transfers, and financing. The main activities relate to changes in the level and composition of taxation, nontax revenues, public spending, and public borrowing (including policy analyses and strategy formulation). The way a government manages its budget and borrowing affects growth, income distribution, and macroeconomic stability in a country. Typical Examples of Coded • Tax and revenue projections, natural resource rents, and their implications for Activities meeting the World Bank Group (WBG) twin • Analysis of fiscal policies in public goals in a country expenditure reviews (PERs), Country • Economic and poverty impact of public Economic Memorandums (CEMs), spending and tax policies Systematic Country Diagnostics (SCDs), • Behaviorally informed tax policymaking. and Debt Sustainability Analyses (DSAs) • Analysis of fiscal risks from contingent liabilities at central and subnational levels Examples of Excluded Activities of government • Public administration functional, • Economic briefs and policy notes, research organizational, and institutional reviews and analytics, and technical assistance that influences the level and composition of • Public finance management (PFM) and spending and revenues in the economy accountability reviews (for example, public expenditure and financial accountability • Taxation policies and public debt strategy [PEFA]) (medium-term debt management strategy [MTDS], debt management and fiscal policy • Tax Administration Diagnostic Assessment reform plans) Tool (TADAT). • Tax policy assessment/reviews • Fiscal risks from public–private partnership Mapping and Ownership (PPPs), small open economies operations, subnational and off-budget borrowing Lead Global Practice/Global Theme activities, and debt relief and restructuring MTI operations Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. 2 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [110101] Fiscal Sustainability Definition Programs aimed at ensuring that current spending and revenue decisions do not lead to growing debt levels that could threaten the government’s solvency. Fiscal sustainability refers to a government’s capacity to service debt, to maintain the current revenue and spending policies to support inclusive growth and poverty alleviation over the medium to long term. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Analysis of fiscal rules and fiscal sustainability Mapping and Ownership • Fiscal implications of state-owned Lead Global Practice/Global Theme enterprise (SOE) operations, public-private MTI partnerships (PPPs) and other contingent liabilities, and quasi-fiscal operations of Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme central and subnational governments n.a. • Analysis of fiscal impacts of SOE sector policies. [110000] ECONOMIC POLICY 3 [110102] Public Expenditure Policy Definition Policies and programs that focus on the level, composition, efficiency, equity, and effectiveness of public spending expenditure at national and subnational levels of government and its economic and poverty impacts, including on the bottom 40 percent of a country’s population. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Public expenditure reviews (PERs) • Analysis of how public expenditures Mapping and Ownership (current and capital) affect growth and Lead Global Practice/Global Theme poverty and how to improve the impact of MTI expenditures on these variables • Analysis of expenditure trends at different Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme levels of public sector/government and their n.a. impact on fiscal balance and sustainability • Development and evaluation of links between development strategies and public expenditures, including expenditure prioritization • Cross-country empirical work on government spending • Analysis of fiscal stance, fiscal stimulus policies, and their impacts • Analysis of fiscal impacts of state ownership and state-owned enterprise (SOE) sector policies • Analysis of BOOST databases, estimating spending elasticities and fiscal costs of contingent liabilities over time. Note: BOOST is not an acronym. It is the name of a data tool developed by the World Bank to help enhance the analysis of public expenditure data. 4 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [110103] Debt Management Definition Debt management refers to “the process of establishing and executing a strategy for managing the government’s debt to raise the required amount of funding [...] at the lowest possible cost over the medium to long run, consistent with a prudent degree of risk.” Moreover, debt management will look into activities to develop and maintain an efficient domestic market for government securities. Activities also support enhancing debt transparency outcomes. Activities are provided at both the national and subnational levels. Typical Examples of Coded • Elaboration of medium-term debt management strategies (MTDSs) assists Activities developing countries in establishing • Analysis of debt management that aims sustainable debt portfolios and ensuring at building capacity and improving debt their ability to service their debt at the management legal frameworks and lowest possible cost institutions so that government debt • Design of debt management reform plans can be managed effectively, sustainably, providing detailed and sequenced country- and transparently owned capacity-building project plans to • Strategies of debt management that will strengthen debt management assist countries in the elaboration of cost • Supporting countries to develop their local and risk-minimizing debt portfolios currency debt markets and assess the likely • Analysis of currency, maturity composition, impact of issuance in international capital and other aspects of debt portfolio markets on the debt portfolio, as well as composition, including debt denominated understand the relative costs and risks in foreign currencies which adds volatility and the operational systems that need to to debt servicing costs as measured in be put in place to transact effectively and domestic currency because of exchange manage risks rate movements • Advisory that strengthens country capacity • Debt management performance to implement its debt management assessment (DeMPA) assists developing strategies such as annual borrowing plans countries in strengthening capacity and and cash forecasting and management institutions to effectively manage and • Debt recording, reporting, and monitoring service their debt advisory and capacity-building activities to enhance public debt transparency by addressing constraints to achieve comprehensive debt coverage and debt reporting [110000] ECONOMIC POLICY 5 • Support for sovereign asset liability Examples of Excluded Activities management to identify, measure, and Analysis of public expenditure management. mitigate different types of risks, affecting both sides of the sovereign balance sheet, within an asset and liability management Mapping and Ownership framework Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Assessment of direct and contingent MTI liabilities that support countries to identify and manage contingent liabilities and other Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme debt-related fiscal risks GOV • Related knowledge products and guidance notes. 6 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [110104] Debt Policy Definition Debt policies are legal provisions, regulations, and restrictions for debt issuance processes of general and local governments. They aim to preserve the government’s ability to service its debts over time without resorting to extreme tax distortion and inflationary or costly borrowing from domestic or foreign financing sources. They are linked to debt management activities that cover actions that change the maturity, currency composition of public and publicly guaranteed debt (external and domestic), the issuance of new debt, the management of the existing debt portfolio, and the compliance of debt management activities with primary and secondary legislation. Debt policy also covers Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) by countries to evaluate the ability to meet all current and future payment obligations without exceptional financial assistance or going into default and to use results from such analysis to inform fiscal policy. Debt policy would also encompass policies related to debt relief and restructuring. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Institutional arrangements and human • Institutionalized review process of country capacity assessments DSA for Low-Income Country Debt • Governance and accountability. Sustainability Framework (LIC DSF) • Periodic review of the LIC DSF Mapping and Ownership • Cross-support to World Bank country teams on the market-access countries’ (MACs) DSA Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Development and review of subnational MTI debt sustainability frameworks and analysis Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Technical assistance (TA) to country FCI authorities on DSFs • Training to country economists on DSFs • Related research papers and guidance notes • Supporting implementation of debt initiatives endorsed by the international community. These include but are not limited to Heavily Indebted Poor Countries/ Multilateral Debt Relief Initiatives (HIPC/ MDRIs), the Debt Service Suspension Initiative, and the Common Framework. [110000] ECONOMIC POLICY 7 [110105] Tax Policy Definition Tax policy refers to a government’s ability to design and make operational a country’s tax system consistent with the revenue generation, efficiency (technical and administrative), and equity principles of taxation. It includes activities that influence the tax architecture, tax instruments, tax rates and coverage, changes in the tax base (such as tax incentives), tax compliance, and behavioral responses. International tax policy issues also include spillovers across countries, profit shifting and tax base erosion, and transfer pricing. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Activities related to the economic analysis • Tax policy reforms supported by lending of individual tariff policies (which fall under operations and technical assistance [110400] Trade). • Application of Tax Policy Assessment Framework (TPAF) in countries Mapping and Ownership • Analysis of tax policies in public expenditure Lead Global Practice/Global Theme reviews (PERs) MTI • Tax policy reviews. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme URL, FCI 8 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [110106] Subnational Fiscal Policies Definition Activities that change subnational tax and revenue policies and subnational borrowing (levels, composition, and economic and poverty impacts). Such policies by subnationals that pose fiscal risks to the central government (directly or indirectly). Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Institutional and human capacity • Analysis of subnational fiscal policies in • Intergovernmental fiscal arrangements. public expenditure reviews (PERs) • Fiscal risk assessments at the subnational level Mapping and Ownership • Subnational debt sustainability assessments Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Decentralization reports MTI • Subnational/municipal finances and debt Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme policies and their impact on meeting World URL Bank Group (WBG) twin goals in a country • Municipal own-source revenue policies. [110000] ECONOMIC POLICY 9 [110107] Fiscal Risk Management Definition Activities that change public expenditure, national tax and revenue policies, payments, arrears, and national borrowing (levels, composition, and economic and poverty impacts). Such policies that pose fiscal risks to the central government (directly or indirectly). Typical Examples of Coded Mapping and Ownership Activities Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Analysis of fiscal policies in public MTI expenditure reviews (PERs) Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Fiscal risk assessments at the n.a. subnational level • Fiscal risk assessment from state-owned enterprises (SOEs) • Debt sustainability assessments • Decentralization reports. Examples of Excluded Activities Monetary policy analysis of inflation anchoring. 10 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [110200] MACRO-FINANCIAL POLICIES Definition Policies that focus on the interaction and spillovers between macroeconomic conditions (both domestic and external) and the domestic financial sector, including domestic and external financial liberalization. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Analyses of banking sector competition • Analyses and programs that deal with • Directed credit monetary policy • Compliance with international financial • Interest rate policies sector standards. • Credit conditions and inflation • Exchange rate management Mapping and Ownership • Micro- and macro-prudential policies Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Management of inflows and outflows MTI of capital. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. [110000] ECONOMIC POLICY 11 [110201] External Finance Definition Analyses and supporting macroeconomic policies aimed at ensuring orderly conditions in external finance and cross-border flows. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Analyses of balance of payments and the drivers and behavior of capital flows Mapping and Ownership • Interactions between external capital Lead Global Practice/Global Theme flows and the financial (banking and MTI nonbank) sector • Impact of external capital flows on the Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme balance sheet of corporates and the FCI financial sector. 12 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [110202] Monetary and Credit Policies Definition Programs looking into monetary, credit and interest rate, and exchange rate policies and their interaction with the financial and real sectors. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Analyses of appropriate liquidity to ensure orderly credit growth and support Mapping and Ownership investment and export demand in the economy while ensuring price stability Lead Global Practice/Global Theme MTI • Analyses of the impact of monetary and credit policies on financial sector stability Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Analyses of the impact of micro-prudential FCI policies on the real economy and micro-prudential policy stance. [110000] ECONOMIC POLICY 13 [110203] Macro-Financial Risks and Resilience Policies Definition Macro-financial analysis focusing on risks emanating from the financial sector (bank and non-bank). Financial risks have very important links to economic growth and development. The 2007/08 financial crisis highlighted the vulnerabilities in the macro economy. Asset price movements, along with liquidity and solvency risks, have amplifier effects that ripple through the economy in both an idiosyncratic and systematic manner in complex ways. The effects of these shocks may have persistent impacts on the economy depending on macro- and micro-prudential policies. The objectives of macro-prudential policies tend to ensure financial stability and consumer protection. Understanding the source of shocks (climate, external, political, and speculative) helps propose policies to reduce the impact of the shocks, either via ex ante tools (such as those proposed by the Basel frameworks) or ex post tools (such as fiscal space and having adequate and appropriate monetary policy responses). Typical Examples of Coded • Analyses of macro-financial risks and strategies to reduce vulnerability, mitigate Activities risks, and enhance resilience. The joint • Identifying sources of risks and economic FCI-MTI macro-financial review is a prime impacts for Systematic Country example. Increasingly, DPFs include support Diagnostics (SCDs), Country Economic to strengthen macro-financial resilience of Memorandums (CEMs), and Development countries by strengthening financial sector Policy Financing (DPF) stability. They also include regional and country advisory services and analytics • Technical notes and research papers that (ASA) work that focuses on monitoring and describe methodologies and highlight strengthening macro-financial stability. empirical outcomes • Training to country clients Examples of Excluded Activities n.a. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme MTI Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. 14 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [110204] Exchange Rate Regimes Definition Exchange rate regimes categorize a country’s stance on the exchange rate. There are several main classifications (for example, formation of currency unions, hard pegs, bands [fixed and crawling], and freely floating and dual exchange rate markets). The underlying arguments for having an exchange rate regime vary by country, with the objectives being linked to price stability, financial stability, and trade competitiveness. Depending on the regime, they may affect trade competitiveness, capital flows, price volatility, and a country’s reserve positions. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Monetary policy analysis of inflation anchoring • Analysis of fiscal risks in debt sustainability analyses (DSAs) and public expenditure Mapping and Ownership reviews (PERs) if debt is denominated in foreign currency Lead Global Practice/Global Theme MTI • Analysis of macro risks associated with reserves and price instability in Systematic Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme Country Diagnostics (SCDs). n.a. [110000] ECONOMIC POLICY 15 [110205] Exchange Rate Policies Definition The exchange rate regime will determine the policies associated with maintaining the regime. As an example, a hard peg has consequences for capital controls and monetary policy independence. Countries with a free-floating currency may be subject to speculative risks such as sudden stops or carry trade. There are several policy measures that countries may take to defend the currency. These measures have economic implications that need to be measured. Countries may impose capital controls, intervene by running down reserves, change risk weights in asset portfolios, amortize foreign-denominated debts, monetize debts by increasing money supply, dollarize or euroize, or use sterilized interventions. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Economic analysis of exchange rate policies in Country Economic Memorandums (CEMs) Mapping and Ownership and Systematic Country Diagnostics (SCDs) Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Economic briefs and policy notes, as well as MTI research and analytics on the transmission channels of exchange rate policies to the Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme rest of the economy. n.a. 16 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [110300] ECONOMIC GROWTH Definition Programs that focus on the determinants of sustainable economic growth, links between growth and poverty reduction, and policy modeling. Typical Examples of Coded • Multi-sectoral and/or package of policy and investment interventions Activities • Development of macrostructural and • Cross-country empirical work on economic computable general equilibrium (CGE) growth models to simulate impact of policy changes • Analysis of individual country (national on economic growth and subnational) growth experiences and • Analysis of ways to leverage remittance outlook for development. • Sources of growth analysis involving saving, investment, productivity, and other macro variables Examples of Excluded Activities • Evaluation of links between development Sector-specific growth/prospects analysis. strategies and growth outcomes including but not limited to openness, competition, governance, and gender Mapping and Ownership • Analysis of how growth affects poverty and Lead Global Practice/Global Theme inequality MTI • Ways to enhance pro-poor impact Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Ways to define and enable green growth URL strategies [110000] ECONOMIC POLICY 17 [110301] Inclusive Growth Definition Programs and analyses that examine whether all segments of society—rich and poor, all genders, young, and old—get equal opportunities to participate in a country’s growth process and benefit from it. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Work that focuses on the heterogeneity • Analysis of how growth affects poverty and of growth experiences across firms or the inequality distributional impacts across firms should be mapped under [120000] Private Sector • Analysis of policies to enhance pro-poor Development. growth and shared prosperity • Packaging and sequencing of investment Mapping and Ownership and interventions for higher impact Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Analysis of prioritization of interventions to MTI assess impact on poverty and spatial and ethnic inequalities. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme FCI, URL 18 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [110302] Green and Resilient Growth Definition Programs that analyze the growth process—that are clean (reduced pollution), green (sustainable use of natural resources), and resilient (reduced vulnerability to extreme events and climate change). Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Strategies and policies focused on the • Analysis of economic sustainability and links links between renewable energy resources between natural resource use and the poor, and green growth should be coded under for example, green growth studies and [241801] Enabling Renewable Energy. country environmental assessments • Analysis of the links between growth, Mapping and Ownership poverty, and a national carbon emissions Lead Global Practice/Global Theme reduction strategy (such as a Nationally MTI Determined Contribution [NDC]) • Support in the design of and financing Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme to implement green growth strategy and CCG, DD, ENB, FCI, URL policies, including evaluation of the links between renewable energy resources and growth • Analysis of policies aimed at ensuring sustainable use of natural resources • Analysis of the impacts of transport modal shifts on growth • See also [241802] Just Transition from Coal. [110000] ECONOMIC POLICY 19 [110303] Spatial Growth Definition Programs that analyze the spatial dimension of economic growth, including work related to economic geography, that is, where economic growth occurs and why. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Analysis of regional development and links to overall growth Mapping and Ownership • Analysis of urbanization and its effects on Lead Global Practice/Global Theme growth MTI • Analysis of how transport can support spatial growth Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme ENB, FCI, TRA, URL • Analysis of multicountry corridors and regional integration • Analysis of urban-rural interaction and country cohesion • Analysis of correlations and causality services, growth, and welfare • Analysis of clusters • Analysis of industrial zones (including eco- parks and special economic zones). 20 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [110304] Productivity Definition Productivity is a broad concept, but distinctly related to economic growth. It can be grouped into three main categories: (a) technologies (for example, innovation and imitation), (b) allocation (for example, setting up resources in an optimal manner), and (c) utilization (for example, using existing resources more efficiently—via scale and network channels). Within each of these channels exist several subcategories related to the functioning of firms and household units. For example, at the firm level, productivity growth can be explained by higher firm capabilities (“within-firm”), improved allocation of resources (“between-firm”), and entry and exit dynamics of firms. Economic growth can be linked to an improvement in these channels by reducing existing distortions, removing externalities, improving human capital, and learning via importing and exporting (imitation channel). Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Energy efficiency activities with links to • Economic growth impacts of institutional economic growth (see also theme codes arrangements in Systematic Country [241804] Energy Efficiency Supply and Diagnostics (SCDs), Country Economic [241805] Energy Efficiency Demand) Memorandums (CEMs), and Development Policy Financing (DPF) Mapping and Ownership • Micro-foundations of growth: Firm-level Lead Global Practice/Global Theme diagnostics on productivity and growth FCI, MTI dynamics • Operationalizing evidence through Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme diagnostic toolkits n.a. • Contributions to firm-level diagnostics in SCDs, CEMs, Country Private Sector Diagnostic (CPSD), and country operations • Global flagships, technical notes, and research papers that generate new knowledge, apply frontier methodologies and tools, and highlight empirical outcomes relevant for World Bank Group (WBG) policy engagements and operations • Training to country clients. [110000] ECONOMIC POLICY 21 [110305] Economic Diversification Definition Economic diversification is related to moving up and across the value chain via policies that support the production and trade of different and often more complex goods and services. As an example, the mining of minerals can be transformed into final consumption goods in the manufacturing sector within the same country. The product and service complexity space holds important implications for economic growth as it requires the upskilling of the labor market (hence a human capital component) and better regulation such that resources can be allocated more optimally (for example, through reduction in labor market rigidities). It also reduces several vulnerabilities related to exogenous shocks (for example, oil economies that diversify will be less subjected to commodity price volatility). Diversification can also affect growth by stepping up the quality ladder via imitation and innovation channels. While there may be overlaps between economic diversification and structural transformation, they need not mean the same thing. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Trade complexity • Analysis in Country Private Sector • Firm-level analysis Diagnostics (CPSDs) and Country Economic • Structural Transformation and Structural Memorandums (CEMs) Reform—for these activities, refer • Research notes and papers [110306] Structural Transformation • Training to country clients. and Reform • Climate-smart mining • [241802] Just Transition from Coal. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme MTI Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme FCI 22 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [110306] Structural Transformation and Reform Definition Structural transformation is associated with better allocative efficiency as economies move along the developmental path to higher productivity sectors. It is growth enhancing if productive resources (for example, labor and capital) are mapped to productive industries. The within (own innovation) and between channels (allocation) of structural change are important concepts for growth. They are dependent on the quality of policy and institutions. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Trade complexity • Analysis in Country Private Sector • Firm-level analysis Diagnostics (CPSDs) • Economic diversification (see code • Research notes and papers [110305] Economic Diversification). • Training to country clients. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme MTI Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme FCI [110000] ECONOMIC POLICY 23 [110307] Institutional Economics Definition The quality, credibility, and breadth of institutions have a significant effect on growth. Several factors contribute to making a good institution. The political dimension, which is subject to frequent change, interacts with institutions in complex ways. Fiscal and monetary policy credibility are subject to interventions that extend to political interventions. The protection of property rights, the mobility of factors, the stringency and effectiveness of regulators regarding the product and factor market space, the leakages associated with perceived and overt corruption, zoning laws, and supply constraints make up the institution mix. Having a good grasp of each separate institutional characteristic on growth should provide for a better analysis on growth. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Economic growth impacts of institutional arrangements in Systematic Country Mapping and Ownership Diagnostics (SCDs), Country Economic Memorandums (CEMs), and Development Lead Global Practice/Global Theme Policy Financing (DPF) MTI • Technical notes and research papers that Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme describe methodologies and highlight FCI empirical outcomes • Training to country clients. 24 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [110308] Blue Growth Definition Programs and activities that contribute to creating the enabling conditions for a transition toward a blue economy approach, at the country, regional, and global levels. The blue economy is understood as the integrated and sustainable economic development of oceanic sectors in healthy oceans. The growth trajectory is underpinned by accurate valuation of marine and coastal ecosystems and a strong planning and management framework that includes marine spatial planning and integrated coastal zone management. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Activities that relate to terrestrial ecosystems • Fisheries and aquaculture unless they have a direct negative impact on ocean health. • Marine pollution management • Blue ports Mapping and Ownership • Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction Lead Global Practice/Global Theme in shipping ENB • Offshore renewable energy (should also be coded under [241801] Enabling Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme Renewable Energy) AGF, CCG, EDU, EEX, FCI, HNP, MTI, SPJ, TRA, • Coastal tourism URL, WTR • Sustainable desalination • Cross-cutting issues such as abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ghost gear). [110000] ECONOMIC POLICY 25 [110400] TRADE Definition Trade supports an open, rules-based, predictable multilateral trading system, and among others, its objectives are to help countries participate in and enjoy the benefits of such a system. Key strategies for reaching these goals are supporting trade agreements, emphasizing trade and competitiveness at the core of national development strategies, and promoting trade-related reforms through effective Aid for Trade programs. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. Trade Policies and Integration • Streamlining nontariff measures Mapping and Ownership • Modernizing services regulations and trade Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Addressing poverty and labor impacts of FCI trade policies and shocks Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Supporting global and regional integration, MTI including free trade agreement negotiations and World Trade Organization accession. Trade Facilitation and Logistics • Strengthening trade corridors, supply chains, and trade logistics • Modernizing border management • Enhancing connectivity between firms, markets, and consumers. Trade Performance • Promoting trade expansion and diversification. 26 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [110401] Trade Policy Definition Activities that “[help] governments design and implement policies to maximize their trade competitiveness in both goods and services. The approach encompasses the full set of policies that shape individual firms’ capacities and incentives to import and export. The work aims to help governments reap the gains from openness to trade and regional integration and to manage both adjustment costs and external shocks.” Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Activities relating to energy trade policy should • Trade competitiveness diagnostics in goods, be coded under [241806] Energy and Mining services, and global value chains (GVCs) Policies & Reform. • Trade policy diagnostics Mapping and Ownership • Nontariff measures, identification, and assessment Lead Global Practice/Global Theme MTI • Assessments of regional trade integration • Actionable policy recommendations for Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme trade reform n.a. • Regulatory assessments on services trade and investment • Support to international and regional trade negotiations that aim to create larger, integrated markets for goods and services trade • Policy recommendations are prioritized and based on an understanding of the unique circumstances faced by each developing country • Economic transition by country with new carbon border adjustment mechanisms (CBAMs) or carbon taxes embedded in traded activities and goods. [110000] ECONOMIC POLICY 27 [110500] MACROECONOMIC MODELING Definition Tools and approaches to forecast economic activity and simulate policy and external shocks. Macroeconomic models are used by international institutions, central banks, and planning ministries. They have a general equilibrium representation in the case of computable general equilibrium (CGE) models, macrostructural models, and dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models. These models account for interlinks between economic agents (consumers, investors, the public sector, producers, and the monetary policy sector). Partial equilibrium modeling also entails understanding macroeconomic behavior, but isolates interactions with other sectors/agents. Macroeconomic models are used for highlighting growth, labor, and environmental implications of several policies, which include tax, spending, environmental, and productivity decisions. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Macroeconomic tools—graphical user interface, Python, and general algebraic Mapping and Ownership modeling system (GAMS) code Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Database systems MTI • Methodological research papers. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. 28 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [110501] Macroeconomic Model Development Definition Macroeconomic models are always in a state of development. Models are stylized representations of reality, and range from small models to derive theoretical predictions to large-scale systems of equations to capture key interlinks between macroeconomic accounts (for example, national accounts, balance of payments, and fiscal and financial accounts). Model development is an important aspect of being able to make sense of changes to new policies or shocks. As new data become available and new methodologies are developed, the state of the art in modeling needs to incorporate these features. These modeling links play an important role in the analytical thought pieces that attempt to quantify economic responses to policies or to communicate projections in a coherent manner. Model development: Evolving policy priorities require constant improvement and evolution of the issues covered by macroeconomic models. Currently, the focus is on incorporating more of the climate agenda and increasing the extent to which the models can be integrated with sector-specific models including those from the energy, water, and transport sectors. Previously, the focus had been on improving the debt dynamics of the models and their ability to integrate with tools used for Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA), as well as labor market analysis. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Modeling simulations and projections that feed into Systematic Country Diagnostics Mapping and Ownership (SCDs), Country Economic Memorandums (CEMs), and public expenditure reviews (PERs) Lead Global Practice/Global Theme MTI • Projections for the macro poverty outlook (MPO) Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Research papers and technical notes. FCI [110000] ECONOMIC POLICY 29 [110502] Macroeconomic Simulation and Policy Analysis Definition A good macroeconomic model should produce simulations that reflect reality. Reality in a macroeconomic world depends on accurate data. Simulations and policy analysis are important contributions to the narratives used for justifying or understanding how shocks propagate through systems. Situation and policy analysis: Models are used to in a variety of contexts, including the standard forecasting exercises as well as ad hoc studies. Recent examples of this include scenario analysis performed to better understand the implication for global, regional, and individual economies of the global financial crisis, the Ebola crisis, COVID-19 analysis of the impact of carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) on European countries, and of course, climate-related damages and policies. More country-oriented examples include labor market simulations in Saudi Arabia, fiscal analysis of Chad’s special debt arrangements, and fiscal analysis of the implications of increased incidence of drought in Argentina. Clients for this work include senior management, regional chief economists, country economists, and other global practices (GPs) such as Social Development when analyzing the macroeconomic responses to specific policies such as labor market reform in Saudi Arabia. Typical Examples of Coded • Fiscal sustainability of external shocks and climate change in CCDRs, Chief Economists Activities semi-annuals • Modeling simulations and projections that • Research papers and technical notes. feed into Development Policy Financing (DPFs), Systematic Country Diagnostics (SCDs), Country Economic Memorandums (CEMs), Examples of Excluded Activities and public expenditure reviews (PERs) n.a. • Research activities such as modeling the impact of carbon border adjustment on Mapping and Ownership countries Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Climate change analysis in Country Climate MTI and Development Reports (CCDRs) • Growth implications of fiscal tax and Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme spending choices—PERs and CEMs FCI 30 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [110503] Macro Modelling Training of Client Governments Definition It is important that users of models understand the mechanics of the system. Training new users requires considerable efforts, which typically revolve around building (a) a grasp of the economic theory, (b) intuition on ex ante and ex post evaluation of policies and shocks, and (c) the skills to design and build a macro model. About one-third of the modelling team’s work effort involves the development and design of models for client governments and the training of their personnel on the use, updating, and revision of the models. Examples here include the production of a medium-term budgeting system for the Ministry of Finance (MoF) of Sudan and training staff from the MoF, the central bank, and the statistics office on the use of the model. Similar work has been undertaken in Nepal, Bangladesh, Paraguay, Cameroon, Ghana, Malaysia, Poland, Croatia, Algeria, Saudi Arabia, China, Kazakhstan, and Bahrain. Models include macrostructural models and computable general equilibrium (CGE) models as well as, on a less frequent basis, now-casting and dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. Technical assistance (TA) Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme MTI Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme FCI [110000] ECONOMIC POLICY 31 [110504] Modelling of the Macroeconomics of Climate Change Definition Climate change modelling is starting to evolve into a common field studied under macroeconomics. The modelling of climate change can be broadly summarized as incorporating climate policy (mitigation and adaptation) and climate damages. Mitigation policy modelling includes carbon taxes, green investments, and excise taxes such as fuel levies. Adaptation policies include building up resilient capital infrastructure, modelling insurance when a natural disaster occurs, and embedding behavioral change that takes climate as a given, such as substituting crops out. Damages include shocks to assets from floods, impact of heat on labor productivity, impact of droughts on crops and livestock, and impact of weather on tourism. Macroeconomic models attempt to distill how different climate scenarios have economic implications, remaining agnostic about the timing of events. These scenarios are derived from sector-specific studies. Although macro models can simulate damages and mitigation policies given certain functional forms, they are trained to follow the results coming from external sectoral models run by colleagues in other global practices (GPs). These GPs (Transport, Water, and Energy) usually take a more granular approach to the issues, explicitly taking on country-specific features that typically evade macroeconomic models. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Analysis of Public Expenditure Management • Technical assistance (TA) • Inputs into Country Climate and Mapping and Ownership Development Reports (CCDRs), Systematic Lead Global Practice/Global Theme Country Diagnostics (SCDs), public MTI expenditure reviews (PERs), and Country Economic Memorandums (CEMs). Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme CCG, EEX, and FCI 32 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 33 [120100] BUSINESS ENABLING ENVIRONMENT Definition Helps developing countries improve their business environment because “a favorable business environment is essential to create the opportunities and incentives for firms to invest productively, generate jobs, and grow,” as well as for resources to be allocated efficiently within and across sectors. Typical Examples of Coded • Increasing regulatory predictability (publication and user platforms for business Activities laws, regulations, and procedures) Programmatic Reform Support Based on • Implementing informational platforms Actionable Investment Climate Indicators to facilitate compliance with business • Business environment diagnostics and registration requirements, licenses, permits, reform road maps inspections, and other formalities • Action plans to implement priority • Deployment of risk assessment and reforms with clear deadlines and assigned risk classification of business activities responsibilities and businesses to increase regulatory predictability and effectiveness • Support to implement structural reform programs including company law reforms • Promotion of regulatory compliance to facilitate firm entry, operation, and exit; through incentives, guidance, and strategic cross-sectoral or sectoral regulatory reforms communications campaigns. • Support to implementing agile regulations. Integrating Government Services Emerging technologies (artificial intelligence • Process mapping and reengineering [AI], big data, and so on) enable regulators of government-to-business (G2B) and to move from “command control” to government-to-government (G2G) services outcome-based and forward-looking regulation that is proportional to the • Establishing integrated G2B and G2G risks involved. services such as one-stop shops and informational and transactional portals Improving Business Start-up and Operations (for example, business registration and • Streamlining and simplifying business entry licensing portals). barriers (including registration and licensing procedures) • Reforming regulation of business activities and their enforcement based on risk 34 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Promoting Good Regulatory Practice Examples of Excluded Activities • Timely notification and open and inclusive n.a. consultation on new regulatory measures • Appropriate assessment of the impact of Mapping and Ownership proposed regulations • Efficient coordination in the delivery Lead Global Practice/Global Theme of reform FCI • Systematic review and monitoring of Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme regulatory performance and quality and AGF reduction of implementation gaps • Provision of regulatory information that is accessible, reliable, and timely • Efficient mechanism for grievances and complaints. [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 35 [120101] Business Regulation and Investment Climate Policies Definition Helps governments improve their business environment through diagnostics and reform programs that contribute to private sector growth and productivity. Typical Examples of Coded • De-risk a particular sector Activities • Design gender-neutral regulations including regulations affecting women’s ability to • Business entry permits, licensing, and other enter the workforce, start a business, access entry regulations credit, receive equal pay, manage assets, • Inspections, compliance, and regulatory and receive a pension. delivery • Risk-based regulation and enforcement Examples of Excluded Activities • Process reengineering in investment n.a. climate reforms • Integrated government-to-business Mapping and Ownership (G2B) services (for example, transactional platforms) Lead Global Practice/Global Theme FCI • Good regulatory practices (for example, transparency, feedback mechanisms, and Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme public-private dialogue) AGF, URL, WTR • Agile policy and information and communication technology (ICT) solutions for business environment • Regulatory governance and institutions • Business environment reforms in a particular sector/theme/solutions area • Promote public-private dialogue • Diagnostic to assess market opportunities and constraints for private investments 36 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [120102] Investment Policy, Promotion, and Facilitation Definition • Investment entry. Supports clients with technical assistance (TA) to improve Supports clients in developing an investment their FDI entry regime by assessing and climate conducive to attracting, retaining, benchmarking the extant regime, designing and expanding foreign direct investment more transparent entry, and establishing (FDI) for productivity growth and job creation. regimes based on good practices. With conducive policies, FDI can complement • Investment protection. Supports clients domestic investment and support specific by verifying the recognition of the core objectives such as jobs, skills upgrade, FDI guarantees within their regulatory technology transfer, and better integration into framework; formulates good practice regional or global value chains (GVCs). recommendations; and implements legal reviews, guidance, and capacity building. Typical Examples of Coded • Investment retention. Builds government Activities capacity to retain materialized investments when there are issues putting the • Investment reform map. Investment investment at risk of divestment or an diagnostic and client engagement tool investor/state dispute. which assesses a country’s investment performance and identifies actionable • Investment promotion and aftercare. reform measures. Supports clients with organizing their investment promotion efforts to maximize • Investment facilitation. Supports clients’ FDI attraction, retention, and expansion. implementation of a range of transparency Effective investment promotion rests measures, streamlining of administrative upon three pillars: strategy, institutions, procedures, and adoption of other and services. investment facilitation measures as a means of supporting the inflow of FDI. • Domestic value addition/links. Supports clients to strengthen FDI links • Investment incentives. Supports clients to development, including enabling a to identify and improve features of their conducive policy environment, bridging incentives framework, maximize the information asymmetries on the local benefits generated by incentives, optimize supply base, strengthening local firm the efficiency of government fiscal capabilities, and implementing targeted FDI expenditures, and minimize distortions promotion to fill supply chain gaps. to competition [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 37 • Investment and regional integration. Supports clients to implement investment agreements as well as reforms to facilitate entry into and greater value added within GVCs. Examples of Excluded Activities n.a. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme FCI Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. 38 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [120103] Productivity, Firm Dynamics, and Jobs Definition Examples of Excluded Activities Analysis to understand the dynamics of firm n.a. entry, growth, investment behavior, and their contribution to aggregate jobs and productivity. Mapping and Ownership Support clients to identify and address market failures or policy distortions that prevent Lead Global Practice/Global Theme productivity-enhancing investments or efficient FCI allocation of resources. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme JBS Typical Examples of Coded Activities • Data collection—including firm surveys— and analysis of firm dynamics (the life cycle of firms, productivity decomposition, jobs reallocation, and so on) • Benchmarking firm performance and analyzing drivers of firm growth and productivity • Interventions to support firms’ capabilities upgrading • Monitoring of effects on jobs, including direct and indirect channels • Impact evaluations of reforms or programs on firm performance, including on the quality and quantity of jobs. [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 39 [120200] MARKET COMPETITION Definition Supports clients to foster efficient market dynamics and set up effective market institutions to support private sector development. These activities include promoting competition, limiting distortions related to state-owned enterprise (SOE) participation in markets, protecting consumers/ suppliers, and enhancing intellectual property and data protection. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Global projects to establish thought leadership on competition policy and SOEs Mapping and Ownership in developing countries Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Competition policy assessments, including FCI competitive neutrality aspects, to identify red flags and policy reforms Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Mapping state footprint in markets and n.a. providing guidance on SOE reforms • Assessment of the effects of state support measures on market outcomes and design of frameworks to limit distortions of state aid • Support for legal reforms creating solid frameworks on consumer and supplier protection, as well as intellectual property rights • Institutional review and recommendations for authorities dealing with competition, consumer and supplier protection, and intellectual property rights. 40 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [120201] Competition Policy Definition Supports clients in promoting and implementing policy reforms to foster market contestability including implementing pro-competition rules in key sectors, deterring anticompetitive business practices, and minimizing distortive government interventions in markets. Competition policy in the product market space identifies distortions (such as price discrimination, collusion, lack of transparency, bid-rigging, cartel formation, mergers and acquisitions that undermine competition, and industrial policies such as subsidies) that may be detrimental to growth, productivity, and consumer welfare. This work tackles reforms that are supportive of private sector development (PSD), such as those related to • Market regulations and sectoral policies • Market institutions • Antitrust rules and enforcement. Typical Examples of Coded • Analysis of market competition, regulation, and market dynamics at the regional, Activities national, subnational, and sector levels, • Competition analyses in core diagnostics building on Product Market Regulation including Country Partnership (PMR) indicators and applying the Market Frameworks (CPFs), Systematic Country and Competition Policy Assessment Diagnostics (SCDs), Country Economic Toolkit (MCPAT) to identify and support Memorandums (CEMs), Country Private policy reforms Sector Diagnostics (CPSDs), and Financial • Institutional Effectiveness Review for Sector Assessment Programs (FSAPs) market institutions involving functional • Competition reforms linked to lending review of the competition agencies and operations, development policy financing sector regulators as well as the evaluation (DPFs), investment project financing (IPFs), of implementation policies and guidelines program-for-results (PforRs) • Competition Policy Notes, including a • Global projects to establish thought focus on specific topics (for example, leadership on competition policy in anticompetitive regulations); review of developing countries—includes the competition law framework and by-laws; production of reports, technical notes, and and policy notes with priorities for new research papers describing methodologies governments and highlighting empirical evidence [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 41 • Competition Policy Assessments, including Examples of Excluded Activities evaluation of PMR, sectoral competition Updating of competition policy to address assessment, antitrust and state aid new issues posed by digital businesses and frameworks assessment, assessment of digital markets should be included under anticompetitive subnational regulations, code [120204] Markets and Digital Business and estimations of the effects of lack Regulation and Enforcement. of competition on key variables (for example, productivity, poverty, and consumer welfare) Mapping and Ownership • Impact and Advocacy Reports. Monitoring Lead Global Practice/Global Theme and evaluation for competition FCI interventions and literature reviews, cases, and technical papers to build analytical Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme evidence on the need for competition policy MTI reforms and convey results to policy makers and civil society. 42 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [120202] State-Owned Enterprises in Commercial Markets Definition This work tackles the role of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in product and factor markets, both regarding policy objectives and risks of market distortions. It supports clients in implementing pro- competitive reforms of SOEs by having a better understanding of state footprint across markets, identifying regulatory and implementation bottlenecks for a level playing field between private and public operators, and designing economy-wide and sector-specific regulations to promote competitive neutrality in domestic and international markets. The work on SOEs provides the analytical underpinnings for addressing market failures due to the effects of SOEs on markets and defining policy routes for SOE reform. To this end, it provides a range of mechanisms to crowd in private capital through a menu of SOE reforms (for example, divestiture) and market reforms (for example, removing monopoly rights) to level the playing field and allow private sector development. Typical Examples of Coded • Quantitative analyses of the impacts of SOE participation in markets and SOE reforms Activities on key economic variables • Mapping state footprint/Businesses of the • Assessment of the effects of state support State (BOS) database measures on market outcomes • Analysis of the role of SOEs in markets in • Analysis on competitive neutrality red flags Systematic Country Diagnostics (SCDs), and policy reforms at the regional, national, Country Economic Memorandums (CEMs), subnational, and sector levels. Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs), Country Private Sector Diagnostics (CPSDs), and financial sector Examples of Excluded Activities assessment programs (FSAPs) n.a. • Application of Integrated State-Owned Enterprises Framework (iSOEf) market module Mapping and Ownership • Application of SOE Private Sector Lead Global Practice/Global Theme Development (PSD) toolkit which indicates FCI sectors with red flags for potential competition issues as well as guidance on Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme SOE reforms MTI, GOV [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 43 [120203] Consumer and Supplier Protection Definition Consumer and supplier protection contributes to dynamic markets for businesses to grow. Consumers and suppliers who trust that there are certain protections in place if their transaction goes wrong are more willing to engage in commerce. This activity includes working with international good practices not only in regulations but also in institutional arrangements, enforcement, and implementation—areas which are frequently left behind when considering reforms. Often, countries conduct a legal reform without providing the implementing agency with the tools, budget, or capacity needed to enforce the law. This results in legal uncertainty for the private sector and consumers alike, which makes it difficult for businesses to thrive and consumers to trust. Typical Examples of Coded • Institutional review and recommendations for authorities dealing with consumer and Activities supplier protection • Support for legal reforms creating a solid • Ensuring solid institutional arrangements framework on consumer and supplier and enforcement frameworks are in place protection to strengthen trust in markets by to create legal certainty. individual consumers as well as suppliers • Support with development of co-regulation Examples of Excluded Activities mechanisms for consumer and supplier protection, including codes of conduct n.a. and dispute resolution mechanisms— online dispute resolution mechanisms and Mapping and Ownership alternative dispute resolution mechanisms Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Updating regulations that govern platforms, FCI regulating, for example, the relationship between major platforms and their Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme suppliers/merchants, such as by preventing n.a. exclusivity contracts and other forms of platform lock-in • Surveys on regulations and implementation of consumer and supplier protection laws 44 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [120204] Markets and Digital Business Regulation and Enforcement Definition • Making market regulations fit for digital business models. Many “analog” regulations Enabling the benefits from participating built for brick-and-mortar firms hinder in markets, including digital markets, and digital businesses, including contracts or minimizing the risks require addressing licensing requirements that hold back regulatory bottlenecks, adopting good new digital business models, such as practices, and adjusting regulatory frameworks accommodation and ride sharing, e-sellers, and enforcement to the nature of new digital and digital content providers. technologies. Digital business regulation mainly • Promoting competition in digital affects digital business, which includes three markets that may be distorted by digital types of firms: (a) digital business model firms conglomerates, while encouraging that leverage the network effects of data and innovation. Update competition policies digital technologies; (b) platform economy, to modify the thresholds that trigger gig economy, and sharing economy firms that merger reviews and ways to avert “killer might fall outside the digital sector but use acquisitions,” without overregulating and platform-based business models; (c) digitalized discouraging entry and innovation. offline firms—part of whose value creation is due to the use of digital technologies. • Ensuring solid institutional arrangements and enforcement frameworks are in place A clear regulatory framework is a critical to create legal certainty. element to creating trust in digital markets • Support adoption of agile business and supporting their growth. These are also regulations. Emerging technologies (artificial regulations that have larger spillovers in the intelligence [AI], big data, and so on) enable market as they affect all private sector firms, regulators to move from “command control” not only digital ones. Beyond strong regulations, to outcome-based and forward-looking ensuring solid institutional arrangements and regulation that is proportional to the risks enforcement frameworks will help businesses involved—the so-called “agile regulatory thrive by creating legal certainty. approach.” This allows new digital business models and markets to evolve. Specifically, market regulation and digital business regulation involves, among others, the following: [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 45 Typical Examples of Coded • Operations supporting reforms in markets, Activities including digital businesses (development policy financing [DPFs], program‑for‑results • Regulatory assessments across areas [PforRs], and investment project affecting digital businesses, including areas financing [IPFs]). such as competition, online supplier and consumer protection, intellectual property Examples of Excluded Activities rights, gig economy regulations, ride sharing, and accommodation sharing regulations. • Projects focused on supporting new start- • Competition policy assessments in digital ups that rely on data or digital technologies markets building on the World Bank Group to create or deliver their product/services (WBG) Market and Competition Policy or that have a digital business model should Assessment Toolkit (MCPAT). This includes use the code on [120401] Entrepreneurship identifying characteristics/dynamics of and Digital Entrepreneurship or digital markets and how they interact with [120302] E-commerce, Private Sector regulatory frameworks/the lack thereof Platforms, and Cross-Border Digital Trade. applied to digital business models to shape • Projects that support the adoption of market outcomes. This analysis includes technology by firms should be coded under the identification of key policy reforms to [120301] Technology Adoption by Firms. promote efficient dynamics in digital markets • Excludes regulations and interventions and enable operators with new business focused on firms in the digital sector models to compete against incumbents. defined as information and communication • Market institutions reviews, institutional technology (ICT) infrastructure, equipment, reviews, reviews on enforcement, and and service providers; ICT manufacturing; capacity building for relevant market information technology (IT) hardware, institutions such as competition authorities, software, and service providers; consumer protection, and ministries of cybersecurity products and service trade and industry. providers; and digital technology and digital • Support to data policies, regulations, and data solution providers, which should use compliance for private sector held personal the level 2 and level 3 [250000] Digital and non-personal data, domestically and Transformation codes. across borders. • Excludes projects introducing foundational • Support with development of co-regulation digital IDs, e-documents, and e-signatures. mechanisms, focusing on mechanisms that involve the private sector to help with the implementation and compliance of Mapping and Ownership market regulations. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme FCI Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme DD 46 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [120300] INNOVATION, TECHNOLOGY, AND GREEN COMPETITIVENESS Definition Interventions that aim to support the upgrading of technologies, adoption of new and digital business models, and the creation of new ventures that generate growth of businesses, create new (and better) jobs, increase productivity, or improve living standards. Firm upgrading includes the adoption of new technologies, including digital and green; adoption of quality and other standards; and organizational and product innovations. Digital business includes three types of firms: (a) digital business model firms that leverage the network effects of data and digital technologies; (b) platform economy, gig economy, and sharing economy firms that fall outside the digital sector, but use platform-based business models; (c) digitalized offline firms—part of whose value creation is due to the use of digital technologies. This code also includes activities that support the adoption of digital technologies by traditional firms, links to digital platforms, and the development of digital solutions as part of their firm’s offerings. Some of the core work in digital business involves adapting the regulatory frameworks that enable digital businesses to thrive and ensuring that there is a level playing field between platforms and analog firms. Typical Examples of Coded • Digital regulatory assessments—consumer trust regulations, data privacy as they Activities pertain to private sector-held data and their • Recovery and economic stimulus program implications on competition, innovation, for digital businesses and the dynamism of the private sector • Programs supporting the adoption of digital • Programs to support links to e-commerce, technologies by firms especially for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) • Programs to support the adoption of quality standards • Incentives to investment in firms with digital business models or to digitize part of their • Entrepreneurship ecosystem diagnostics businesses and interventions • Use of digital tools to promote risk-based approaches to regulation, including agile regulation, of the private sector [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 47 • Capacity building to regulators and Examples of Excluded Activities competition authorities in addressing • General trade facilitation activities with no new forms of competition raised by specific digital component digital business models or competition between brick-and-mortar firms and digital • Programs and interventions specifically businesses in digital markets targeted to firms providing information and communication technology (ICT) • Financing support or technical assistance infrastructure or foundational digital (TA) to develop the domestic digital start-up services (for example, cybersecurity or ecosystem cloud computing services) that enable other • Women-specific capacity building for digital firms in the private sector to utilize digital entrepreneurship. technologies. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme FCI Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme DD 48 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [120301] Technology Adoption by Firms Definition Interventions that support the adoption of digital and green technologies in firms. They often involve information on what digital and green solutions are available, diagnostics that are used to benchmark and incentivize upgrading and inform interventions, and financial incentives and technical assistance (TA) to support firms in upgrading their technologies. In some cases, these upgrading projects can be implemented with the support of knowledge providers or public-private partnerships (PPPs). They also involve diagnostics to identify the level of digital maturity and digital adoption. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities This activity refers mainly to the demand • Implementation and analysis of surveys for digital and green technologies and measuring technology adoption and tends to exclude the development of benchmarking technologies, although these activities could be included when commercialization • Financing of programs that incentivize projects link to firm technology adoption. digital adoption, including grants or The development of new technologies fit under credit guarantees [120304] Innovation and Technology Policy or • Regulatory assessments on barriers to under [120401] Entrepreneurship and Digital digital or green technology adoption Entrepreneurship when they respond to technology-based companies. • Mapping of digital solution providers to support small and medium enterprises (SMEs) • Mapping of green technology solutions that Mapping and Ownership can be adopted by SMEs Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Programs to support the measurement of FCI carbon emissions and the adoption of low- carbon technologies Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. • Interventions to support green efficiency, including benchmarking and energy efficiency audits • Digital- and technology-related skills training for businesses. [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 49 [120302] E-commerce, Private Sector Platforms, and Cross-Border Digital Trade Definition Digital trade, domestically and across borders, opens up markets to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries and creates development and growth opportunities. Digital platforms are online marketplaces that play a crucial intermediation role and enable crowd-based transactions and both domestic and cross-border digital trade. They facilitate peer-to-peer interactions or match buyers and sellers of services and digital and nondigital products. Based on the type of value exchanged in the platform’s core transaction, platform models can be grouped into several categories: e-commerce platforms (such as Jumia, Souq, ShopGo, Basket, and Mumm), sharing platforms (Hello Tractor and Careem), fintech platforms (Moneyfellows, Wetch Pay, and M-Pesa), social and media platforms (Facebook), and jobs platforms (Wuzzuf). Digital platforms can play a crucial role in creating new jobs and income opportunities for traditionally excluded social groups. Of relevance for labor markets is the reduction of search-and-matching and distance frictions. A critical benefit of access to online labor markets is their ability to create demand for spare human capital in the same or a different place from the labor supply. Thus, platforms facilitate international outsourcing of talent and activities. Typical Examples of Coded • Supplier/vendor training, complementary infrastructure, or use of standards and data Activities for business-to-business (B2B) services and • Digital trade regulatory and e-commerce connection to financial services enabled by readiness assessments, in areas related platform data. to cross-border trade, such as import and export regulations, contract enforcement, Examples of Excluded Activities and subsidies n.a. • Supporting regulatory reform and implementation to promote cross-border digital trade and e-commerce, and to Mapping and Ownership remove barriers to digital trade and Lead Global Practice/Global Theme investment across borders FCI • Monitoring regulatory progress in lending operations Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Support and training to SMEs to join and DD access existing digital platforms • Analysis of impacts of platforms on jobs, skills, and firm growth 50 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [120303] Green Business Regulations and Green Investment Policy Definition Investment climate policies to help address market failures or regulatory distortions that disincentivize investments toward low-carbon or climate-resilient production. Green business regulation initiatives aim to help governments design and administer environmental regulations in a way that increases efficiency and minimizes costs for existing and new businesses. One example comes from encouraging risk-based approaches to environmental licensing, which can help make environmental licensing more transparent and less bureaucratic and, at the same time, more effective in terms of environmental protection and sustainability. Green investment policy initiatives aim to help governments establish the necessary regulatory and policy environment to encourage the attraction of (foreign) investment that can help accelerate a country’s climate change mitigation and adaptation agenda and meet its sustainable development priorities. This may include efforts to attract investment that enables participation in global value chains (GVCs) that helps shift countries toward net-zero emissions via their type of energy (for example, renewable energy) or their energy use (for example, batteries and electric vehicles). It can also include efforts to encourage investment to help firms decarbonize their production process by shifting their use of technology. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Analysis on the contribution of the private sector to aggregate emission, including Mapping and Ownership from activities of multinationals and their affiliates Lead Global Practice/Global Theme FCI • Diagnostics on firms’ low-carbon transition • Green Investment Climate Diagnostic (GICD) Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme to attract “green” investment ENB • Green/polluting corporate tax (incentives) analysis on the role of incentives and their influence on environmentally sustainable outcomes • Green investment promotion/aftercare. [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 51 [120304] Innovation and Technology Policy Definition Helps developing countries identify, design, and implement policies, reforms, and strategic investments to foster innovation in their economies. Typical Examples of Coded • Enhancing the contribution of innovation policy for shared prosperity by focusing Activities on using innovation policy to improve the • Strengthening governance for policy prospects of the poorest in countries. effectiveness. This includes helping • Global innovation. governments to review public spending on • Technology absorption and diffusion. science, technology, and innovation (STI); design and implement policy programs • Innovation networks and clusters. for innovation; and establish an effective • Support for emerging technologies in institutional framework for innovation policy. specific sectors, such as energy and • Enabling firm innovation mineral resources, for example, hydrogen production, carbon capture and storage • Addressing access to technology, (CCS), and energy storage, where fostering cutting-edge management practices, innovation is an objective. training, and other non-research and development (R&D) issues that also • Global Early-Stage Innovation foster firm innovation • Technology commercialization • Developing innovation financing • Innovation financing. mechanisms such as pre-seed and seed funding, including angel and venture investing Examples of Excluded Activities • Supporting mentoring and nurturing Activities in the private sector services, including venture accelerators • Assisting in the design, implementation, Mapping and Ownership and evaluation of indirect and direct subsidies to business innovation and Lead Global Practice/Global Theme R&D investments. FCI • Improving the impact of public research Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme organizations, for example, by improving DD, EEX frameworks for more effective collaboration between academic institutions and industry and technology transfer. 52 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [120400] ENTERPRISE AND SECTOR DEVELOPMENT Definition Activities addressing specific challenges and opportunities facing groups of businesses or sectors. They improve the competitiveness, productivity, and growth performance of firms, including micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), and strengthen the business environment in which they operate. Facilitates entry of new businesses, scaling of viable enterprises, and exit of unviable firms. This work can address specific market failures or disruptions facing a specific sector; for example, helping the tourism sector adapt to shocks, such as pandemics, or to support sector-specific reforms or programs aiming to expand market access, improve productivity, or enable more private sector investment. Typical Examples of Coded • Market access. Supplier and exporter development, global value chain (GVC) Activities participation, links to multinational • Business environment. Improvements in corporations (MNCs), export development, business regulations, including sector-specific National Quality Infrastructure (NQI) regulations; strengthening trade and and standards compliance, and public competition policy; contract enforcement; procurement for small and medium business tax policy and regulations; and enterprises (SMEs) infrastructure, including industrial parks, • Institutional framework. Development of export processing zones, technology centers, integrated private sector development incubators, and accelerators strategies; analysis of the quality of business • Firm capabilities. Building managerial and support policy mix; and developing capacities entrepreneurial capabilities, technology for design, delivery, monitoring, and (impact) adoption, product development, and evaluation of business support programs innovation; facilitating access to soft • Inputs into Country Private Sector infrastructure (labor, talent, and services); Diagnostics (CPSDs) and building entrepreneurship ecosystems • Follow-on work implementing recommendations from CPSDs, Country Economic Memorandums (CEMs), or Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs) that have a sector angle. [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 53 Examples of Excluded Activities Support for financial inclusion or expanding access to finance for MSMEs should be included under Finance. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme FCI Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. 54 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [120401] Entrepreneurship and Digital Entrepreneurship Definition Support policy reforms or investments to facilitate the entry of new businesses or growth of young businesses (definitions of young businesses should follow national conventions, but would generally encompass firms less than five years old, of any size; growth can be defined in terms of employment, sales, accessing new markets, introduction of new products and processes [innovation], or productivity improvements). Helps women entrepreneurs overcome the constraints they face in achieving full economic participation and in maximizing their potential contributions to the economy and to society. Within entrepreneurship, there is a particular focus on new businesses using a digital business model or reliance on data or digital technologies to create or deliver their product/service. Digital start-ups lack collateral, have high skills demand, and often need to scale quickly to capitalize on network effects. Clients, therefore, need to understand the gaps in the ecosystem; to attract science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) talent; to tap into diaspora networks; and to provide risk financing, which governments need to facilitate. Typical Examples of Coded • Direct support to entrepreneurs, including provision of grants, loans, equity, Activities infrastructure, training, and advisory • Developing comprehensive services entrepreneurship ecosystem strategies and • Indirect support to entrepreneurs, including designing targeted solutions that promote guarantees and tax incentives the growth and productivity of firms • Regulatory reforms, including Start-Up • Developing capacities within ministries and Acts and other special entrepreneurship government agencies for design, delivery, regimes, or removing regulatory obstacles monitoring, and evaluation of programs to to entry and growth of young firms promote entrepreneurship • Digital entrepreneurship programs design • Digital entrepreneurship ecosystem (investment project financing [IPFs]/ assessments program-for-results [PforRs]), such as • Assessing opportunities and constraints training to entrepreneurs; access to finance, to growth by entrepreneurs via networking, and mentoring; and incubation/ entrepreneurship ecosystem diagnostics acceleration centers [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 55 • Digital entrepreneurship ecosystem Examples of Excluded Activities assessments, including start-up surveys and n.a. Policy Effectiveness Review of government digital entrepreneurship programs • Assessing and designing targeted Mapping and Ownership investment promotion strategies and Lead Global Practice/Global Theme incentives to facilitate investment and FCI promote foreign direct investment (FDI) links and technology transfer Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Youth entrepreneurship programs that n.a. have an innovation and technology angle, with knowledge-intense start-ups as beneficiaries • Start-up surveys. 56 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [120402] Global Value Chains Definition Helps developing countries put in place the trade, investment, and complementary supply-side policies to connect to global value chains (GVCs) and realize economic and development benefits. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Identify and remove the key binding constraints to GVC entry and upgrading Mapping and Ownership • Capacity building on GVC strategic Lead Global Practice/Global Theme upgrading FCI • Trade policies; tariff and nontariff barriers; and trade facilitation, logistics, and wider Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme connectivity issues AGF • Investment regulations and incentives • Compliance with international process and product standards • Policies and practices to stimulate innovation and entrepreneurship • Design of spatial solutions (special economic zones, growth poles and corridors, and cities/urban centers). [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 57 [120403] MSME Development Definition Support policy reforms or investments to facilitate the growth of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). MSME definitions should follow national conventions; some common definitions such as the one used by the European Union (EU) classify MSMEs as firms employing 0–249 workers, although in many developing countries any firm with 100 employees or more would be considered large. Growth can be defined in terms of employment, sales, accessing new markets, introduction of new products and processes (innovation), or productivity improvements. Typical Examples of Coded • Improving credit infrastructure for SMEs, digital payments, financial law and Activities regulation reform, facilitating financial • Improvements in business regulations, innovation, credit enhancement programs including sector-specific regulations; (for example, partial credit guarantees), strengthening trade and competition facilitating access to capital markets for policy, contract enforcement, business tax SMEs, early-stage risk financing for SMEs, policy, and regulations; and infrastructure, and financial literacy including industrial parks, export processing • Development of integrated SME zones, technology centers, incubators, and development strategies; analysis of the accelerators quality of SME support policy mix; and • Building managerial and entrepreneurial developing capacities for design, delivery, capabilities, technology adoption, monitoring, and (impact) evaluation of SME product development and innovation, support programs facilitating access to soft infrastructure • Assessing opportunities for and constraints (labor, talent, and services), and building to SME growth. entrepreneurship ecosystems • Supplier and exporter development, Examples of Excluded Activities global value chain (GVC) participation, links to multinational corporations n.a. (MNCs), export development, National Quality Infrastructure (NQI) and standards Mapping and Ownership compliance, and public procurement for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) Lead Global Practice/Global Theme FCI Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. 58 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [120404] Sector Competitiveness and Jobs Definition Typical Examples of Coded Support clients to solve market and Activities government failures and promote green At the regional, national, subnational, and competitiveness in key sectors by sector levels: • Identifying the main market and government • Rapid sector assessments in World Bank failures in key sectors (strategic segments)— Group (WBG) country diagnostics (Country especially in the manufacturing (including agri- Private Sector Diagnostics [CPSDs], Country processing) and tourism sectors—that lead to Economic Memorandums [CEMs], Country poor environmental and social outcomes Climate and Development Reports [CCDRs], • Designing solutions that are least distorting and gender assessments) and least-costly (with other pillars/units/ • Sector deep dives following country global practices [GPs])—green industrial diagnostics to inform lending operations and sustainable tourism policies • Blockchain solutions for value chain • Identifying and monitoring impacts of transparency and financing reforms and programs on jobs, looking for • Eco-industrial parks solutions to help create better, greener jobs for more people • Circular economy solutions • Implementing the solutions (through World • Sustainable tourism destination development Bank-funded projects). • Trainings to build client capacity in industry Developing and disseminating global analysis, public-private sector-specific dialogue, practical knowledge on key sectors and policy reform and implementation (with our partners), to include • Monitoring and evaluation of sector-specific • Analysis of global trends operations. • Key success factors, performance indicators, and benchmarks Examples of Excluded Activities • Key enabling conditions for a green transition n.a. • Typical government/market failures (including those related to environmental and social objectives) and good practices on Mapping and Ownership how to resolve them Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Feasibility studies to help convince private FCI sector players to go after opportunities Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Monitoring and evaluation of critical MTI, JBS interventions. [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 59 [120500] REGIONAL INTEGRATION Definition Supports country clients in trade and regional integration (such as Eurasian Economic Union [EEU] integration and East African Community [EAC] integration), economic integration, innovation and integration policy, trade and integration, and regional infrastructure. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Improving trade logistics systems and services and border clearance at the Mapping and Ownership regional level Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • National Quality Frameworks. Focusing on FCI the implementation and mutual recognition of international standards, accreditation, Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme and certification n.a. • Supporting global and regional integration, including free trade agreement negotiations • Development and modernization of regional infrastructure (for example, power and transportation) and cross-border policy reforms with high potential for export promotion, increased productivity, and labor mobility. 60 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [120501] Trade Facilitation and Trade Logistics Definition Supports client governments in reducing trade costs by enabling efficient and sustainable supply chains through modernization and reform of logistics infrastructure and services and helps improve trade systems, services, and practices, potentially leading to improvements in cost, transparency, predictability, as well as time to import and export. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Increasing connectivity to local, regional, and international markets Mapping and Ownership • Improvements in the competitiveness of Lead Global Practice/Global Theme transport and logistics markets FCI, TRA • Trade and transport corridor development Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Impact evaluation of trade corridor n.a. interventions • Trade-supporting infrastructure investments such as roads, ports, cargo handling facilities, and information and communication technology (ICT) systems • Border management, including improving coordination and cooperation across border management and trade-related agencies • Trade Facilitation Agreement implementation support • Agri-trade facilitation • Global engagement, knowledge, and impact evaluation • Reengineering of systems and procedures to reduce red tape. [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 61 [120600] MAXIMIZING FINANCE FOR DEVELOPMENT Definition statements and documents; appointment of high-level political champions; hiring Maximizing Finance for Development (MFD) of reputable advisors to assess feasibility enabling projects are defined as projects of introducing private sector solutions; that address binding constraints1 to enable engagement with the private sector to gauge sustainable private sector solutions2 within their interest; dialogue with multilateral three years of the project’s closing date.3 In development banks (MDBs) for financial addition to this, the project should also meet support for a private sector solution; the following three criteria to be counted as establishment of a project development MFD enabling. The reliance on these criteria facilitation fund; and actions to build on a allows the World Bank Group (WBG) to be proven track record of implementing private conservative in reporting the number of sector solutions. This criterion excludes MFD-enabling projects. These criteria were projects that address economy-wide private developed jointly among the World Bank, sector development issues that are not tied to International Finance Corporation (IFC), and clear and concrete plans by the government Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency to increase a specific type of private sector (MIGA), during the FY18 MFD enabling engagement to address development issues. identification process. 2. The project addresses constraints that the 1. The government has clear and credible WBG and client agree are key bottlenecks, as plans to introduce a private sector solution. reflected in the WBG strategy. There is a level of subjectivity in deciding how The project is expected to address the credible government plans are. However, constraint(s) identified through careful good indicators include the following analysis of what is impeding private sector government actions: high level of commitment participation. There should be a shared vision from government, as reflected in key policy among WBG institutions and the client. If there is a WBG strategy that discuses bottlenecks 1 Binding constraints are defined as bottlenecks in the for introducing private sector solution in enabling environment at the sector or country level, or physical, operational, or system bottlenecks which prevent private sector relevant sector/country, the project concept solutions from being implemented. note (PCN) may refer to that document. 2 Sustainable private sector solutions are defined as financing WBG strategy examples include Systematic and/or delivery of development projects by a private entity that are economically viable, are fiscally and commercially sustainable, are Country Diagnostic (SCD), Country Partnership transparent in bidding and risk allocation, provide value for money, Framework (CPF), infrastructure sector and ensure environmental and social sustainability, as set out in assessment program (InfraSAP), and Country paragraph 4 of the Development Committee paper “Maximizing Finance for Development: Leveraging the Private Sector for Growth Private Sector Diagnostic (CPSD). This criterion and Private Sector Development.” excludes projects that address constraints that 3 As defined in the Operations Manual. 62 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY have potential impact on future private sector • Projects that support physical investments solution but cannot be reasonably expected to in a specific infrastructure project (for facilitate private sector solution at scale within example, building an access road to a three years of project completion. This criterion region where connectivity was a binding also excludes projects where private solution(s) constraint to unlock private sector is/are a potential by-product but not sought in participation in a specific sector in the support of a specific development objective. region and the financing of a bus rapid transit [BRT] line that allows for private 3. Enabling private sector solution is a financing of buses) material part of the project, and the private • Projects that support physical investments sector solution has sufficient scale and in utilities or improve utility management in sustainability. utilities that would allow utilities to access Material resources relative to the project’s private capital or attract private operators total costs are allocated to enable the private sector solution. Additionally, the scale and • Projects that support utility reforms, which sustainability of the private sector solution would improve the utilities’ creditworthiness enabled by the project is appropriate relative and allow them to access private capital or to the scale of the development issue being private operators addressed. This criterion excludes projects that • Projects that support energy resource primarily support a public sector solution and mapping to enable private exploration introduces private engagement at the margin. and project development (geological data This criterion also excludes pilot projects. collection, renewable energy resource The MFD-enabling metric is a subset of two mapping, and geospatial mapping for off- other metrics: private capital enabled (PCE) grid electrification) and private capital mobilization (PCM). PCE • Projects that support the development of quantifies the monetary value of private capital public-private partnership (PPP) project flows facilitated by MFD-enabling projects. PCM pipelines, including the operationalization of quantifies the monetary value of private capital a PPP law and regulations, the establishment mobilized through co-financing in World Bank of a PPP Unit, and the execution of pilot PPPs operations. Projects that generate PCM entail facilitation of private sector solutions not only • Projects that provide negotiations support through private co-financing of World Bank or transaction advice to the government projects but also potentially through generation such as legal, financial, marketing, and/ of PCE. or technical advice regarding a specific transaction Typical Examples of Coded • Projects that support policy changes, which in turn incentivize private firms to adopt Activities new technology at scale • Projects that support sector reforms (for example, policy, legal, regulatory, institutional, and financial) to incentivize or expand private sector participation at scale [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 63 • Projects that demonstrate the benefits of • Projects that build capacity and governance a new technology or approach that is not when there are clear and credible plans commercially operational in the region, where to introduce a private sector solution, and the government has clear and credible plans where existing capacity and governance to introduce a private sector solution through is a binding constraint (for example, first- demonstration and the replication/scale- time PPP, scaling up of existing contracting up is expected within three years of project models with a broadening of scope and completion, at an appropriate scale sophistication, and resource management to enable a private solution) • Operations that support savings mechanisms to enable the private • Projects that facilitate competition/remove sector to engage in a solution that the barriers to entry for service provision. government has clear and credible plans Projects that create opportunities for for within the sector—where engagement International Finance Corporation (IFC) is reasonably expected within three years participation as a proxy for private sector of project completion, and savings enable appetite (either advisory or investment a reasonable scale of private sector opportunities) engagement • Projects that increase demand-side • Projects that strengthen state banks’ ability availability of funds (for example, mobile to assess credit risk and enable expansion health wallets and defined benefit of private financing to the private sector packages) at such scale that it increases at scale the supply of good quality health care by private entities (for example, through • Projects that support the creation/financing attracting more entrants into the market or of dedicated facilities to support private through consolidation) entities (for example, funds, incubators, accelerators, and matching grant facilities) • Projects that support the development that expand private solutions, provided of special economic zones (SEZs) that will the impact is expected beyond the project attract private investors. coverage and duration • Projects that remove credit distortions by Examples of Excluded Activities ensuring government interest rates are market driven, provided this will lead to the Projects that increase private sector private sector entering and competing in competitiveness through business environment financial markets at scale reforms; establish enabling conditions for financial sector deepening and diversification; • Projects that support institutional and and increase the capacity of private firms market reforms to expand the availability to innovate and export [No specific private of specific types of financing (for example, solution identified] housing finance) • Projects that implement/finance an Infrastructure Investment Fund to leverage finance for infrastructure PPPs 64 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Projects that improve the effectiveness of tax Mapping and Ownership administration and reduce compliance costs Lead Global Practice/Global Theme for corporate taxpayers [No specific private IPG, FCI solution identified] • Projects that support broad health system Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme innovations. For example, a project that n.a. includes the purchase of ambulances, for which a lease from private companies will be explored as an option [Private sector solution is not an explicit objective, and scale is unclear] • Projects that support improvement in utility management [Not unless there is a clear and credible plan to introduce a private solution] • Line of credit to private financial intermediaries that enables commercial banks to extend their loan maturities for the duration of the project [Private sector solutions are not sustainable beyond the duration of project]. [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 65 [120700] PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS Definition 1. A part or the whole of the project is expected to be procured through PPPs. Public-private partnership (PPP) is defined 2. The project includes specific or targeted as “any contractual arrangement between a actions that support PPPs. public entity or authority and a private entity, for providing a public asset or service, in which the private party bears significant risk and Typical Examples of Coded management responsibility.” Activities “Public services” include “any service that the Investment Operations relevant government considers its responsibility • Concessions to provide or ensure is provided. The focus • Build-operate-transfer (BOT) on long-term assets reflects the long-term • Build-own-operate (BOO) nature of a PPP contract.” For the most part, this means PPPs deal with fixed assets but • Rehabilitate-operate-transfer (ROT) may also include related long-life assets • Design-build-operate (DBO) and similar that are somewhat purpose- or site-specific, such as train rolling stock. “Public asset or • Leases and affermages service” refers to basic services where there • Management and operations and is no competitive market for their provision. maintenance (O&M) performance-based Therefore, it excludes activities such as cell contracts licenses, real estate, and mineral resource • Forms of results-based financing involving exploitation. management responsibility by the private sector Key PPP Criteria • Public good or service • Independent power producers (IPPs) with power purchase agreements (PPAs) that • Operational responsibility rests with the have public offtakers private sector • Partial divestiture of public assets • There is a legal agreement • Partial privatization, such as regulated • Long-term contractual arrangement privatized utilities operating under a license, • Payments are often linked to performance. and so on. To select a PPP option for a lending operation or an advisory mandate, one of two requirements should be met: 66 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Upstream Work • Financial leases Activities that directly support the enabling • Productive alliances between the public and environment for PPPs (for example, advisory private sectors (common in agriculture), services, institutional capacity building, policies, including partnerships in global value laws, regulations, institutional reforms, fiscal supply chain risk assessments, sector reforms and strategies to enable PPP activities, and consensus-building • Generic partnerships between various activities) and/or the development of the public and private sector actors without key pipeline for PPP projects. criteria (see definition above) being satisfied • Private activities regulated by the Note on Captive Markets government (commodity exchanges such as Captive facilities allotted to a single/few in agriculture, and so on) users (such as private berth/port terminals, • Performance-based contract between two cogeneration power plants, and private public entities telecommunications networks) are excluded unless a significant share of output is sold • Insurances unless specifically linked to a directly to serve the public. PPP project • Climate and disaster risk financing unless Examples of Excluded Activities specifically linked to a PPP project, and so on. • Full privatizations/corporatization Common Examples of Non-PPP Activities by • Full divestiture/decentralization Global Practice (GP) • Activities to support private sector Agriculture development (PSD) without a specific focus • Agricultural commodity exchange on PPPs • “Agricultural insurance” • Public-private dialogue/private sector • Agricultural sector reform and dialogue modernization agenda • PPPs are only part of recommendations/ • Contracting out/outsourcing conclusion (for advisory services and analytics [ASA]); no substantial work directly • Public-private dialogue/partnership without linked to PPPs performed as part of the contractual agreement project; PPP is not the focus of the study • Logistics services provided by the private • Capacity building for public sector and sector not PPPs • Improvement of agricultural productivity • Goods and services contracts contracting • Matching grants out/outsourcing • Private sector development/supply chains • Turnkey construction/civil work contracts in agriculture [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 67 Climate Change • Micro, small, and medium enterprise • Carbon emissions reduction scheme (MSME) focus/SME support • Public-private alliances on disaster recovery • Pension reform and life insurance, except framework. when directly linked to a PPP. Education Governance • Competitive grants/grant scheme • Accounting and auditing standards review • Contracting out/outsourcing • Capacity building on audit function • Generic partnership (some PPP criteria are • Management of state-owned enterprises not met) (SOEs, not performance based) • Industry partnerships • Political economy report without PPP focus • Performance-based contract between two • Public expenditure review (PER) without public entities PPP focus • Performance-based grants between public • Public procurement review without sector entities PPP focus • Grants for partnerships between the public • Public sector accounting and financial and private sectors reporting standards. • Skills development. Health, Nutrition and Population • Generic drug policies Energy and Extractives • Energy reform not including PPP issues • Private sector development • Fee-based stimuli for the private sector • Results-based financing with public sector • Financing by private sector • Tax reform. • Energy regulations without PPP focus Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment • Private sector Energy Service Companies • Activities to support PSD without PPP focus (ESCOs) • Fiscal sustainability. • Tracking and measurement of indicators for Social Protection and Jobs private investment in energy. • Labor migration Finance, Competitiveness, and Innovation • Pensions and social networks, except when • “Agricultural insurance” directly linked to a PPP. • Corporate governance in financial sector • Social, Urban, Rural and Resilience • Disaster risk financing, except when directly • Conferences on disaster recovery and linked to a PPP resilience; PPP is not a major topic • Financial sector development • Contracting out/outsourcing • Islamic finance, except when directly linked • Disaster risk financing/disaster risk to a PPP management 68 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Fund to help post-disaster recovery Water • Intermediate finance to SMEs • Hydromet services • OBA scheme, except when directly linked to • Mainstreaming output-based aid (OBA), a PPP except when directly linked to a PPP • Performance grants between the • Post-disaster low-cost credit facility to on- government and public utilities lend for restructuring • Private sector development not linked to • Value chains in agriculture. PPPs Trade and Competitiveness • Sanitation marketing • Agro-processing • Sanitation licensing • Foreign direct investments (FDIs) • Microfinance for rural sanitation. • SMEs support • Value chains, including in agriculture Mapping and Ownership • Special economic zone (SEZ) when private Lead Global Practice/Global Theme sector only has a management contract IPG (not results-based). Transport Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Contracting out/outsourcing EEX, WTR, TRA, DD, HNP, EDU, CCG, URS • Impact evaluation of projects in transport and information and communication technology (ICT), except when directly linked to a PPP. [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 69 [120701] PPP Framework Definition Introduce, amend, and/or improve elements of a sound legal and regulatory framework for the development of public-private partnerships (PPPs), including all laws, regulations, policies, binding guidelines or instructions, standardized PPP contracts and/or bidding documents, other legal texts of the general application, judicial decisions, and administrative rulings governing or setting precedent in relation to PPPs that together define how PPPs are to be identified and implemented and that promote good governance of PPP programs. Relevant components of the broader non-PPP-specific laws and regulations that govern certain parts of the PPP process should also be considered relevant (for example, it is not uncommon to see the procurement of PPPs being regulated by or incorporated into the general public procurement framework). Typical Examples of Coded • Procedures for receiving and processing unsolicited PPP proposals; dispute resolution Activities and/or renegotiation mechanisms for PPP Lending or advisory World Bank activities in projects; preparation, prioritization, selection, support of appraisal, procurement, and implementation • PPP/Concessions Law/Bill, including sector processes of PPP projects; and so on specific • Public procurement law, including • PPP/Concessions Law/Bill operational provisions for PPP/concession contracting. guidelines and regulations • PPP/Concessions Policy and related Examples of Excluded Activities operational guidelines and regulations Laws and/or regulations for mining/fishing • Legal framework for independent power concessions and concessions in the meaning producers (IPPs) and/or power purchase of a pure license to operate rather than those agreements (PPAs) meeting the definition of a PPP described in • Legal framework for toll roads and the Level 2 [120700] Public Private Partnerships concessions Theme above. • Strategy to facilitate PPPs/(public service) concessions Mapping and Ownership • PPP proclamation Lead Global Practice/Global Theme IPG • PPP directive Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme CCG, DD, EDU, EEX, HNP, TRA, URS, WTR 70 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [120702] PPP Institutions and Capacity Building Definition Establishment, amendment, or restructuring of government-related entities, organizational units or institutions, and the related staff involved in the public-private partnership (PPP) process as well as regulations governing their interactions. Various institutions may be involved during implementation of PPP projects as well as their review and approval. Additionally, some governments establish teams that aggregate staff with PPP-specific knowledge in so-called PPP Units (Directorate/Committee/Secretariat, and so on). All these institutions should be considered relevant so long as they directly participate in the PPP process. Institutions working to implement PPPs perform day-to-day activities to drive forward the PPP process “from identifying potential projects, appraising, structuring, drafting the contract, bidding it out, and managing the contract after it is signed.” These are typically contracting authorities or line ministries. Institutions involved in reviewing and approving PPPs oversee the PPP process, “typically through review and approvals at key stages to ensure that a project represents a good investment decision for the government.” These institutions may include the Ministry of Finance (MoF) or the Treasury and their dedicated organizational units/departments, such as the Public Debt Management Office, Fiscal Risk Management Department, and the like, as well as the Cabinet, the Parliament, the President and/or Prime Minister, PPP Unit/Directorate/Committee, and/or Attorney General. Capacity- building activities—including trainings, webinars, seminars, workshops, and similar activities to build and improve skills and knowledge of the staff working in the abovementioned institutions to ensure that they are able to fulfill their roles effectively as defined in a PPP institutional framework—shall also be considered relevant. Typical Examples of Coded • Development and approval of the terms of reference and qualification requirements Activities for staff of the involved PPP institutions • Establishment and/or restructuring of a PPP and/or their PPP and other professional Unit (Directorate/Committee/Secretariat) certification and providing training to its staff • PPP capacity-building program and/or • Development or amendment of a regulatory training sessions for staff of the involved framework with a clear institutional PPP institutions, and so on. focus, that is, describing the different institutions involved in the PPP process, their roles and functions, as well as related interaction processes [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 71 Examples of Excluded Activities Mapping and Ownership Project development or project facilitation Lead Global Practice/Global Theme funds aimed at providing the funding for PPP IPG project development activities, such as for hiring external consultants/advisors, conducting (pre-) Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme feasibility studies and other related assessments, CCG, DD, EDU, EEX, HNP, TRA, URS, WTR as well as viability gap and/or guarantee funds providing financial or credit enhancement support to PPP projects and other infrastructure funds with similar mandates should not be considered relevant for this subtheme, as they are categorized under the separate subtheme [120705] PPP Funding. 72 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [120703] PPP Projects and Pipeline Development Definition Activities supporting the development of PPP projects, or a PPP project pipeline from which projects can later be selected for subsequent realization/implementation. Activities under this subtheme are likely to be sector-specific rather than cross-sectoral in nature, and are more likely to be linked to a specific contracting authority within a government unless a comprehensive PPP pipeline development support is provided. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • PPP pipeline development, including through application of the PPP screening Mapping and Ownership tool or other relevant tools Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • PPP pre-feasibility or feasibility studies for IPG identified transactions • Any activities in support of a specific PPP Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme transaction or a series of transactions. n.a. [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 73 [120704] Fiscal Commitments and Contingent Liabilities Definition • Capacity-building effort to improve skills and knowledge of staff involved in Engagements in support of developing a FCCL process framework for identification, assessment, • Support with the customization and and management of fiscal commitments and adoption of the International Monetary contingent liabilities (FCCLs) and fiscal risks Fund-World Bank (IMF-WB) tool PPP Fiscal associated with public-private partnership Risk Assessment Model (PFRAM) (PPP) projects, as well as related supporting institutional arrangements and assistance with • Establishment of a dedicated organizational the improvement of skills and establishment unit responsible for the analysis and of sound practices for FCCL management. The management of fiscal risks associated with relevant activities include the following: PPP projects as well as capacity-building • Adoption of legal acts, decrees, activities to improve skills and knowledge of regulations, and methodological guidance/ the related staff. recommendations on how to identify, assess, evaluate, mitigate, and manage Typical Examples of Coded PPP‑related fiscal risks and FCCLs Activities • Assistance with the creation of a database and/or risk matrix of typical risks associated Development policy financing (DPF), investment with PPP projects, their allocation between project financing (IPF), and program-for- public and private partners, and possible results (PforR) financing operations, technical ways of mitigating each risk identified assistance (TA) and capacity-building activities, analytical and advisory services in support of • Support with introduction of measures • Development and adoption of guidelines for and practices to control and report fiscal management of FCCLs in PPP projects risks in government accounts and budget/ debt‑related documents • Development of Excel-based tools and/ or models to identify and quantify fiscal • Support with the development of a risks in PPP projects as well as related methodology for determining the ceiling FCCLs; customization of PFRAM for the (cap) for either the stock or the flow of country context direct and contingent liabilities associated with PPP projects • Assistance with the establishment and population of a database of fiscal risks and • Activities in support of improving FCCLs in PPP projects transparency of fiscal-related information, such as the publication of annual fiscal risk statements or debt management reports 74 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Conducting training for government officials Examples of Excluded Activities involved in the assessment of FCCLs in PPP • Conducting public debt management projects, including for the usage of PFRAM performance assessments (DeMPA) • Adoption of practices to improve fiscal risk • Establishment of a regulatory framework transparency in PPP projects, including a for public debt management process regular publication of a comprehensive estimate of fiscal commitments both • Reforms and modifications of explicit and contingent from effective and budget-related legislation prospective PPP contracts, whose estimates • Fiscal risk management of state-owned are to be updated periodically (at least enterprises (SOEs). annually) • Disclosure of broad risks associated Mapping and Ownership with PPP projects in the annual fiscal risk statement Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Making explicit contingency allocations for IPG PPP projects in a budget. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 75 [120705] PPP Funding Definition • Provide financial and/or credit enhancement support to PPP projects— Provision of both monetary and nonmonetary typically through viability gap funds support measures funded by the state budget (VGFs) and/or guarantee funds (GFs) or issued by the government for public-private and infrastructure funds (IIFs) with a partnership (PPP) projects. The main qualifying similar mandate criterion and the distinction from the subtheme • Provide temporary recoverable liquidity [120706] PPP Financing is that support measures support to public entities that have are provided/sponsored by the government. contractual payment obligations under These include the following: a PPP agreement—typically through • Government support for project liquidity reserve funds along with a preparation / development activities government budget line. This can be • Provision of land required to implement a done as a stand-alone reserve fund or PPP project as part of an infrastructure reserve fund with the seed money • Issuance of grants to finance the construction stage of a PPP project • Provide liquidity in case of realization of fiscal contingent liabilities (for example, • Provision of temporary or permanent tax early contract termination or triggering incentives for a PPP project of the minimum revenue guarantees). • Making available payments to a special Where present, reservations are purpose vehicle (SPV)/PPP project company made for this purpose and are kept for the services rendered as agreed in a in a separate escrow account, which PPP contract institutionally can be held either in a • Establishment, operationalization, and stand-alone fund or be a part of a larger capitalization of different types of funds to fund with a broader mandate such as a set aside the resources to project facilitation fund. • Enable project preparation activities, • Development of a regulatory framework including hiring of external consultants/ supporting establishment of the advisors, conducting (pre-)feasibility government support mechanisms for studies and other related assessments PPP projects and their operationalization, for PPP projects—typically through including drafting of associated regulations project development and/or project and/or decrees supporting the opening (preparation) facilitation funds of the required bank accounts, depositing of the seed money into a fund, and development of the related governance and operational manuals, among others 76 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Provision of the related institutional Examples of Excluded Activities support, such as staffing and training for Support measures to PPP projects that are personnel who will be running such funds. not provided or funded by the government This includes climate funding. As funding or the state budget. Activities to foster private refers to measures from budget, this would sector participation and financing to PPP include any climate-related subsidies that the projects should be labeled under subtheme government might provide to a PPP project. [120706] PPP Financing. Typical Examples of Coded Mapping and Ownership Activities Lead Global Practice/Global Theme Development policy financing (DPF), investment IPG project financing (IPF), and program-for-results (PforR) financing operations, technical assistance Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme (TA) and capacity-building activities, and n.a. analytical and advisory services in support of • Establishing a mechanism for channeling government funds to PPP projects • Signing a regulation on operational procedures for channeling government funds into PPP projects • Allocation in the proposed budget for the country’s IIF, GF, and land acquisition for PPPs purposes • Establishing a VGF and project facilitation fund (PFF) • Designing a mechanism for provision of state guarantees for PPP projects • Allocating land-capping financial support for land acquisition purposes for toll-road PPP projects • Adopting an action plan to accelerate land acquisition processes and ensure fair compensation and rehabilitation measures to project-affected persons associated with infrastructure and PPP projects. [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 77 [120706] PPP Financing Definition Regulatory and other support activities aiming at fostering private sector investments and participation in infrastructure public-private partnership (PPP) projects. These include measures to expand local currency financing options for private sector investors in infrastructure PPPs, and adoption of strategies to attract commercial financing to PPPs and improve access of private investors to capital markets to raise long-term debt financing for PPP projects. PPP projects built and/or managed through donor- pooled funds as well as related measures to attract financing for their operation should be included as well. This includes climate funding—as funding refers to measures from budget, this would include any climate-related subsidies that the government might provide to a PPP project. Typical Examples of Coded • To incentivize private sector investment in infrastructure the government has enacted Activities a circular issued by a regulator of the Development policy financing (DPF), investment pension system amending the investment project financing (IPF), and program-for- regime for pension funds to authorize them results (PforR) financing operations, technical for investment in structured securities, assistance (TA) and capacity-building activities, depending on the risk profile of the relevant and analytical and advisory services, including pension fund. the following cases: • The government has increased individual Examples of Excluded Activities credit limits of credit institutions to invest in projects under a specific PPP program. Any support schemes for PPP projects funded by the government. Such arrangements • To promote financing of projects under should be labeled under the subtheme a specific PPP/concession program, the [120705] PPP Funding. government has reduced restrictions on pension funds that can be invested in private capital infrastructure funds Mapping and Ownership and eased the requirements for funding Lead Global Practice/Global Theme operations in international markets. IPG • The government has taken measures to foster private sector investment in Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme infrastructure as evidenced by the enactment n.a. of guidelines issued by the board of a pension fund allowing it to participate as a minority investor in private equity funds specialized in infrastructure with the purpose of promoting the creation of such funds. 78 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [120707] PIM – PPP Synchronization Definition Narrow activities toward integration of the public-private partnership (PPP) approval and assessment processes into a broader public investment management (PIM) process that deals with identification, prioritization, selection, assessment, and approval of public investment projects in general. These include specific operations to ensure integration of PIM and PPP processes through appropriate sequencing and origination of PPP projects and linking them to the PIM process such as drafting, amendment, and/or adoption of the related regulatory framework for both PIM and PPP processes, development of the related guidelines and manuals, and specific activities for their operationalization such as capacity building for the related officials. Typical Examples of Coded • Cases in which thegovernment issued a circular related to the preparation of Activities public investment projects to improve Development policy financing (DPF), investment the selection process for domestically project Financing (IPF), and program-for-results financed projects through standardizing (PforR) financing operations, technical assistance selection criteria and screening of all project (TA) and capacity-building activities, and analytical proposals, including for PPPs, with pre- and advisory services, including the following: defined parameters. • Development of regulations and guidelines • Cases in which, to improve PIM process, to ensure appropriate sequencing of the the new PIM regulations were gazetted, PIM and PPP screening and selection establishing a regulatory framework for processes project appraisal and approval processes • Adoption of PIM/PPP manuals that detail for public investment and PPP projects the workings of the PIM/PPP nexus, based on economic, strategic fit, and including all linking processes gender analysis. • Cases in which the government has adopted • Adoption of procedures and gateway a policy to unify procedures, requirements, processes using standardized economic and responsibilities regarding public appraisal criteria, including social and investment and PPP projects and approved environmental impacts, which enable implementation of these new procedures to rigorous analysis and prioritization of all improve PIM. public investment proposals that enter the project pipeline and are screened for • Cases in which the government’s Council potential suitability to be delivered as PPPs. of Ministers has endorsed a proposal for PIM-PPP Governance Framework. [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 79 Examples of Excluded Activities Generalized activities supporting non‑PIM‑PPP synchronization-specific framework development such as the ones described in subtheme [120701] PPP Framework. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme IPG Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme GOV 80 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [120708] Climate Change with/through PPPs Definition Activities to support incorporation and mainstreaming of low-carbon and climate-resilient (LCR) solutions into key aspects of the public-private partnership (PPP) enabling environment, PPP project development, and PPP financing mechanisms. This will apply to World Bank projects that aim to mainstream climate specifically into PPPs. Typical Examples of Coded • Cases in which the government has amended public finance management (PFM) Activities regulations in part related to Selection and Development policy financing (DPF), investment Prioritization Criteria and Procedure and project financing (IPF), and program-for-results Reporting Regulation to include climate (PforR) financing operations, technical assistance resilience criteria in the screening of public (TA) and capacity-building activities, and analytical investment and PPP projects. and advisory services, including the following: • Development of the minimum climate Examples of Excluded Activities resilience standards and investment/ assessment criteria and methodologies Non-PPP-specific climate change operations, for PPP projects including in public investment projects in general, and climate change work • Development of a pipeline of green unrelated to private sector investments in PPP projects infrastructure PPPs. • Establishment of the green investment options for private sector financing Mapping and Ownership • Legal and regulatory reforms/measures that support LCR infrastructure PPPs Lead Global Practice/Global Theme IPG • Climate change and adaptation-related capacity building for key PPP infrastructure Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme stakeholders CCG [120000] PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 81 82 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [130000] FINANCE 83 [130100] STRENGTHEN FINANCIAL RESILIENCY Definition The Finance, Competitiveness, and Innovation Global Practice (GP) provides financial sector diagnostics and policy advice to national financial sector regulators and supervisors to help build strong, efficient, and inclusive financial systems in order to promote financial sector development and financial stability and also to manage the rising costs of climate and disaster risk. Typical Examples of Coded • Enhancing regulation and supervision in the areas of banks, insurance, securities, Activities and other financial and nonbank financial • Conducting diagnostic reviews like institutions financial sector assessment programs • Climate and disaster risk (FSAPs), including with the International • Cybersecurity. Monetary Fund (IMF) • Assessing countries’ adherence to the 12 sets of key international standards for sound Examples of Excluded Activities financial systems (Reports on the Observance n.a. of Standards and Codes [ROSCs]) • Supporting implementation of Mapping and Ownership internationally agreed financial standards through a wide range of technical Lead Global Practice/Global Theme assistance (TA) projects particularly directed FCI to the financial sector Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Supporting countries in conducting their n.a. National Risk Assessment and assessing frameworks for anti-money laundering/ combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) • Performing crisis simulation exercises and crisis preparedness assistance in emerging markets • Supporting institutional development for financial safety nets, including deposit insurance funds 84 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [130101] Financial Sector Oversight and Policy / Financial Regulation and Restructuring Definition Focusing on prudential regulation and supervision as well as systemic stability. Providing policy advice and implementation support to national financial sector authorities. Typical Examples of Coded • Enhancing institutional frameworks for supervision of banks, particularly on risk- Activities based approach Financial Sector Oversight Banking Restructuring • Through financial sector assessment • Developing safety net mechanisms programs (FSAPs) including the establishment of deposit • Identifying strengths, risks, and insurance systems (payout, information vulnerabilities in the financial system technology [IT], funding, and investment) • Assessing the impact of the • Assisting countries in financial institution macroeconomic environment on financial restructuring and problem asset/ sector performance and vice versa nonperforming loans (NPLs) resolution. • Identifying links among subsectors • Helping countries strengthen their crisis of financial system to determine the preparedness capacity. This includes the potential for systemic crisis following: • Assessing adequacy of arrangements to • Delivery of crisis simulation exercises manage financial system stress. • Establishment of recovery, resolution, Policy/Banking Regulation and contingency planning • Strengthening banking regulation and laws • Interagency coordination arrangements in multiple areas including, but not limited • Promoting safety nets (including to, capital and liquidity requirements in emergency liquidity assistance line with Basel III and European Union mechanisms) and macro-prudential Capital Requirements Directive IV (EU CRD instruments (for example, framework for IV), related parties, large exposure limits, identifying systemic banks). anti-money laundering/combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT), internal control and risk management, licensing, and corporate governance [130000] FINANCE 85 • Assisting countries in managing crisis and Examples of Excluded Activities resolving troubled banks, including building n.a. their proper resolution toolkits and legal regime in line with the Financial Stability Board (FSB) key attributes Mapping and Ownership • Designing and conducting asset quality Lead Global Practice/Global Theme reviews/ diagnostics. FCI Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. 86 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [130102] Financial Sector Integrity Definition Support the establishment and strengthening of legal and operational frameworks for anti-money laundering/ combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT), asset disclosures systems, and the recovery of the proceeds of crime under the aegis of the Stolen Asset Recovery (StAR) Initiative. Typical Examples of Coded • Building capacity of AML/CFT stakeholders, including financial and non- Activities financial sector regulatory and supervisory Building Efficient AML/CFT Regimes bodies, financial intelligence units, law • Global engagement. Engage and collaborate enforcement, and the judiciary to detect with international standard setters such and confiscate proceeds of crime as the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), • Supporting the use of AML/CFT and asset FATF-style regional bodies, and global recovery tools to promote the efficient initiatives (Group of Twenty [G20], Group of management of natural resources, Eight [G8], and others) to develop diagnostic including in the environment (wildlife principles, standards, best practices, and and forestry) and extractive industries measurement tools related to AML/CFT. (licensing rules) sectors • Technical assistance (TA). Undertake • Building capacity and fostering domestic country diagnostics and develop TA support collaboration and cooperation in to use AML/CFT tools to tackle proceeds of agencies involved in the management of crime, including asset declaration laws. This asset disclosure regimes. includes aiding countries in • Policy and knowledge development. • Assessing money laundering and Prepare policy development and knowledge terrorism financing risks to adopt a risk- work on AML/CFT and “de-risking” based approach to the implementation of (correspondent banks exiting developing AML/CFT measures, allow for an effective countries); on addressing illicit financial allocation of resources, and contribute to flows (IFFs)—the cross-border movement financial inclusion of capital associated with money that is illegally earned, transferred, or used—at the country and global levels; and on best practices related to asset disclosures. [130000] FINANCE 87 Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative Examples of Excluded Activities • Country engagement. Build capacity of • Domestic resource mobilization countries to engage in asset recovery by providing legislative assistance on asset • Public Expenditure and Financial recovery frameworks and training for Accountability (PEFA) assessment relevant stakeholders such as financial • Procurement and financial management intelligence units, law enforcement, prosecution, the judiciary, and specialized • Tax policy and administration, as well asset recovery units. Provide case-related as activities related to IFFs covered in assistance and facilitate international governance and other sectors. cooperation between requesting jurisdictions and requested jurisdictions and financial centers, including through the Mapping and Ownership use of networks. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Policy guidance. Contribute to international FCI policy guidance in asset recovery and anti-corruption, including for the Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme implementation of the United Nations n.a. Convention against Corruption, and involvement in G20 and other processes. • Knowledge development. Develop knowledge products, tools, and resources for asset recovery and contribute to advocacy and communication efforts in the field. 88 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [130103] Climate and Disaster Risk Finance Definition Typical Examples of Coded • Agricultural insurance. Develop public- Activities private partnerships (PPPs) to provide • Climate and disaster risk diagnostics. farmers, herders, and broader value chains Assessment of the economic impact of with agricultural insurance and other risk disasters, available financing, and potential finance solutions. funding gap for disasters of different • Climate and disaster risk insurance. frequency and severity and recommended Development of domestic insurance options to strengthen financial resilience markets (including through PPPs) and against climate and disaster risk. insurance solutions for micro, small, and • Disaster risk finance analytics. Analytics medium enterprises (MSMEs), households, to inform disaster risk finance strategies, and financial institutions against climate policy reforms, and risk financing shocks and disasters. instruments (reserve funds, catastrophe • Sovereign disaster risk finance. Developing deferred drawdown option, insurance, pre-arranged finance and systems to enable catastrophe bonds, and so on). Analysis earlier action that can save lives, reduce of public expenditures related to natural costs and humanitarian needs, and protect disasters to inform public financial development gains against disasters, climate management of climate and disaster risks. shocks, and, over time, a wider range of • Disaster reserve funds. Design and crises. National and subnational governments development of disaster reserve funds can better plan, prepare for, and manage within the country public financial climate shocks and disasters. Links to work management frameworks. on public financial management, public • Climate and disaster risk insurance. debt management, fiscal risk management, Design, placement, market development and market-based sovereign risk transfer of risk transfer products such as insurance solutions (including catastrophe risk pools (sovereign, public assets, private and catastrophe bonds). property, agriculture), and capital market • Climate risk finance for financial system. instruments, such as catastrophe bonds. Develop resilient financial systems that • Building institutions for disaster risk can better assess and manage the impact finance. Design, establishment, and of climate physical risks through policy, operationalization of national or regional regulatory, and institutional reforms. catastrophe risk pools. [130000] FINANCE 89 • Disaster risk financing training. Capacity Examples of Excluded Activities building focused on disaster risk finance n.a. frameworks, including executive training, specific focus areas (analytics and social protection), knowledge exchange, and Mapping and Ownership peer learning. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Climate physical risk assessment of FCI financial system. Development of climate scenarios (including extreme weather Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme events), financial risk exposure, and impact AGF, CCG, URL assessment to assess the impact of climate physical risks on the financial system (for example, banking sector). 90 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [130104] Cybersecurity and Data Privacy for Financial Sector Definition Support the establishment and strengthening of legal and operational frameworks for cybersecurity (in the financial sector), including prevention, identification, response, and recovery. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Activities related to cybersecurity • Compendium of relevant laws and outside the financial sector should regulations (with Financial Sector Advisory use codes [250400] Cybersecurity; Center [FinSAC]) [250500] Data Protection and Privacy. • Review of design and effectiveness of framework applicable to banks for cyber Mapping and Ownership prevention, identification, response, and Lead Global Practice/Global Theme recovery (including in the context of financial FCI sector assessment programs [FSAPs]) • Support to supervisors to review the Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme banking industry’s readiness to address DD cyber risks and data management • Support to design and implement specific cyber regulatory guidance and requirements for banks • Review of cyber resilience arrangements of central banks’ operations and key financial infrastructures • Testing of authorities’ and industry’s capacity to manage a (theoretical) cyber/ data crisis and identification of priority reforms (simulation exercise) • Support to the design of arrangements to facilitate cooperation and coordination among key public and private stakeholders. [130000] FINANCE 91 [130200] FINANCE FOR THE POOR AND VULNERABLE Definition Refers to activities that promote access to financial services and the financial system, including transaction accounts, savings, and credit. This theme is applicable to access initiatives for both firms and individuals. It focuses on the legal, regulatory, and supervisory frameworks and financial infrastructure for financial access and financial inclusion, including payment systems, credit reporting systems, secured transactions and insolvency frameworks, financial consumer protection, financial literacy, savings, microfinance, small and medium enterprise (SME) finance, alternative delivery channels, and universal financial access. Typical Examples of Coded • Investment loans to modernize domestic financial infrastructure, including through Activities the procurement and establishment of • Financial sector assessment programs electronic registries for collateral and credit (FSAPs) information; accelerating expansion of financial inclusion; and procurement of • Reports on the Observance of Standards key payments infrastructure (for example, and Codes (ROSCs) automated transfer systems) • Technical assistance (TA) and capacity- • Knowledge products and toolkits; data building support to governments on and diagnostics on financial inclusion, the legal, regulatory, and supervisory access, and infrastructure; and diagnostics frameworks and financial infrastructure, on payment and settlement systems and including payment systems, credit reporting remittance markets systems, secured transactions and insolvency frameworks, financial consumer • National strategies for financial inclusion, protection, financial literacy, savings, financial education, payment systems, and microfinance, SME finance, and alternative retail payments delivery channels • Fintech activities to improve financial • Development policy loans with financial inclusion, micro, small and medium infrastructure, financial access, and financial enterprise (MSME) finance, and digital inclusion conditions financial services (e-money and central bank digital currencies) • Expanding access networks through cooperatives, postal banks, savings banks, and agent networks 92 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Modernization of retail payment systems; Examples of Excluded Activities digitization of government payments; and n.a. implementing, developing risk management for, and modernizing national payment systems infrastructure such as real-time Mapping and Ownership gross settlement (RTGS), central securities depositories, automated clearing house, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme securities market clearing houses and FCI settlement systems, central counterparties, payment card, and mobile payment switches Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme GOV • Standard-setting activities; engagements with standard-setting bodies on financial access, inclusion, and infrastructure; and support to regional integration and harmonization initiatives for financial infrastructures • Facilitating role in global forums on financial access, inclusion, and infrastructure • Support to state-owned financial institutions (SOFIs) on financial access and inclusion • Increasing efficiency of markets for international remittances and supporting global efforts for remittance cost reduction and monitoring • Supporting emergency and humanitarian assistance needs like pandemics, natural disasters, and refugee contexts through deployment of payment services and financial literacy programs, among other financial access and infrastructure activities as needed • Gender gap. Women’s financial inclusion • Universal Financial Access 2020 • Insolvency and creditor/debtor rights (ICR) standard setting and advocacy • International Committee on Credit Reporting standard-setting and advocacy activities. [130000] FINANCE 93 [130201] Payment Systems and Digital Finance Definition Payment and settlement systems are the infrastructure elements established to facilitate the clearing and settlement of monetary and other financial transactions. The national payments system (NPS) is the collection of all payment and settlement systems covering large-value payment systems; securities settlement systems; interbank money markets and foreign exchange-related systems; retail payment systems including for e-commerce; international remittances; government payment systems for payments made and received by the government; and cross-cutting areas like legal and regulatory framework, oversight framework, and co-operation framework. Safe and efficient NPSs (a) promote economic and financial sector development, (b) support financial stability, and (c) are a critical enabler of financial access and inclusion. Typical Examples of Coded • Advising on the enabling legal, regulatory, and oversight framework reform—for Activities example, for the entry of nonbanks in the • Conducting comprehensive diagnostics of payment services market and expansion of payments and settlement system, including digital financial services through e-money remittance markets against the prevalent and other forms of digital finance international standards and best practices • Supporting modernization of retail • Designing comprehensive reforms of the payment systems (for example, through NPS (for example, through NPS strategy) retail payments strategy) and digitization of government payments for revenue • In coordination with country authorities, collections, public sector salaries, and social implementing and modernizing NPS benefit transfers infrastructure elements like real-time gross settlement (RTGS), central securities • Designing and supporting implementation depositories, automated clearing house, of payment system oversight policies securities market clearing houses and • Increasing efficiency of markets for settlement systems, central counterparties, international remittances payment card, and mobile payment • Supporting financial infrastructures regional switches integration and harmonization initiatives • Supporting deployment of payment services for emergency and humanitarian assistance needs like pandemics, natural disasters, and refugee contexts 94 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Developing risk management framework for Examples of Excluded Activities specific NPS infrastructure elements n.a. • Supporting countries in the design and implementation of central bank digital currencies. Mapping and Ownership At the Global Level Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Fulfilling a facilitating role in standard- FCI setting initiatives and global forums Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Coordinating global efforts for remittance GOV cost reduction and monitoring • Examples of payment system operations include loans to procure key payments infrastructure (for example, automated transfer systems), trust-funded global technical assistance programs (for example, Harnessing Innovation for Financial Inclusion [HiFi]) as well as World Bank-funded global engagements (for example, remittance price monitoring and cost reduction) • Data and diagnostics work includes conducting global payment systems survey and research, as well as country-level payments diagnostics. [130000] FINANCE 95 [130202] Financial Inclusion Definition Financial inclusion is defined as access to, and usage of, a range of appropriate and affordable financial services, including savings, insurance, payments, and credit. Financial consumer protection and financial capability (also referred to as literacy) are considered as essential to ensure safe and beneficial financial access and inclusion. Financial inclusion engagements include (a) assistance to national authorities to improve the policy, legal, regulatory, supervisory, and institutional framework to create an enabling environment for responsible financial access and inclusion while preserving the stability of the system and to meet their financial inclusion-related goals; (b) development of guidance, diagnostic tools, and toolkits for these purposes; (c) advisory services and analytics (ASA) and lending operations to expand financial access and improve financial inclusion; and (d) technical inputs for the G20 Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (GPFI), relevant securities supervisory boards (SSBs), and other international task forces. Typical Examples of Coded • Examples of country activities: (a) ASA for policy and legal/regulatory reforms, funded Activities by global trust funds (TFs) (for example, • National financial inclusion strategies Financial Inclusion Support Framework [FISF] and FIRST); (b) investment financing • Financial inclusion data and diagnostics to accelerate expansion of financial • Microfinance regulation and supervision inclusion; and (c) development policy financing (DPFs) to support critical enabling • Savings (raising savings rates) environment reforms. • Expanding access networks through cooperatives, postal banks, savings banks, agent networks Examples of Excluded Activities • Digital financial inclusion (including n.a. alternative delivery channels and use of fintech to improve financial inclusion) Mapping and Ownership • Financial consumer protection Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Financial capability/literacy. FCI • National financial education strategies Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Gender gap. Women’s financial inclusion n.a. • Universal Financial Access 2020 96 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [130300] FINANCE FOR THE REAL ECONOMY Definition Refers to activities that aim to improve the enabling environment and implement new instruments and solutions to help close large financing gaps for strategic real sectors of the economy. Activities include, among others, the improvement of the underlying insolvency and credit infrastructure and upstream/ downstream support to mobilize financing for agriculture, firms/micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSME), infrastructure, and housing. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Insolvency and creditors rights Reports on the Observance of Standards and Codes Mapping and Ownership (ROSCs) Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Advisory and other support to governments FCI on the legal and regulatory infrastructure for access to credit Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Building deep and resilient housing AGF, CCG, FCV, IPG, SSI, URL finance systems • Increasing access of small farmers and agribusiness small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to suitable financial services • Developing frameworks to crowd in long-term private sector financing for infrastructure • Bank lending to MSMEs and to women entrepreneurs in post-conflict environments • MSME finance activities that cover rural and agricultural space • Support to high-growth SMEs, early-stage and start-up entrepreneurs, and credit guarantee programs for firms/MSME lending. [130000] FINANCE 97 [130301] Agriculture Finance Definition • Policies and programs to expand a variety of (preferably private) financial services, The goal is to enhance access of farmers, farmer not solely those related to provision of collectives (including farmer cooperatives, credit but also including savings, leasing, producer organizations, and producer payments, digital finance and insurance companies), agriculture technology firms products, and innovative structures (such (AgTechs)/start-ups, agricultural small and as thematic bonds, investment funds, and medium enterprises (AgSMEs), agriculture private equity finance), tailored to the needs service providers, and agribusinesses to suitable and requirements of farmers (emphasis financial services along the entire value chain as on smallholders) and AgSMEs, including a way to (a) increase agricultural productivity, AgTechs/start-ups. farm incomes, and enterprise returns; (b) reduce • Promoting sustainable green and blue vulnerability to agricultural and market shocks/ financing frameworks, covering both risks; (c) facilitate aggregation of smallholders environmental, social, and governance (ESG) and consolidation of farms into more productive risk management aspects and business and sustainable larger units; (d) improve opportunity aspects of sustainable finance agriculture infrastructure including distribution, practices for agriculture, livestock, forestry, logistics, and post-harvest activities to increase fisheries, aquaculture, and so on. This value addition, agriculture product quality, and would include finance for safe, low-carbon, food safety standards; (e) reduce the negative and climate-smart agriculture (covering impacts of agrifood systems on the environment, mitigation, adaptation, and resilience) and including food loss and waste (FLW) and marine environmentally sustainable nature-based pollution; and (f) help mitigate and adapt to solutions for agriculture and blue economy. climate change, and generate biodiversity/nature co-benefits. • Strengthening the main suppliers of financial services to agriculture, Agricultural finance interventions aim at agribusinesses, and agriculture service expanding access to finance particularly providers, such as financial cooperatives, to smallholder farmers, AgSMEs, and microfinance institutions (MFIs), leasing agribusinesses in developing countries to firms, commercial and development banks, facilitate improvement in productivity, increase investment funds, insurers/reinsurers, post-harvest value addition and product quality/ fintech, and agri-tech. This should be done food safety, enhance resilience and profitability through systemic interventions aimed at of those actors and entities, increase financial the financial sector to enhance the capacity inclusion in the agriculture/rural space, and of financial service providers, improve facilitate the transition of nonviable smallholders the enabling environment, and focus on out of agriculture. Interventions and activities regulations to enhance financing through include the following: private sector channels that can leverage public sector funds. 98 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Strengthening the capacity of smallholder • Providing dedicated national and regional farmers, AgSMEs, agribusinesses, and their skills transfer programs. organizations to select, apply for, and use • Better aligning of risk management solutions suitable financial services. with the promotion of selected value chains • Promoting technology and digital focusing on strategic crop and livestock applications in agriculture that could subsectors critical for national/regional food facilitate improved access to finance. security agendas/trade efforts. • Policy dialogue and advice on adequate public policies, regulatory frameworks, Typical Examples of Coded and broader enabling environment that Activities create a level playing field for a competitive supply of and informed demand for Our engagements with clients typically financial services. involve TA for the design, development, and implementation of the following: Agricultural insurance interventions aim • Value chain finance, warehouse receipts, to expand the use of innovative insurance inventory finance, and investment funds solutions to help farmers’ access to financing and improve their resilience in the face of • Partial credit guarantees, risk sharing natural and man-made disasters, which are facility, and commodity exchanges being exacerbated by climate change and • Strengthening of financial cooperatives and loss of biodiversity. A broader agricultural risk their regulatory framework management framework beyond just insurance • Agricultural insurance, including weather solutions is needed, which includes guarantees index insurance, area yield insurance, or and other instruments to protect investments other insurance products and financial against both systemic and individual risks. instruments that mitigate weather, Interventions and activities include: catastrophic and disease risks for • Technical assistance (TA) to ministries, agriculture, livestock, forestry, fisheries, regulators and specialized government aquaculture, as well as other risks in food agencies, insurance companies, financial value chains such as food safety issues. institutions (on a systemic, sector-wide basis), and regional economic bodies. More specifically, • Supporting the development of risk transfer Agriculture Finance schemes at the regional level to provide • Diagnostic activities aimed at identifying cost-effective and timely reinsurance gaps in the provision of agricultural financial capacity to local markets. Risk transfer can services, with identification of relevant include other forms beyond reinsurance, interventions to reduce these gaps such as guarantees and risk-sharing • Mapping the potential for digital financial facilities with public and international solutions in agriculture which could development entities. facilitate access to finance along with other improvements in agriculture such as advisory services, input supply, e-commerce, weather forecasting, and price discovery [130000] FINANCE 99 • Assessment of legal and regulatory • Developing and supporting credit lines (and frameworks affecting agricultural finance other relevant forms of liquidity support) for (for example, warehouse receipts, use by financial institutions to expand their insurance, secured transactions, commodity provision of agricultural credit or investments. exchanges, leasing, factoring, and Such credit lines would need to be justified loan classification) and carefully designed to minimize market distortion and should be targeted to specific • Assessment of public policies and public subsegments of farmers, farmer collectives, and private institutions involved in financing AgSMEs, and agribusinesses based on a agriculture, particularly from the perspective cascade approach. of public policies to leverage rather than crowd out private sector financing • Support for expanding insurance programs for agricultural actors and enterprises • Assessment of the demand of smallholder (including but not limited to life and health farms and agricultural micro, small, and insurance but more importantly production- medium enterprises (MSMEs) for financial related crop and livestock insurance, new services by suitable segmentation of such insurance solutions for risks in food value entities and/or focus on critical value chains chains such as food safety issues, and • Assessments and plans to improve the disaster risk finance solutions for agriculture) functioning and regulations of financial • Provision of financial incentives and grants cooperatives, microfinance institutions (matching grants) to farmers, producer (MFIs), fintechs, as well as public and private organizations, and AgSMEs to finance select local banks financing agriculture investments, for leveraging debt finance • TA to both providers and recipients and investments by lending institutions of agricultural finance to expand the and investors sustainable provision, and utilization, of • Development of tailored lending and financial services to agricultural actors and investment products for the financing of enterprises. Such assistance should be on a agricultural inputs and infrastructure and sector-wide scale rather than on individual innovations, including prominently those financial institutions. necessary to address gender gap and • Grants (matching grants) to leverage the climate change financial sector in developing and providing • TA and/or funding for the development enhanced and/or new agricultural financial of innovative and smart agriculture services (products) for agricultural entities technologies, financial services, and high- and actors impact business solutions for addressing • Developing and supporting partial specific financial challenges and market guarantees and risk-sharing facility failures in the agriculture sector in for lending institutions to facilitate the developing countries expansion of agricultural credit and financing for innovations 100 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Support national financial infrastructure • Development of specific tools/products development programs targeted at for financial institutions to monitor and expanding credit to agricultural producers manage their agro-climate-related portfolio and traders, including warehouse risks, deepen/expand their lending to receipt financing, agricultural commodity specific value chains, and engage in the exchanges, collateral registries, credit financing of green agricultural practices bureaus for agricultural actors, and data • Development of specific tools/products for infrastructure (billing/payment history, farmers, farmers collectives, AgSMEs, and transaction history, e-commerce related agribusiness enterprises to manage crop/ data, traceability data, and so on) animal health, product quality, and food • Support for financial inclusion and SME safety-related risks along the entire agri finance projects that include explicit focus value chain on agriculture/rural sectors. • Improve access to timely information for Agriculture Insurance farmers, farmers collectives, AgSMEs, and • Agriculture insurance covering a wide range other entities on agro-climatic disease risks of agro-climate risks, including climate and other risks in food value chains hazards, biodiversity, and crop/animal • Promote dialogue with policy makers disease and pest attacks as well as other to create fiscal incentives, reforms, and risks in food value chains such as food regulations for sustainable lending and safety issues. insurance to the agriculture sector. • Investments in market infrastructure (agro-climate analytics platforms, Examples of Excluded Activities accredited laboratory networks, third-party certifications, early warning systems for Regulatory reform of financial sector unrelated climate hazards, crop/animal disease and to agricultural sectors. pest surveillance, product quality and food safety traceability platforms, ground-based Mapping and Ownership weather station infrastructure, including hydromet points, and satellite-observed Lead Global Practice/Global Theme data access on groundwater resources, soil AGF, FCI moisture and quality, heavy metals and nonpoint source pollution levels, and so on) Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme ENB, SSI, WTR • Institutional enhancements and technical assistance to insurance/reinsurance companies developing new and innovative parametric-based risk management solutions for agriculture, livestock, forestry, fisheries, and aquaculture sectors [130000] FINANCE 101 [130302] Infrastructure Finance Definition The use of nontraditional or alternative financing mechanisms and contractual arrangements to fund and finance the development, construction, operation, and maintenance of physical infrastructure (for example, transport, electricity, water and sewerage, and sanitation) or social infrastructure (education and health care facilities). This code includes activities to improve the enabling environment to finance infrastructure, including sectoral reforms, overall framework for infrastructure finance (for example, public-private partnerships [PPPs]) and the development of the enabling environment for capital markets—covering the legal and regulatory frameworks for securities issuance, investment, and trading—and for the supervision of market participants (issuers, investors, and intermediaries), tax framework, market infrastructure, and intermediaries. Activities to support key stakeholders include technical assistance (TA) to issuers (for example, ministries of finance, central banks, sub- sovereign entities, and private sector entities), regulators (for example, central bank, capital market regulator), and industry associations (for example, bond market association and institutional investors associations). This code also includes World Bank activities and programs that help governments develop various forms of investment funds—including sovereign wealth funds, strategic investment funds (SIFs), private equity/venture capital (PE/VC) funds, and so on. This code also includes activities and programs that support building the enabling environment for investment funds. Typical Examples of Coded • Private sector responsible for administration, management, and operations Activities • Private sector responsible for routine Infrastructure Finance maintenance • Establishing a legal and regulatory • Private sector responsible for preventative framework conducive for attracting private (life cycle) maintenance debt and equity capital • Using public funds and private financing to • Establishing an institutional structure develop physical and social infrastructure through a stand-alone public agency and/ or line ministries to develop and tender • Obtaining equity capital, loans, bonds, debt bankable PPP projects and equity funds, pensions, real estate investment trusts (REITs), sukuks, or other • Entering into long-term contractual capital market mechanisms to finance agreements where the private sector infrastructure projects provides up-front equity and/or debt capital in exchange for a reasonable return on • Allocating and transferring risks to the capital relative to risk parties best able to handle them and developing risk mitigation strategies • Private sector responsible for design and construction 102 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Oversight and monitoring during • World Bank ASA, TA, or project to help contract period the government develop a conducive legal/regulatory/taxation environment for • Capital market instruments design investment funds such as PE/VC funds, SIFs, and implementation (project bonds, sovereign wealth funds, or mutual funds. infrastructure equity and debt funds, blended finance structures, co-investment platforms, asset recycling mechanisms, Examples of Excluded Activities and so on) World Bank ASA, TA, or project to help the • Strategic partnerships with international government set up incubators, accelerators, and domestic investors (that is, Global or angel networks. Investors for Sustainable Development [GISD], National Association for Securities Professionals [NASP], and so on) Mapping and Ownership • Conducting funding and financing diagnostic Lead Global Practice/Global Theme reviews in the infrastructure sector FCI assessment programs (InfraSAP). Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme Investment Funds IPG, URL, WTR • World Bank advisory services and analytics (ASA), TA, or project to help the government set up a venture capital fund (hybrid or government sponsored) • World Bank ASA, TA, or project to help support the development and strengthening of sovereign wealth funds • World Bank ASA and TA to help support the development and strengthening of SIFs, including green SIFs • World Bank lending operations to finance SIFs, including green SIFs. • World Bank ASA, TA, or project to help the government set up market-catalyzing instruments that can facilitate capital deployment for investment funds (for example, TA facilities that partner with PE/VC funds to catalyze capital deployment to small and medium enterprises [SMEs]) [130000] FINANCE 103 [130303] Housing Finance Definition The objective of Housing Finance is to develop deep, resilient, and affordable housing finance markets that are accessible to rising middle-income as well as lower/informal-income households, where risks are well-managed and regulated and policy interventions are comprehensive, socially targeted, and fiscally responsible. The core programs that will be covered include (a) developing resilient housing finance markets (diagnostic, building blocks, legal/regulatory/policy reforms, and institution building); (b) long-term funding: capital market solutions to provide local currency long-term funding; (c) housing finance for the poor: implementing suitable system and products, credit markets, housing microfinance, rental housing, residential leasing, contractual savings, smarter subsidies, guarantee/ insurance schemes for lower/informal-income households; and (d) affordable housing (with URL): reducing the cost of formal housing, improving access to finance for developers, supporting reforms of land use and primary infrastructure, facilitating titling, and introducing cheaper technologies and building techniques. Typical Examples of Coded • Capital market instruments design/ implementation (diagnostic work to assess Activities appropriate capital market instruments or Lending Operations and ASA Directed at to improve existing mechanisms) Developing Housing Finance Markets • Development of a longer-term savings • Design/implementation of a comprehensive product linked to housing as a means of risk housing finance project addressing management and a means of lengthening multiple areas and target groups under the duration of the liability base one single project • Review of options for the reform of state- • Diagnostic reviews owned institutions providing funding to the • Legal and regulatory frameworks (review/ mortgage sector, including provident funds, design and implementation) for an efficient state housing banks, secondary mortgage mortgage finance system companies, mortgage funds. • Review/design of individual building blocks Housing Finance for the Poor (mortgage registration mechanisms, • Support for design and implementation of property valuation framework, lender housing subsidy policy capacity, taxation system, credit bureau, • Design/implementation of suitable housing insurance products for housing/mortgages, finance products for lower-income groups, mortgage financial literacy, mortgage including legal and regulatory framework, lending principles, and so on) capacity building, risk management, • Long-Term Funding institutional framework, and market analysis 104 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Development of targeted mortgage Examples of Excluded Activities insurance products and guarantee schemes • Energy-efficient buildings should be coded • Development of a rental housing under [241805] Energy Efficient Demand. framework. • Buildings with on-site renewable energy Affordable Housing generation should be coded under • Review and assessment of institutions [241801] Enabling Renewable Energy. involved in the delivery of private and public housing • Support in the preparation of a housing policy Mapping and Ownership compatible with market mechanisms for Lead Global Practice/Global Theme promoting greater investment into housing FCI • Review of use of green housing technology in the construction of low-income housing Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme URL • Policy advice and analysis on financing of developers from banks. [130000] FINANCE 105 [130304] Insolvency and Credit Infrastructure Definition access to finance, credit infrastructure plays a crucial role in mitigating investor and creditor Credit infrastructure is the set of laws and risk, reducing the instability that could be institutions that enables efficient and effective caused by high levels of NPLs. This, in turn, access to finance, stability, and socially lowers the cost of credit. The possibility of using responsible economic growth, with particular reputational, traditional, and nontraditional focus on the following: collateral helps individuals and MSMEs gain • Credit reporting access to finance as well as more favorable and competitive financing options. The WBG helps • Secured transactions and collateral its clients and the global community establish registries, as well as creditor/debtor rights and/or strengthen credit reporting, secured • Insolvency, nonperforming loan (NPL), and transactions, and insolvency as well as creditor/ debt resolution. debtor rights systems. We focus on countries where limited financial inclusion and weak The World Bank Group (WBG) is also the global insolvency systems remain a severe constraint standard setter, designated by the Financial to individuals and MSMEs. Stability Board (FSB), in insolvency and creditor/ debtor rights. It has developed the World Bank Principles for Effective Insolvency and Creditor Typical Examples of Coded Rights Systems which, together with the Activities UNCITDDL Legislative Guide, form the global standard for insolvency. Countries can seek • Financial sector assessment program (FSAP) assistance from the WBG in being benchmarked technical notes on credit infrastructure against these standards through the Report • Insolvency and creditors’ rights ROSCs on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC) program. • Advisory and other support to governments on the legal and regulatory infrastructure Nonexistent or poor credit infrastructure poses for access to credit considerable risks and constrains financial • Development policy loans with financial institutions’ ability to expand their financial infrastructure conditions products and services. However, the availability • Investment loans to modernize domestic of credit information sharing, secured lending, financial infrastructure, including the and rules that govern distressed businesses procurement and establishment of and bankruptcy significantly increases their electronic registries for collateral and willingness to support underserved and credit information unserved individuals and micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Besides boosting 106 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • World Bank lending to MSMEs Examples of Excluded Activities • Standard-setting activities n.a. • Support to standard-setting bodies • Knowledge products and toolkits. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme FCI Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. [130000] FINANCE 107 [130305] Firms/MSME Finance Definition Micro, small, and medium enterprise (MSME) financial support targets the financial needs of this component of the enterprise sector, which, in general, represents well over 95 percent of total registered firms, creating around 60 percent of all jobs and contributing between 35 and 55 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). Traditionally, support has been provided in the form of lines of credit through apex lending institutions or second-tier banks for on-lending to MSMEs at market- based interest rates. This has clear links with the World Bank’s financial inclusion agenda. Increasingly MSME financing support is focusing on the design and improvement of credit guarantee facilities; developing financing support for MSMEs operating in the agricultural sector; working on early stage financing interventions around angel finance, seed finance, and Series A and B lending; innovative possibilities for financing MSMEs based on new fintech solutions (crowdfunding, peer‑to‑peer (P2P) lending, use of big data, digital finance, and so on); working with state-owned financial institutions (SOFIs) around their SME lending agenda (both advisory and lending); and the utilization of other types of government support programs such as government procurement targeted at SMEs. Depending on country conditions, support for SME financing also includes further expansion of capital markets solutions to mobilize private capital to SME financing, for both equity and debt. This work links in crucially with the work around financial sector infrastructure: (a) credit information systems, (b) insolvency and creditor rights, (c) secured transactions registries, (d) payments systems, (e) enhanced auditing and accounting practices for SMEs, and (f) capital markets development. Typical Examples of Coded • Support to credit guarantee programs, and particularly their impact on total MSME Activities lending, collateral requirements, and • Bank lending to MSMEs interest rates charged • Advisory and other support to SOFIs • Early-stage financing (pre-bank and pre- venture capital) funding support provided • MSME activities that cover the rural and to early-stage and start-up entrepreneurs agricultural space • Support to high-growth SMEs through • World Bank lending to female MSME different phases of financial need (to provide entrepreneurs a continuum of financing for growth) • World Bank lending to MSMEs in post- • Fintech activities in support of SMEs conflict environments (crowdfunding, P2P lending, digital finance solutions, use of big data, and so on) 108 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Capital markets solutions for MSME (such Examples of Excluded Activities as private equity/venture capital [PE/VC], n.a. SME equity markets, equity crowdfunding on the equity side, SME securitization and issuances by SME lenders, SME minibonds Mapping and Ownership and platforms, SME debt funds, and receivable and lending platforms on the Lead Global Practice/Global Theme debt side). FCI Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. [130000] FINANCE 109 [130400] DEVELOP FINANCIAL MARKETS Definition Involves activities to (a) enhance the level of competition in financial markets (including the balance between bank financing and capital markets financing); (b) support the development of capital markets; (c) foster a solid base of institutional investors with their effective role in financial markets; and (d) integrate and deepen climate change and sustainable finance as core elements in the regulatory market infrastructure and instruments deployed in financial markets. Typical Examples of Coded • Financial markets regulation and supervision Activities • Development of the investor base in • Conducting diagnostic reviews like financial markets (both domestic and financial sector assessment programs foreign, including investment rules, (FSAPs), including with the International prudential/regulatory constraints, and Monetary Fund (IMF) on state of/barriers so on) to competition within and across different • Participating in FSAP for capital markets, segments of financial sector institutions institutional investors, and financing of • Developing, applying, and adapting strategic sectors international standards to different • Partnership with standard-setting bodies to segments of financial institutions (banks ensure sound regulation and supervision and nonbanking financial institutions of the financial sector (that is, International [NBFIs]) to ensure fair competition under a Organization of Securities Commissions sound and inclusive legal, regulatory, and [IOSCO], Group of Twenty [G20], Financial supervisory framework Stability Board [FSB], International • Development of capital market instruments Association of Insurance Supervisors [IAIS]) (for example, mutual funds, debt funds, real • Developing effective and inclusive estate investment trusts [REITs], securitized insurance markets products, and green bonds) • Financial markets infrastructure (for example, supporting the introduction of electronic trading platforms for government securities, exploring the use of fintech/ distributed ledger technology to facilitate financial market transactions) 110 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Developing private pension systems. Examples of Excluded Activities Technical assistance (TA) and Development n.a. Policy Financing (DPF) to support the design and development of private pension systems in the accumulation and payout Mapping and Ownership phases. These include mandatory and voluntary schemes, both collective and Lead Global Practice/Global Theme individual, fully funded and risk sharing, FCI tailored to country circumstances. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Green finance diagnostics n.a. • Assessments of the climate-related financial data architecture, including taxonomy; environmental, social, and governance (ESG) data availability; and disclosure frameworks. [130000] FINANCE 111 [130401] Competition in the Financial Sector Definition Competition in the financial system involves activities to enhance the depth and role of a diverse set of financial institutions (banks and nonbank institutions) in supporting wide-scale and efficient access, intermediation, and mobilization of finance. Typical Examples of Coded • Stimulate growth of institutional and retail investor base of investors and cost-effective Activities financial services provided by banks and • Conducting diagnostic reviews like other financial institutions financial sector assessment programs • Support the development of sound market (FSAPs), including with the International infrastructure for registry and trading and Monetary Fund (IMF) on state of/barriers lower barriers for entry of new institutions to competition within and across different to enhance competition segments of financial sector institutions • Diagnostic and implementation of tax • Developing, applying, and adapting reforms to stimulate competition in the international standards to different financial sector. segments of financial institutions (banks and nonbanking financial institutions [NBFIs]) to ensure fair competition under a Examples of Excluded Activities sound and inclusive legal, regulatory, and n.a. supervisory framework • Support to strengthen financial institutions Mapping and Ownership (for example, institutional capacity and governance) Lead Global Practice/Global Theme FCI • Support to develop and implement frameworks for competition and a level Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme playing field within and across banks n.a. and NBFIs • Support to diversify sources of financing via both banks and capital markets • Develop effective and inclusive bank and NBFI markets 112 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [130402] Capital Markets Definition The key objectives of capital markets are (a) to build capital markets as an alternative and/or complementary source of financing to support critical sectors such as corporate, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), housing, and infrastructure, thus supporting economic growth and (b) to transfer risks across different participants of the financial sector, thereby supporting the stability of the financial system. Programs include developing the enabling environment for capital markets transactions in general or for specific sectors (government, corporate, SMEs, housing, infrastructure, and so on) as well as support to key stakeholders (issuers, supervisors, investors, financial intermediaries, industry associations, and so on). Activities to develop the enabling environment for capital markets cover the legal and regulatory framework for securities issuance, investment, and trading, and for the supervision of market participants (issuers, investors, and intermediaries); development of capital market instruments; tax framework; market infrastructures and intermediaries; and development of the investor base. Activities to support key stakeholders include technical assistance (TA) to issuers (for example, ministries of finance, central banks, sub-sovereign entities, and private sector entities), regulators (for example, central bank and capital market regulator), and industry associations (for example, bond market association and investment fund association). On instruments, the activities cover improvement on existing instruments (for example, inflation-linked bonds) and support to develop new instruments that could fill a need in the market (for example, issuer-driven exchange traded fund). Engagements are designed based on an assessment of the current stage of capital markets development and institutional capacity, taking a comprehensive view of financial sector needs, with a careful sequencing of reforms to ensure that the prerequisites for successful reform implementation are present. Typical sequencing emphasizes the development of the government debt market and/or money market as key building blocks for the development of nongovernment securities markets and derivatives markets. Each engagement is nevertheless tailored to country-specific circumstances. Typical Examples of Coded • Nongovernment debt market development (corporate bonds) Activities • Development of capital market instruments • Money market development (including (for example, mutual funds, debt funds, real repo market) estate investment trusts [REITs], securitized • Government debt market development, products, and green bonds) including setting up primary dealer framework [130000] FINANCE 113 • Financial markets infrastructure (for Examples of Excluded Activities example, supporting the introduction of n.a. electronic trading platforms for government securities and exploring the use of fintech/ distributed ledger technology to facilitate Mapping and Ownership financial market transactions) Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Financial markets regulation and FCI supervision. • Development of the investor base in financial Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme markets (both domestic and foreign, n.a. including investment rules, prudential/ regulatory constraints, and so on) • Financial markets institutional capacity building (for issuers, intermediaries, investors, and supervisors) • Financial markets and infrastructure finance • Financial markets and SME finance • Financial markets and sovereign investment funds (SIFs) • Financial markets and housing finance • Participating in financial sector assessment program (FSAP) for capital markets, institutional investors, and financing of strategic sectors • Partnership with standard-setting bodies to ensure sound regulation and supervision of the financial sector (that is, International Organization of Securities Commissions [IOSCO], Group of Twenty [G20], Financial Stability Board [FSB], International Association of Insurance Supervisors [IAIS]). 114 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [130403] Institutional Investors Definition Focus on improving the role and the conditions for growth of a solid base of institutional investors, including insurance, pension, and investment funds. Typical Examples of Coded • Supporting more inclusive insurance markets through diagnostics and Activities implementation support of proportionate Insurance regulation and supervision and ensuring Strategic reforms to insurance systems. an enabling environment for inclusive Diagnostic reviews, creating reform road maps, insurance (and not a barrier). If needed, and supporting implementation through a expand from a supportive environment wide range of technical assistance (TA) projects to one where key standard public good particularly directed to infrastructure and product designs are • Enhancing regulation and supervision developed to lower barriers to entry and (risk-based supervision, risk-based facilitate simplified but effective consumer capital including appropriate application protection. of solvency II type approaches, on-site Pensions and off-site supervisory tools, reviews of • Strategic reforms to pension systems. primary and secondary insurance laws, Design and support the implementation of crisis management and planning, protection public and private pension reforms through schemes, consumer protection, and development policy financings (DPFs) and insurance taxation) TA. Reforms are developed to achieve • Developing effective and inclusive insurance the objectives of coverage, adequacy, markets efficiency, sustainability, and security. Reforms consider macro, fiscal, market, • Supporting the development of effective and regulatory aspects. retirement incomes product markets • Developing private pension systems. • Advancing other specific market-driven TA and DPFs to support the design and initiatives (for example, bancassurance development of private pension systems in distribution, Islamic products, and motor the accumulation and payout phases. These third-party insurance (MTPL) mortality table include mandatory and voluntary schemes, infrastructure) both collective and individual, fully funded and risk sharing, tailored to country circumstances. [130000] FINANCE 115 • Strengthening of private pension regulation • ASA and TA to help support the and supervision capacity. TA and DPFs to development and strengthening of strategic governments and pension supervision investment funds (SIFs), including green SIFs agencies of client countries to strengthen • Lending operations to finance SIFs, their capacity to regulate and supervise including green SIFs private pension funds and ensure sound market development. • ASA, TA, or project to help the government set up market-catalyzing instruments Our engagements with clients typically involve that can facilitate capital deployment the following activities: for investment funds (for example, TA • Designing, reviewing, and reforming facilities that partner with private equity/ the overall pension policy framework venture capital [PE/VC] funds to catalyze in a country capital deployment to small and medium • Drafting, reviewing, and revising the enterprises [SMEs]) pension legislation and regulatory • ASA, TA, or project to help the government framework develop a conducive legal/regulatory/ • Capacity building for the supervision and taxation environment for investment funds oversight of the pension industry—including such as PE/VC funds, SIFs, sovereign wealth governance aspects funds, or mutual funds. • Reviewing and improving the pension market structure and dynamics including Examples of Excluded Activities distribution and access • Reviewing and reforming the fiscal and n.a. taxation environment supporting the pension system Mapping and Ownership • Participating in financial sector assessment Lead Global Practice/Global Theme program (FSAP) for institutional investors FCI • Partnership with standard-setting bodies, to ensure sound regulation and supervision Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme of the financial sector (that is, International n.a. Association of Insurance Supervisors [IAIS]). Investment Funds • Advisory services and analytics (ASA), TA, or project to help the government set up a venture capital fund (hybrid or government sponsored) • ASA, TA, or project to help support the development and strengthening of sovereign wealth funds 116 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [130404] Climate Change and Sustainable Finance Definition Programs that focus on the identification of financial sector policies, regulations, frameworks, and tools that support the capacity of financial sector entities to identify and manage climate and environmental risks and strengthen the enabling environment to channel financial flows toward low- carbon activities, in line with a country’s climate transition pathway. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Green finance diagnostics • Climate and environmental risk and Mapping and Ownership opportunity (CERO) assessments Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Analysis of sovereign sustainable debt FCI options and issuance planning Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Assessment of climate-related capital CCG, ENB market instruments • Assessments of the climate-related financial data architecture, including taxonomy; environmental, social, and governance (ESG) data availability; and disclosure frameworks • Analysis of sustainable finance policies as part of operational planning, Country Economic Memorandums (CEMs), Systematic Country Diagnostics (SCD), Country Private Sector Diagnostics (CPSDs), Financial Sector Assessment Programs (FSAPs), and Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs). [130000] FINANCE 117 118 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [140000] GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT 119 [140100] PUBLIC FINANCE MANAGEMENT Definition Public finance management (PFM) deals with all aspects of resources mobilization and expenditure in the government. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Activities that involve minor changes in public Includes activities aimed at expenditure allocations or management • Achieving aggregate fiscal control and systems (generally in one sector or area of improving the quality of public spending government activity) that are not intended through comprehensive budgets; pro- to affect or address systemic issues of public poor policies and their integration into the expenditure management and financial budget process; orderly and transparent accountability. budget allocation processes; effective budget execution, and adequate financial Mapping and Ownership accountability analyses of the economic and poverty impact of public spending Lead Global Practice/Global Theme and assessment; and capacity building GOV activities related to budget formulation and execution processes, public procurement, Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme public financial control and accounting n.a. systems, public sector audit, and systems for public expenditure tracking, monitoring, and evaluation. 120 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [140101] Public Expenditure Management Definition World Bank interventions in public expenditure and financial management generally aim to contribute to the achievement of budget reliability, transparency, and accountability of public finances; effective management of assets and liabilities; policy-based fiscal strategy and budgeting; predictability and control in budget execution, accounting, and reporting; and external oversight of public finances. Improved public finance management (PFM) is expected to contribute to improvements in aggregate fiscal discipline and allocative and operational efficiency of public expenditure, which in turn will contribute to more and better service delivery and improvements in broader development outcomes. Typical Examples of Coded • Public participation in public finances Activities • It also includes activities that seek to strengthen public expenditure and financial Includes activities that are aimed at management in one or more sectors. strengthening institutions, practices, and systems related to • Planning and budget formulation Examples of Excluded Activities • Medium-term fiscal and expenditure Excludes activities that are focused on changing frameworks expenditure policies and on policies and administration of revenues. • Fiscal management and management of assets and liabilities • Management and oversight of fiscal risks Mapping and Ownership and extra-budgetary activities Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Budget execution public procurement GOV • Internal controls Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Internal audit MTI, URL • Accounting and reporting of public finances • External audit • Legislative scrutiny • Comprehensiveness and transparency of public finances [140000] GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT 121 [140102] Domestic Revenue Administration Definition World Bank interventions in the design and implementation of reforms of tax administration and policy and management of nontax revenue aimed at (a) supporting revenue generation for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and service provision for the poor as well as growth‑enhancing infrastructure; (b) supporting a sound business climate; (c) boosting shared prosperity; and (d) improving revenue compliance, including by reducing the cost of compliance and enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of revenue administration. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Excludes activities related to the economic Includes activities aimed at analysis of individual tariff policies or activities • Improving the effectiveness, efficiency, that involve minor changes in tax rates or and fairness of public revenue systems, coverage, but instead are aimed at goals such including tax policies, tax and customs as trade facilitation, or changes in revenue administration at the national and administration that are not intended to affect subnational levels of government, and or address systemic issues of revenue policy management of revenues related to or administration. extractive or other sectoral activities. This category includes activities related both to Mapping and Ownership the economic analysis of tax policies and to the design and functioning of institutions Lead Global Practice/Global Theme related to tax and customs administration GOV (as well as the links between policies and institutions, and between tax and customs). Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme MTI 122 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [140103] Public Assets and Investment Management Definition Public investment management (PIM) comprises a complex series of stages involved in identifying, preparing, selecting, budgeting, and implementing projects and programs in the public sector. PIM has been characterized as being composed of essential functions that need to occur in the public sector but may be organized or arranged somewhat differently in different governments. Alternatively, PIM can be seen in terms of the project cycle or the series of stages as a project moves from being identified to being implemented and evaluated as an operating project. It comprises eight key functions: (a) investment guidance, project development, and preliminary screening; (b) formal project appraisal; (c) independent review of appraisal; (d) project selection and budgeting; (e) project implementation; (f) project adjustment; (g) facility operation and maintenance; and (h) basic completion review and evaluation. These functions or stages of PIM are located both in the central and service delivery agencies of the government depending upon the degree of delegation of functions in a government, but typically the key functions of guidelines, screening, budget approvals, and oversight over methods, quality of appraisal, and implementation performance are located in the central agencies responsible for finance, budget, and economic planning. Service delivery agencies are typically delegated functions of project identification, design and appraisal, and management of implementation. External review of appraisals and ex post evaluation of projects and programs could be delegated to separate entities under a central agency. Typical Examples of Coded • Development of planning capacity to forecast and analyze demand for public Activities services and to plan, design, and appraise Note: Includes conducting PIM assessments projects to meet these demands, where and preparation of government asset registers project design would include planning to bring government assets on balance sheets. the modalities for procuring the project, including for public-private partnership Project identification and preparation stages (PPP) arrangements • Development of information collection • Development and publication of guidelines, modalities for output and outcome methods, and key economic parameters for indicators and related economic data conduct of project and program appraisal, reporting feasibility studies and transfer of results and analysis of feasibility studies to decision-makers • Formal project and program appraisal through pre-feasibility and feasibility studies [140000] GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT 123 • Training of producers and users of • Project and program implementation project and program pre-feasibility oversight and monitoring against and feasibility studies performance targets for costs, outputs, and so on • Implementation of external review or audit of project and program pre-feasibility and • Development of project and program feasibility studies. adjustment procedures Project selection and budgeting stages • Implementation of basic project completion • Strengthening of budget approval, review and ex post project and program authorization and appropriation evaluation and reporting of evaluation organization, laws, regulations, and studies. procedures, including mechanisms to enhance multiyear budget commitments to Examples of Excluded Activities fund the life cycle costs of projects n.a. • Introducing enhanced mechanisms for transparency of projects and programs in the pipeline, entering the budget and under Mapping and Ownership implementation. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme Project implementation stages GOV • Development of guidelines for project implementation Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme DD, MTI • Strengthening procurement laws, procedures, and planning, including for PPP arrangements 124 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [140104] Oversight, Accountability, and Supreme Audit Institutions Definition World Bank interventions relating to transparency and accountability, covering internal controls, risk management, internal audit, supreme audit institutions, and parliamentary accountability, including the budget evaluation aspects of the public finance management (PFM) system. These are critical for efficiency in public expenditure and accountability of executives to people. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Excludes activities that are focused on Includes activities that are aimed at anti-corruption, investigations, judiciary, strengthening internal control, internal audit, and so on. risk management, information technology (IT) audit, environmental audit, supreme Mapping and Ownership audit independence index, audit standards, independence of audit institutions, use of Lead Global Practice/Global Theme computer-assisted audit tools, performance GOV audits, and so on. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. [140000] GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT 125 [140105] Government Financial Reporting and Balance Sheets Definition World Bank interventions relating to government financial reporting and balance sheets are critical for ensuring an accounting system that addresses the needs of internal users within the government as well as broader stakeholders. Globally, the World Bank has been supporting countries to establish credible processes for accounting its revenues, expenditure, assets, and liabilities, and migrate from cash to accrual basis accounting. These steps also ensure appropriate reporting and management of public debt. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Excludes activities that are focused on private Includes activities aimed at strengthening sector financial reporting and accounting. government accounting, including migration from cash to accrual basis accounting, whole- Mapping and Ownership of-government consolidated balance sheets, and implementation of credible international Lead Global Practice/Global Theme standards such as International Public Sector GOV Accounting Standards (IPSAS). Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme MTI 126 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [140106] Procurement Definition World Bank intervention in public procurement generally aims to contribute to the following achievements: enhancement of country public procurement system, efficiency in procurement implementation, transparency and accountability in public procurement, value for money in procurement, policy-based procurement strategy, enhanced public procurement reporting, monitoring and evaluation in procurement, enhanced supply chain systems, policy interventions in global public goods in public procurement through data analytics, and studies in public procurement. These interventions in turn will contribute to more and better service delivery and improvements in broader development outcomes. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Excludes activities that include executing Includes activities aimed at strengthening country procurement transactions. institutions, practices, and systems related to reform of country procurement systems, Mapping and Ownership enhanced contract management, studies and data analytics in public procurement, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme Methodology for the Assessment of GOV Procurement Systems (MAPS) of country procurement systems, capacity building and Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme knowledge sharing in public procurement and IPG, JBS, MTI contract management, and flagship reports in procurement. [140000] GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT 127 [140107] Budget and Treasury Management Definition Budget and treasury management includes activities relating to budget preparation and execution in the public finance management (PFM) cycle. It includes areas relating to budget reliability, transparency of public finances, policy-based fiscal strategy and budgeting, and predictability and control in budget execution aspects of public expenditure and financial accountability (PEFA) pillars. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities It does not cover financial reporting, audit and Projects/knowledge work relating to accountability, public investment management • Budget preparation (including program- (PIM), and management of assets and liabilities based budgeting) in the government. • Integrated financial management information system (IFMIS) Mapping and Ownership • Internal controls Lead Global Practice/Global Theme GOV • Agile treasuries • Cash management and commitment Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme controls in the government DD, TRA • Conducting PEFA or other PFM assessments • Development of PFM reform strategy • Reforms in PFM for sectors like health and education. 128 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [140200] JUSTICE AND RULE OF LAW Definition Rule of law is the principle that all people and institutions are subject to and accountable to law that is fairly applied and enforced—the principle of government by law. The rule of law is a system in which the following four universal principles are upheld, according to the World Justice Project: • The government and its officials and agents as well as individuals and private entities are accountable under the law. • The laws are clear, publicized, stable, and just; are applied evenly; and protect fundamental rights, including the security of persons and property and certain core human rights. • “The process by which the laws are enacted, administered, and enforced is accessible, fair, and efficient.” • “Justice is delivered in a timely manner by competent, ethical, and independent representatives and neutrals who are of sufficient number, have adequate resources, and reflect the makeup of the communities they serve.” Typical Examples of Coded • Ensuring compliance with domestic and international legal obligations. Activities • Promoting respect for, and adherence Examples of Excluded Activities to, the rule of law in member countries, including activities in the private and public n.a. sectors in all communities; • Ensuring that the public sector is subject to, Mapping and Ownership and held accountable in accordance with, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme the law and that individuals, associations, GOV corporations, and communities in the private sector are empowered by means Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme of the law; LEG • Providing legal frameworks governing the media and civil society organizations; • Supporting citizens’ rights; and [140000] GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT 129 [140201] Judicial and Other Dispute Resolution Mechanisms Definition Effective and equitable justice sector institutions operate as safeguards against abuses of power and as channels for the protection of rights and peaceful resolution of conflict. They enable private sector activity by increasing the predictability of behavior and certainty of process. In terms of the World Bank’s programmatic priorities and interests, justice systems have specific instrumental roles in preventing and mitigating conflict, crime, and violence; ensuring executive accountability; fostering private sector growth; and ensuring compliance of private sector actors and citizens with legal and regulatory frameworks. Relevant justice sector institutions include judicial services, court enforcement agencies, prosecution, legal defense and legal aid services, ministries of justice and legal affairs, law enforcement agencies, and bar associations. Typical Examples of Coded • Supporting fair and effective criminal justice, in line with the World Bank’s Legal Note on Activities criminal justice, including supporting legal • Improving the efficiency and quality of frameworks, procedures and capacity of courts, simplifying court procedures, prosecution, defense, and police services improving capacity of court personnel, and • Supporting legal and quasi-legal accountability modernizing case management and court institutions such as ombudsmen administration • Conducting analytical work such as • Supporting the rehabilitation of courts and institutional, functional, and expenditure the provision of information technology (IT) reviews and justice needs analyses • Strengthening institutions responsible • Supporting training and education of justice for budget, planning, human resources, sector personnel. and court facilities and those involved in rendering, publishing, and enforcing judgments Examples of Excluded Activities • Improving the independence and n.a. accountability of the judiciary, for example, through compensation, appointment, Mapping and Ownership promotion, discipline, and removal procedures Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Supporting arbitration, mediation, GOV conciliation, mini-trials, small claims courts, and other dispute resolution mechanisms Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme FCI, LEG 130 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [140202] Legal Institutions for a Market Economy Definition Sound legal and regulatory frameworks are essential to facilitate growth and equity enhancing policies, from investment climate to infrastructure provision to environmental safety to legal identity. The World Bank supports countries on both the substance of such frameworks and the processes needed to produce strong, context-specific, and implementable laws and regulations. The World Bank also provides support for the institutions responsible for devising, implementing, and enforcing these frameworks. Typical Examples of Coded • Improving the capacity of institutions responsible for the regulation of public Activities and private sector activities, including • Establishing, assessing, and strengthening commercial banks and capital markets, and the legal and regulatory frameworks related the provision of infrastructure services, to investment climate, banking, insolvency, labor, and environmental regulation. contracts, property, commercial transactions, competition, trade, and the private provision of public infrastructure services, including Examples of Excluded Activities telecommunications, water supply, electrical n.a. power, and transportation • Establishing, assessing, and strengthening the legal and regulatory frameworks related Mapping and Ownership to public and administrative services such Lead Global Practice/Global Theme as legal identity; public provision of basic GOV services; and regulation of, for example, food safety, environment, and labor standards Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Supporting evidence-based and consultative FCI, LEG processes for legal and regulatory reform • Assistance with the application and implementation of relevant legislation and regulation [140000] GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT 131 [140203] Personal and Property Rights Definition Chronic grievances and perceptions of injustice are indicators of development failures and potential drivers of conflict and violence. In many developing environments, formal justice sector institutions may not be accessible, legitimate, or effective sites to manage these grievances and promote rights. The World Bank supports both analytical and operational work aimed at supporting institutional arrangements for the management of conflicts, and mediation of rights and entitlements, typically around social order problems (urban violence, community justice, and gender-based violence [GBV]), land and natural resource disputes, and grievances around the distribution of public assets. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Support for legal empowerment of the poor and marginalized groups, for example, Mapping and Ownership through information, awareness, and paralegal and community justice providers Lead Global Practice/Global Theme GOV • Support for formal and informal institutional mechanisms to protect Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme rights and provide redress, for example, LEG, URL multistakeholder platforms to manage conflict in areas of labor, environment, and land; administrative grievance redress; and mediation services • Support for prevention, services, and redress for GBV beyond formal criminal justice • Analytical work on grievances and institutional capabilities for managing disputes and promoting rights and entitlements. 132 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [140300] PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS Definition World Bank interventions in public institutions focus on structures for policy coordination across government and for delivering functions in organizations; employment, compensation, and management so that the public sector workforce effectively delivers services in a fiscally sustainable manner; anti-corruption, transparency, and the political economy factors that affect public institutions; and intergovernmental and subnational institution building. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities See activities excluded under the following See activities included under the following Theme codes: administrative and civil service Theme codes: [140301] Public Administration, reform; transparency, accountability, and good Compensation, and Management; governance; e-government and e-services; [140302] Anticorruption, Transparency, public assets and investment management; and Political Economy; [140103] Public SOE reform and privatization; and municipal Assets and Investment Management; institution building. [140303] State-Owned Enterprise Reform; and [140304] Municipal Institution Building. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme GOV Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. [140000] GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT 133 [140301] Public Administration, Compensation, and Management Definition Interventions aimed at improving the structure, compensation, management, and capacity of organizations and personnel in the public administration or its constituent entities. Such interventions may focus on central or subnational (for example, regional, provincial, state, and local) public administration and would address the following: • Institutional structures for policy coordination and implementation: These include (a) organizational structures; (b) assignments of organizational responsibilities, functions, and authority among those organizational structures; and (c) rules governing those assignments and the behavior of those organizational units and their staff. • Employment and compensation, including (a) staffing levels and distribution; (b) wage competitiveness, equity, and incentives; and (c) wage bill sustainability. • Management. This includes (a) organizational goal setting and performance management; (b) personnel management, including recruitment, promotion, and individual performance management; and (c) public service motivation. • Capacity. This includes (a) administrative systems, (b) business processes, and (c) human capital. Typical Examples of Coded • Capacity. Human resource management information systems and capacity building Activities in the areas of either policy management or • Institutional structure. Delivery units and human resource management. strengthening the center of government; reforms to civil service laws and Examples of Excluded Activities regulations; functional, organizational, and business process reviews; and n.a. organizational restructuring, downsizing, or right‑sizing efforts. Mapping and Ownership • Employment and compensation. Payroll Lead Global Practice/Global Theme controls, compensation reform, wage bill GOV modeling, performance incentives, and civil service registration and identification. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Management. Results-based management DD, EDU, HNP, MIT, URL and performance incentives and merit‑based recruitment. 134 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [140302] Anticorruption, Transparency, and Political Economy Definition Corruption, which is both a cause and a consequence of weak governance, continues to undermine efforts to reduce poverty and ensure shared prosperity. Transparency, accountability, and open government initiatives can help control corruption, while supporting trust, participation, and inclusion. Fostering transparency and ensuring accountability both have value in their own right, while also supporting government efficiency, poverty reduction, and resilient institutions. Understanding political dynamics is central to designing effective reform strategies. Typical Examples of Coded • Anticorruption strategy and policy, institutional strengthening for Activities anticorruption authorities, asset declaration • Engagement with counterparts to devise and monitoring mechanisms, conflict of and implement strategic approaches to interest management, tools for corruption promote transparency, accountability, and reporting, and other activities. participation and to control corruption risks • Analysis of local political economy dynamics Examples of Excluded Activities and institutional constraints, as well as Building capacity of political groups. applications of new tools, technologies, and insights from behavioral research • Country-level, subnational, and sector-level Mapping and Ownership diagnostics of the existence and prevalence Lead Global Practice/Global Theme of corruption, underlying drivers of GOV corruption, the impact of corruption, state capture, and public sector efficiency Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Analysis of policy and institutional DD, FCI, URL environment, political economy dynamics, the stakeholders affected and involved, and the social norms that contribute to those problems • Designing practical approaches and tools to monitor various aspects of corruption, transparency, accountability, and participation [140000] GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT 135 [140303] State-Owned Enterprise Reform Definition A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a business entity controlled by the state but legally and financially autonomous from it and which operates in a market for goods or services that could in theory be provided by a private company. SOE reform typically aims to improve service delivery, reduce the fiscal burden SOEs represent, level the playing field in domestic markets so the private sector can compete and develop, and improve SOEs’ ownership and corporate governance practices to improve performance and reduce the risk of corruption. Typical Examples of Coded • Divestiture of ownership and other means of maximizing private sector collaboration Activities through multiple mechanisms: privatization, Activities that support SOE reforms market listings (Initial Public Offering/ • Improving the legal and regulatory Secondary Public Offering [IPO/SPO]), public- framework underpinning SOE operations private partnerships (PPPs), management contracts, leases, or concessions • Formulating rationales for SOE ownership, including strategic goals and social • Restructuring of SOEs or state-owned banks functions to be carried out by SOEs • Addressing labor retrenchment and related • Strengthening the government institutional social safety nets capacity to carry out ownership functions • Assessing the distributional impact of SOE effectively, implement SOE reform reforms on various groups strategies, and prepare annual SOE • Training, peer learning, and dedicated aggregate reports events for government and SOE officials • Improving SOE corporate governance, • Analytical assessments that include SOE including by strengthening boards of reform elements, including, but not directors, performance monitoring, financial limited to, public expenditure review (PER), reporting, audit requirements and practices, Country Economic Memorandums (CEM), and transparency and disclosure and Integrated State-Owned Enterprises • Improving the accuracy and reliability of Framework (iSOEf) SOE data for management accountability • Lending projects that have material and to facilitate the preparation of public components dedicated to SOE reforms: accounts, including via interoperable Development Policy Financing (DPF) and information technology (IT) platforms Investment Project Financing (IPF). • Ensuring effective oversight of SOE fiscal costs, fiscal risks, and relationship with the budget, including regular disclosure to the legislature 136 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Examples of Excluded Activities Tagging other core analytics or DPFs that have material SOE components. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme GOV Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme EEX, FCI, MTI, POV, TRA [140000] GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT 137 [140304] Municipal Institution Building Definition In recent decades, the decentralization of resources and decision-making has strengthened the role of subnational governments in promoting growth and shared prosperity. On the revenue side, subnational governments are increasingly involved in resource mobilization, including taxation. On the expenditure side, subnational governments have broadened and deepened their responsibilities for service delivery related to water and sanitation, health, education, and infrastructure, as well as local development. For subnational governments to successfully deliver on their mandates, effective intergovernmental systems in fiscal and administrative areas are required. World Bank activities in decentralization and intergovernmental relations will focus on institutional and fiscal frameworks, improving the capacity of subnational governments, and support for service delivery and frontline providers. Typical Examples of Coded • Sector governance arrangements for improved service delivery, which entails Activities strengthening organizational and • Building core institutional capacities related institutional arrangements between sector to administrative areas including human entities and frontline providers such as resources, public financial management schools and hospitals (PFM), and procurement, at the • Improving public investment management subnational level (PIM) to improve the efficiency of • Increasing transparency in subnational infrastructure delivery at the subnational financial management through increased level, in the context of fiscal consolidation standardization and harmonization of • Mobilizing resources for financing accounting and reporting by using tools services, which entails service financing such as Integrated Financial Management approaches that are complementary to Information System (IFMIS) spanning across intergovernmental fiscal flows levels of government • Citizen monitoring and accountability • Promoting performance- and results-based arrangements, such as putting in place management which require increased measures for bottom-up monitoring of decision-making autonomy and a more service delivery. effective public sector machinery 138 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Examples of Excluded Activities Activities that involve minor adjustments in government responsibilities within one ministry or public sector activities that do not constitute a significant and systemic alteration in responsibilities among levels of government. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme GOV Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. [140000] GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT 139 [140305] Intergovernmental and Subnational Institution Building Definition In recent decades, the decentralization of resources and decision-making has strengthened the role of subnational governments in promoting growth and shared prosperity. On the revenue side, subnational governments are increasingly involved in resource mobilization, including taxation. On the expenditure side, subnational governments have broadened and deepened their responsibilities for service delivery related to water and sanitation, transportation, health, education, and infrastructure, as well as local development. For subnational governments to successfully deliver on their mandates, effective subnational management systems and intergovernmental fiscal and administrative arrangements are required. World Bank activities in decentralization and intergovernmental relations will focus on strengthening subnational and intergovernmental institutions, developing intergovernmental administrative and fiscal frameworks, improving the capacity of subnational governments, and support for service delivery and frontline providers. Typical Examples of Coded • Sector governance arrangements for improved service delivery, which entails Activities strengthening organizational and • Building core institutional capacities related institutional arrangements between sector to administrative areas including human entities and frontline providers such as resource management, public financial schools and hospitals. management (PFM), and procurement, • Improving public investment management at the subnational level. (PIM) to improve the efficiency of • Increasing transparency in subnational infrastructure delivery at the subnational financial management through increased level, in the context of fiscal consolidation. standardization and harmonization of • Mobilizing resources for financing accounting and reporting by using tools services, which entails service financing such as Integrated Financial Management approaches that are complementary to Information Systems (IFMIS) spanning intergovernmental fiscal flows. across levels of government. • Citizen monitoring and accountability • Promoting performance and results-based arrangements, such as putting in place management practices which require measures for bottom-up monitoring of increased decision-making autonomy and a service delivery. more effective public sector machinery. 140 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Examples of Excluded Activities Activities that involve minor adjustments in government responsibilities within one ministry or public sector activities that do not constitute a significant and systemic alteration in responsibilities among levels of government. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme GOV Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme URL [140000] GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT 141 [140306] Corporate Financial Reporting Definition Corporate financial reporting is a policy area that aims at improving transparency and accountability of the corporate sector (including state-owned enterprises [SOEs]) through enhanced financial reporting and auditing standards and practices. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. Activities that support SFR reforms • Adoption of financial reporting and Mapping and Ownership auditing standards, including International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and Lead Global Practice/Global Theme International Standards of Accounting (ISA) GOV • Supporting governments in creating a Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme sound legal framework to set up a proper EEX, FCI, MTI, POV, TRA institutional framework for adoption and enforcement of relevant standards • Analytical assessments that include Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes, Accounting and Auditing (A&A ROSCs), contributing to financial sector assessment programs (FSAPs) • Building capacity of institutions for standards’ adoption and enforcement, including financial sector supervisors and audit regulators • Lending projects that have material components dedicated to SFR reforms: Development Policy Financing (DPF) and Investment Project Financing (IPF). 142 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [140400] GOVTECH Definition GovTech is a whole-of-government approach to public sector modernization that promotes simple, efficient, and transparent government, with citizens at the center of reforms. GovTech includes four aspects of public sector modernization and government use of technology: core government systems, public service delivery, citizen engagement (CE), and enabling environment. Typical Examples of Coded • Enabling environment including strategy, policy, GovTech institution building, Activities data governance, whole-of-government Activities include, but are not limited to, coordination, legal and regulatory • Core government systems related to frameworks, cybersecurity awareness public financial management (PFM) around public sector solutions, GovTech and other sector applications, such capacity building of digital skills, and public as financial management information sector innovation. systems, human resource management, payroll, public investment management, Examples of Excluded Activities tax, customs, and e-procurement, as well as the related sector-specific shared Activities not related to the sector-specific platforms (for example, cloud-based solutions listed under GovTech Theme codes applications, interoperability solutions, [140401-140404] should use relevant codes data and document management, and under [250000] Digital Transformation. digital signature) • Public service delivery including e-services, Mapping and Ownership one-stop shops, mobile services and Lead Global Practice/Global Theme applications, coordination for delivery, GOV change management, multichannel service models, online service portals, and service Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme standards with a focus on citizen-centered DD, FCI, MTI, URL design and universal accessibility • CE including CivicTech solutions, citizen feedback mechanisms, Grievance and Redress Management, crowdsourcing, multi-function citizen participation platforms, surveys, open government, and open data platforms to improve accountability and reporting/web publishing [140000] GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT 143 [140401] Core Government Systems Definition The core government systems are the foundations needed to provide online services and establish citizen participation platforms. Core government systems support the key functions of collecting, processing, and managing records and data, and they enable upstream functions, such as public financial management (PFM - revenue, expenditures, and debt), e-government procurement, human resource management, and central and local government operations. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Activities not related to the sector-specific • Interventions supporting the design and solutions listed under GovTech code implementation of core government [140401] Core Government Systems should systems/platforms related to PFM and use relevant codes under [250000] Digital other sector applications, such as financial Transformation. management information systems, human resource management, payroll, public Mapping and Ownership investment management, tax, customs, and e-procurement and use of technology in Lead Global Practice/Global Theme procurement and pension systems GOV • Relevant sector-specific shared platforms Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme (for example, cloud-based applications, DD, FCI, MTI interoperability solutions, data and document management, digital signature, and open-source solutions) supporting the whole-of-government approach for public sector digital transformation. 144 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [140402] Public Service Delivery Definition Public service delivery covers the implementation of citizen-centric online services that are simple, transparent, and universally accessible. These services are related to upstream functions, such as public financial management (PFM), e-government procurement, human resource management, and central and local government operations and administration. Citizen-centric approaches refer to the design of solutions that consider device and internet access limitations, supply- and demand- side digital literacy for service access and delivery, cultural norms, and other factors that might inhibit access. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Activities not related to the sector-specific • Interventions supporting the design and solutions listed under GovTech code implementation of online public service [140402] Public Service Delivery should delivery platforms (one-stop shops) and use relevant codes under [250000] Digital mobile apps for relevant services, with Transformation. a focus on citizen-centered design and universal accessibility (omnichannel access) Mapping and Ownership • Interventions supporting the development Lead Global Practice/Global Theme of multichannel service models, change GOV management programs, service standards, and performance monitoring, including Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme the coordination of relevant activities with DD, FCI, MTI, URL digital transformation/GovTech projects. [140000] GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT 145 [140403] Citizen Engagement Definition Citizen engagement (CivicTech) encompasses deepening the citizen-government relationship through CivicTech solutions that aim to increase civic participation, improve transparency and accountability, and build public trust in the government. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Activities not related to the sector-specific Interventions supporting the design and solutions listed under GovTech code implementation of CivicTech (digital citizen [140403] Citizen Engagement should use relevant engagement) solutions including multi- codes under [250000] Digital Transformation. functional citizen participation platforms (on policy decisions, investments, as well as Mapping and Ownership petitions), citizen feedback mechanisms (for example, Grievance and Redress Management, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme compliments, complaints, suggestions, and GOV information requests), open government and open data platforms, and web publishing. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme SSI, URL 146 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [140404] GovTech Enabling Environment Definition GovTech enablers refer to the cross-cutting drivers of digital transformation agenda, such as digital skills in the public sector, an appropriate and conducive legal and regulatory regime, strong enabling and safeguarding institutions, and an environment that fosters innovation in the public sector. These are related to the upstream functions, such as public financial management (PFM), e-government procurement, human resource management, central and local government operations, as well as downstream delivery of digital services for citizens, businesses, and so on. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Activities not related to the sector-specific • Interventions supporting the establishment solutions listed under GovTech code of relevant enabling and safeguarding [140404] GovTech Enabling Environment GovTech institutions in the public sector should use relevant codes under (for example, public entities focused [250000] Digital Transformation. on GovTech reforms, data governance/ management, whole-of-government Mapping and Ownership approach, digital skills development, and public sector innovation) Lead Global Practice/Global Theme GOV • Interventions supporting the preparation of relevant strategy, policy, and programs Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme related to the GovTech enablers in the DD, FCI, MTI public sector (for example, GovTech/ digital government strategy, policy and action plans, programs on digital skills, public sector innovation, and private sector involvement in GovTech programs) • Interventions to raise awareness on cybersecurity, data protection, privacy, right to information, digital ID, and digital signature and coordination of relevant activities with digital transformation/ GovTech projects. [140000] GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT 147 148 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [150000] SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 149 [150100] SOCIAL INCLUSION POLICY AND PROGRAMS Definition Programs and policies that have an explicit goal to address social inclusion. Social inclusion is defined as expanding opportunities for people who are at risk of being excluded from participating fully in markets, services, and society, based on their identity, which can be determined by ethnicity, race, gender, disability, income, or religious or sexual orientation, to name some of the common axes of exclusion. Project objectives include explicit social inclusion goals and cover the following key areas: • Groups at risk of exclusion based on their identity are clearly identified, as well as causes for their potential exclusion. • There are specific actions or mechanisms to address the needs of groups at risk of exclusion and to promote their inclusion. • There are clear ways to measure impact on excluded groups. Typical Examples of Coded • Activities that engage with excluded groups during project/program/policy Activities implementation or use participatory • Activities that identify group(s) excluded methods or delivery mechanisms. based on their identity, such as gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, caste, religion, Examples of Excluded Activities disability, age, sexual orientation, and gender identity Activities that take place during the implementation of Environmental and Social • Activities that assess the specific needs Safeguards, unless the project or program that and circumstances of excluded group(s) or triggers the safeguards policies go beyond the identify constraints and opportunities for prevention or mitigation of undue harm. their inclusion • Activities that include specific actions or targeting mechanisms to address the identified Mapping and Ownership disadvantage(s) of the excluded group(s) Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Activities with specific indicators and SSI monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems measuring the impacts of a project/program/ Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme policy intervention on excluded groups SPJ, URL 150 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [150101] Indigenous People, Ethnic Minorities, Race, and Caste Definition Activities aimed specifically at inclusion, empowerment, visibility, voice and engagement, or knowledge generation with, or related to, indigenous peoples or ethnic minorities. Ethnic minorities, tribal groups, or other communities included under this code should meet the four criteria established in Environmental and Social Standard #7 (ESS7) of the Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) as follows: • Self-identification as members of a distinct Indigenous social and cultural group and recognition of this identity by others • Collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats, ancestral territories, or areas of seasonal use or occupation, as well as to the natural resources in these areas • Customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are distinct or separate from those of the mainstream society or culture • A distinct language or dialect, often different from the official language or languages of the country or region in which they reside. Ethnic minorities and/or other groups that do not meet these criteria, such as in the case of Afro-descendants or Roma, should use code [150102] Other Excluded Groups. [150000] SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 151 Typical Examples of Coded • Support for processes to include policy Activities or institutional reforms designed with and for IPEMs to support their priorities • Analytical work or knowledge generation and well-being, including access to and exchange to deepen and broaden services, economic opportunities, lands, understanding and increase the visibility natural resources, financing services, and of Indigenous People, Ethnic Minorities infrastructure, or needs to strengthen (IPEMs) in areas where knowledge gaps traditional governance, economies, exist or in areas prioritized by or with IPEMs knowledge, and systems. for their well-being or as part of the World • The preparation, negotiation, and Bank’s or client’s upstream analytical work implementation of projects and/or trust (Systematic Country Diagnostics [SCDs], funds (TFs) designed with and for IPEMs Country Partnership Frameworks [CPFs], based on their priorities, promotion stand-alone analytics, and so on), including of rights, and vision for well-being or deepening understanding on gaps in development, including governance development indicators, well-being, access and self-organization and engagement, to services, economic opportunities, lands, community and local development, natural resources, or financing services environmental protection, or existing IPEM and infrastructure or needs to strengthen plans and programs. traditional governance, economies, knowledge, and systems. Examples of Excluded Activities • Engagement and dialogue with IPEMs and other key stakeholders around challenges n.a. faced, key priorities, and promotion of their rights to self-determination and voice in development processes (upstream or Mapping and Ownership to enhance processes that are related to Lead Global Practice/Global Theme promote policy reform or investments SSI prioritized by IPEMs). This could include participation of IPEMs in key national, Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme regional, or international meetings or ENB, WTR consultations. • Technical assistance (TA) and training to governments, partners, and/or IPEMs to build understanding, trust, and capacity and promote good practice and innovations for the visibility, voice, inclusion, empowerment, and resilience of IPEMs. 152 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [150102] Other Excluded Groups Definition Programs and policies that that have an explicit goal to address social inclusion of certain groups identified as being at risk of exclusion. Social inclusion is defined as expanding opportunities for people who are at risk of being excluded from participating fully in markets, services, and society, on the basis of their identity, which can be determined by ethnicity, race, gender, disability, income, or religious or sexual orientation, to name some of the common axes of exclusion. Typical Examples of Coded • Inclusion of elderly people—access to social services, financial services, and accessible Activities infrastructure; addressing of health, social • Programmatic and policy interventions protection, housing, and transport issues focused on youth inclusion, intended to underpinning exclusion of elderly people; address barriers to the full participation and access to legal services for elderly people; empowerment of vulnerable youth in terms and promotion of formulation of policies of economic, social, and civic participation. and legislative frameworks for elderly Activities include efforts to (a) promote inclusion in development processes. access to services, jobs, entrepreneurship, • Inclusion of Afro-descendants (AD)— and access to capital for youth; (b) promote address discrimination, stigma, and youth participation in civic, economic, and prejudice against AD people/communities; political processes; (c) promote formulation promote access to social services and of policies and legislative frameworks for markets (education, health, social youth inclusion in development processes; protection, employment, financial (d) support access to social services for inclusion, and entrepreneurship); promote youth (health, education, Technical and enabling policies and laws for AD people/ Vocational Education and Training [TVET], communities; promote engagement and skills development programs); (e) support dialogue platforms to support AD visibility access to justice, second chance programs, and voice; support cultural preservation reintegration of criminal offenders, and and identity; support and invest in AD so on (address the inclusion of Not in priorities, including governance and self- Education, Employment, or Training [NEET]); organization and engagement, community (f) address de-radicalization of youth; (g) and local development, or existing AD support inclusion of youth through sports plans and programs; collect and analyze and the arts; (h) activities to address disaggregated data (for example, Living gender-based violence (GBV) among Standards Measurement Study [LSMS], adolescents (address inclusion of teen censuses, and Demographic and Health pregnancies); and (i) reintegration of youth Survey [DHS]) to improve visibility and ex-combatants after conflict. better planning. [150000] SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 153 • Inclusion of Roma—address discrimination, • Addressing regional inequality stigma, and prejudice against Roma discrimination based on region of origin, people/communities; promote access to ethnicity, religion, or language, or a social services and markets (education, combination of the above—projects health, social protection, employment, and policies aiming to address regional and entrepreneurship); promote enabling inequalities and differences between policies and laws for Roma people/ different groups, for example, focusing on a communities; promote engagement and region with lower development outcomes. dialogue platforms to support Roma visibility and voice; support cultural Examples of Excluded Activities preservation and identity; support and invest in Roma priorities, including Activities to be undertaken under the governance and self-organization and implementation of the Environmental engagement, community and local and Social Framework (ESF). development, or existing Roma plans and programs; and collect and analyze disaggregated data (for example, LSMS, Mapping and Ownership censuses, and DHS) to improve visibility and Lead Global Practice/Global Theme better planning. SSI • Addressing caste-based discrimination— address discrimination, stigma, and Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme prejudice against people/communities EDU, HNP, POV, SPJ, WTR from marginalized castes; promote access to social services and economic opportunities (education, health, social protection, employment, financial inclusion, and entrepreneurship); promote enabling policies and laws for people/communities; promote cultural preservation; and collect and analyze disaggregated data (for example, LSMS, censuses, and DHS) to improve visibility and better planning. • Addressing racial discrimination and interventions to help address discrimination against certain groups perceived to belong to a racial group. 154 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [150103] Disability Definition Activities to ensure that persons with disabilities can access, participate in, and benefit from infrastructure, products, programs, and/or services through explicit actions or design choices across all relevant sectors. Typical Examples of Coded • Setting up inclusive grievance redress mechanisms (GRM). Activities • Assessments/analytical work, capacity Examples of Excluded Activities building, stakeholder engagement, and knowledge sharing with the objective of Activities that support segregated special including persons with disabilities and schools, residential care institutions for persons removing barriers to their inclusion and with disabilities, and policies and programs that access to project benefits discriminate against persons with disabilities. • Expanding universal access by addressing physical, digital, and communication Mapping and Ownership accessibility barriers Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Investing in the skills and capacities of SSI persons with disabilities for socioeconomic participation Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Collecting and analyzing disability- DD, EDU, GEN, GOV, HNP, POV, SPJ, TRA, disaggregated data URL, WTR • Capacity building of stakeholders, especially frontline service providers, on adaptations and accommodations for disability-inclusive services and products • Advising and strengthening policy reform and legislative frameworks to expand access to core services for persons with disabilities • Ensuring active participation of organizations of persons with disabilities in project design, including stakeholder engagement and implementation [150000] SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 155 [150104] Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI) Definition Activities to ensure that sexual and gender minorities can access, participate in, and benefit from projects, including receiving services, through project design and implementation in all sectors. Typical Examples of Coded • Advising and strengthening policy reform and legislative frameworks to expand Activities access to core services for and help ensure • Assessments/analytical work, capacity inclusion of sexual and gender minorities building, stakeholder engagement, and • Ensuring active participation of knowledge sharing with the objective of organizations of sexual and gender including sexual and gender minorities and minorities in project design, including removing barriers to their inclusion and stakeholder engagement and access to project benefits implementation • Investing in the skills and capacities • Setting up SOGI-inclusive grievance redress of sexual and gender minorities for mechanisms (GRM). socioeconomic participation • Collecting and analyzing SOGI- Examples of Excluded Activities disaggregated data Activities that support policies and programs • Capacity building of stakeholders, especially that discriminate against sexual and gender frontline service providers, on SOGI minorities, including activities that support nondiscrimination and inclusion, including efforts to change individuals’ sexual orientation in education, health, social protection, jobs, and/or gender identity. access to justice, entrepreneurship, and access to capital • Addressing discrimination, stigma, Mapping and Ownership prejudice, and bullying against sexual Lead Global Practice/Global Theme and gender minorities SSI • Addressing sexual and gender-based violence and other violence against sexual Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme and gender minorities DD, EDU, GEN, GOV, HNP, POV, SPJ, TRA, URL, WTR 156 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [150200] SOCIAL COHESION POLICY AND PROGRAMS Definition Activities intended to increase social cohesion, including to prevent conflict and violence. These include activities aimed at fostering constructive interactions between citizens and the state (vertical cohesion) and at improving relations within and across communities (horizontal cohesion), for example, to foster cohesion between displaced and host communities or across ethnic or religious communities. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Support for conflict prevention, including through the establishment of early warning Mapping and Ownership systems, conflict resolution mechanisms, contact across groups, and support for Lead Global Practice/Global Theme at-risk groups SSI • Support for post-conflict reconstruction, Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme including reintegration of combatants FCV, SPJ, URL • Integration support of displaced persons in host communities • Activities to reduce gender-based violence • Security sector reforms. [150000] SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 157 [150300] SOCIAL RESILIENCE POLICY AND PROGRAMS Definition Activities intended to address the social impacts of risks, shocks, and stressors and to support the transition of countries and communities to low-carbon and climate-resilient development in a way that is socially sustainable and inclusive. This includes the social impacts of both man-made and natural hazard events and stressors and activities intended to strengthen the adaptive capacity and resilience of communities to these shocks and stressors. This also includes activities to understand and address the distributional and social inclusion impacts of the physical impacts of climate change and the impacts of climate policies and transitions in such sectors as energy, agriculture, land use and food systems, manufacturing, transport, and urban development. Activities intended to strengthen the adaptive capacity and resilience of communities, as well as of vulnerable and disadvantaged groups. Typical Examples of Coded • Support for community engagement in resilience planning Activities • Support for local governments to engage • Support for locally led climate action and/ with communities on mitigation, adaptation, or disaster risk management, including and resilience through community-driven development • Support for activities that leverage programs or devolved climate finance community climate-coping cultural • Support to benefit-sharing processes and strategies for developing adaptation and activities related to emissions reduction enhancing community resilience. programs and transition investments • Support for community participation in Examples of Excluded Activities transition processes and investments n.a. • Interventions targeting groups at risk of experiencing adverse impacts of climate policies Mapping and Ownership • Activities to promote public dialogue and Lead Global Practice/Global Theme citizen inputs to climate decision-making SSI related to mitigation and adaptation policies and programs Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Interventions to facilitate community CCG, EEX, ENB, SPJ and citizen engagement in transitions in energy, agriculture, food systems, land use, manufacturing, transport, urban development 158 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [150400] CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT AND SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY POLICY, PROGRAMS, AND CAPACITY BUILDING Definition Supporting governments, civil society organizations, and other stakeholders to contribute to the establishment of an enabling environment and mechanisms for citizens to be better informed, provide feedback and input into public policies and programs, and influence decision-making. Building capacity within government agencies at various levels as well as within civil society, including those of civil society organizations. Typical Examples of Coded • Support to the development and strengthening of government institutions, Activities processes, and mechanisms that facilitate • Training activities on citizen engagement public consultation, participation in (CE) and social accountability for planning, budgeting, and implementation of development practitioners, government, government policy, programs, and services civil society organizations, individual • Development of tools, including digital citizens, and other stakeholder groups tools, that enhance the engagement of • Analysis and studies on civil society, CE, citizens in monitoring and informing and social accountability activities at the government decision-making and programs national, regional, and global levels (this (this may include community scorecards, can include citizen satisfaction surveys citizen report cards, social audits, or other and other beneficiary feedback on service tools that are designed for the purpose of delivery or project inputs when the gathering and directing citizen feedback to feedback is considered) public service providers) • Technical assistance (TA) on the • Multi-stakeholder engagement platforms, development of laws, policies, regulatory committees, and groups that enable civil mechanisms, and support services on CE society representatives to participate in and social accountability oversight of government programs and services with government officials [150000] SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 159 • Support to community-based groups that Examples of Excluded Activities include—as part or all of their mandate— • Technical and contracted oversight the objectives of monitoring and providing and verification bodies and individual feedback to public service providers contractors that are under the authority such as schools; health facilities; water, of service providers themselves and are telecommunications, electricity, or other not representing the views or interests utilities; and others of citizens • Support to independent, nongovernmental, • Software and applications developed by the or autonomous governmental bodies that government for use by citizens, if covered include civil society representatives and under Government Technology, GovTech, have a mandate to oversee, assess, and/ or e-government. or verify the activities of public service providers • Digital CE tools that compile data and Mapping and Ownership information related to laws, policies, and Lead Global Practice/Global Theme public services so that citizens can make SSI more informed decisions and provide feedback to the government Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Competitions or hackathons to develop GOV digital CE tools to solve development problems • Digital CE tools that facilitate citizen feedback on public services such as road conditions, waste collection, public health, and education, among others • Digital CE tools that facilitate citizen discussion on public sector activities and which may enable them to participate in decision-making such as participatory planning, participatory budgeting, expenditure tracking, and procurement monitoring • Digital polls and surveys of citizens that are used to inform and improve public policies and service delivery. 160 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [150500] COMMUNITY AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY AND PROGRAMS Definition Activities aimed at supporting the voice and agency of community groups and citizens in the development process. Provision of support to communities for access to services and economic opportunities. Development of partnerships between national and local governments, communities, and private sector. Supporting policies that strengthen communities’ voice, agency, and use of local development resources. Typical Examples of Coded • Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) activities for community-driven development operations Activities • Knowledge exchange activities for • Support to community groups in planning community groups and/or managing investment funds • Community outreach activities and (community-driven development) consultations • Investment resources to improve access • Smart villages to services, infrastructure, livelihoods, and local economic development • Technology to improve access to information and finance for citizens and communities • Support to build the capacity of community groups to promote voice and agency and • Policy activities to support the participation organize, plan, manage, and strengthen of communities in planning and managing their technical skills investment resources. • Support to especially vulnerable groups, including women, internally displaced Examples of Excluded Activities persons, persons with disabilities, and youth n.a. • Support to build the capacity of national and local governments to plan, manage, and deliver services in partnership with Mapping and Ownership local communities Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Activities to build partnerships between SSI the government, the private sector, and community groups and strengthen links Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme between communities and governments AGF, ENB, EDU, FCV, GEN, HNP, SPJ, URL through decentralization [150000] SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 161 [150501] Community and Local Infrastructure and Service Delivery Definition Activities that work at the subnational and community levels in delivering local infrastructure services to communities. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Small-scale infrastructure works such as building or rehabilitation of tertiary Mapping and Ownership roads and other transport infrastructure (bridges and jetties), community clean Lead Global Practice/Global Theme water supply, sanitation, irrigation schemes, SSI school buildings, health facilities, and community halls Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, ENB, EDU, FCV, GEN, GOV, HNP, SPJ, • Cash-for-work/labor-intensive public URL, WTR work schemes • Local climate adaptation/resilience activities such as storm walls, flood control schemes, natural resource management, and tree nurseries • Community facilitation support • Activities to build community social cohesion and resilience • Technical assistance (TA) for infrastructure works • Digital technology to improve access of information and information technology (IT) to communities. 162 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [150502] Community Livelihoods and Local Economic Development Definition Activities that work at the subnational and community levels in delivering local infrastructure services to communities. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Access to credit and finance for community groups Mapping and Ownership • Cash-for-work/labor-intensive public Lead Global Practice/Global Theme work schemes SSI • Vocational and business development training Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, DD, ENB, EDU, FCV, GEN, HNP, SPJ, • Community organizing and URL, WTR facilitation support • Local market assessments • Digital technology to improve access of information and finance to communities • Women’s livelihood opportunities • Activities to promote public- private partnerships (PPPs) • Market and job fairs • Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of local economic development activities. [150000] SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 163 [150503] Community and Local Governance Definition Activities at the policy and project levels that strengthen the citizen-state relationship and emphasize the role of communities in local development. Typical Examples of Coded • Support to community control over decisions, plans, and operation and Activities maintenance of development programs, • Analytical studies related to decentralization including when such activities involve but do laws and policies, community development not specifically target marginalized groups. and/or community organizations, and decentralized financing to communities Examples of Excluded Activities • Activities to support local government and n.a. community planning and financing • Development policy financing for laws, policies, and regulations on community Mapping and Ownership participation, representation, and Lead Global Practice/Global Theme management of budgets at the local level SSI • Digital technology improvements to enhance community planning, Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme management, and oversight of local plans AGF, ENB, EDU, FCV, GEN, GOV, HNP, SPJ, URL and financing • Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) activities related to improving local governance and relations between state and communities • Activities to support harmonization of sectoral development interventions at the community level • Support to community groups, community control, and management of investment funds where groups make their own decisions and planning and manage the investment funds (customer due diligence [CDD]) 164 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [160000] SOCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 165 [160100] SOCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT POLICY, PROGRAMS, AND CAPACITY BUILDING Definition Supporting governments and other stakeholders to build institutions and strengthen capacity to manage environmental and social (E&S) risks. Building a cadre of professionals and technical experts in countries who can work on E&S sustainability and risk management both in the public and private sectors. Strengthening institutions, policies, and systems to strengthen E&S risk management and long-term sustainability. Typical Examples of Coded • Knowledge exchange activities among E&S practitioners Activities • Analytical work assessing citizen perceptions • Gap and needs assessments of laws, of E&S risk management systems. policies, regulations, institutional structures, implementation capacity, and accountability mechanisms for E&S risk issues, for Examples of Excluded Activities example, E&S assessments, labor laws, Activities undertaken in the regular involuntary resettlement, Indigenous implementation of the Environmental and Peoples, stakeholder engagement, and the Social Framework (ESF) for specific Investment existence of national grievance mechanisms Project Financing (IPF) at the project level. • Technical support to develop policy and regulatory frameworks related to E&S issues Mapping and Ownership • Analytical work assessing economic, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme social, and environmental cost-benefit, SSI effectiveness, and efficiency of E&S risk management systems Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Capacity-building activities on E&S risk ENB, LEG management • Development of resource materials for information platforms for E&S risk learning • Support to regional centers and universities working on E&S risk management 166 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 167 [170100] DISEASE CONTROL Definition Prevention, control, and treatment of communicable and noncommunicable diseases. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Immunizations, which are captured Prevention, control, and treatment of primarily under [170207] Child Health • Communicable diseases including vector- and [170206] Adolescent Health. borne and parasite diseases (for example, malaria, river blindness, and guinea worm), Mapping and Ownership tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency Lead Global Practice/Global Theme syndrome (HIV/AIDS), diarrheal diseases, HNP viral diseases, zoonosis, diseases by other bacteria and viruses, existing and future Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme pandemics such as Avian flu, Ebola virus, n.a. and Zika virus. • Noncommunicable diseases including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, diabetes, mental illness, injuries (including road traffic injuries), and chronic conditions such as arthritis and osteoporosis. See also [170105] Non-Communicable Diseases and [210400] Road Safety. 168 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170101] HIV/AIDS Definition Programs that increase access to human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) prevention, treatment, care, and support services. Typical Examples of Coded • Capacity enhancing/building for government agencies and civil society for Activities HIV/AIDS Analytical studies related to decentralization • Advisory services on policy development/ Public sector, private sector, civil society, reforms or community-based activities that aim at • Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) for preventing, controlling, or treating HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS activities • Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) • Integration of tuberculosis (TB) and • Prevention of mother to child transmission HIV services. (PMTCT) • HIV/AIDS surveillance Examples of Excluded Activities • HIV treatment adherence Other disease control activities not related • Targeting of high-risk groups to HIV/AIDS. • Preparing anti-retroviral (ARV) treatment plans Mapping and Ownership • Behavior change communication (BCC) for HIV/AIDS Lead Global Practice/Global Theme HNP • Information, education, and communication (IEC) campaigns on HIV/AIDS Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • HIV/AIDS commodities, diagnostics, and n.a. pharmaceuticals, including procurement and management • Provision of treatment, care, and support services • Institutional measures such as systems support, capacity enhancing/building, knowledge sharing, and enhanced financial management for HIV/AIDS [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 169 [170102] Malaria Definition Activities aimed at the prevention, diagnosis, control, and/or treatment of malaria. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Other disease control activities not related • Malaria research to malaria. • Surveillance and identification of risk-prone areas/populations Mapping and Ownership • Information, education, and communication Lead Global Practice/Global Theme (IEC) campaigns, knowledge dissemination, HNP and symposiums/conferences for malaria Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Provision of bed nets, pharmaceuticals, n.a. and other preventative services • Provision of diagnostic services and treatment, including pharmaceuticals • Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) for malaria activities. 170 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170103] Tuberculosis Definition Activities aimed at the prevention, diagnosis, and/or treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Other disease control activities not related • TB research to TB. • TB surveillance Mapping and Ownership • Advisory services on policy development/ reforms Lead Global Practice/Global Theme HNP • Information, education, and communication (IEC) campaigns, knowledge dissemination, Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme and symposiums/conferences for TB n.a. • Provision of diagnostic services (for example, GeneXpert TB test) and treatment, including pharmaceuticals - DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course) • Addressing multi-drug-resistant TB and extensively drug-resistant TB, including community-based management • Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) for TB activities. [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 171 [170104] Neglected Tropical Diseases Definition Activities aimed at prevention, control, and treatment of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Typical Examples of Coded • Onchocerciasis (river blindness) Activities • Rabies • Schistosomiasis • NTD immunization research and development (R&D) • Soil-transmitted helminthiases • NTD diagnostic work • Taeniasis/Cysticercosis • NTD surveillance • Trachoma. • Information, education, and communication (IEC) campaigns, knowledge dissemination, Examples of Excluded Activities and symposiums/conferences for NTDs Other disease control activities not related • Provision of treatment, including to NTDs. pharmaceuticals and commodities for NTDs. Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) for Mapping and Ownership NTD activities NTDs include (per World Health Organization Lead Global Practice/Global Theme [WHO]) the following: HNP • Buruli ulcer Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Chagas disease n.a. • Dengue and Chikungunya • Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease) • Echinococcosis • Endemic treponematoses (Yaws) • Foodborne Trematodiases • Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) • Leishmaniasis • Leprosy (Hansen disease) • Lymphatic filariasis 172 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170105] Non-Communicable Diseases Definition Activities aimed to reduce morbidity and premature mortality from cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, diabetes, mental illness (including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, suicide, psychosis, and alcohol and drug abuse), and other noninfectious, chronic conditions such as arthritis, osteoporosis, and so on. This would also include preventable injuries (excluding road/traffic accidents). Typical Examples of Coded • Supporting health care delivery systems to manage chronic conditions Activities • Drug and substance abuse control • Primary prevention through reduction of • Prevention of injuries risk factors (for example, tobacco control, prevention of initiation of smoking and • Advisory services on policy smoking cessation, and prevention of development/reforms obesity and hypertension through dietary • Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) on changes and enhanced physical activity) NCD activities. • Health promotion and education, including development of educational Examples of Excluded Activities materials, delivery, implementation, and/ or evaluation of provider education, public Road/traffic accidents/injuries, see education, patient education, or mass [210400] Road Safety. media campaigns, as well as policymaking, regulation, and enforcement targeting tobacco use, drunk-driving, air pollution, Mapping and Ownership and so on Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Disease and risk factor surveillance (for HNP example, disease registries and surveys) Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Screening or early detection of n.a. noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), as well as diagnosis and treatment (for example, diagnostic and “curative” angioplasty and administration of drug therapies for treatment of hypertension and high cholesterol) [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 173 [170106] Health Security and Emergency Preparedness Definition Activities that build capacity of regions, countries, and institutions to prevent, detect, and respond to the threat posed by health emergencies, including infectious disease outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics, and other causes of health emergencies. Typical Examples of Coded • Emergency communication preparedness, including community engagement and Activities risk communication at the national and/ • Preparation of legislation, protocols, or regional levels. Two-way communication ordinances, standard operating procedures systems (labs to health authorities to (SOPs), or other directives to promote communities); reliable public health health emergency preparedness; and intra-governmental emergency emergency coordination/management communication; staff training on emergency mechanisms, including national legislation; communication and information sharing; and social services systems prepared with community engagement, trust building, protocols for emergencies and risk communication relating to emergency preparedness; and strategies for • Design or financing of contingent management of mis- and disinformation emergency models • Health care facility plans developed and • Emergency response training. Staff training, resourced (emergency roster, clinical including regular simulation exercises; protocols, and key specialists—medical, community monitor training; lab staff climate, communications, and procurement) training in disease surveillance; and social and blueprint for quick Emergency sector personnel trained in emergencies Operations Center (EOC)—structures, (for example, education and social staffing, and authorities protection staff) • Planning for emergency equipment • Lab sample referral system. Subnational procurement activation. Emergency labs with testing capabilities (human and procurement capacity and procedures zoonosis) and national labs for more in place (across One Health). Commodity complex referrals from local labs procurement supply chain structures and localized/regional manufacturing capabilities • National and/or regional stockpiles of emergency medical and infection control supplies 174 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Public health laws, procedures, and Examples of Excluded Activities guidelines for data sharing in place; data • Broader health system strengthening that feeds into integrated human-animal- broadens system and individual resilience, environmental early warning system at the but lacks a specific focus on preparedness country level, linked to regional and global for an emergency levels; health information management protocols (domestic and cross-border); • Activities aiming to reduce point of entry protocols, authorities; noncommunicable diseases and support information technology (IT) infrastructure nutrition, early childhood development, and for emergency data management; and so on, which do not have an emergency surveillance networks (pathogens, preparedness element antimicrobial resistance [AMR], food safety, • Routine childhood immunizations biosecurity, zoonotic, wastewater, social determinants, and infoveillance) at the • Emergency response to a crisis that is subnational, country, and/or regional levels already taking place. • Analytical reports, policy notes, and assessments of emergency readiness, gaps, Mapping and Ownership and readiness to enhance public health Lead Global Practice/Global Theme preparedness and response in the event of HNP future health emergencies • Analysis of the impact of the health Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme emergency on essential health services n.a. including distributional impacts • Analysis of risks and preparedness activities using the One Health Approach (zoonotic diseases at the human-animal health nexus) • Knowledge-sharing workshops, conferences, or training programs with selected stakeholders on health emergency preparedness, planning, and financing capacity • Development of resources and good practice examples for public health response efforts • Health system strengthening to support surge capacity • Collaboration, communication, and coordination with other sectors to create a uniform approach to wider cross-sectoral crisis management. [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 175 [170107] Health Security and Emergency Response Definition Health security and emergency response aims to provide essential resources to address a health emergency once it has been identified. Typical Examples of Coded • Purchase of vaccines, therapeutics, or other relief Activities • Modeling and analyzing the impact of the • Preparation of legislation, protocols, health emergency on health and essential ordinances, standard operating procedures health and nutrition services and wider (SOPs), or other directives to promote health mitigation measures emergency response • Knowledge-sharing workshops, conferences, • Equipment for testing and identification of or training programs with selected potential infectious disease cases stakeholders on health emergency response • Emergency response team activation and • Coordination and collaboration with implementation other sectors, as relevant, to ensure a • Case detection, confirmation, contact tracing, whole-of‑government approach to health recording, and reporting emergency management. • Development of mechanisms to trace all known contacts Examples of Excluded Activities • Training for staff dealing with the emergency • Routine childhood immunizations • Information, education, and communication • Preparedness for future health emergencies. (IEC) campaigns to inform the public of prevention and treatment measures, including community engagement Mapping and Ownership • Temporary surge capacity for treatment or Lead Global Practice/Global Theme isolation facilities HNP • Essential health services surge capacity management and implementation Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • General or specialized equipment to deal n.a. with the emergency 176 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170108] One Health Definition • An appropriate institutional framework (public, private, and cooperative/associative One Health aims to prevent and manage public sectors) health threats—working at the local, national, • Appropriate Global Public Goods regional, and global levels—recognizing the engagement (global health security, interconnections between people, animals, health systems resilience, climate change, plants, and their shared environment. One biodiversity, and equity) Health includes actions and investments toward prevention of, preparedness for, and response • Access to knowledge (research, capacity to public health threats in support of global building, technical assistance, extension, health security. One Health mobilizes all levels analytical and advisory services, and of society to work together to tackle threats to education). health and ecosystems, while addressing the collective needs for human development, such Typical Examples of Coded as healthy foods, energy, and air, and acting on climate change while promoting sustainable Activities development. One Health requires meaningful • Assessment of One Health drivers, risks, community involvement to ensure approaches and vulnerabilities, and analytical activities are culturally appropriate, inclusive, and focused on identifying best practices and socially and environmentally sustainable and entry points for One Health engagement support resilience. • Improvement of policies, legislation, and regulations across sectors, national Overlaps with different sectors, including but plans (including multisectoral pandemic not limited to Health, Nutrition and Population; prevention and preparedness plans), Education; Gender; Agriculture and Food; protocols, governance, One Health Climate Change; Environment, Natural Resources Platforms, committees or multisectoral and Blue Economy; Social Sustainability and coordination mechanisms, public sector Inclusion; Water; and Urban, Disaster Risk reform based on the outcomes of Joint Management, Resilience and Land. The topic is External Evaluations (JEEs), Performance multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral by nature, of Veterinary Services (PVS) pathway, cross-referencing several global practices (GPs) and World Health Organization-World and cross-cutting solutions areas (CCSAs), in Organizarion for Animal Health (WHO- particular for the following aspects: sustainability WOAH) (founded as Office International and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), des Epizooties [OIE]), as well as National poverty, resilience, fragility, and conflict. Bridging Workshops (NBWs) Includes a set of interventions to ensure • An appropriate policy/regulatory framework [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 177 • Institutional strengthening and capacity • Reduction of antimicrobial resistance building intended to design, implement, (AMR), including raising awareness and monitor multisectoral coordination and and understanding through effective collaboration; information systems; data communication, education, and training; sharing; and communication in relation to optimizing the use of antimicrobials in surveillance, early warning systems, and human and animal health; improving rapid response to outbreaks (including effective sanitation, hygiene, and infection training of research institutes and national prevention; animal husbandry practices; or laboratories) food chain approach to food safety • Strengthening of epidemiological • Prevention of zoonoses that are linked surveillance networks, community-based with food safety, such as the environment– animal (domestic and wildlife) disease feed–food chain and toxic exposures of surveillance, zoonotic diseases and food‑producing animals. emerging diseases and early warning networks, community level of early warning Examples of Excluded Activities systems for emergency reporting, and integrated reporting systems against • Stand-alone activities such as animal notifiable diseases vaccination programs, farm biosecurity, • Strengthening laboratory networks between food chain traceability, or infrastructure human and animal health sectors improvement, when such activities are not framed under One Health principles • Multidisciplinary public health workforce development through training in One • Stand-alone activities in preparedness Health, field epidemiology training, joint that do not incorporate or leverage the or multisectoral simulation exercises, multisectoral One Health approach or multisectoral rapid response teams, training in One Health (for example, and joint outbreak investigations and capacity building or trainings that do not interventions incorporate the One Health approach and laboratory strengthening focused on health • Community engagement to address sector alone). pandemic risk drivers, and One Health approach to risk communication and health promotion, including for zoonotic Mapping and Ownership diseases, vector-borne diseases, and foodborne diseases Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Reduction of environmental contamination, AGF, HNP biodiversity/conservation, land protection, or restoration Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme CCG, ENB, GEN, SPJ, SSI, URL, WTR • Prevention of Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs) and pandemic risk reduction through cross-sectoral preparedness and response 178 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170200] HEALTH SYSTEMS AND POLICIES Definition Programs and policies that aim to bring about improvements in the management, financing, and overall functioning of health systems. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Health Emergency preparedness and Includes activities that aim at response, see codes [170106] Health • Health services strengthening (efficiency, Security and Emergency Preparedness quality, and appropriateness) and [170107] Health Security and Emergency Response. • Pharmaceutical and medical equipment and consumable supply systems Mapping and Ownership • Pharmaceutical policies Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Equipment management HNP • Health services administration and management Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Institutional reform and capacity building n.a. • Health finance reform • Health services delivery reform • Health manpower policies • Hospital reform and restructuring • Strengthening of core public health functions • Private sector delivery in health • Reproductive and maternal health, adolescent health, and child health. [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 179 [170201] Health System Strengthening Definition Activities that aim to improve the stewardship, management, and overall functioning of health systems. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Health Emergency Preparedness and Response. • Procurement of pharmaceuticals and If planning to build an intensive care unit, code medical equipment as Health System Strengthening, unless it is done specifically to prepare for/respond to a • Supply chain (systems and management) disease outbreak to provide surge capacity. See • Pharmaceutical policies codes [170106] Health Security and Emergency Preparedness and [170107] Health Security and • Health services administration and Emergency Response. management • Management information systems (MISs) Mapping and Ownership • Facility renovation and construction Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Institutional reforms HNP • Capacity building, including for health policies and management Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. • Hospital reform, autonomy, and restructuring • Strengthening of core public health functions • Medical education and training • Accreditation. 180 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170202] Health Service Delivery Definition Activities that aim to improve accessibility and utilization of quality health services. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Health Emergency Preparedness and Response, • Health services delivery platforms see codes [170106] Health Security and Emergency Preparedness and [170107] Health • Improving the quality of health care services, Security and Emergency Response. including results-based and performance- based contracts and grievance redress mechanisms Mapping and Ownership • Provision of basic package of services Lead Global Practice/Global Theme HNP • Availability of drugs and medicines • Psychosocial support. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 181 [170203] Health Financing Definition Activities that aim to improve health financing systems to increase service coverage and financial protection. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Health finance strategy/reforms • Domestic resource mobilization, from the Mapping and Ownership central government as well as regional/state/ Lead Global Practice/Global Theme local governments HNP • Other sources of public financing, including social health insurance Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. • Private (voluntary) insurance and community financing • System organization and pooling of prepaid financing • Financing of public health functions and services • Provider payment systems, including contracting and payment mechanisms • Public expenditure tracking. 182 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170204] Private Sector Delivery in Health Definition Activities to promote and strengthen health service delivery by private sector. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Public sector delivery of health service. • Policy development and reform to enable public-private partnerships (PPPs) Mapping and Ownership • Improving capacity of institutions Lead Global Practice/Global Theme responsible for the regulation of private HNP sector activities for health • Capacity building for private sector and civil Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme society to improve health service delivery IPG • PPPs for health. [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 183 [170205] Reproductive and Maternal Health Definition Activities to improve reproductive health and reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Interventions related to improving maternal • Sexual and reproductive health policies/ nutritional status (see [170601] Nutrition). strategy development • Promotion of safe sexual behavior through Mapping and Ownership information, communication, education, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme and life skills HNP • Providing access to family planning services, including the provision of contraceptives Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme GEN • Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care and treatment • Post-abortion care and treatment • Training of midwives and other reproductive health providers • Providing essential and comprehensive obstetric care • Preventing and controlling sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), within reproductive health components • Post-natal care and treatment. 184 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170206] Adolescent Health Definition Activities that improve the health status and well-being of adolescents as well as promote safe behaviors. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Interventions related to improving • Adolescent health policies/strategy adolescents’ nutritional status, see development [170601] Nutrition. • Promotion of healthy safe behaviors, • Prevention and treatment of human including sexual behavior, through immunodeficiency virus/acquired information, communication, education, immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and and life skills other communicable diseases, see relevant codes under [170100] Disease Control. • Preventing early childbearing • Promoting mental well-being and • Promoting access to adolescent-friendly treatment of mental illness, see health services [170105] Non-Communicable Diseases. • Providing appropriate health care and support to adolescents, including psychosocial support Mapping and Ownership • Preventing violence against women and Lead Global Practice/Global Theme girls, including female genital mutilation HNP (FGM) and other harmful practices • Substance abuse Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. • Immunization specific to adolescents, such as against human papillomavirus (HPV). [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 185 [170207] Child Health Definition Activities that aim to improve the health status of children and reduce child morbidity and mortality. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Interventions related to improving children’s • Neonatal and child health policies/strategy nutritional status, see [170601] Nutrition. development • Specific disease programs focused on Mapping and Ownership children, such as for acute respiratory Lead Global Practice/Global Theme infections, diarrheal diseases (including HNP Oral Rehydration Therapy [ORT]), malaria (including bed nets), measles, and so on Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Integrated management of childhood n.a. illnesses • Immunization/vaccination programs • Child-related components of broader maternal and child health (MCH) interventions • All aspects of neonatal and newborn care • School- or community-based child health programs (such as hand washing or child safety campaigns). 186 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170208] Primary Health Care Definition Primary health care covers health services along the continuum from health promotion and disease prevention (including diagnostics and screening) to treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care. It refers to the staff, processes, systems, and data that are needed to deliver the front line of health services to the population—their first port of entry into improving their health and well-being. As such, it includes efforts by health system clients to access health information and improve their well-being, community health workers, and the network of fixed and mobile primary health care clinics. Typical Examples of Coded • Patient support groups Activities • Mobile health clinics. • Delivering maternal, neonatal, and child health services Examples of Excluded Activities • Antenatal care (ANC) services • Health information systems and digital health activities, use [170801] Disruptive • Sexually transmitted infection services and Transformative Technologies for • Routine childhood vaccinations and Human Development Service Delivery. immunizations • Efforts to improve general hospitals, • Other preventative health services delivered specialized hospitals, and district/ at home, in the community, or at primary first-level referral hospitals should use health care sites [170209] Health Facilities and Hospitals. • Community health worker services The physical construction of new and training primary health care facilities should use [170201] Health System Strengthening. • Health work force • Medical equipment and consumables for primary health care facilities Mapping and Ownership • Refurbishment of existing facilities Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Demand-side services like information HNP to patients Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Diagnostics and screening services delivered n.a. at home or at primary health care sites • Systems to improve links and referrals between primary health care sites and community systems [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 187 [170209] Health Facilities and Hospitals Definition • It provides an effective, affordable health care service for a defined population, with their full Activities that aim to improve hospital participation, in cooperation with agencies in the performance, including but not limited to district that have similar concerns. improving hospital infrastructure, training of clinical and administrative staff, and quality Typical Examples of Coded improvement. Hospitals are the dominant component of health service delivery and provide Activities a range of different services for patients of various • Procurement to improve hospital age groups and with varying disease conditions. performance The World Health Organization defines a • Training of clinical staff in hospitals specialized hospital as one that primarily • Training of administrative staff in hospitals admits patients suffering from a specific disease • Hospital reform policy or affection of one system or reserved for the diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting a • Public and private hospital partnership specific age group or of a long-term nature. • Hospital refurbishment A district/first-level referral hospital is responsible • Hospital accreditation. for a district or a defined geographical area containing a defined population and governed by a politico-administrative organization such as Examples of Excluded Activities a district health management team. The role of Health information systems and digital district hospitals in primary health care has been health activities, see [170801] Disruptive and expanded beyond being dominantly curative and Transformative Technologies for Human rehabilitative to include promotional, preventive, Development Service Delivery. and educational roles as part of a primary health care approach. Mapping and Ownership The district hospital has the following functions: • It is an important support for other health Lead Global Practice/Global Theme services and for health care in general in the HNP district. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • It provides wide-ranging technical and n.a. administrative support and education and training for primary health care. 188 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170210] Health Information Systems Definition Development or improvement of Health Information Systems (HISs)—which includes several information systems like Health Management Information Systems (HMIS), Health Human Resources Management Information Systems, Logistics or Supply Chain Management Information Systems (LMIS), electronic health records, public health surveillance systems, laboratory information systems, and the like—to collect, curate, analyze, distribute, and use information to support health services delivery, population health management, and related policymaking. Typical Examples of Coded • Capacity building on data analysis, utilization, and visualization to support the Activities use of data in policymaking and planning • Development or expansion of electronic • Dashboards, websites, health facility medical records (EMRs) with unique patient quality score cards, and other means identifiers of communicating HIS data to a broad • Use of health data and digital health audience services to improve health service delivery • Training health system clients and (primary care hospital, laboratory, administrators at all levels to collect, use, radiology, pharmacy, community care, and report data into different parts of blood transfusion, and so on) the HIS • Implementation and use of telemedicine- • Training of health workforce in HISs supported services • Human resources management information • Creating health data catalogues and system development and strengthening inventory of location of health information • LMIS development and strengthening • Creating health information exchange with • Linking disparate information systems in a master list of relevant health system data the health sector • Development or strengthening of data • Linking data from digital health applications regulations for protection of personal into HIS health data • Linking public HISs to routine HISs • Cybersecurity and data governance procedures for personal health data • Catchment area health facility population data collection, link, and use. • Creating or strengthening of digital health ecosystems or platforms [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 189 Examples of Excluded Activities • Using digital technology for health service delivery, like using a community health worker digital job aid or remote artificial intelligence (AI) applications for tuberculosis (TB) detection through chest x-rays • Using mobile applications to provide clinical decision support to health care providers • Training of health workers using digital technology or remote learning • Hardware and software needed to connect health facilities to the internet. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme HNP Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme DD, DEC, EDU, SPJ 190 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170211] Health Services Intended to Reduce Health Risks from Climate Change Definition Activities designed to reduce climate-related health risks to populations, communities, and the health sector. Typical Examples of Coded • Use of technology for monitoring and surveillance of health conditions in climate- Activities induced emergencies • Develop or strengthen national-level policy • Preparation for, and availability of, public related to climate change and health services health services to respond to extreme including laws, public health guidance, heat events and warming centers during procedures, strategies, and action plans extreme cold • Activities supporting the climate and health • Expansion of pharmaceutical supply aspects of emergency planning, such as chain to include drugs, medications, and emergency preparedness, planning, and supplements needed for the provision of response plans climate-related health services • Nutrition interventions that support • Flexible payment mechanisms for health community-mediated delivery of climate- services intended to reduce health risks adapted nutrition services, including from climate change, as well as other screening and interventions involving the dimensions of green health financing establishment of gardens or food-growing (including strategic purchasing for opportunities climate-related services) • Disease surveillance and laboratory • Inclusion of climate vulnerability factors interventions that are designed to in health insurance coverage criteria for enhance the climate-related aspects of risk pooling national or regional disease surveillance— • Policies related to Human Resources for either communicable diseases or Health (HRH) intended to increase climate noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) capacity in the health workforce • Strengthening health information systems • Hiring of health sector staff focused on (HISs) to incorporate hydromet data into climate and health the delivery of health services that reduce climate-related health risks, including for emergency preparedness [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 191 • Capacity building of existing health workforce on climate, including the development and application of climate and health curricula. Examples of Excluded Activities Routine and essential health services that are not related to climate change. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme HNP Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme ENB, CCG, AGF, EEX, WTR 192 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170300] DEMOGRAPHICS AND AGING Definition Activities that support research and policy formulation on links between demographic change and development. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Supporting analysis of population growth and changes in age structure Mapping and Ownership and distribution (including migration and urbanization) Lead Global Practice/Global Theme HNP • Supporting population data, census, and statistical capacity building Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Supporting population policy analysis GEN and multisectoral links, including to economic growth and poverty reduction, girls’ education, women’s empowerment, urbanization, water, and environment. [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 193 [170400] EDUCATION Definition The education sector facilitates learning experiences for children, youth, and adults to develop a skilled and productive workforce to reduce poverty, accelerate growth, and boost shared prosperity. It includes all types of learning from early childhood education (ECE) to skills training and tertiary education. The Education theme includes the following sectors: • Early Childhood Education • Primary Education • Lower Secondary General Education • Upper Secondary General Education • Tertiary Education • Technical/Vocational Education and Skills Development • Adult Basic and Continuing Education • Public Administration - Education Typical Examples of Coded • Education system management strengthening from the Ministry of Activities Education/central level down to the state, • Scholarships, loans, grants, and incentives regional, and local levels to promote equitable access to education • Curriculum, textbooks, and learning • Financing of the education sector and materials education institutions • Construction or rehabilitation of schools, • Recruitment and management of teachers, training institutions, universities, and other school principals, university administration, education facilities and other human resources in the • Private sector partnerships in the education sector education sector. • Learning assessments for all levels from ECE to universities • Management information systems (MISs) and data analysis for the education sector • Training to improve the administration of schools, universities, colleges, and other education institutions 194 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Examples of Excluded Activities Maternal Health, see [170205] Reproductive and Maternal Health. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme EDU Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 195 [170401] Scholarships, Loans, and Incentives for Education Access Definition Interventions that address supply and/or demand issues in educational access. This Theme includes activities that remove barriers to enrollment or attendance in education institutions. It also includes incentives to motivate potential students to enroll and attend education institutions. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Vouchers to attend private schools, • Provision of scholarships, grants, or loans to see [170412] Private Sector Delivery remove financial barriers to enrollment in of Education. education institutions at any level • Interventions focused on improving • Provision of incentives for enrollment education access for students with and attendance such as conditional cash disabilities, see [150103] Disability. transfers and school meals • Activities to remove barriers to enrollment Mapping and Ownership and attendance such as the provision of school uniforms, school supplies, textbooks, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme and school transportation EDU • Improvement of the systems to identify/ target student beneficiaries for scholarship, Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme grant, loan, and incentive programs. n.a. 196 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170402] Education Financing Definition Initiatives to improve financial management in the education sector and funding structures of educational institutions on all levels. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Public-private partnerships (PPPs) in • Financial management training for education financing should be coded education staff, policy makers, and as [170412] Private Sector Delivery institutions of Education. • Grants to fund development plans • Financing provided to individuals, families, in schools, vocational institutions, and/or students, such as conditional cash or universities transfers, grants, scholarships/loans, see [170401] Scholarships, Loans, and • Results-based financing and Incentives for Education Access. performance-based financing of projects and education institutions • Demand-side and per capita financing Mapping and Ownership strategies Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Cost-recovery through tuition and/or fees EDU • Revenue generation activities for education institutions Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. • Innovative funding mechanisms. [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 197 [170403] Science, Technology, and Innovation Definition Activities to promote scientific knowledge research, and innovation inside and outside of educational institutions. They can range from initiatives to improve science curriculum and instruction in secondary schools to research and development (R&D) grants at the tertiary level. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • STI facilities should be coded under the • Science, technology, and innovation [170409] Education Facilities theme. (STI) policy • Information and communication technology • Institutional development of STI education (ICT) interventions should be coded under institutions the [170411] Education Technology theme. • STI grants to support tertiary and technical schools to design and implement STI Mapping and Ownership projects and programs • R&D capacity in tertiary and technical Lead Global Practice/Global Theme education facilities EDU • Capacity-building partnerships between Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme STI educational institutions and the broader DD science and innovation community • Provision of training and/or higher education to researchers/scientists • Laboratories and science lab equipment provided to or upgraded in tertiary and technical schools • Promotion of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in schools • Support for programs in communities to promote social innovation • Promotion of National Research and Education Networks (NRENs). 198 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170404] Teachers Definition Activities to recruit, prepare, support, deploy, pay, monitor, evaluate, manage, and motivate teachers on all education levels from early childhood education (ECE) to university professors. Typical Examples of Coded • Instructional training for university professors. Activities • Teaching standards Examples of Excluded Activities • Teacher certification Teacher training facilities, see • Teacher recruitment and deployment [170409] Education Facilities. • Pre-service teacher professional development Mapping and Ownership • In-service teacher professional Lead Global Practice/Global Theme development, including coaching, EDU mentoring, school-based continuous professional development, peer learning, Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme and the creation of teacher networks/ n.a. communities of practice • Training of teacher educators • Capacity building of teacher training institutions • Certification of teacher training institutions • Teacher salaries and incentives • Teacher performance assessment, including the use of classroom observations to monitor teaching practices • Teacher unions and professional associations • Training of ECE facilitators/teachers • Training of adult literacy/numeracy instructors • Training of vocational/skills instructors [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 199 [170405] Learning Assessment Definition Activities that strengthen countries’ capacity to design and implement learning assessments and to analyze and use learning assessment data. Learning assessments can be conducted at the classroom, subnational, national, and international levels and can serve various purposes, including • Informing teaching and learning; • Resource allocation and system-level monitoring; and • High-stakes decision-making, including examinations at all levels of education. This includes tertiary examinations, skills assessment/certification, and recognition of prior learning. The Theme also supports learning assessments embedded into household surveys and citizen-led assessments to raise social awareness on the status of education. Typical Examples of Coded • Participation in assessments of adult skills and competencies, including international Activities efforts (Program for the International • Participation in international large‑scale Assessment of Adult Competencies [PIAAC], student assessments (Program for Literacy Assessment and Monitoring International Student Assessment [PISA], Program [LAMP], mini-LAMP, Skills Toward Trends in International Mathematics Employability and Productivity [STEP]) and Science Study [TIMSS], Progress in • Participation in citizen-led assessment International Reading Literacy Study [PIRLS]). efforts (Annual Status of Education Report • Participation in regional large-scale [ASER], Uwezo, and so on) student assessments (Program for the • Development, administration, and use Analysis of Education Systems [PASEC], of data from national large-scale student Laboratorio Latinoamericano de Evaluación assessments and high-stakes examinations de la Calidad de la Educación [LLECE], at all levels of the education system Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for • Support for subnational large-scale learning Monitoring Educational Quality [SACMEQ], assessment systems Southeast Asia Primary Learning Metrics [SEA-PLM], Pacific Islands Literacy and • Development, administration, and use Numeracy Assessment [PILNA], and so on). of data from school-based evaluations; formative and summative assessment; and • Administration of Early Grade Reading/Math continuous assessment Assessments (EGRA/EGMA) • Capacity building for learning assessment systems at all levels 200 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Development, administration, and use of data from child development and school readiness assessments in early childhood education (ECE) • Structuring and capacity building of examination boards. Examples of Excluded Activities Activities that support improvements in learning, rather than the assessments thereof. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme EDU Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 201 [170406] Administration of Education Institutions Definition Activities that facilitate the efficient management of early childhood education (ECE) institutions, primary/secondary schools, colleges, and universities. The core activity is training of school principals and university administrators in the core competencies necessary for effective institutional management. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Management strengthening of education • Training of school principals, head management staff outside of education teachers, and university administrators institutions (for example, Ministry of Education on administration and management of and local provincial education offices), see education institutions [170407] Education System Management. • School-based management strengthening and decentralization of decision-making to Mapping and Ownership the institution level Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Institutional development plan EDU development or strengthening Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Establishment and/or strengthening of n.a. university governing bodies/boards • Strengthening of internal quality assurance systems for education institutions and pre‑tertiary education systems • Capacity-building partnerships between education institutions • Activities to connect schools/universities with communities and the private sector. 202 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170407] Education System Management Definition Education systems need evidence-based policies and plans and capable staff to implement and monitor those policies and plans. This Theme includes education system development activities that strengthen the Ministry of Education and local, provincial, regional, and state-level actors. Typical Examples of Coded • Functional assessment of education ministries Activities • Competency frameworks for school leaders • Support for education legislation, and school principals, as well as meso-level regulation, policy, plan, and/or strategy education staff development • Use of data to monitor implementation of • Management strengthening of education reform, increase accountability, and target staff at the central, regional, and local levels support to implementation. • Operational standards for educational institutions at all levels including early Examples of Excluded Activities childhood education (ECE), primary/ secondary education, technical-vocational Management strengthening of school training, and tertiary education principals/university administrators, see [170406] Administration of Education • School supervision systems, system support Institutions. to schools, and/or inspection • External and internal quality assurance and accreditation systems Mapping and Ownership • Strengthening capacity for education Lead Global Practice/Global Theme planning and strategy development EDU • Sector assessments and education research Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Ministry organizational structure n.a. and the restructuring of education management units • School consolidation plans and the reorganization of the structure of schooling • Support to implement results-based or performance-based management [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 203 [170408] Curriculum, Textbooks, and Learning Materials Definition Activities that focus on developing and/or improving the content delivered in educational institutions including learning standards, curriculum, textbooks, and other teaching/learning materials. This includes initiatives to improve the relevance of education content at all levels of the system. Typical Examples of Coded • Creation of curricula and learning materials to support inclusive education for students Activities with disabilities • Learning standards at all education • Provision of reading, language, levels including mathematics, science, and social studies • School readiness standards for early instruction childhood education • Provision of instruction on other • Learning standards for primary and curricular areas such as soft skills, secondary education social and emotional learning (SEL), sustainability/climate change, health, • Tertiary-level qualification frameworks nutrition, and entrepreneurship • Occupational standards for vocational • Employer/private sector input into education curriculum reforms to improve relevance • Curriculum development and reforms at of education to employment all levels • Credit transfer systems and recognition • Textbook development, provision, and of prior learning distribution • Improving distribution systems for • Reading, teaching, and learning material textbooks and other learning materials. development, provision, and distribution • Development and distribution of digital teaching and learning content and e-learning materials 204 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Examples of Excluded Activities • Teacher training for new curriculum, textbooks, or learning materials, see [170404] Teachers • Library and teacher resource center construction or furnishing, use [170409] Education Facilities; however,the reading/learning materials inside the library/resource center should be coded under [170408] Curriculum, Textbooks, and Learning Materials. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme EDU Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 205 [170409] Education Facilities Definition The construction, rehabilitation, and equipment of educational institutions at all levels from early childhood education (ECE) to tertiary education. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Learning materials, reading materials, • Construction and/or refurbishment of and textbooks should be coded as educational buildings at any level [170408] Curriculum, Textbooks, and Learning Materials • Furnishings (desks/chairs) and equipment of educational institutions • Laboratories and lab equipment should be coded as [170403] Science, Technology, • Water and sanitation systems of and Innovation educational institutions • Adaptations to school facilities to • Libraries; for library book provision, accommodate students with disabilities, see [170408] Curriculum, Textbooks, see [150103] Disability. and Learning Materials • Teacher resource centers • Housing and boarding facilities for teachers Mapping and Ownership and students Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • School maintenance programs EDU • Development of standards for school Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme construction/refurbishment SSI, URL • Facilities for education administration • Technical/vocational education facilities and equipment • University/tertiary-level education facility construction/rehabilitation. 206 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170410] Education Management Information Systems and Data Analysis Definition Development or improvement of education management information systems (EMIS) to collect, analyze, and distribute data on education institutions and students at all levels from early childhood education (ECE) to tertiary education. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Data systems to manage scholarships, loans, • Data collection system development and and incentive systems should be coded strengthening under the [170401] Scholarships, Loans, and Incentives for Education Access Theme • Capacity building on data analysis, utilization, and visualization to support the • Labor Market Information Systems use of data in policymaking and planning (LMIS) should be coded under the [170502] Labor Markets Institutions Theme. • Dashboards, websites, school report cards, and other means of communicating EMIS data to a broad audience Mapping and Ownership • Training education administrators at all levels to collect, use, and report data into Lead Global Practice/Global Theme the EMIS EDU • School mapping systems and school Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme resource utilization databases n.a. • Student management systems and protection of personal data • Human resources management information system development and strengthening • Higher education management information systems (HEMIS) and the connection of universities’ HEMIS to national EMIS systems. [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 207 [170411] Education Technology Definition Interventions that use technology to support education systems and learning institutions and for teaching and learning in and out of the classroom. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Education Management Information • Information and communication technology Systems (EMIS) should be coded under the (ICT) strategy development for the [170410] Education Management Information education sector Systems and Data Analysis theme. • Digital Learning Systems, including Learning • In-service teacher training for ICT Management System development, adaptive use should be coded under the learning systems, creation of digital content, [170404] Teachers theme. deployment, and strengthening • Technology-enabled learning assessment • Online and distance learning programs systems should be coded under the utilizing any form of technology (radios, TV, [170405] Learning Assessment theme. tablets, phones, and so on) • Digital infrastructure used in the education Mapping and Ownership sector, including internet connectivity, cloud, and device procurement Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Provision of ICT and/or capacity building EDU for ICT use for administrators and ministries of education Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. • Technology pilots using new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), blockchain, and so on. 208 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170412] Private Sector Delivery of Education Definition Interventions that relate to the provision of education by groups outside of the public sector, such as nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), community organizations, faith-based organizations, and for-profit companies. This includes independent private schools, government-funded private schools, privately managed schools, and voucher schools. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Public sector education. • Private sector provision of education on all levels from early childhood education (ECE) Mapping and Ownership to vocational and tertiary education Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Public-private partnerships (PPPs) in EDU administration of education institutions • PPPs in education financing Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme IPG • Accountability and quality assurance for private educational institutions at all levels • Licensing and accreditation for private schools, universities, and skills training providers • Private sector delivery of skills training, internships, or apprenticeships • Vouchers for vocational training at private training institutions • Grants to private institutions for meeting performance and/or reporting targets. [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 209 [170500] LABOR MARKETS POLICY AND PROGRAMS Definition Activities intended to improve the functioning of labor markets, facilitate transitions into employment, improve the earnings opportunities of individuals, and manage risks facing workers. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Activities focused broadly on Social Protection • Labor markets assessments and Jobs (SPJ) policy and systems, including assessments/analytical work, capacity building, • Employment services, including counseling institutional and policy reform, and knowledge and job-search assistance sharing with the objective of building the • Active labor markets programs, including administration or policies for SPJ systems across training; employment incentives (wage all SPJ programs, [170700] Social Protection. subsidies and reductions in labor taxes); sheltered and supported employment Mapping and Ownership and rehabilitation; direct job creation (public works); and start-up incentives that Lead Global Practice/Global Theme promote entrepreneurship SPJ • Out-of-work income maintenance and Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme support, including unemployment benefits n.a. and early retirement benefits • Labor regulations and institutions, including enforcement mechanisms • Labor markets information systems. 210 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170501] Skills Development Definition Skills development is a lifelong process that proceeds in stages, each building on the previous one. Foundational skills comprise the basic cognitive skills, such as literacy and numeracy, and socio- emotional skills, such as self-regulation and empathy, which children typically acquire in primary school and that are honed during adolescence. Job-specific skills (hard skills) describe a person’s technical skill set and ability to perform specific job-related tasks. Socio-emotional skills help people navigate complex situations, focus on tasks, tolerate frustration, and interact effectively with other people. These skills may be obtained within the formal education system or outside of it, including on the job. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Core education delivery through basic, • Training and retraining (institutional or secondary, and tertiary levels. workplace) • Support for apprenticeship Mapping and Ownership • Development of socio-emotional skills. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme SPJ Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme EDU, URL [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 211 [170502] Labor Markets Institutions Definition The laws, practices, policies, and conventions that fall under the umbrella of labor markets institutions that • Determine, among others, what kinds of employment contracts are permissible; • Set boundaries for wages and benefits, hours, and working conditions; • Define the rules for collective representation and bargaining; • Proscribe certain employment practices; and • Provide for social protection for workers. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Job creation activities (demand side). • Labor markets assessments • Employment services, including counseling Mapping and Ownership and job-search assistance Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Unemployment benefits SPJ • Labor regulations Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Labor markets information systems n.a. and institutions. 212 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170503] Active Labor Markets Programs Definition Programs that stimulate labor demand, support job search, and improve employability. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Job creation activities (demand side). • Intermediation, counseling, and job search assistance Mapping and Ownership • Training, including institutional training, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme workplace training, and support for SPJ apprenticeship • Public works Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme SSI • Wage subsidies • Programs promoting productive self-employment and small-scale entrepreneurship. [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 213 [170600] NUTRITION AND FOOD SECURITY Definition Programs that have as a goal the improvement of nutritional status and/or food security (for example, food access, availability, and stability [the intake/utilization dimension already considered in the nutrition status]) of countries and households and activities that respond to food and nutrition crises. Typical Examples of Coded • See code [170601] Nutrition. Activities Food security. Programs that include objectives and specific activities related to food Nutrition-Specific Interventions security at the household level. They include • Promotion/counseling on optimum infant the following: and young child feeding (IYCF) practices • Income generation (for example, exclusive breastfeeding and diversity of complementary foods) • Labor-saving technologies • Improving micronutrient intake (for • Improved marketing systems and food example, fortification of staple foods, distribution networks micronutrient supplementation, or food- • Activities that have explicit objectives to based strategies) improve household food security as well • Screening, referral, and treatment of severe as some knowledge on feeding practices, acute malnutrition (SAM) in health facilities food preparation, diversity of the diet, and or communities (for example, SAM case intra‑household distribution of food to aid management) food utilization • See code [170601] Nutrition. • Increases to crop/livestock production and productivity to benefit the most food Nutrition-Sensitive Interventions insecure • Explicit reference to the quality and nutritional value of agricultural produce and • Emergency food aid production and marketing opportunities for • See code [170602] Food Security. nutritious food Food security and crisis response. Activities • Access to safe and affordable drinking supported in response to anticipated and actual water and sanitation food security and nutrition crises. They include • Nutrition education and social and behavior the following: change communication (SBCC or BCC) 214 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Designing, implementing, and evaluating programs to maintain food access, availability, utilization, and volatility through activities to maintain crop/livestock production, food movement through value chains, emergency food and nutrition distribution programs, shock-responsive and nutrition-sensitive safety nets, activities financed by the crisis response window (CRW), and early response financing. • See code [170603] Food Security / Nutrition Crisis Response. Examples of Excluded Activities Broader health system strengthening or maternal/child health activities without a specific nutrition objective/activity. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, HNP Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme EDU, ENB, FCI, GEN, POV, SPJ, SSI, TRA, WTR [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 215 [170601] Nutrition Definition • Promotion/counseling on optimum infant and young child growth (for example, Activities aimed at improving nutritional Growth Monitoring and Promotion [GMP]) status and reducing all forms of malnutrition, • Promotion/counseling on optimum infant including and young child feeding (IYCF) practices • Stunting/chronic undernutrition (for example, exclusive breastfeeding and • Underweight diversity of complementary foods) • Wasting • Improving micronutrient intake (for example, fortification of staple foods, • Micronutrient deficiencies micronutrient supplementation, or food- • Overweight/obesity. based strategies) To be included as nutrition activities, the • Screening, referral, and treatment of severe following criteria must be met: acute malnutrition (SAM) in health facilities • The project has an explicit nutrition objective or communities (for example, SAM case (does not have to be at the level of the management) Project Development Objective [PDO]) and/ • Disease and parasite prevention and or nutrition indicator. Nutrition indicators control intended to improve micronutrient should be specific to nutrition and not only status and reduce infection (for example, an indicator to benchmark progress toward deworming and provision of bed nets) a nutrition-sensitive outcome. • Reducing low birth weight through • The project contributes to nutrition-specific improving maternal nutrition (for example, and/or nutrition-sensitive outcomes which nutritional counseling during antenatal care are explicit in the project design through [ANC]) activities, indicators, expected results, and/ or results framework. • Targeted food supplementation to malnourished women, adolescents, and children Typical Examples of Coded • Nutritional care and support during Activities emergencies • Early detection and screening for Nutrition-specific/direct nutrition overweight/obesity and policies and interventions. Activities aimed at explicitly programs concerning diet-related addressing the immediate causes of malnutrition noncommunicable disease (NCD) (including inadequate nutrient intake and disease). prevention and control May include nutrition counseling and education, provision of supplemental/therapeutic foods, • Nutrition or food label standards and micronutrient supplementation, and fortification. regulations 216 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Nutrition education and social and behavior • Integrating animal health services with change communication (SBCC or BCC) human health services under a One Health approach to reduce animal-human • Nutrition-sensitive/indirect interventions. transmission of disease Activities aimed at addressing the underlying determinants of nutrition • Conditional cash transfer programs that (household food security, care for women include consumption of nutrition services as and children, adequate health services, conditionalities/co-responsibilities and healthy environment) through sectors • Integrated Early Childhood Development including health; agriculture; water, programs to provide early nutrition, sanitation, and hygiene; education; and stimulation, and education services social protection, and are explicitly intended to yield positive results for nutrition/reduce • Prevention of and response to risks of harmful impacts on nutritional status gender-based violence (GBV) • General health services that address • Community-driven development and underlying causes of malnutrition (for social funds involving communities in example, prevention of adolescent strengthening and establishing mechanisms pregnancy, birth spacing, and malaria to promote nutrition activities. treatment) Enabling environment. Actions related to • Promotion of hygiene/sanitation practices knowledge, evidence, systems strengthening, and food hygiene governance, and capacity building required to implement and scale up nutrition-specific and • Access to safe and affordable drinking nutrition-sensitive actions (with the explicit water and sanitation intention of improving nutrition). • Water supply, sanitation, and hygiene • Food- and nutrition-related policy (including (WASH) in schools, clinics, markets, and taxation, regulation, and subsidies) and transportation hubs programming • Explicit reference to the quality and • Nutrition capacity development at nutritional value of agricultural produce and organizational, workforce, and systems production and marketing opportunities for levels, including human resources nutritious food • Nutrition research and analytics, including • Biofortification of staple foods service delivery, costing, and financing • Increasing the year-round availability • Monitoring, evaluation, and surveillance for of nutrient-rich foods such as fruits, nutrition activities. vegetables, legumes, fish, milk, poultry, and meat Nutrition objectives. Must go beyond just mentioning nutrition and explicitly aim to act • Promoting food safety (for example, to improve nutrition (at national/community/ improving transport and logistics, upgrading household/individual level), particularly for market infrastructure, and following good nutritionally vulnerable groups (women, hygiene practices) adolescent girls, infants, young children, and the poor). Examples of nutrition indicators: [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 217 • Measures of child growth • Individual-level (maternal/infant/child) dietary diversity • Prevalence of breastfeeding/minimum acceptable diet in children • Anemia (other micronutrient deficiencies) prevalence • Coverage of nutrition interventions (including counselling, IYCF promotion, supplementary and therapeutic feeding, micronutrient supplementation, and so on) • Health system/facility capacity in nutrition. Examples of Excluded Activities • Improvement of access to water, sanitation, and/or hygiene • Improving food production • Improving access to general health care • Improving women’s access to resources; and • Other examples in the absence of a nutrition indicator/objective or outcome. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, HNP Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme EDU, ENB, FCI, GEN, MTI, POV, SPJ, SSI, TRA, WTR 218 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170602] Food Security Definition Programs that include objectives and specific activities related to food security at the household level. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Broader agriculture or health activities without • Ensuring that food security interventions— a specific food security angle. including income generation, labor-saving technologies, improved marketing systems, Mapping and Ownership and food distribution networks—have Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Explicit objectives to improve household AGF, HNP food security (availability of food, access to food, and stability over time Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme of availability and access to food [price ENB, FCI, SPJ, SSI, TRA, WTR volatility, seasonality, and weather shocks]) and • Some knowledge on feeding practices, food preparation, diversity of the diet and intra-household distribution of food to aid food utilization, dietary diversity, food intake, and/or nutrition outcomes. • Increasing crop/livestock production and productivity to benefit the most malnourished and food insecure. • Targeting emergency food aid to the most vulnerable, including famine relief programs. [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 219 [170603] Food Security / Nutrition Crisis Response Definition Activities supported in response to anticipated and actual food security and nutrition crises, including through the following: • Designing, implementing, and evaluating programs to maintain food access • Availability (as part of country, group of countries, or subnational Food Security/Nutrition Crises Preparedness, Contingency of Response Plans) • Utilization and volatility through activities to maintain crop/livestock production • Food movement through value chains • Emergency food and nutrition distribution programs • Shock-responsive and nutrition-sensitive safety nets • Used with activities financed by the crisis response window (CRW) and early response financing. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Activities to respond to sudden onset crises, Activities to support preparedness, early see [230000] Disaster Risk Management. response, and crisis response to anticipated or actual slow onset food and nutrition Mapping and Ownership security crises. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme AGF Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme ENB, FCI, HNP, SPJ, SSI, TRA, WTR 220 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170604] Plant Health and Pest Management Definition Plant pest management operations respond to significant threats to food production presented by large-scale invasions of plant pests (for example, locusts), plant diseases (for example, wheat rust), or invasive species (for example, Prosopis juliflora). The response could be the application of phytosanitary measures to prevent incursion (in keeping with standards prescribed in the WTO SPS Agreement) if addressing an anticipatory threat. An immediate pest management response is warranted when an invasion or spread is rapid and/or threatens multiple countries (for example, 2019–2022 desert locust upsurge). Given the scale of the threat, this involves the use of integrated pest management measures including the use of chemical or biological insecticides, herbicides, and/or fungicides in combination with other management measures, if appropriate. Pesticide applications require careful monitoring for their potential negative impact on human and environmental health. Typical Examples of Coded • Sample projects include East Africa - Emergency Locust Response Program Activities (P173702, P714065, P174546, P176950), • Response to transboundary pest invasion, Yemen Desert Locust Response such as Locusts (for example, Desert, Tree, Project (P174170), and Pakistan LEAFS African Migratory, Malagasy Migratory, Project (P174314). Red, Brown, etc.), Fall Armyworm, Fruit Fly, Quelea Bird, and other pests Examples of Excluded Activities • Response to spreading plant disease or Activities that fall under One Health that require fungus—for example, stem rust of wheat or a multi-global practice (GP) response: potato viruses • AGF/EFI for balanced regulatory initiatives • Response to invasive species such as effective in mitigating threats before entry Prosopis juliflora, neem tree in East Africa, while facilitating trade and water hyacinth • AGF for plant pest management operations and emergency food production (food security) • SPJ for safety net operations to affected households (food security) [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 221 • ENB for potential biodiversity impacts of the threat and the treatment of the threat • HNP for potential links to human health • See also [170108] One Health. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme AGF Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme ENB, HNP, MTI, WTR 222 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170700] SOCIAL PROTECTION Definition Activities that promote • Resilience by helping individuals, households, and communities better insure against different types of risk; • Equity by reducing poverty and destitution; and • Opportunity by building and protecting human capital and improving skills and access to jobs. The arrangements used comprise informal, market-based, and publicly provided activities and are centered on managing risk. Typical Examples of Coded • Subsidies to support access to services by poor and vulnerable groups (such as fee Activities waivers, subsidized connections to utilities, • Overall Social Protection and Jobs (SPJ) provision of services free of charge to policy/strategy work. SPJ strategies, policy specific groups, and so on) coordination, and harmonization across SPJ • Workfare programs (cash for work, food for programs and ministries work, and labor-intensive public investment • SPJ systems coordination and strengthening projects aimed at the poor and vulnerable) of tools applied across programs, including • Noncontributory social care services aimed targeting mechanisms, payment systems, at the poor and vulnerable and registries of beneficiaries • Adaptive mechanisms capable of providing • Institutional reform and capacity building timely support to individuals and families to improve social protection systems and in response to disasters, displacement, and coordinate programs and policies, including other kinds of shocks governance and accountability • Strengthening the policy framework for old • Benefits in cash and in kind to poor and age income protection including mandatory vulnerable groups (women, children, contributory instruments, voluntary savings elderly, and persons with disabilities) arrangements, and noncontributory elderly • Subsidies for goods consumed by the poor social assistance and vulnerable groups (general bread or • Building institutional arrangements for rice subsidies, rebates for electricity in the collections, account and fund management, form of lifeline tariffs) and disbursement for mandatory and voluntary arrangements [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 223 • Strengthening the regulatory framework, Examples of Excluded Activities governance, and supervision of public and Activities intended to improve the functioning private pension schemes of labor markets, facilitate transitions • Assessments/analytical work, capacity into employment, improve the earnings building, institutional and policy reform, opportunities of individuals, and mange risks and knowledge sharing with the objective facing workers, see [170500] Labor Markets of including people with disabilities and Policy and Programs. removing barriers to their participation • Expanding the network of services, Mapping and Ownership accessibility, and provision of targeted support for people with disabilities Lead Global Practice/Global Theme SPJ • Promoting awareness, equity, and accessibility for persons with disabilities Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme and working with organizations of n.a. disabled persons. 224 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170701] Social Safety Nets Definition Activities intended to provide social assistance or social care services targeted in some way at the poor and vulnerable (that is, in-kind or cash assistance to poor and vulnerable individuals or families, including assistance to help cope with consequences of economic or other shocks). Typical Examples of Coded • Community-based public works carried out by social funds Activities • Community-oriented delivery of social • Benefits in cash to poor and vulnerable services, including social infrastructure. groups (conditional and non-conditional cash transfers, means-tested allowances, and child allowances) Examples of Excluded Activities • Benefits in kind to poor and vulnerable • Activities focused broadly on developing groups (food rations, provision of nutrition and strengthening social protection delivery supplements, food/energy/transport systems, use [170703] Social Protection vouchers, and social and welfare services Delivery Systems for orphans and other vulnerable groups) • Social insurance, pension, and welfare/ • Subsidies for goods consumed by the poor care services solely for the elderly and and vulnerable groups (general bread or persons with disabilities, see Themes rice subsidies, rebates for electricity in the [170702] Social Insurance and Pensions form of lifeline tariffs, and so on) and/or [150103] Disability. • Subsidies to support access to services by poor and vulnerable groups (fee waivers, Mapping and Ownership subsidized connections to utilities, provision Lead Global Practice/Global Theme of services free of charge to specific groups, SPJ and so on) • Workfare programs (cash for work, food Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme for work, labor-intensive public investment URL projects aimed at the poor and vulnerable) • Institutional strengthening/capacity building for social safety net (SSN) programs • Noncontributory social care services aimed at the vulnerable [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 225 [170702] Social Insurance and Pensions Definition Activities that support policy frameworks that protect old age income, prevent old age poverty, and establish social insurance and public assistance for persons with disabilities and survivors. Instruments may be contributory or noncontributory, public or private, mandatory or voluntary, including support for occupational pension schemes, schemes for all or part of the public sector, and subnational schemes. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Activities focused broadly on developing • Strengthening the policy framework for old and strengthening social protection delivery age income protection including mandatory systems, see [170703] Social Protection contributory instruments, voluntary savings Delivery Systems. arrangements, and noncontributory elderly social assistance Mapping and Ownership • Strengthening the sustainability, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme affordability, adequacy, predictability, and SPJ robustness of mandatory contributory pension schemes Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Building the institutional arrangements for n.a. collections, account and fund management, and disbursement for mandatory and voluntary arrangements • Building or strengthening the benefit structure and institutional arrangements for noncontributory assistance programs to the elderly poor or vulnerable • Strengthening the regulatory framework, governance, and supervision of public and private pension schemes. 226 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170703] Social Protection Delivery Systems Definition Activities focused broadly on developing • Manage data on beneficiaries to ensure and strengthening social protection delivery that their information is accurate and up systems. Social protection delivery systems to date and that they comply with any co- constitute the operating environment responsibilities, grievances, and appeals, as for implementing social protection well as reassessments and/or beneficiaries benefits and services. Furthermore, the exiting the program(s). operating environment is anchored in core implementation phases along the delivery Key actors interact all along that delivery chain. chain. These phases are common to most social They include people (individuals, families, and protection programs and households) and institutions (government • Include some sort of outreach to promote agencies, nongovernmental organizations awareness and understanding among the [NGOs], foundations, and/or private providers intended population; such as payment agents). Those interactions are facilitated by communications, information • Involve some form of intake and systems, and technology. registration, to gather information on people’s characteristics, needs, and conditions; Typical Examples of Coded • Undertake some type of assessment to Activities profile those characteristics, needs, and • Integrated or coordinated systems for conditions; delivering multiple programs rather • Use those profiles to determine eligibility, than operating separate systems for assign the appropriate level of benefits and each program. Examples of integration services, take enrollment decisions, and of delivery systems across programs notify and onboard beneficiaries; include integration of processes along the delivery chain, shared client interface • Provide enrolled beneficiaries with the along the delivery chain, interinstitutional intervention, which may involve payment coordination, integration or interoperability of cash benefits and/or the provision of of information systems (including social services, which can vary depending on the registries, integrated social information nature of the specific service; systems, and integrated beneficiary registries), common payment platforms, and integrated service approaches. [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 227 • Social information systems supporting one Examples of Excluded Activities or multiple programs. These can include Activities specifically addressing the design social registries, beneficiary operations of labor markets, social safety nets/social management systems (also known as assistance, and social security programs, which management information systems [MISs]), do not focus on the delivery systems that integrated beneficiary registries, payments enable the implementation of these programs. platforms, case management information systems, grievance redress platforms. and data analytics platforms. Mapping and Ownership • Use of technology across the delivery Lead Global Practice/Global Theme chain. For example, this can include online SPJ applications, digital payments, digital delivery of services, remote onboarding, Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme and use of technology for notifications and n.a. for beneficiary operations management (including data updates, monitoring of compliance with co-responsibilities, and management of grievances). • Strategic and operational communication activities. Strategic communication helps build awareness, understanding, support, and ownership among key stakeholders. Operational communication facilitates delivery processes and interactions among core actors. • Institutional strengthening of agencies involved in the implementation and coordination of social protection programs, both at the central and local levels, as well as activities aimed at strengthening the client interface (the interaction between people and institutions). • Assessments to evaluate the performance of delivery systems, including client-focused performance assessments (such as journey maps and user satisfaction or beneficiary feedback surveys), process evaluations, business process reviews, compliance audits, efficiency analysis, benchmarking, information systems reviews, and institutional reviews. 228 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170704] Economic Inclusion Definition Economic inclusion programs (used interchangeably with productive inclusion programs) are defined as a bundle of coordinated, multidimensional interventions that support individuals and households in increasing their incomes and assets. Typical Examples of Coded • Economic inclusion programs often have a focus on increasing women’s economic Activities empowerment, with interventions • Economic inclusion programs are a responding to livelihood options compatible multidimensional bundle of coordinated with prevailing constraints, building interventions that aim to increase on women’s networks, and leveraging the incomes and assets of poor and training and coaching opportunities. Often, vulnerable people. economic inclusion programs facilitate women’s access to livelihoods through • Economic inclusion programs provide a technology adoption and support the early combination of at least two of the following childhood development agenda. interventions: • Programs typically build on existing social • Cash or in-kind transfers protection interventions, building on • Business capital or grants existing cash transfer or jobs and livelihood interventions to enhance productivity • Skills training or coaching, or both of beneficiaries. • Access to finance or savings groups • Programs may often be tailored to youth • Access to markets populations seeking improved productive • Producer cooperatives opportunities. A strong programmatic focus on labor-intensive public works • Natural resource management. interventions may feature. Economic inclusion programs are also tailored to the realities of informality, especially for urban youth. Programmatic approaches vary, with some self-employment interventions having broad inclusion objectives and others explicitly seeking high-potential entrepreneurs. [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 229 Examples of Excluded Activities • Operations or activities that do not address the needs of extremely poor individuals and households to increase income and assets through a multidimensional and integrated approach. • Activities focused broadly on developing and strengthening social protection delivery systems, see [170703] Social Protection Delivery Systems. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme SPJ Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme SSI 230 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170705] Adaptive Social Protection Definition Typical Examples of Coded Adaptive social protection interventions are Activities part of a social protection system whereby • Cash transfers triggered by verifiable early data, programs, institutions, and financing are warning information (for example, Kenya calibrated in full or in part to the anticipation Hunger Safety Net Program [HSNP]) of and response to shocks (such as natural • Cash transfer operations with contingency disasters, economic crises, pandemics, conflicts, budgets (for example, Sierra Leone) and forced displacement) and/or interventions that are explicitly tailored to build the resilience • Social registries with different eligibility of households to specific shocks, as evidenced thresholds for “normal” and “crisis” times in their objectives, targeting, and benefit design • Cash transfers or economic inclusion parameters. programs that incorporate a measure of vulnerability to shocks in selection criteria Adaptive social protection programs have many (such as a drought index incorporated features similar to regular social protection into geographical selection; for example, programs, but will have a specific focus on Niger, Sahel Adaptive Social Protection shocks. For example, Program [ASPP]) • Targeting may include criteria related to shocks (for example, a drought index). • Public works programs that create assets at the community levels to reduce vulnerability, • Objective may be explicit, such as to such as watersheds (for example, Ethiopia build household resilience to predictable Productive Safety Nets Project [PSNP]). shocks like drought (perhaps evidenced by monitoring and evaluation [M&E]) or unpredictable shocks like climate disasters. • Benefit parameters are set in a way that is intended to help households prepare and adapt to shocks (for example, increased benefit amounts before annual lean season, training on/capital for adoption of drought- resistant crops). • Public works explicitly target households or communities at risk of or experiencing shocks. • Types of assets created are designed to prepare for or mitigate shocks. [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 231 Examples of Excluded Activities • Social protection programs that are not connected to early warning systems, or with links to disaster management agencies, or that do not feature any risk financing feature, or that do not present any shock- responsive element in design (for example, protocols for relaxing eligibility and adjusting benefit size in the event of shocks) • Cash transfer programs that target only based on poverty and do not include risk and vulnerability as a criterion, or whose primary objective and design features (benefit amount, timing, and duration) are not explicitly designed to build household resilience. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme SPJ Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme CCG 232 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170706] Migration and Labor Mobility Definition Activities relating to migration, remittances, and diaspora engagements in sending and receiving countries. They include the following: • Monitoring migration and remittances trends globally and at the country level • Analytical work on drivers and impacts of internal and international migration • Benefits and costs of migration • Leveraging remittances and diasporas for development • Innovative financing mechanisms such as diaspora bonds. Typical Examples of Coded • Migration, security, and development Activities • Environmental change and migration • International and internal labor mobility • Monitoring of migration and remittance flows and policies that affect these flows • Remittances and development • Survey data collection on migration, • Remittances and retail payments remittances, and diasporas (household • Remittance costs and policies (including surveys, migrant surveys, diaspora surveys, anti-money laundering and banking surveys of remittance service providers, regulations affecting remittances) central banks and banking regulators, embassies, and ministries) • Diaspora and development • Internal migration policies, drivers, and • Diaspora engagement programs, including impacts promotion of trade and investments • International migration policies, drivers, and • Innovative financing via diaspora bonds impacts • Skill and technology transfers involving • Skilled migration, brain drain, brain gain, diasporas and brain waste • Leveraging remittances for savings, • Low-skilled migration consumer loans, and financial inclusion; digital finance; and postal remittances. • Integration • Migration costs (including recruitment costs, visa, and passport costs) [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 233 Examples of Excluded Activities • Payment Systems, see Themes [130201] Payment Systems and Digital Finance and [170703] Social Protection Delivery Systems. • Forced displacement should be coded under [260300] Forced Displacement. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme SPJ Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme MTI 234 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170800] HUMAN CAPITAL SERVICE DELIVERY TRANSFORMATION Definition • The intention to transcend a single sector and to apply these interventions across Human capital service delivery transformation multiple (HD and non-HD) sectors to entails holistic reforms to improve scalability improve human capital outcomes must of service delivery, efficiency in spending, and be explicit. equity in access to services for resilient human capital outcomes. Interventions should aim Such human capital service delivery for significant (transformational) innovation or transformational systems will often build changes designed to use technology and data on existing, sectoral systems and individual to improve the delivery of at least one service programs to link and integrate two or more in the Human Development (HD) sectors critical sectors so that investments in technology and for human capital outcomes (for example data are coordinated and complementarities health, education, social protection, and jobs) exploited with the objective of building as well as in other relevant non-HD sectors resilience in human capital outcomes. In a (agriculture, digital development, governance, crisis, technology-enabled, scalable service water, urban, finance, competitiveness, and delivery that is integrated across sectors innovation, energy, and social inclusion) with can offer efficient and equitable solutions the explicit intention that this be applicable or to policy makers to resolve trade-offs across applied to two or more (HD or non-HD) sectors. many competing needs in a constrained • The interventions must be transformative, fiscal environment. that is, they must introduce innovation or significant change at scale. Typical Examples of Coded • They must use technology or be data-driven Activities to change the way services are delivered. • Interoperable national identification system • They must explicitly aim to reform with a household social registry designed service delivery for critical human for targeting cash transfers that is also capital outcomes such as nutrition, food designed to support targeting of electricity security, foundational learning, youth or health insurance premium payments. employment, skills, jobs, and livelihoods using interventions found in the delivery of health, education, agriculture, water, social protection, jobs services, and so on. [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 235 • Disaster early warning system that is linked Examples of Excluded Activities to cash transfer payment system that will be • Digital beneficiary registry of a cash transfer used to make education stipend payments program, see [170801] Disruptive and or disaster response compensation Transformative Technologies for Human electronically during times of crises. Development Service Delivery. • Education Management Information • Education Management Information System (EMIS) which improves EDU service System (EMIS) which improves EDU service delivery and is also used for delivering delivery and uses technology but is unlikely digital adolescence health education and to be used beyond the EDU sector, see telemedicine services in remote areas. [170801] Disruptive and Transformative See also [170410] Education Management Technologies for Human Development Information Systems and Data Analysis. Service Delivery. • Digital national employment support system • New financial management system which for managing the work of community health uses technology to improve public sector workers and their referrals to and from expenditure generally (and certainly across the primary health care facilities to meet two or more sectors) but is not designed to human resource needs of areas most in transform service delivery for human capital need of support. outcomes specifically. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme HCP Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, DD, DEC, EDU, FCI, GEN, GOV, HNP, MTI, POV, SPJ, SSI, URL, WTR 236 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [170801] Disruptive and Transformative Technologies for Human Development Service Delivery Definition Technologies can transform and disrupt service delivery by changing and expanding which services are delivered, how they are delivered, and where and to whom they are delivered and valued. Disruption is determined by the scale and speed of positive transformative impact on people’s lives—particularly those with the least human capital resources—markets, and the economy. In this context, technology refers to actual technology like devices or applications, the architecture and data ecosystems that underpin them, and analytics using data generated through technology. Typically, such technology can change the • Accessibility, quality, and affordability of a human capital service for individuals and households who need it; • Responsiveness and customization offered by providers; • Efficiency and coordination among service administrators; and • Synergy and coordination in the overall system of delivering human capital services. Typical Examples of Coded • Technologies that can improve the efficiency of spending on human capital, notably by Activities using technological innovations to reorganize • Disruptive and transformative technology and coordinate services to minimize costs that improves the scale of service delivery without compromising quality to support human capital outcomes for • Technology that can enable access to more people in a context of substantial services by ensuring the digital and social losses to human capital due to pandemics inclusion of vulnerable and hard-to-reach • Remote education services populations, including women and girls, and by using technology in innovative and • Support for building or strengthening health people-centered ways to help serve these information systems populations • Digital social protection services • Digital health services, like telemedicine services or remote monitoring of patients [170000] HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 237 • Foundational investments in technology Examples of Excluded Activities infrastructure, such as data collection and • Regular health system strengthening management and data governance for activities to purchase computers for an individuals, families, and households across office or a health facility the human capital space • Training in disruptive technology • Scaling synergistic platforms for education, health, and social protection and scaling • Technology that is not specific to the health, pilot programs that have demonstrated education, or social protection sectors good results as part of service development • Wider technology efforts like establishing • Frontier investments in new and creative government-wide cybersecurity or cloud policies, processes, and technologies that services or foundational ID systems to together enable leapfrogging over current support identifying clients in the system. ways of working, with an eye toward solving intractable challenges or “wicked problems” Mapping and Ownership that have hitherto eluded obvious solutions • Examples of such technologies can be Lead Global Practice/Global Theme either proof of concept (or pilots) or scaled HCP implementation (that is, maintenance and ongoing operation of a technology solution). Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme HNP, DD, DEC, EDU, GEN, GOV, POV, SPJ 238 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [180000] GENDER 239 [180100] GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE Definition Gender-based violence (GBV) is defined by the 2015 Inter-Agency Standing Committee Gender-based Violence Guidelines as “any harmful act perpetrated against a person’s will that is based on socially ascribed differences” between people of all genders. GBV “includes acts that inflict physical, sexual, or mental harm or suffering, threats of such acts, coercion, and other deprivations of liberty” (child/early and forced marriage, domestic or intimate partner violence, female genital mutilation/cutting [FGM/C], forced prostitution, harmful traditional practice [honor killing], trafficking and sexual violence). The theme is linked to the first objective of the WBG Gender Strategy 2024-2030. When coding, this includes projects that explicitly work to contribute to the prevention of or response to GBV—either stand-alone or through a component or activity of a project. Typical Examples of Coded • Support ministerial orders that would promote GBV survivors accessing protection Activities and services, such as free health care Interventions targeted to prevent or respond services, family planning, education, and to GBV and its risk factors (such as gender- so on unequal norms, violence during childhood, • Establish specific sectoral protocols to alcohol abuse) can be part of an activity or a address different types of GBV in key component in projects across any sector and sectors such as education, health, social can target different levels of intervention: protection, and transport. policy reform and implementation, institutional strengthening and/or reform, social cohesion Institutional level: and resilience and community-based programs • GBV response services among the host and (including household and individual level displaced and/or at-risk populations in FCV interventions). settings • Strengthen knowledge and skills of service Policy level: providers on how to prevent or respond • Change of laws on GBV and strengthening to GBV (health, education, social service, implementation justice, and so on) • Establish a referral pathway to enable • Improve the safety of public transport for service providers to guide GBV survivors to women and girls and/or set up a system a holistic set of services of reporting cases of sexual harassment in public transport 240 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Set up legal services for women/gender • Interventions that work with individuals desks, court-appointed advocates, and/or couples on healthy relationships, mobile courts conflict resolution, alcohol and/or substance abuse • Comprehensive school interventions to promote gender equality, respectful • Positive parenting (using positive discipline relationships, and discrimination-free methods) workshops. school environments • Micro-finance, vocational training, job Examples of Excluded Activities placement or cash or asset transfers (land reform) plus gender equality training • Projects that mention the incidence of GBV as an important aspect to be considered • Improvement of school infrastructure to but do not take any actions. help prevent or respond to GBV • Projects that do not specify GBV prevention • School- or community-based programs to or response activities that would be improve girls’ and women’s agency and undertaken. personal safety (including the provision of safe spaces, mentoring and life skills • Projects that only work on SEA/SH training, including those targeting disabled mitigation measures or do not go beyond women and girls) ESF requirements, such as codes of conduct, GRM/referral pathways, and • School-based Interventions to prevent teen mapping of services providers. dating or sexual violence, harassment and violence against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Questioning, Intersex Mapping and Ownership (LGBTQI) people, sign language on GBV for Lead Global Practice/Global Theme deaf children and youth GEN • Strengthen the social service workforce to address GBV and prevent harmful practices Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme like early marriage and FGM. SSI Community-level: • Communication campaigns/community mobilization aimed at raising public awareness of GBV, its available services and/or harmful gender attitudes, roles and social norms • Workshops in schools and community settings to promote critical reflection and dialogue on gender norms [180000] GENDER 241 [180200] HUMAN CAPITAL TO ADVANCE GENDER EQUALITY Definition The theme encompasses activities to advance gender equality through social protection systems, improving health and education outcomes, facilitating smooth school-to-work transitions, and gender‑differentiated approaches to protecting human capital outcomes during crises, including for sexual and gender minorities. The theme is linked to the first objective of the WBG Gender Strategy 2024‑2030. See also [150104] Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI). Typical Examples of Coded • Strengthening gender-responsive approaches in healthcare for noncommunicable diseases, Activities mental health, and aging. Social protection systems: Education outcomes: • Targeting to women cash-plus and • Facilitating women’s participation in science, economic inclusion interventions, including technology, engineering, and mathematics those that offer psychosocial support and (STEM) education and occupations. access to assets and services. • Ensuring equal access to schools while • Ensuring women’s access to social addressing the diverse needs of sexual and insurance, including pension and gender minorities and groups marginalized unemployment insurance in both the by gender. formal and informal sector. • Providing safe and universally accessible Health outcomes: schools with adequate toilets and • All activities listed under Theme menstrual products. [170205] Reproductive and Maternal Health. • Targeted tutoring or remedial education • Programs to support universal health to help address boys’ educational coverage that includes access to sexual and underachievement or to support young reproductive health services, psychosocial mothers and out-of-school youth. support, and/or response services for • Targeted programs to help bring gender-based violence. out‑of‑school girls back into the formal • Community outreach and school-based education system and provide out-of-school interventions focused on adolescent girls with life skills and job readiness skills. girls, including by enhancing sexual and • School programs to engage boys on healthy reproductive health and preventing female relationships, positive masculinity, and genital mutilation. sexual and reproductive health. 242 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Formation of community girls’ clubs. Examples of Excluded Activities Gender-differentiated approaches to Activities in health, education, or social protecting human capital during crises protection that do not include specific actions • Engaging teachers, community workers, and that are intended to advance gender equality. influencers to challenge gender-unequal attitudes. Mapping and Ownership • Adopting gender-differentiated approaches for adolescents. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme GEN • Offering life skills education (resilience and soft skills, financial literacy, health and Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme nutrition, and rights and protections). HNP, EDU, SPJ [180000] GENDER 243 [180300] ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES TO ADVANCE GENDER EQUALITY Definition • For greater ownership and use of economic assets, see activities to advance gender The Theme encompasses actions to advance equality through access to, ownership gender equality by promoting economic of, and/or control over income, physical, participation for all, including addressing the and financial assets. Includes expanding nexus of (i) more and better jobs; (ii) greater property rights, closing the gender digital ownership and use of economic assets; divide, accelerating financial inclusion, and and (iii) wider access to and use of enabling expanding access to markets for women. services that expand economic choice. • For wider access to and use of enabling It is linked to the second objective of the services, see activities that advance WBG Gender Strategy 2024-2030. gender equality by expanding economic • For more and better jobs, see changes choice. This can include justice and legal to restrictive laws and regulations; services that fortify women’s rights; public government and employer polices, and private investments in care services, practices, and services; and norms to including childcare; safe and universally improve opportunities for economic accessible transportation that improves participation among women. It typically mobility; and water, energy, and digital includes gender-inclusive policies that infrastructure. can ensure women benefit from job opportunities in sectors where they are underrepresented; policies, programs, and Typical Examples of Coded investments to help women-led businesses Activities overcome gender barriers; and tailored programs, for example in agriculture, More and better jobs that enhance women’s employment, • Tailored programs in agriculture and productivity, product diversification, and agri-food systems to enhance women’s other livelihoods. employment, productivity, product diversification, and livelihoods, including programs to expand women farmers’ access to agricultural inputs and technology, livestock, and agribusiness value chains and markets. 244 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Providing business training, facilitating • Improving women’s financial inclusion by networking, access to finance, and access facilitating access to convenient credit, to markets and technology for women-led savings, and insurance products; expanding businesses. digital cash payments and bank or mobile money accounts, allowing women to • Targeting girls and young women, receive social assistance benefits, wages, developing their technical and and remittances electronically; expanding socioemotional skills, and fostering their access across financial subsectors, including participation in male-dominated sectors housing, trade, and climate finance; through schools and community programs. enabling technology-based solutions; • Supporting legal, policy, and community and leveraging private sector financing actions to protect women and sexual and instruments such as blended finance gender minorities working in precarious guarantees and debt capital markets. jobs and support job creation in fragile and forced displacement settings. Wider access to and use of enabling services • Improving access to transport, water, • Providing cash-plus programs combining and electricity to free up time for women, financial assistance with productive enabling more full participation in the economic inclusion, along with providing labor market. psychosocial support and access to assets and service for ultra-poor girls and women. • Investing in affordable, accessible, and quality care services to reduce time poverty • Targeted approaches to promote women’s and allow women to expand labor supply inclusion in accessing broadband, digital and increase their productivity. services and digital identification, and acquiring digital skills to enhance women’s participation in digital jobs. Examples of Excluded Activities Greater ownership and use of economic assets • Women’s empowerment in political or legal • Facilitating access to land for women, activities, voice and leadership (as opposed especially forcibly displaced women to economic activities). and returnees from conflicts, and land • Activities that are focused on developing formalization programs that provide basic skills to increase human capital rather incentives for joint titling and improve than specific skills to expand access to jobs norms around women’s use and ownership and ownership of assets. of land. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme GEN Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme SSI, SPJ, FCI [180000] GENDER 245 [180301] Childcare Definition Childcare is a service with the objective of caring for children while parents are working, while ensuring children are safe and have opportunities to learn and develop positive relationships with caregivers and peers. Childcare typically targets children ages birth up to primary-school‑entry age, but can also include after-school care for children of primary school age. Sometimes, a distinction is made between services for children below 3 years of age and children between age 3 and primary‑school-entry age, due to differences in institutional lead, regulations, program design, and children’s needs. Some countries, however, have a unified approach that covers children from birth up to primary-school-entry age and/or have consistent regulation for the whole age range. Typical Examples of Coded • Center-based care: Centers providing care for young children are generally Activities called daycares, nurseries, or crèches. Childcare can be provided in many different Early Childhood Education (ECE), including settings and is called different things in pre-primary/Preschools/kindergartens/ different countries. Types of childcare tend reception can also serve such a childcare to fall into three categories: home-based function and would be counted if designed care, center-based care, and improvised intentionally with consideration for the and unremunerated family arrangements. needs of working parents. ECE programs Efforts can be focused on training childcare are generally delivered through the practitioners through skills training programs education sector. Community-based or or by supporting women entrepreneurs in the informal childcare arrangements can be childcare sector. Work on childcare policies, delivered through community cooperatives quality assurance or financing (for example or programming introduced to facilitate through vouchers or subsidies) is also common. women’s participation in education, skills, or For direct service provision, the following work, and could be added into agriculture, distinctions may be helpful: public works, poverty alleviation, infrastructure, or other efforts. • Home-based care: Broadly speaking, home-based care falls into two types: • Care by someone in the child’s own home who is sometimes called a nanny or au pair. • Childcare provided for a group of children in a caregiver’s home. 246 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Family and other informal Examples of Excluded Activities arrangements: These are arrangements • Basic Education in the formal education that put the burden for care on a friend or system. family member. This could include taking the child to work or leaving the child with • Home schooling that serves as a substitute a neighbor, friend, sibling, grandparent, for Basic Education in the formal system. or other relative. This type of care may or may not be remunerated. This type of care would not be counted as an intervention Mapping and Ownership unless country policies explicitly recognize and support it, for example through Lead Global Practice/Global Theme enabling grandparents or other family GEN members to register and receive subsidies. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme Childcare interventions could feature in projects EDU across various sectors as a strategy to improve women’s economic empowerment (including labor market outcomes but also participation in skills training and employment programs), child development outcomes and/or business productivity. Activities could be focused on: • Expanding various types of childcare provision. • Increasing financial support for families that can be used for childcare or financing childcare through vouchers, subsidies or other means. • After-school care. • Strengthening the policy and enabling environment. • Improving the quality of childcare, including through quality standards, measuring quality of provision, or ongoing monitoring. • Training the workforce or supporting childcare entrepreneurs. • Evaluating the impact of childcare programs. • Childcare provision to support adolescent mothers to stay in school. [180000] GENDER 247 [180400] WOMEN’S LEADERSHIP AND DECISION MAKING Definition The theme encompasses a focus on policies and investments increasing the participation of women in managerial, decision-making and thought leadership roles at national and local levels in the public sector (such as utilities, governance bodies of public/parastatal bodies, government agencies, user associations, and community groups) or the private sector (such as the financial sector, corporate boards). The theme supports the introduction and/or implementation of a range of measures, from affirmative action (including reserved seats) to human resources policies (including leadership training, recruitment, and mentorships). It also includes support for female-run professional networks and community-based leadership supporting women’s decision-making in local budgeting and planning. The theme is linked to the third objective of the WBG Gender Strategy 2024-2030. Typical Examples of Coded • Introducing mentorship and formal sponsorship programs for managerial Activities or leadership positions, female-run • Focusing on increasing participation professional networks, succession plans of women in managerial and that are inclusive of women, transparent decision‑making roles. promotion process/criteria to increase numbers of women in managerial and • Supporting the introduction and decision-making positions. implementation of affirmative measures for women in managerial and decision-making positions (for example, promoting equal Examples of Excluded Activities access to leadership training opportunities Activities that are focused on economic and policies related to recruitment and participation that are covered under code retention for such positions) including [180300] Economic Opportunities to Advance in utilities and governance bodies of Gender Equality. public/ parastatal entities as well as private sector organizations. • Supporting and prioritizing women’s Mapping and Ownership voice and leadership in decision-making Lead Global Practice/Global Theme of local budget and investment plans, GEN for community or local services and/or infrastructure. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme SSI 248 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [190000] JOBS 249 [190100] JOB CREATION Definition Project components, in any sector, that aim to create new jobs. Jobs created can be direct (within the entities/sectors treated) or indirect (through backward and forward spillovers, as well as through induced changes in the availability/cost/quality of productive factors). Also includes job creation from the establishment of new firms and increases in entrepreneurship. Typical Examples of Coded This Theme is applicable to project components that demonstrate a deliberate objective to Activities improve jobs outcomes and that may be also Includes activities that aim at addressing/ coded under the following: improving/expanding the following: Theme Codes • Investment climate and business • [110302] Green and Resilient Growth regulations • [110303] Spatial Growth • Jobs in digital economy • [110401] Trade Policy • New green jobs linked to green transitions • [120101] Business Regulation and of economic sectors Investment Climate Policies • Public works/labor-intensive public works • [120401] Entrepreneurship and Digital (LIPW) programs Entrepreneurship • Trade/investment policy • [120402] Global Value Chains • Support of firms for job creation (financial, • [120403] MSME Development technical, and market access) • [130202] Financial Inclusion • Jobs in value chains • [130305] Firms/MSME Finance. • Jobs in the tourism sector • Infrastructure investment and indirect jobs Sector Codes • Tourism [YYT] • Integrated territorial development (growth poles, special economic zones, jobs • Trade [YYY]. interventions targeted in lagging regions) • Jobs and economic transformation (JET). 250 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Examples of Excluded Activities Labor supply—activities that enhance the quality of labor such as skills training, technical and vocational education and training (TVET), active labor market programs (ALMPs), extension training, and so on, enabling workers to perform better in labor markets and improve incomes—use [190200] Increasing Labor Productivity. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme JBS Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. [190000] JOBS 251 [190200] INCREASING LABOR PRODUCTIVITY Definition Project components, across any sector, which aim to increase labor productivity—that is, the amount of goods and/or services produced per labor hour, especially for low-skilled workers. This includes interventions that • Increase labor productivity within specific sectors; • Promote reallocation of labor from a sector where it is less productive to sectors where it is more productive; • Typically focus on labor supply (for example, education, skills, training, and cross-border migration) and/or labor demand (public works and enterprise, post-conflict reconstruction, and private sector development). Typical Examples of Coded This Theme is applicable to project components that demonstrate a deliberate objective to Activities improve jobs outcomes and that may be coded Includes activities that aim at improving or under the following: expanding Theme Codes: • Skills development (including on-the-job • [140303] State-Owned Enterprise Reform training/apprenticeships) • [170412] Private Sector Delivery • Cross-border allocation of labor of Education • Technical and vocational education and • [170501] Skills Development training (TVET), including TVET system • [170503] Active Labor Markets Programs reforms • [170706] Migration and Labor Mobility • Public enterprise reform • [220100] Rural Markets • Post-conflict economic transformation • [220200] Rural Non-Farm Income Generation • Labor productivity • [241402] Landscape Management • Active labor market programs (ALMPs). • [260400] Post-Conflict Reconstruction. 252 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Sector Codes • Fisheries [AAF] • Crops [AAH] • Livestock [AAL] • Adult, Basic and Continuing Education [EEL] • Tertiary Education [EET] • Technical-Vocational Education and Skills Training [EEW] • Agricultural Markets, Commercialization, and Agri-Business [YYA]. Examples of Excluded Activities Broader education activities that do not have specific links to jobs or job-relevant skills. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme JBS Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. [190000] JOBS 253 [190300] WORKING CONDITIONS Definition Project components, in any sector, that aim to improve workers’ rights and conditions. This includes project components related to • Modernizing and improving compliance with labor and employment law/regulations and institutions, • Working conditions and benefits, • Social protection (including income support, unemployment insurance, and pensions), • Occupational health and safety (OHS), • Elimination of hazardous labor practices, • Elimination of gender-based violence (GBV) and gender discrimination in labor, and • Elimination of forced labor and child labor. Typical Examples of Coded Sector Codes • Insurance and Pension [FFD] Activities • Social Protection [SSA]. Includes activities that aim at improving/ expanding • Social protection coverage Examples of Excluded Activities • Labor market regulation and institutions Activities related to job creation (numbers, • OHS standards as opposed to quality of working conditions). • Elimination of GBV and gender discrimination in labor Mapping and Ownership • Elimination of forced labor and child labor. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme This Theme is applicable to project components JBS that demonstrate a deliberate objective to improve jobs outcomes and that are coded Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme under the following: GEN Theme Codes • [170702] Social Insurance and Pensions • [170502] Labor Markets Institutions • [120202] State-Owned Enterprises in Commercial Markets. 254 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [190400] JOB INCLUSION AND ACCESS Definition Project components, in any sector, which aim to improve access of disadvantaged groups (such as women, youth, persons with disabilities, refugees and migrants, and rural and vulnerable populations) to labor markets, improve their employability, and/or increase their labor force participation. Typical Examples of Coded This Theme is applicable to project components that demonstrate a deliberate objective to Activities improve jobs outcomes and that may be coded Includes activities that aim at improving/ under the following: expanding Theme Codes • Women’s access to labor markets • [110301] Inclusive Growth • Economic inclusion • [150101] Indigenous People, Ethnic Minorities, Race, and Caste • Youth employment • [150102] Other Excluded Groups • Jobs in fragility, conflict, and violence (FCV) contexts • [150103] Disability • Jobs for persons with disabilities • [260300] Forced Displacement • Jobs for vulnerable populations and • [170704] Economic Inclusion. excluded groups. Examples of Excluded Activities n.a. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme JBS Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme GEN [190000] JOBS 255 [190500] GREEN JOBS Definition Project components, in any sector, which intentionally aim to create new green jobs, make existing jobs greener, or have net positive jobs impact linked to the green transition of economic sectors. Green jobs refer to jobs whose activities—formal or informal—contribute to improving energy and resource material efficiency, limiting/mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, minimizing waste and pollution, protecting or restoring ecosystems, and/or supporting adaptation and building resilience to climate change. This Theme is applicable to project components that demonstrate a deliberate objective to improve jobs outcomes with a focus on climate change adaptation or mitigation. Typical Examples of Coded • Jobs in circular economy, resource, and material efficiency Activities • Jobs in waste and pollution management Includes activities that aim at addressing/ and recycling services improving/expanding • Jobs in climate-smart agriculture, • Jobs linked to green transitions of sectors regenerative agriculture, and agronomic (for example, agriculture, industry, services, practices and administration) • Jobs linked to food security, climate data, • Jobs linked to the decarbonization of and early warning systems economies and phase-out of coal and other • Jobs linked to commercialization of nature- fossil fuels based solutions • Skills development (upskilling and reskilling) • Jobs linked to efficient water governance, preparing people for greener jobs/economic management, and sanitation practices livelihoods • Jobs linked to ecosystems and biodiversity • Education, research, and digital solutions protection to meet future skills needs and green jobs placement • Jobs linked to coastal protection, regenerative fishing, and ecotourism. • Public works programs linked to climate change mitigation/adaptation activities • Jobs linked to forest and land-based ecosystem management • Jobs in renewable energy and energy efficiency • Jobs in green value chains, green procurement, and logistics • Jobs linked to the scale-up of green disruptive technologies 256 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Jobs linked to green infrastructure Examples of Excluded Activities development and climate-resilient transport Broader green development and Green • Jobs linked to adaptive social protection Resilience and Inclusive Development (GRID) and increased climate resilience of the activities that do not have a jobs angle. workforce • Jobs in industrial and environmental Mapping and Ownership management services Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Jobs linked to greening the construction JBS sector, building resilience, and green retrofitting Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Jobs linked to regulatory reforms and policy ENB interventions that enable mitigation and adaptation action • Jobs linked to disaster risk reduction (DRR) and disaster risk management (DRM) • Jobs linked to green finance and insurance products. [190000] JOBS 257 258 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [200000] POVERTY AND EQUITY 259 [200100] POVERTY AND EQUITY Definition Poverty and equity is a cross-cutting Theme that is intended to capture activities that bring a poverty and equity lens to the design, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of projects, policies, and programs. For the purposes of coding, this Theme encompasses activities that—irrespective of sector—have an explicit and substantive focus on identifying and analyzing the drivers of and constraints to poverty and inequality reduction; assessing the distributional impacts of policies, programs, and shocks; or maximizing the poverty and equity impacts of World Bank Group (WBG) and client interventions through the use of behavioral science or development impact tools such as real-time monitoring tools or tools to improve portfolio allocations or project targeting. Typical Examples of Coded • Ex ante identification of at-risk groups and assessment of vulnerability to fragility Activities and conflict and climate-related shocks Building the evidence base on poverty to inform policy and program design to and equity strengthen prevention, build resilience, • Measuring and monitoring progress on the and minimize negative impacts. twin goals, Sustainable Development Goals Enhancing operational effectiveness of (SDGs), and other development priorities at World Bank and client interventions the country, regional, and global levels • Applying behavioral insights and • Analyzing the drivers and constraints of interventions to enhance development poverty reduction and shared prosperity impact of WBG and government to articulate a policy agenda to further interventions support progress, with a focus on building • Assessing spatial and thematic alignment of productive assets for the poor. This includes existing country programs and twin goals outputs such as Systematic Country and informing geographical placement Diagnostics (SCDs), Poverty and Equity of WBG interventions to maximize Assessments, and thematic deep dives. development and distributional impacts Maximizing distributional impacts of • Applying rapid monitoring tools to collect policies, programs, and shocks poverty and equity data or assess project or • Ex ante assessment of poverty and program performance in real time. distributional analysis of economic developments and (systemic) shocks; and poverty and distributional impacts of policy reforms to inform policy and program design 260 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Examples of Excluded Activities • The provision of technical assistance (TA) or lending to clients in the area of statistical capacity building, including on institutional development, data production, data accessibility, or data use. • TA for general M&E support and impact evaluations or assessments of WBG or client programs. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme POV Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. [200000] POVERTy AND EqUITy 261 262 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [210000] URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND LAND ADMINISTRATION / MANAGEMENT 263 [210100] URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICE DELIVERY Definition Activities and investments contributing to the development and improvement of citywide infrastructure and service delivery. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Provision of infrastructure and services that • Rehabilitation and extension of urban water specifically target poor neighborhoods or urban supply and sewerage networks as part of upgrading activities, use [210200] Services and small-scale municipal investments Housing for the Poor. • Implementation or improvement of inner‑city roads and related urban Mapping and Ownership transport, citywide signage, street lighting, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme and pedestrian pathways URL • Provision or rehabilitation of institutional infrastructure citywide at the municipal level. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. 264 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [210200] SERVICES AND HOUSING FOR THE POOR Definition Activities supporting extension or improvement of services and/or housing for low-income households in urban or peri-urban areas. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Slum upgrading, urban upgrading activities, or urban redevelopment targeting poor Mapping and Ownership households Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Service expansion or quality improvements URL for poor households • Municipal policies that are intended Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme to alleviate poverty in targeted urban POV, SPJ, SSI neighborhoods • Housing improvements for low-income urban residents or housing construction for resettlement • Neighborhood improvements such as access to public water supply and electricity, paving of roads and pedestrian walkways, provision of street lighting, community development and design strategies, and other improvements that allow increased mobility and improvement of livelihoods of the urban poor. [210000] URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND LAND ADMINISTRATION / MANAGEMENT 265 [210300] PUBLIC TRANSPORT Definition Investments and policies for facilitating the access to or movement of people or goods for reaching jobs, markets, public services, or other socioeconomic opportunities in urban, rural, or interurban areas. In urban transportation in particular, “accessibility” is an important feature as it refers to the ease with which an individual can access opportunities (for example, employment, health, or education services), given the spatial distribution of the city (land use), the transportation infrastructure and services available (transportation supply), the temporal constraints of individuals and activities, and the individual characteristics of people. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Public transport infrastructure, services, and administration Mapping and Ownership • Intelligent transport systems and traffic Lead Global Practice/Global Theme management TRA, URL • Urban roads and related facilities (including routes to ports, airports, and other major Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme activity centers) n.a. • Nonmotorized transport (including pedestrians and bicycles) and integration facilities; see also [210301] Non-Motorized Transport/Active Mobility • Parking facilities and systems related to transport demand management • Urban transport projects (facilitating percentage of jobs/services accessible using public transportation in a 60-minute commute). 266 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [210301] Non-Motorized Transport/ Active Mobility Definition Non-Motorized Transportation or Active Mobility, as defined by the Victoria Transport Policy Institute, “includes walking and bicycling, and variants such as small-wheeled transport (skates, skateboards, push scooters, and hand carts) [...] These modes provide both recreation (they are an end in themselves) and transportation (they provide access to goods and activities), although users may consider a particular trip to serve both objectives. For example, some people will choose to walk or bicycle rather than drive because they enjoy the activity, although it takes longer.” Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Improve sidewalks, crosswalks, paths, and bike lanes. Mapping and Ownership • Correct specific hazards to nonmotorized Lead Global Practice/Global Theme transport. TRA • Develop pedestrian-oriented land use and urban infrastructure design. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. • Integrate active mobility with transit/ mass transit. [210000] URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND LAND ADMINISTRATION / MANAGEMENT 267 [210302] Fleet Renewal/Modernization Definition Fleet renewal is planned in relation to the intended life cycle of specific vehicle types and the levels of their utilization, though it may then be constrained by the availability of funding. It involves the specification of vehicles for the intended application and their procurement and commissioning into service. This function also covers the scrapping and disposal processes for the vehicles being replaced or their external sale if that does not pose a threat to the business. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Bus fleet renewal in bus rapid transit (BRT)/urban projects Mapping and Ownership • Ship fleet renewal in maritime/inland Lead Global Practice/Global Theme waterways transport (IWT) projects TRA • Rolling stock renewal in rail projects Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Fleet renewal programs. n.a. 268 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [210400] ROAD SAFETY Definition Activities in urban, interurban, and rural spaces that provide safe mobility on the road for all or any class of road users to prevent them from being killed or seriously injured in a road traffic crash. Road users might include pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, motorists, vehicle passengers, road-based public transport users, and so on. Projects that are designed to shift the transport of people or goods from road-based transport to other modes (water or rail) may have a road safety component by reducing exposure to road transport if it is a specific goal of the project, which can be estimated based on risk reduction. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Efforts related to personal safety (against • Road safety audits, road safety ratings, robbery, assault, and so on), safety of non- road safety capacity reviews, post-crash road-based transport (rail), and so on care, road safety enforcement, crash • Guiding signs and lines for traffic flow and data collection, vehicle safety, public direction assistance transport safety, road safety education/ • Improvements to road surfaces are advertisement, road safety study tours generally excluded, on the basis that these or technical exchanges, stand-alone largely do not improve safety: rough and road safety projects, information and poor road surfaces typically slow traffic and communication technology (ICT) products assist with road safety in net, even though for road safety, and improved post-crash occasionally a crash will be caused by a emergency response pothole. Improvements to road surface • Core road design and engineering features friction may be included if designed and with the purpose of either reducing speeds located where stopping is common and or reducing the severity of crashes when crashes occur. they occur. These include speed humps, raised pedestrian platforms, roundabouts, rumble strips across the road, reduced Mapping and Ownership speed limits, speed and red-light cameras, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme gateway treatments, crash barriers, median TRA separations, provisions of safe pedestrian facilities, and fully separated (not on-road) Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme bicycle lanes. n.a. [210000] URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND LAND ADMINISTRATION / MANAGEMENT 269 [210500] URBAN PLANNING Definition Activities aimed at fostering sustainable and equitable urban development. Activities that support urban policies and land-use planning for climate-resilient cities. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Legislative, policy, administrative, and institutional reforms regarding land Mapping and Ownership and housing (including those aimed at increasing access to affordable housing Lead Global Practice/Global Theme and land but excluding those specifically URL targeting the poor) Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Urban planning and design changes to city n.a. structure, including strategic and master planning, zoning, or land-use plans for urban growth • Urban land administration and land management, including home ownership and rental tenure, tenure regularization, and street addressing in urban areas • Identification and provision of demarcated plots or settlement blocks with capability to be serviced with infrastructure • Planning activities such as land-use planning or spatial planning to support cities to reduce vulnerability to natural hazards and climate change and build resilience • Integration of climate change-related policies and measures into city-level developmental planning process and decision-making. 270 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [210600] MUNICIPAL FINANCE Definition Policies, institutions, systems, and activities through which municipalities receive, manage, and expend fiscal and financial resources, including grants, own-source revenues, expenditure assignments, city borrowing, and municipal financial planning and management. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Assessment of macroeconomic risk related to • Development of policies and systems municipal borrowing activities. pertaining to property taxation and municipal service user charges Mapping and Ownership • Development of municipal infrastructure Lead Global Practice/Global Theme and performance grant systems URL • City public expenditure reviews (PERs) Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Development of regulatory frameworks for GOV municipal borrowing • Strengthening of municipal budgeting, financial management, and expenditure planning systems • Development of innovative and city climate financing instruments, such as land value capture mechanisms and green bonds • Analysis of city expenditure assignments and institutional arrangements pertaining to the execution of such assignments • Development of municipal public-private partnerships (PPPs). [210000] URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND LAND ADMINISTRATION / MANAGEMENT 271 [210700] URBAN WATER AND SANITATION Definition Activities supporting construction and/or rehabilitation of water supply source works, collection, treatment, transmission, storage, and distribution of water to household, industrial, commercial, or other users in urban and peri-urban areas (excludes irrigation and drainage). Also, activities supporting wastewater collection, treatment, disposal, and reuse. Typical Examples of Coded • Activities that support on-site sanitation systems and fecal sludge management Activities (collection, emptying, transportation, • Construction or rehabilitation of water treatment, and disposal/reuse) treatment plants, transmission and • Institutional capacity building to service distribution pipelines, pump stations, providers (including water utilities, and household connections for water small-scale providers, community-based supply purposes organizations, and nongovernmental • Construction or rehabilitation of “improved organizations [NGOs]) for water supply water sources” to improve access including management including support for piped household connections (house or • Technical or feasibility studies yard connections) and community water • Institutional capacity building (for example, points (public standpipes, boreholes, defining roles and responsibilities, protected dug wells, and protected spring facilitating private sector participation and rainwater collection) contracts, developing plans, training, • Improvement of transmission and management information systems [MISs], distribution systems to reduce technical operations and maintenance guidelines, losses, that is, nonrevenue water (NRW) and asset management) • Rehabilitation and extension of urban water • Demand-side management interventions supply networks as part of small-scale (for example, creating awareness and municipal investments tariff reforms) • Activities that support wastewater • Commercial management (for example, collection, transportation, treatment, and billing and collection systems) to reduce disposal/reuse. This includes investments nontechnical losses. in sewerage networks, pumping stations, and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)/ sewage treatment plants (STPs) 272 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Examples of Excluded Activities Investment in rural water and sanitation infrastructure should be coded [220300] Rural Infrastructure and Service Delivery. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme URL, WTR Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. [210000] URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND LAND ADMINISTRATION / MANAGEMENT 273 [210800] LOW CARBON CITIES Definition Activities, projects, and components that support cities and urban systems to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, avoid carbon lock-in, and achieve low-carbon or net-zero urban development pathways. Typical Examples of Coded • Adopt integrated approaches that promote compact, energy-efficient, and resilient Activities urban neighborhoods and development Include any local, regional, or national low- (and reduce urban sprawl) through carbon activity, project, or component that is spatial planning, land‑use planning, • Physically geo-located within a city, capital investment planning, and climate action planning. • Owned or managed by the municipality (even if not located in the city), and Examples of Excluded Activities • Primarily benefiting city dwellers (even if not located or owned by the city). Excludes national-level low-carbon activities, not geo-located in a city, that benefit the This would include urban-focused investments, nation as a whole rather than primarily planning, policies, or regulations that benefiting urban dwellers (for example, intercity • Improve urban air quality roads or rail, electric transmission lines, • Reduce urban heat island effect or rural‑focused activities). • Increase urban greening and tree canopy • Decarbonize urban energy systems Mapping and Ownership • Decarbonize urban transport systems Lead Global Practice/Global Theme and mobility URL • Decarbonize urban buildings (public, Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme commercial, residential, new construction, CCG, EEX, ENB, TRA, WTR or retrofitting) • Promote resource-efficient urban infrastructure and built environment • Promote integrated low-carbon solid waste and wastewater management, sustainable resource recovery solutions, and circular economy approaches 274 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [210900] GEOSPATIAL SERVICES AND LAND INFORMATION SYSTEMS Definition Services aimed at the collection, processing, analysis, visualization, and storage of, and improving access to and use of spatially referenced data and information. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Geospatial data infrastructure • Spatial data creation Mapping and Ownership • Spatial analysis and data visualization Lead Global Practice/Global Theme URL • Global Positioning System (GPS), Geographic Information System (GIS), and Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme remote sensing/Earth observation products ENB, WTR and services • Spatial online data services, online mapping, and spatial apps • Geospatial data and data service standards • Geodetic frameworks. [210000] URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND LAND ADMINISTRATION / MANAGEMENT 275 [211000] NATIONAL LAND POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION Definition Initiatives supporting national land policy and tenure issues, land administration and management, land rights regularization, land reform, land governance, regulatory framework on land, and dispute resolution arrangements. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Activities related to the management of • Land Tenure and Land Registration. the natural resource (the “soil”) aspects of Activities related to land policy reforms, land (except the purely mapping aspect) integration of land cadasters and registries, and related activities, such as soil erosion establishment of protected areas, and so on and sustainable management of land, water, and forests. See Theme code • Agrarian Land Reform. Land redistribution [240000] Environment, Infrastructure, and schemes and recategorization of land Natural Resource Management. tenure regimes • Agrarian Land Reform does not include • Land / Property Valuation and Taxation activities related to agricultural support • Public Land Management. Assessment, services (such as agricultural research, management, and disposition of public extension, or credit). land/real property assets • Land / Property Valuation and Taxation • Land Administration Institutions. does not include broader taxation- and Land agencies, cadasters, registries, fiscal policy-related activities. titling agencies, geographic and surveying agencies, land/property dispute resolution Mapping and Ownership agencies, land courts, and so on. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme URL Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, ENB, GOV, SSI, WTR 276 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [211100] URBAN LAND ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT Definition Urban/municipal/district-level land or parcel cadasters, registries, mapping, planning, zoning, tenure regularization of urban slums, formal housing, and so on. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities This code should not be used for wider • Urban land-use planning urban development activities (such as urban infrastructure, housing, and slum upgrading) • Urban/municipal/district-level cadasters except in cases where land and parcel tenure and registries. regularization, surveying, titling, and land-use planning activities are explicitly envisioned. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme URL Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme GOV [210000] URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND LAND ADMINISTRATION / MANAGEMENT 277 [211200] GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION FRAMEWORK Definition Activities dealing with the establishment of geospatial information systems (geodetic network), Continuous Operating Reference Stations (CORSs), Integrated Geospatial Information Framework (IGIF), land information and management system (LIMS), and use of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) for mapping and surveying. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities This code should not be used for activities • Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). related to the management of the natural resource (the “soil”) aspects of land (except the purely mapping aspect) and related activities, such as soil erosion and sustainable management of land, water, and forests. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme URL Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme ENB 278 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [211300] CULTURE AND CULTURAL HERITAGE Definition Activities that support protection, conservation, and sustainable development of cultural property and intangible heritage, embrace cultural diversity, and bring tangible economic benefits to local communities in an inclusive manner. Typical Examples of Coded • Activities that leverage cultural practices critical for heritage conservation and Activities social cohesion • Restoration, conservation, and adaptive • Promotion and protection of cultural reuse of cultural heritage assets, such practices, including festivals, that reinforce as historic cities, sites, old buildings social inclusion and cohesion with vernacular architecture, significant • Community-based development solutions structures, and natural heritage that leverage cultural industries, including • Protection and development of World food production and processing, for Heritage Sites, sites on the Tentative List economic empowerment of World Heritage Sites, or other assets • Promoting cultural norms and coping protected by relevant international mechanisms that enhance social conventions and/or national laws inclusion and cohesion and promote • Development and maintenance of cultural community resilience. heritage assets to leverage sustainable tourism and promote craft industries and other poverty reduction activities Examples of Excluded Activities • Regeneration of old city quarters and Unsustainable activities with harmful impact on heritage villages nature, ecological system, local communities, or irreversible damage to cultural heritage. • Pro-poor and community-based tourism and cultural heritage development • Preparation and implementation of site Mapping and Ownership management plans and building the Lead Global Practice/Global Theme capacity of institutions that manage cultural URL and natural heritage assets Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme FCI, SSI [210000] URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND LAND ADMINISTRATION / MANAGEMENT 279 280 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [220000] RURAL DEVELOPMENT 281 [220100] RURAL MARKETS Definition Activities supporting the private sector to achieve efficient functioning of rural markets for labor, land, inputs (fertilizer, seeds, and equipment), services (including technology transfer and financial and risk management services), and products (even where these supply urban end-markets). Typical Examples of Coded • Information and communication technology (ICT) solutions to improve access to Activities market for rural populations, including • Labor markets. Rural labor markets for information platforms, e-commerce, and farm and off-farm employment mobile payments • Rural financial and risk markets. Finance • Improve access to market infrastructure (credit unions, microfinance institutions, such as access roads. formal/informal savings and credit schemes, and risk management products) Examples of Excluded Activities • Product markets. Support to private sector- • Migration of labor to urban areas led product markets that rely on or derive from agricultural produce (crops, fisheries, • National financial systems. livestock, and agri-forestry products) or off-farm (nonagricultural) tradeable goods, Mapping and Ownership including the reform of policies, legislation, or regulations that enable private sector Lead Global Practice/Global Theme investment in these markets AGF • Inputs markets. Support to rural-based Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme private sector input provision, for example, ENB, WTR seeds, saplings, and fertilizer • Rural service markets. Support to rural‑based private sector service provision, for example, formal and informal traders and private sector extension providers • Land markets. Agriculture land exchanges, land titling, and land reform 282 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [220200] RURAL NON-FARM INCOME GENERATION Definition Activities supporting business promotion, livelihoods enhancement, and income generation from off-farm and nonfarm sources in rural areas and peri-urban areas. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Agro-industries located in rural areas. • Tiny/nano and microenterprise • Rural small and medium enterprises (SMEs) Mapping and Ownership • Input suppliers Lead Global Practice/Global Theme AGF • Food services enterprises • Rural retail, distribution, and logistics Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme services and enterprises ENB, SPJ, SSI, WTR • Tourism services • Creative industries, including handicrafts • Textile and garment enterprises • Gig and shared economy enterprises • Financial services • Business development services • Sustainable management of common resources (for example, marine fisheries and rangelands and rural cottage industries), including allied sector income-generating activities related to non-timber forest produce and livestock products and services. [220000] RURAL DEVELOPMENT 283 [220300] RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICE DELIVERY Definition Service delivery is key to the development of rural regions. This changing rural situation requires the introduction of policy and service delivery models that strengthen the capacity of rural areas to adapt and grow their economies and resources. From creating and sustaining employment to the provision of services and infrastructure, such as structures, systems, facilities, and the services necessary for the rural economy to function. This also includes creating climate-smart infrastructure and services for climate adaptation and mitigation. Additionally, this includes development of infrastructure for rural water supply and sanitation, irrigation, and drainage services, along with all other functions that fit under multiple-use systems (MUSs) in rural areas. Typical Examples of Coded • Irrigation networks Activities • Storage facilities and local refrigeration and cooling infrastructure and services Includes rural infrastructure and services • Local value addition infrastructure aimed at and services, for example, hatcheries, • Rural education incubators, nurseries, small-scale • Agriculture extension and research commodity processing, and quality grading • Rural health clinics and drug supply and sorting services • Safety net schemes • Animal health and breeding services • Food and feeding programs, including • Rural financial services community nutrition centers • Agriculture inputs and markets and • Rural and feeder roads (see also related sectors [240900] Resilient Transport) • Agriculture machinery and equipment • Rural water supply and sanitation leasing/renting services • Rural landscape infrastructure and services, • Rural transport and connectivity services including sustainable land management (see also [240900] Resilient Transport) and soil and water conservation. • Rural sector supporting telecommunication • Small-scale water harvesting structures and connectivity services. and small-scale irrigation infrastructure and services 284 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Examples of Excluded Activities • Highways that pass through rural areas to connect to other cities, safety net schemes not exclusively targeted at rural areas, municipal hospitals, universities located in peri-urban areas, national electricity grid, and major dams and primary water distribution systems. • Rural electricity should be coded under either [241807] Energy Access – Electricity or [241801] Enabling Renewable Energy, as appropriate, for household/ non-household use. • Rural clean cooking should be coded as [241808] Energy Access – Clean Cooking. • Energy-efficient cold chains should be coded under [241805] Energy-Efficient Demand. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, TRA, WTR Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme ENB, SPJ, SSI [220000] RURAL DEVELOPMENT 285 [220400] RURAL DEVELOPMENT Definition Encompasses investments and activities taken up in the rural space targeting rural populations. These include rural infrastructure, services including agricultural extension, local economic development, rural nonfarm development including rural micro and small enterprises, rural markets, financial inclusion, livelihoods, landscape and natural resource development, land development and administration and rural institutions, community-based rural development, and skill development for rural jobs. The topic is multidisciplinary in nature and cuts across various global practices (GPs), including Agriculture, Environment and Natural Resources, Social Development, Trade and Competitiveness, and the Gender and Jobs cross-cutting solutions areas (CCSAs). Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Large-scale infrastructure Includes rural nonfarm activities such as • Agro-industrial projects. • Rural infrastructure and services development Mapping and Ownership • Rural livelihoods, including community-driven rural development and financial services Lead Global Practice/Global Theme AGF • Rural nonfarm development, including micro and small enterprises Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Rural market development ENB, SSI, URL, WTR • Agriculture extension and rural services • Landscape and natural resource management being taken up in rural areas • Skill development in rural areas • Local government and management in rural areas. 286 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [230000] DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 287 [230100] DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE Definition Activities aiming to improve hazard monitoring, forecasting, and early warning and communication systems and contingency and emergency response plans; strengthen civil protection services; and improve protocols to help local governments and/or communities anticipate, prepare for, and quickly respond to disasters. Typical Examples of Coded • Create or share new knowledge on emergency preparedness, including Activities policy analysis, hydro-meteorological and • Strengthen policy, technical, and geophysical feasibility studies for improved institutional capacities at the regional, forecasting and operational guidelines. national, and local levels related to disaster • Establish ex ante strategies, agreements, preparedness and response, including and procedures for mobilizing and acquiring those related to technology, training, emergency funds, supplies, and equipment purchase of emergency equipment, and in the event of a disaster. human and material resources. • Construct emergency supply warehouses • Provide capacity development to better use and emergency shelters. disaster risk information for early warning measures, search and rescue operations, and contingency planning. Examples of Excluded Activities • Assist in implementing investments or Social protection programs that are eligible reforms in emergency management, public to be used during times of disaster but lack awareness campaigns, hazard monitoring, actions that explicitly intend to strengthen early warning systems, and national hydro- vulnerable groups’ resilience and preparedness meteorological geohazards services. for natural hazards. • Assist in robust business continuity capability at different government levels, Mapping and Ownership to ensure the continuation of essential Lead Global Practice/Global Theme functions under disaster conditions. URL Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme CCG, ENB, SPJ, SSI, TRA, WTR 288 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [230101] Hydro-Meteorological Services and Early Warning Systems Definition Activities that expand access to high-quality hydro-meteorological data, flood forecasting, and early warning systems to better manage hydrological risks, including for use in sectoral modeling, for example, hydropower and variable renewable energy. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Data collection and transmission • National hydro-meteorological centers Mapping and Ownership • Model development, forecast products and Lead Global Practice/Global Theme services; dissemination of forecasts and URL warnings to inform decision-making and community response. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme CCG, EEX, ENB, WTR [230000] DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 289 [230200] DISASTER RISK REDUCTION Definition Technical advice, capacity building, and implementation assistance for governments, civil society, and the private sector to create and improve policies and legislation needed for better land-use planning and to drive investment (both capital and operations and maintenance) aimed at reducing risk based on risk information. Investments to reduce physical risks by retrofitting critical infrastructure systems, housing, health and education facilities, and other critical public assets; minimize the impact of disasters on public service delivery through risk-informed system planning, asset management, and contingency management; or preventively relocate exposed populations or assets. Typical Examples of Coded • Ensure investment in structural measures, such as any physical construction to reduce Activities or avoid possible impacts of natural and/ • Support capacity development to draft risk or climate hazards, or the application of reduction policies and laws, land-use plans, engineering techniques or technology to building codes and standards, and overall achieve hazard resistance and resilience risk reduction plans and investments. in structures or systems, such as coastal protection, comprehensive flood risk • “Mainstream disaster risk considerations management, nature-based solutions, into planning procedures for major improvement of roads that result in infrastructure projects, including the criteria reduced flooding/landslides, retrofitting of for design, approval, and implementation infrastructure and public assets (including of such projects”; improved standards for schools, hospitals, bridges, and so on), slope operations and preventive maintenance; stabilization to reduce landslide risk, and and considerations based on social, the preventive relocation of communities economic, and environmental impact and assets. assessments. • Create or share new knowledge related • Assist in implementing investments or to risk reduction, including guidelines, reforms based on new risk reduction policy analysis, and information on policies, including land-use plans, building sector‑specific norms. or infrastructure standards, and so on. 290 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Examples of Excluded Activities • Any activity related to land-use plans that can help reduce the vulnerability of a population to a natural disaster without it being the explicit intent of the project. • Water resource management or irrigation schemes that can reduce the vulnerability of a population to floods or droughts without it being the explicit intent of the project. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme URL Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme CCG, ENB, SPJ, SSI, WTR [230000] DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 291 [230300] POST-DISASTER RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION Definition Activities supporting recovery and reconstruction following a natural, climate, or involuntary man-made disaster in affected countries; equipping governments and disaster risk management practitioners with the necessary skills and resources to conduct their own post-disaster assessments and resilient reconstruction planning; and supporting the implementation of reconstruction programs. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Provide support to post-disaster recovery assessments and planning that follow good Mapping and Ownership practice, putting those standards into place in existing government systems, and providing Lead Global Practice/Global Theme ex ante strengthening of recovery systems. URL • Provide immediate response and livelihood Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme support and restoration, focusing on CCG, ENB, SPJ, SSI, WTR supporting the early recovery of the government’s key economic and social sectors from the disaster impact (including agriculture and fisheries, and so on), through the provision of goods, services to affected communities, adaptive social protection, cash grants, and emergency operating costs. • Invest in resilient infrastructure designs, rehabilitation, and reconstruction incorporating build-back-better consideration (functional and physical upgrading) of critical infrastructure systems such as transport, water, education, health, energy, digital infrastructure, housing, and others. 292 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [230400] DISASTER RISK INFORMATION AND DECISION-SUPPORT SYSTEMS Definition Tools, data, analytics, and information systems that can be used by countries and communities to make informed decisions on disaster risk management investments and policies related to disaster risk reduction (DRR), preparedness, financial protection, and resilient reconstruction and recovery. Typical Examples of Coded • Monitoring networks/information systems and information technology Activities (IT) platforms/data/modeling for risk • Scientific innovations to help countries monitoring, decision-making under identify, assess, and communicate risk, uncertainty, and systems analyses providing actionable information that helps • “Development and sustainability of the manage the risk infrastructure and scientific, technological, • Disaster and climate risk diagnostics at technical, and institutional capacities the country, subnational, and local levels, needed to research, observe, analyze, including knowledge of natural hazards; map, and, where possible, forecast natural exposed elements; and physical, social, and related hazards, vulnerabilities, and economic, and environmental vulnerabilities disaster impacts” to disasters and the development of tools • Support for improved management and for planning under climate uncertainty use of disaster risk information for risk- • Systems of indicators of disaster risk, informed decision-making statistical information, and information • “Promoting the use, application, and management platforms on disaster risk and affordability of recent information, disaster occurrence, impacts, and losses communication, and space-based at the national and subnational scales that technologies and related services, as well will enable decision makers to assess the as earth observations, to support DRR impact of disasters and dissemination of information among different categories of users” • Disaster risk quantification and sector-focused analytics on economics of resilience. [230000] DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 293 Examples of Excluded Activities n.a. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme URL Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme ENB, SSI 294 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [230500] DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT GOVERNANCE Definition Mainstream and scale resilience to policies and legislation on natural disasters and climate change by supporting institutional improvement and risk governance at the national and subnational levels across sectors. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Policy advice on disaster risk management (DRM) and climate adaptation Mapping and Ownership • Strengthening DRM policies, regulations, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme monitoring, and enforcement URL • Strengthening DRM legal frameworks and institutions—systems at the national and Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme subnational levels ensuring the coherence ENB, GOV, SSI of the mandates, roles, and responsibilities and coordination across relevant agencies and stakeholders across development sectors and government levels • Specific sectoral resilience regulations and public policies guiding, encouraging, and incentivizing the public and private sectors and communities to act and address disaster risk • Providing technical support to enhance building codes and regulatory frameworks to increase resilience to the impacts of natural hazards. [230000] DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 295 296 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 297 [240100] CLIMATE CHANGE Definition Interventions that contribute to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and/or to reducing vulnerability to climate change through resilience-building and adaptation activities, including through supporting country-level diagnostics, planning, policies, and actions to help countries reach their climate and development objectives; supporting key systems transitions to low-emissions, resilient development paths; and helping countries to scale up financing to support the transition. Any activity/project component that has climate change co-benefits assigned to it should be identified with the Climate Change theme code. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • For Adaptation, see Annex C.2: Joint Methodology for Tracking Climate Change Mapping and Ownership Adaptation Finance. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • For Mitigation, see Common Principles for CCG Climate Mitigation Finance Tracking. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme All GPs 298 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [240101] Mitigation Definition An activity can be classified as climate change mitigation where the activity, by avoiding or reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or increasing GHG sequestration, contributes substantially to the stabilization of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere consistent with the long-term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. A substantial contribution to climate change mitigation can involve the following three categories of climate change mitigation activities: 1. Negative or very low emission activities, which result in negative, zero, or very low GHG emissions and are fully consistent with the long-term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement, for example, carbon sequestration in land use or some forms of renewable energy. 2. Transitional activities, which are still part of GHG-emissive systems, but are important for and contribute to the transition toward a climate-neutral economy, for example, energy efficiency improvement in manufacturing that directly or indirectly uses fossil fuels. 3. Enabling activities, which are instrumental in enabling other activities to make a substantial contribution to climate change mitigation, for example, manufacture of very low emission technologies. Note: For IBRD/IDA projects, the value in this Theme code maps to the CCG-assessed mitigation climate co-benefits; for other financing types, the code may represent other values. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • From these activities, mitigation co-benefits could be/are assigned to those activities Mapping and Ownership that are Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Included in the multilateral development CCG banks’ (MDBs) lists of eligible activities within the scope of these three Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme categories and All GPs • Meet all the screening criteria and guidance provided in the MDBs’ lists of eligible activities. • Revised joint MDB Mitigation Finance Tracking methodology [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 299 [240102] Adaptation Definition Adaptation finance is associated with activities that aim to lower the current or future risks or vulnerabilities posed by climate change. Adaptation co-benefits are assigned if the project documents clearly lay out all three steps required by the multilateral development banks’ (MDBs) climate adaptation finance methodology: 1. Context of Vulnerability to Climate Variability and Change 2. Statement of Purpose or Intent 3. Clear and Direct Link between Climate Vulnerability and Project Activities. Note: For IBRD/IDA projects, the value in this Theme code maps to the CCG-assessed adaptation climate co-benefits; for other financing types, the code may represent other values. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • For information, see Annex C.2. Tables A.B.1–A.B.4. for case studies of tracking Mapping and Ownership adaptation finance in projects in the 2021 Joint Report on Multilateral Lead Global Practice/Global Theme Development Bank’s Climate Finance. The CCG full report can be accessed by clicking on 2021 Joint Report on MDB Climate Finance. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme All GPs 300 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [240200] CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS Definition Developing or updating climate-related policy frameworks, legal and regulatory frameworks, strategies, action plans, and institutional assessments and strengthening institutional capacities at the national and subnational levels in addressing climate risks and vulnerabilities. For support on NDCs and LTSs specifically, please see code [240300] Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and Long-Term Strategies (LTSs) for Low Emissions and Resilient Development. Specifically, policies to reduce emissions, including explicit policies, crediting mechanisms, and implicit policies, and internal and shadow carbon pricing; support to clients to analyze reforms that reduce carbon subsidies, increase carbon taxes, assess and address the distributional impacts of carbon pricing, and pilot carbon pricing techniques that lead to higher implicit prices for carbon and build capacity. For adaptation and resilience, policies that build institutional capacity for climate risk analysis and planning, support cross-ministerial coordination, and address investment barriers to investments in adaptation, among others. Typical Examples of Coded • Carbon taxes, fossil fuel subsidy reform (also see [241800] Energy and Activities Mineral Resources), emissions trading • National or sectoral climate strategies, policies, systems (also known as cap-and-trade regulations, monitoring, and enforcement systems), and revenue-neutral fee-and- arrangements (for example, Climate Change rebate systems. and Development Reports [CCDRs], Climate Change Action Plans [CCAPs]) Examples of Excluded Activities • Establishment and strengthening of Activities with no clear link to climate change. institutions that can assess and respond to climate impacts (national, subnational, and local) Mapping and Ownership • National and subnational climate data and Lead Global Practice/Global Theme information systems that include current CCG, ENB and future climate risks, vulnerabilities, and impacts Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Financing mechanisms and economic AGF, EEX, HNP, MTI, SSI, TRA, URL, WTR instruments to support climate adaptation and mitigation measures [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 301 [240201] Carbon Pricing Policies Definition Policies to reduce emissions, including explicit policies and implicit policies, and internal and shadow carbon pricing; support to clients to analyze reforms that reduce carbon subsidies, increase carbon taxes, assess and address the distributional impacts of carbon pricing, and pilot carbon pricing techniques that lead to higher implicit prices for carbon and build capacity. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Activities related to design, piloting, and/or Carbon taxes, fossil fuel subsidy reform (code also implementation of domestic carbon markets. under [241800] Energy and Mineral Resources), and revenue-neutral fee-and-rebate systems. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme CCG Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme EEX, MTI 302 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [240202] Carbon Markets Definition Activities that support clients to design, pilot, and implement domestic carbon markets and crediting mechanisms aligned with their development priorities and/or help countries prepare to participate in international voluntary and compliance markets. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Carbon pricing policies not directly related to Emissions trading systems (also known the development of carbon markets. as cap-and-trade systems) and crediting mechanisms. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme CCG Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme ENB, FCI [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 303 [240300] NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS (NDCS) AND LONG-TERM STRATEGIES (LTSS) FOR LOW EMISSIONS AND RESILIENT DEVELOPMENT Definition Activities that support clients in developing, enhancing, implementing, and/or financing their • Nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to the global response to climate change under the Paris Agreement and • Long-term low-emissions development strategies under the Paris Agreement, reflecting development priorities for poverty reduction and climate change risk reduction. Such activities also include ones that help ensure that countries’ NDCs and long-term strategies (LTSs) are mutually coherent and consistent, and/or support clients in translating their NDCs/LTSs into investment plans. Typical Examples of Coded • LTS implementation/financing (for example, development of projects/policies, identification Activities of financing mechanisms, budgeting/finance, Activities that contribute to or monitoring). • NDC development/enhancement (for example, engagement/coordination, Examples of Excluded Activities modeling/analysis, enhanced ambition, or other improvements) n.a. • NDC implementation/financing (for example, planning/analysis, development of policies/ Mapping and Ownership measures, budgeting/finance, or monitoring) Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • LTS development/enhancement (for example, CCG stakeholder engagement, long-term visioning, modeling development/emissions pathways, Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme or macroeconomic assessments) AGF, EEX, EFI, ENB, HNP, MTI, SSI, TRA, URL, WTR 304 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [240301] Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Enhancement Definition Activities supporting clients to enhance and/or develop their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Engagement/coordination (for example, of government/nongovernment stakeholders Mapping and Ownership in enhancement process and consultations/ workshops) Lead Global Practice/Global Theme CCG • Modeling/analysis (for example, of future emissions projections, emissions reductions, Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme climate risks, and costs/benefits) AGF, EEX, ENB, HNP, MTI, SSI, TRA, URL, WTR • Enhanced ambition (for example, adding/ strengthening greenhouse gas [GHG] or non-GHG mitigation targets, increasing sectoral coverage, adding/enhancing adaptation components, and strengthening mitigation or adaptation policies/actions in NDC) • Other improvements (for example, transparency/clarity, data improvements, alignment with long-term strategies [LTSs], existing national plans, and Sustainable Development Goals [SDGs]). [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 305 [240302] Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Implementation Definition Activities supporting clients in implementing their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) supporting clients in translating their specific national climate targets into investment plans. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Governance/coordination (for example, NDC institutional arrangements, Mapping and Ownership coordination mechanisms, and engagement of stakeholders) Lead Global Practice/Global Theme CCG • Planning/analysis (for example, development of NDC implementation plans, Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme related analysis, prioritization of measures, AGF, EEX, ENB, HNP, MTI, SSI, TRA, URL, WTR and incorporation of NDC goals into existing plans/strategies) • Policies/measures (for example, development of policies/legislation to achieve NDC goals, including economic, financial, and fiscal policies, and NDC- related project pipelines) • Budgeting/finance (for example, project/ program finance, costing of measures, financing strategies, mobilization of finance for NDC implementation, greening of national budgets, creating green investment platforms, or enabling environments for investment) • Monitoring (for example, of progress toward NDC targets; development of measurement, reporting, and verification [MRV] systems for NDC implementation). 306 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [240303] Long-Term Strategy (LTS) Development Definition Activities that support clients to design ambitious, comprehensive, and appropriate long-term strategies (LTSs), while considering development priorities for poverty reduction and physical risks from climate change, as well as ensuring that countries’ nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and LTSs are mutually coherent and consistent. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Government/stakeholder engagement and long-term visioning (for example, Mapping and Ownership development/decarbonization goals and political buy-in) Lead Global Practice/Global Theme CCG • Sector modeling of development/ emissions pathways (including associated Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme costs, benefits, and greenhouse gas AGF, EEX, ENB, HNP, MTI, SSI, TRA, URL, WTR [GHG] emissions) • Analysis/deliberations over pathways (including analysis of trade-offs across sectors) • Macroeconomic assessments (for example, evaluation of macroeconomic implications of decarbonization pathways). [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 307 [240304] Long-Term Strategy (LTS) Implementation Definition Activities supporting clients in operationalizing their long-term strategy (LTS) and supporting clients in translating their specific national climate targets into investment plans. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Governance/coordination (for example, institutional arrangements, coordination Mapping and Ownership mechanisms, and engagement of stakeholders) Lead Global Practice/Global Theme CCG • Planning/analysis (for example, development of LTS implementation plans, Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme related analysis, prioritization of measures, AGF, EEX, ENB, HNP, MTI, SSI, TRA, URL, WTR incorporation of LTS goals and targets into existing plans/strategies, and updating of NDCs to align with LTS goals and targets) • Policies/measures (for example, development of policies/legislation to achieve LTS goals and targets, including economic, financial, and fiscal policies, and LTS-related project pipelines) • Budgeting/finance (for example, project/ program finance, costing of measures, financing strategies, mobilization of finance for LTS implementation, greening of national budgets, and creating green investment platforms or enabling environments for investment) • Monitoring (for example, of progress toward LTS goals and targets and development of measurement, reporting, and verification [MRV] systems for LTS implementation). 308 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [240400] ACCESS TO CLIMATE FINANCE Definition Activities that support clients to improve their capacity to access and mobilize international and domestic climate finance, including • Result-based and policy-based climate finance; • Targeted advisory engagements to equip clients with the necessary frameworks to create enabling environments and risk mitigation practices to support climate action; • Supporting clients in designing transformative low-carbon and resilient investment programs and policies; • Support greening of the domestic financial sector in client countries. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. Innovative and scalable funding mechanisms in support of sustainable investments and Mapping and Ownership targeted engagement with central banks, national development banks, and private sector Lead Global Practice/Global Theme financial institutions. CCG Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme ENB, SSI, MTI [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 309 [240500] CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE Definition Transformation and reorientation of agri-food systems, or conservation of natural systems, to effectively support development and ensure food and nutrition security under climate change by tackling three main objectives: 1. Sustainably increasing productivity and incomes in agri-food value chains 2. Adapting and building resilience to climate change 3. Reducing or removing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, where possible. Typical Examples of Coded • Investments in research and innovation to increase productivity for more and better Activities food to improve nutrition security and Examples of coded activities could be boost incomes in the face of climate change found in any of the World Bank’s main • Resilience-enhancing activities that reduce instruments (Investment Project Financing vulnerability to drought, pests, diseases, [IPF], Development Policy Financing [DPF], and other climate-related risks and shocks Program‑for-Results [PforR], and Advisory • Investments in irrigation and drainage that Services and Analytics [ASAs]) and include, are informed by and designed to increase but are not limited to the following: resilience in the face of climate change • Climate-smart crop production • Activities designed to improve soil health to • Climate-smart livestock investments increase resilience to climate shocks such • Agri-food value chain investments that as droughts and floods, while increasing contribute to increasing climate resilience carbon sequestration and reducing emissions, including by • Activities to increase tree cover for agro- reducing food loss and waste forestry production, creation of windbreaks, • Activities that support an integrated or inter-cropping (for example, shade- approach to sustainably managing or grown coffee) conserving landscapes—cropland, livestock, • Investments in agrivoltaics, the forests, and fisheries—and address the simultaneous use of areas of land for both interlinked challenges of food security and solar power generation and agriculture accelerating climate change 310 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Support for technologies or practices to Examples of Excluded Activities promote alternate wetting and drying in rice n.a. production • Biodigesters for proper disposal of livestock waste or crop residues, including for Mapping and Ownership generation of energy (with appropriate Lead Global Practice/Global Theme safeguards in place to avoid leakage of GHGs) AGF • Policy actions to repurpose public expenditures to finance research, Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme investments, or services in climate-smart CCG, ENB, WTR agriculture (CSA) technologies or practices • Payments for environmental services by farmers that are designed to contribute to the three objectives of CSA (such as improved soil health or water quality/quantity, or forest or grassland conservation) • Investments in developing or deploying technologies for improved measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) of increased mitigation and adaptation benefits in agri-food systems • Investments in climate-smart aquaculture/business. [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 311 [240600] E-MOBILITY Definition Use of electric cars, as well as e-bikes, electric motorbikes, e-buses, and e-trucks. The common feature of all of them is that they are fully or partly driven electrically, have a means of storing energy on board, and obtain their energy mainly from the power grid. Electric cars are quiet, efficient, and low‑emission and are mainly used in cities, where they are ideal for delivery services, taxis, and car sharing. Powertrain technologies include full electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids, as well as hydrogen fuel cell vehicles that convert hydrogen into electricity. E-mobility efforts are motivated by the need to address fuel efficiency and emission requirements, as well as market demands for lower operational costs. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Electrification of mobility such as public • Activities that support improvements transit, EV adoption incentives, and charging in urban mobility through planning and infrastructure should be coded under implementing e-mobility transition solutions [241805] Energy-Efficient Demand. • Green government fleets and adopting micro-mobility solutions Mapping and Ownership • Electrifying public transit, greening Lead Global Practice/Global Theme government fleets, adopting micro-mobility TRA solutions, incentivizing electric vehicle (EV) adoption, and building necessary support Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme infrastructure CCG, EEX, URL • Use of e-buses in bus rapid transit (BRT) projects • Use of e-buses in public transport • Operations including electric mobility • Operations including EVs. 312 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [240700] GREEN LOGISTICS AND FREIGHT INFRASTRUCTURE Definition Activities that support diagnostics and interventions to decarbonize the freight sector and deliver lower-carbon logistics, including interventions to reengineer supply chains, change inventory practices, reduce the fragmentation of production, bring production closer to customers, incentivize modal shift to lower-carbon transport modes, switch to energy-efficient and low-carbon trucking across modes—including in rail and maritime transport—and optimize networks. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Urban logistics and e-commerce • Green ports and decarbonization of shipping Mapping and Ownership • Trucking sector reform Lead Global Practice/Global Theme FCI, TRA • Digitalization of corridors, ports, and airports • Resilience of supply chains Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Competitive low-emission modes. CCG, EEX, URL [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 313 [240800] PROMOTING LOW‑CARBON MANUFACTURING Definition Support for development of sectoral policies and strategies for industry that promote low-carbon and resilient growth, while helping to improve competitiveness. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Resource-efficient and low-carbon solutions • Circularity Mapping and Ownership • Helping industrial parks offer low-carbon Lead Global Practice/Global Theme industrial infrastructure and services FCI • Improving competitiveness through Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme business continuity planning and CCG, ENB better supply chain and industrial park management in the face of disasters • Working with private sector companies along value chains to reduce emissions. 314 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [240900] RESILIENT TRANSPORT Definition Investments in physical infrastructure, new technologies, and community-based adaptation in the Transport sector. This includes interventions that can help manage shocks—from climate events or other events—in a way that the system becomes less vulnerable to the shock or is able to bounce back quickly. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Resilience of transport networks • Urban accessibility Mapping and Ownership • Rural accessibility, lagging and Lead Global Practice/Global Theme isolated areas TRA • Basic lifeline mobility and connectivity Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Lifeline financial support CCG • Rural and feeder roads (see also [220300] Rural Infrastructure and Service Delivery) • Rural transport and connectivity services (see also [220300] Rural Infrastructure and Service Delivery). [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 315 [241000] CIRCULAR ECONOMY Definition The programs and activities that promote elements of “an economic system that replaces the ‘end‑of-life’ concept” with reducing, sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing, and “recovered materials in production/distribution and consumption processes.” Also include circular economy approaches that spur growth and lower exposure to lock-in and other transition risks. A circular economy aims to transform the current linear economy by reducing consumption of finite material resources and minimizing the generation of waste through activities that adopt design approaches, business models, and policies that regenerate natural systems and keep resources in continuous use at their highest possible distinct biological and technical value. It also contributes to supporting low- carbon climate-resilient pathways. Typical Examples of Coded • Activities related to more efficient use of resources (beyond energy), while Activities strengthening waste diversion systems • Analysis to identify circular economy and infrastructure to collect and process opportunities and bottlenecks in plastic materials and recapture the value of specific markets and sectors, including plastics in the economy policy analysis • Support in the design and financing of • Strategies to keep resources in use: an enabling policy framework for circular regeneration, sharing, reuse, maintenance, economy, including building the institutional repair, refurbishing, remanufacturing, capacity to design and implement such and recycling framework • Creating policy frameworks that support • Interventions for the “design and production businesses and citizens to maximize of products and assets that enable circular the exchange or circulation of available economy strategies, through for example natural resources (a) increased resource efficiency, durability, functionality, modularity, upgradability, • Interventions that maximize the exchange easy disassembly, and repair and (b) or circulation of available natural resources, use of materials that are recyclable or such as minerals, ores, and biomass, and/or compostable” contribute to the reduction of unsustainable use of such resources • Interventions for the “development and sustainable production of new materials (including bio-based materials) that are reusable, recyclable, or compostable” 316 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Interventions for the “substitution or Examples of Excluded Activities substantial reduction of substances of • Activities that have a sole focus on energy concern in materials, products, and assets generation or the use of energy resources to enable circular economy strategies” • Energy efficiency, see • Interventions for the “substitution of virgin [241804] Energy-Efficient Supply and materials with secondary raw materials and [241805] Energy-Efficient Demand by-products” • Conventional water supply and wastewater • Interventions for the reuse, repair, management services. refurbishing, repurposing, and remanufacturing of end-of-life or redundant products, movable assets, and Mapping and Ownership their components that would otherwise be discarded Lead Global Practice/Global Theme ENB • Interventions for separate collection and reverse logistics of wastes as well as Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme “redundant products, parts, and materials CCG, MTI, TRA enabling circular value retention and recovery strategies” • Interventions for the “recovery of materials from waste in preparation for circular value retention and recovery strategies (excluding feedstock)” • Interventions for the “recovery and valorization of biomass waste and residues as food, feed, nutrients, fertilizers, bio-based materials, or chemical feedstock” • Design and emission of financial instruments such as environmental, social, and governance (ESG) bonds for a circular economy • Water reuse and recycling • Anaerobic digestion where the digestate by-product can be used as a soil enhancer. [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 317 [241100] CHEMICALS AND HAZARDOUS WASTE Definition Activities that eliminate or reduce harmful chemicals (such as lead and asbestos); interventions for the sound management of hazardous materials and wastes (including electronic, ignitable, toxic, reactive, corrosive, radioactive materials, and wastes); management and phase-out of chemicals and others that are covered by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and the Minamata Convention on Mercury and the Rotterdam Convention on pesticides and industrial chemicals. Programs and activities that support the sound management of chemicals and waste, the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM), and the United Nations policy framework to promote chemical safety around the world. Typical Examples of Coded • Interventions for the sound management of pesticides and industrial chemicals targeted Activities by the Rotterdam Convention • Interventions to phase out mercury (Hg) as • Interventions to enforce mandated by the Minamata Convention the Basel Convention requirements to • Interventions to phase out asbestos and the ensure that transboundary movements of manufacture of lead-based paint and other hazardous and other wastes are minimized lead-based products and that any movement is conducted in a manner that will protect human health and • Interventions to phase out chromium (Cr) the environment and other toxic chemicals • Interventions for the sound management of • Efficient use of ammonia and other hazardous materials and wastes (including nitrogen-based fertilizers electronic, ignitable, toxic, reactive, corrosive, • Interventions to control and prevent the and radioactive materials and wastes) unsafe use and disposal of highly hazardous • Elimination of chemicals of global concern pesticides from the supply chain of commercial and • Interventions to phase out per- and domestic products polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), • Demand for safer products as well as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and other systems for proper handling of products persistent organic pollutants targeted by that could contain harmful chemicals the Stockholm Convention • Hazardous waste management facilities 318 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Strengthening regulatory agencies for the management of chemical and hazardous materials (national, subnational, and local) • Capacity building for chemical and hazardous materials management (including e-waste). Examples of Excluded Activities Pollution control associated with military operations. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme ENB Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 319 [241200] ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Definition Typical Examples of Coded Environmental health is concerned with Activities mortality and morbidity and disability associated • Capacity building for environmental health with exposure to adverse environmental management conditions, including from the following: • Occupational health and safety (OHS) • Household and outdoor air pollution • Global and regional analytical work on • Inadequate water and sanitation environmental health noncommunicable • Radioactive pollution diseases (NCDs) aimed at identifying interventions to reduce morbidity and • Chemicals and hazardous waste mortality due to environmental risks • Thermal pollution • Preventing human injury and illness • Community noise and promoting well-being by identifying environmental risks and hazardous agents • Occupational risks and implementing interventions to reduce • Unsustainable agricultural practices mortality and morbidity associated with • Unsustainable and unsafe transport environmental risks • Climate change. • Regional collaboration platforms focused on measurement of environmental health Environmental health interventions support risks, generation of quality health data, client countries in implementing interventions digitalization, and research on reducing to reduce the burden of environment- environmental risk factors related diseases. Environmental impacts disproportionally affect the poor and vulnerable • Technical assistance (TA) and interventions populations including women and children. for strengthening of knowledge and Low- and middle-income countries bear the expertise on environmental health brunt of environmental-related risks and through training, e-learning, and hands-on disease, and affect development outcomes. As support—this will increase capacity and such, reducing exposure from environmental awareness of interventions hazards has a direct link to ending extreme • Analytical work to support policy reforms poverty and boosting shared prosperity. and investments in environmental health for reducing morbidity and mortality 320 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Interventions to tackle environmental health risks in investment projects, including OHS and community health • Policies to minimize occupational risks and to establish and strengthen occupational safety reforms • Policy reforms for environmental health prevention measures, including potential fiscal incentives and economic instruments that incentivize healthier behavior and can help finance interventions. Examples of Excluded Activities • Activities related to policy development or pollution management not directly related to human health • Activities related to One Health approach and to chemicals and hazardous waste. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme ENB Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, CCG, FCI, HNP, MTI, SSI, WTR [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 321 [241300] POLLUTION MANAGEMENT Definition Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. The Theme addresses pollution as a threat to human lives, health, livelihoods, economies, and ecosystems. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Pollution control associated with military • Pollution prevention and abatement. Design operations. and implementation of interventions to improve air quality through the reduction Mapping and Ownership of indoor and outdoor air pollution; improving water quality in freshwater and Lead Global Practice/Global Theme in oceans; integrating management of ENB hazardous waste and chemicals, including management of land-based pollution and Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme remediation of toxic contaminated sites; n.a. and promoting environmental sustainability through cleaner production, pollution prevention, and circular economy. • Monitoring and support for environmental quality information deployment. This includes the support of regional and national air, water, and soil quality information systems and environmental quality monitoring networks. • Comprehensive interventions to build synergies between climate change mitigation and reduction of regional and local pollution. This includes support for countries developing short-lived climate pollutant mitigation prevention and abatement strategies and integrating them into nationally determined contributions (NDCs). 322 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [241301] Air Pollution Definition Interventions that address prevention and abatement of local air pollution. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Pollution control associated with military • Pollution prevention and abatement. operations. Design of pollution prevention and abatement strategies and implementation Mapping and Ownership of interventions for air pollution control programs. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme ENB • Monitoring and support for air quality information deployment. This includes Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme the support of regional and national EEX, TRA air information systems and air quality monitoring networks. • Comprehensive interventions for climate change mitigation and air quality management. This includes support for countries developing short-lived climate pollutant mitigation prevention and abatement strategies and integrating them into nationally determined contributions (NDCs). [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 323 [241302] Water Pollution Definition Activities for prevention and abatement of surface water and groundwater pollution, including nonpoint source pollution. Such activities promote cleaner water resources use and development and include the following: • Prevention of wastewater discharges • Wastewater treatment • Management of wastes associated with wastewater treatment and agricultural production • Control and remediation of groundwater pollution • Water bodies restoration and clean-ups • Reduction of soil erosion. Typical Examples of Coded • Groundwater pollution control and site remediation. Activities • Control, monitoring, and reduction of • Pollution prevention and abatement. pollution from nonpoint sources, including Design of water pollution prevention and those from agriculture and industry. abatement strategies and implementation • Water bodies restoration and plastic waste of interventions for water pollution reduction in waterways, among others. control programs. • Reduction or prevention of pollution of • Monitoring and support for water pollution water from agricultural activities. information deployment. This includes the support of local, regional, and national water pollution information systems and Examples of Excluded Activities water quality monitoring networks. • Water pollution management, for example, • Comprehensive interventions for climate design and installation of wastewater change mitigation and water pollution treatment plants (WWTPs). management. This includes support for countries developing methane mitigation • Pollution control associated with military prevention and abatement strategies and operations. integrating them into nationally determined • For design and installation of WWTPs, use contributions (NDCs). [210700] Urban Water and Sanitation. 324 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme ENB, WTR Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGF [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 325 [241303] Soil Pollution Definition Activities that address reduction of soil pollution from agricultural, industrial, and other uses; remediation and redevelopment of contaminated sites and hazardous waste management; interventions for integrated waste management; and containment to prevent, or significantly reduce, the migration of contaminants in soils. Typical Examples of Coded • Design and construction of waste disposal sites Activities • Remediation of contaminated sites • Remediation of toxic contaminated sites • On-site treatment of polluted soil to destroy • Brownfield redevelopment the pollutant or reduce it to acceptable • Pollution prevention and abatement. levels (for example, bioremediation, Design of soil pollution prevention and involving microbial digestion of organic abatement strategies and implementation chemicals [pollutants], or thermal of interventions for cleanup of toxic remediation by introducing heat to raise contaminated sites, soil pollution control subsurface temperatures high enough to programs and remediation of toxic volatize chemical contaminants out of the contaminated sites soil for vapor extraction) • Monitoring and support for soil pollution • Off-site treatment of excavated soil to information deployment, including the destroy the pollutant or reduce it to an support of regional and national soil acceptable level, after which it is returned information systems and soil quality to the original site monitoring networks • Isolation of the contamination on-site in an • Comprehensive interventions for appropriately managed containment facility climate change mitigation and air quality • Shifting toward use of less-sensitive land to management. This includes support for minimize the need for remedial actions countries developing methane mitigation • Reduction in chemical fertilizer and prevention and abatement strategies and pesticide use in agricultural production. integrating them into nationally determined contributions (NDCs) • Hazardous waste management facilities 326 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Examples of Excluded Activities Pollution control associated with military operations. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme ENB, WTR Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGF [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 327 [241304] Plastic Pollution Definition Interventions that address prevention and abatement of plastic pollution. Plastic pollution is the introduction of harmful plastic materials into the environment. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Pollution control associated with military • Plastic pollution diagnostics, hot spot operations. identification, value chain and policy analysis; definition of targets and development of action plans Mapping and Ownership • Implementation of road maps or Lead Global Practice/Global Theme action plans ENB • Managing plastic pollution from sectors such as retail, agriculture, tourism, fishing Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme activities, shipping, and cruising AGF, FCI, URL, WTR • Development of new business models and policy interventions for plastic circular economy • Infrastructure and policy reforms that aim at, among others, reducing the production and/or use of (single-use) plastics; substitution by alternative materials; and promoting and implementing changes in products’ design for reduction, reuse, repair, remanufacture, and recycling • Improving solid waste management infrastructure, services, and institutional capacity, including but not limited to recycling plants, materials recovery facilities, and sorting sites • Conducting clean-ups, remediation, and restoration activities. 328 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [241400] ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT Definition Activities that involve the management and use of renewable natural resources and assets in an integrated way across terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, for example, watersheds, rural landscapes, and oceans and coastal zones, thereby improving the basis for enhanced livelihoods; food and water security; sustained energy supplies; and the ability to prevent, adapt, and recover from the impacts of environmental stress, such as climate variability and change and pollution. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Nonrenewable natural resources and asset • Nature-based solutions management such as minerals and oil • Marine resources • Any activities related to financing, for example, Blue bonds and green financing, • Biodiversity which are captured elsewhere. • Ecosystem services • Ecosystem-based management Mapping and Ownership • Landscape management Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Watershed management ENB • Integrated coastal zone management. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Marine spatial planning / marine AGF, CCG, DD, EDU, EEX, GEN, HNP, MTI, SPJ, spatial plans SSI, TRA, URL, WTR • Ecosystem-based adaptation • Protected areas (both terrestrial and marine) • Support for the conservation of terrestrial carbon sinks. [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 329 [241401] Biodiversity Definition Biodiversity comprises the multitudes of different species on our planet, as well as genetic diversity within species and populations. It also refers to the ecosystems in which species form communities, interacting with one another and their physical environment, and the services these ecosystems provide to people. These ecosystems can be forests, savannas, deserts, or other terrestrial environments, and can also be freshwater or marine. This Theme is intended to capture activities whose primary purpose is to directly conserve or restore biodiversity (at a genetic, species, or ecosystem level) and ecosystem services, or to support their sustainable use by human populations. The Theme also intends to capture investments that would indirectly contribute to the same goals, for example, training or capacity development. Typical Examples of Coded • Nature-based ecotourism, and Activities • Biodiversity-friendly agricultural or fishing practices. • Examples of conservation activities at genetic, • Finally, examples of biodiversity specific, and ecosystem levels include activities indirectly supporting the above • Ex situ conservation of genetic diversity goals include (collections, germ banks, zoos, • Training on biodiversity monitoring, and arboreta), assessment, management, and • Species-specific conservation efforts, conservation. • Conservation of ecosystems and of ecosystem functionality and services, Examples of Excluded Activities either in protected areas or through site-specific interventions in ecologically Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) important but non-protected areas, and related activities. • Control of invasive species with potential to negatively affect ecosystem Mapping and Ownership functionality. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Examples of support to sustainable human ENB use and exploitation of biodiversity include promotion of Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Sustainable use of biodiversity (for SSI example, non-timber forest products [NTFPs], use of genetic resources, and wildlife trade), 330 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [241402] Landscape Management Definition Activities that promote landscape management and approaches, as well as support for conserving sources of terrestrial carbon. Landscape management entails managing terrestrial ecosystems and multiple land uses in an integrated manner, considering environmental conditions and the human needs that depend on healthy ecosystems. Landscape management includes practices that help integrate land, water, biodiversity, and environmental management to meet the goals of food security and inclusive green growth while sustaining ecosystem services and livelihoods. It ranges from land-use planning, effective implementation of such plans, monitoring, evaluation, and adaptive management. Land uses could include, for example, protected areas, forests, woodlands, agroforestry, watersheds, croplands, grassland, pasture, and agricultural lands for improved provision of ecosystem services, productivity, food security, livelihood, and climate change adaptation/mitigation. Typical Examples of Coded • Payment for ecosystem/environmental services (PES) Activities • Nature-based solutions, including green and Landscape management practices involve gray infrastructure to manage landscapes multiple land uses through a combination (including coastal zones) and reduce land of approaches, including the following: degradation • Territorial land-use mapping, zoning, and • Nature-based tourism and ecotourism. demarcation • Multisectoral land-use planning Examples of Excluded Activities • Implementation, monitoring, and evaluation Any activities or approaches that include only of landscape management plans one sector or land use would not be considered • Assessment of land-use tradeoffs landscape management. and synergies • Landscape restoration (that is, a combination of sustainable land and water Mapping and Ownership management, climate-smart agriculture Lead Global Practice/Global Theme [CSA], various forms of agroforestry, ENB afforestation/reforestation, and sustainable forest management) Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Land and resource tenure security AGF, FCI, SSI, URL • Sustainable value chains development in landscape (for example, cocoa, coffee, coconut, nuts, rubber, palm oil, and tree crops) [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 331 [241403] Coastal Zone Management Definition Support to development of integrated coastal zone management practices to promote sustainability of coastal resources and enhance economic benefits to local communities, with a particular emphasis on adaptation to the impacts of climate change and disaster risk management. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Activities related to military operations or • Support to the development of integrated freshwater ecosystems. coastal zone management approaches at the national and local levels Mapping and Ownership • Updates to existing national laws and Lead Global Practice/Global Theme regulations, with particular emphasis on ENB avoiding and solving user conflicts in the coastal zone and addressing threats such Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme as erosion AGF, SSI, URL • Planning, decision-making, and maintenance on coastal infrastructure development. 332 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [241404] Watershed Management Definition Activities that support watershed management. Watershed management is the integrated use of land, vegetation, and water in a geographically discrete drainage area for the benefit of its residents and downstream water users, with the dual objective of conserving or protecting the hydrologic services that the watershed provides and of reducing or avoiding negative downstream or groundwater impacts. It includes coordinated multisectoral approaches in a spatial, hydrologic context. Although watersheds, catchments, or basins come in several sizes, ranging from small micro-watersheds to trans-boundary watersheds, the work of watershed management relates to modernizing information, institutions, and sustainable land and water investments for improving watershed services (for example, related to erosion/sedimentation, hydrology, water quality, and biodiversity) to improve natural resources sustainability and improve productivity (for example, in agriculture, water supply, environmental flows, hydropower, and climate resilience). Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Watershed/catchment protection • Erosion/sedimentation management Mapping and Ownership • Watershed/catchment planning based on Lead Global Practice/Global Theme analytical and participatory inputs ENB • Vegetative and structural interventions Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme (for example, afforestation; community AGF, SSI, URL, WTR woodlots; check dams; gabions; terraces; riparian buffers; bunds; and other sustainable agricultural, forest, livestock, and fisheries practices) in a watershed context • Watershed monitoring, modeling, and knowledge management • Institutional capacity strengthening and policy strengthening for watershed management and coordination at all levels. [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 333 [241405] Oceans Management Definition Activities that encourage the sustainable management of all oceans-related economic activities and with an emphasis on avoiding conflicts between users. Oceans management is natural resources based while the Blue Economy approach is broader as it places emphasis on governance broadly as well as social and economic aspects. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Activities not relevant to oceans and coastal • Integrated seascape management, including ecosystems. marine spatial plans, zoning, and marine resources management Mapping and Ownership • Fisheries and aquaculture management Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Sustainable coastal and marine tourism ENB • Marine clean energy Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Sustainable ports AGF, CCG, EEX, GEN, HNP, MTI, SPJ, TRA, • Coastal nature-based solutions URL, WTR • Water desalination • Management of marine plastics. 334 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [241406] Natural Resource Use Definition Improving the management and use of renewable natural resources and assets in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. These include but are not limited to non-timber forest products (NTFPs), timber, wildlife, and aquatic resources. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Management of nonrenewable resources, • Establishing and strengthening markets such as oil, gas, or minerals for natural resources • Financing strategies. • Improving the processing of natural resources Mapping and Ownership • Improving the sustainability and transparency Lead Global Practice/Global Theme of natural resource value chains. ENB Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 335 [241407] Nature-Based Solutions Definition Activities that protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural and modified ecosystems that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being, climate change, and biodiversity benefits. Activities also include investments in green infrastructure, such as mangroves, wetlands, and watersheds, which have proven to be cost-effective for water resource and disaster risk management (DRM). Typical Examples of Coded • Additional keywords/examples. Integrated ecosystem management, multi-functional Activities sea/oceanscapes, natural resource‑based, • Protection, restoration, or management of integrated planning, restoration, natural and seminatural ecosystems regeneration, ecosystem recovery, conservation, restoration, ecosystem • Sustainable management of aquatic management, wetland restoration, and systems and working lands such as forest restoration croplands or timberlands • Activities in coastal areas that stabilize • Gray infrastructure that incorporates shorelines and reduce flooding and natural systems or elements, such as an erosion impacts. artificial reef or a sea wall with interwoven mangroves or the creation of novel ecosystems in and around cities Examples of Excluded Activities • Nature-based infrastructure. An engineered • Gray or hard infrastructure. Purely infrastructure solution using natural systems, man‑made, such as a concrete sea wall such as beach replenishment and sand • Green infrastructure that uses exotic, motors, taking advantage of natural processes invasive, or toxic species or promotes • Natural infrastructure. The infrastructure practices that do not have local services provided by unaltered natural biodiversity benefit. ecosystems, such as the saltwater retention and flood defense services provided by mangrove forests Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme ENB Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, CCG, EEX, SSI, TRA, URL, WTR 336 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [241500] ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS Definition Analysis and promotion of policies and strengthening of institutions in support of the objectives of clean, green, blue, and resilient growth. Typical Examples of Coded • Support to climate-related nationally determined contributions (NDCs) that span Activities both mitigation and adaptation strategies • Green growth analysis and require consistency across fiscal and sectoral policies • Cost of environmental degradation studies or Country Environmental Assessments • Support to the development/updating of the National Biodiversity Strategies and • Establishment and strengthening of Action Plans (NBSAPs). environmental regulatory institutions (national, subnational, and local) environmental policies, regulations, Examples of Excluded Activities monitoring, and enforcement Supporting non-environment-related • Environmental assessment and institutions and policies. management capacity improvement • Financing mechanisms and economic Mapping and Ownership instruments for environmental management, including climate-related Lead Global Practice/Global Theme financing (such as Reducing Emissions ENB from Deforestation and Forest Degradation [REDD+] and financing associated with Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme ecosystem-based resilience) n.a. • Environmental awareness building, education, and training • Poverty and environment analysis, often linked to Systematic Country Diagnostics (SCDs) [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 337 [241501] Ecosystem Management Policies and Institutions Definition Improving ecosystems management governance, including both terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Analysis and promotion of policies and strengthening of institutions to improve the management and use of natural ecosystems. Establishing the overriding principles and objectives of the sector, including policy and regulatory frameworks, and connecting governments to civil society. Typical Examples of Coded • Support provided to engage in natural resource assessment, inventory, Activities and monitoring • Strengthening fisheries and aquaculture • Support for policies improving natural sector policies, regulations, monitoring, resource value chains and trade and enforcement • Support provided for the Ministry of • Strengthening fisheries and aquaculture Environment to engage in landscape planning institutions, including at the transnational • Marine policies, regulation, monitoring, level (regional and global levels) and for and enforcement for better management areas beyond national jurisdiction of marine ecosystems and ocean-related • Building favorable investment climate economic activities for the private sector around strong, • Establishment and strengthening of marine- sustainable, and controlled practices, related institutions (national, subnational, including through new and innovative and local) and marine information systems instruments • Financing mechanisms and economic • Support for development of policies instruments of sustainable ocean further specifying management standards management for primary forests, timber value chains, or plantations • Integrated marine/coastal policies for the development of economic activities in • Support for development of aquatic oceans and coastal ecosystems resources (other than fisheries and aquaculture) and coastal zone • Legal declaration of new marine management policies protected areas • Policies for ecosystem conservation/ protection and restoration 338 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Natural capital assessment and management-capacity improvement • Blue economy awareness building, education, and training. Examples of Excluded Activities n.a. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme ENB Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, SSI, WTR [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 339 [241502] Pollution Policies and Institutions Definition Analysis and promotion of policies and strengthening of institutions to enhance environmental governance, regulation, and enforcement to improve the management of pollution, prevent the introduction of harmful materials into the environment, and promote environmental sustainability through cleaner production, pollution prevention, and circular economy. This Theme code will be used when dealing with pollution as a threat to health, livelihoods, economies, and ecosystems. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Policies and strategies that address long- • Drafting of policies, regulations, standards, lived greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as and strategies for pollution prevention and methane and carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, abatement and chlorofluorinated gases not otherwise addressed as local pollutants. • Improving the enabling environment to incentivize investments in pollution control, cleaner technologies, and the Mapping and Ownership circular economy Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Clarifying risk-based approach to ENB remediation of toxic contaminated sites Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Developing protocols and standards and AGF, CCG, DD, EDU, GEN, HNP, MTI, SPJ, strengthening institutional capacities for URL, WTR pollution monitoring and analysis • Adopting and operationalizing the polluter- pays principle through the adoption of command-and-control regulations, market- based or economic instruments, and litigation-adopted instruments. 340 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [241503] Biodiversity Policies and Institutions Definition Analysis and promotion of policies and institutions designed to ensure that biodiversity and ecosystems are adequately protected, restored, and used sustainably to reverse their loss, while advancing development goals. The Theme refers to policies and institutions to create the enabling conditions for this and help address the direct drivers (land-use change, direct exploitation, pollution, and invasive species) and indirect drivers (such as market, policy, and institutional failures) of biodiversity loss. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Policies and institutions that reinforce • Implementation of spatial the direct and indirect drivers of planning approaches involving spatially biodiversity loss explicit information on biodiversity and • Policies and institutions that support ecosystem services to inform policy climate change mitigation. • A policy or regulation designed to enhance assessment, disclosure, and management Mapping and Ownership of biodiversity-related risks in the real and financial sectors Lead Global Practice/Global Theme ENB • A policy, regulation, or mechanism designed to improve governance of biodiversity Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme and ecosystem services, including AGF, CCG, EEX, HNP, SSI, TRA, URL, WTR benefit sharing • Policies and institutions that support the establishment or strengthening of environmental markets and market- based mechanisms (such as payment for ecosystem services) to help conserve, restore, or sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystem services • Support provided to the Ministry of Environment to collate and use biodiversity data in spatial planning and impact assessment. [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 341 [241504] Measurement and Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital Policies and Institutions Definition Programs and activities aiming at policies and institutions that influence ecosystems, to take account of valuation of services from these systems and developing incentives, tools, and approaches to guide improved management of ecosystems. Valuation of ecosystem services covers a number of methodologies and approaches to assign economic values to an ecosystem and its ecosystem services. Natural capital accounting is a tool to measure the changes in the stock of natural capital at various scales and to integrate the value of ecosystem services into accounting and reporting systems at different political levels. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Valuations and accounts that do not specifically • Support development of natural capital include ecosystems and their services. accounts, knowledge, and tools • Drafting guidelines, methodology, and Mapping and Ownership methodological approaches including, for Lead Global Practice/Global Theme example, biophysical modeling, valuation, ENB and scenario analysis • Capacity building, technical assistance Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme (TA), knowledge sharing, and national and n.a. regional coordination • Communications and impact assessment. 342 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [241600] WATER INSTITUTIONS, POLICIES, AND REFORM Definition Used to capture support to institutions, policies, and regulatory reforms to strengthen overall water security (both urban and rural) and as pertaining to water supply and sanitation service delivery, irrigation and drainage service delivery, and water resources management. Such interventions may focus at the national or subnational (regional, provincial, state, and local) level or at the river basin level, including transboundary river basins. The institutional capacity may include support to water service providers, governments, river basin organizations, or local water user groups for various aspects, including rules, regulations, roles and responsibilities, organizational structures, plans, processes, decision support tools, information systems, stakeholder participation mechanisms, incentives, asset management, and so on. This encompasses water supply and sanitation as well as irrigation and drainage entities in charge of service provision and general water resources management. Typical Examples of Coded • Transboundary, national, and river basin planning and management Activities • Water resources information systems/ This includes support to institutions, policies, data/modeling in support of resource and regulatory reforms aimed at strengthening monitoring and decision-making (under the following: uncertainty and planning purposes), • Management of surface water and including systems analyses and groundwater resources for urban, rural, hydro-meteorological forecast and warning agricultural, energy, mining, and industrial • Cooperative transboundary waters uses in terms of quantity (for example, management and development, including intersectoral allocation) and quality (for groundwater and surface water example, pollution control) • Mainstreaming accounting for • Incentives for water-related efficiency and environmental flows in water resources productivity enhancements (such as pricing infrastructure planning for technology and modernization efforts) • Strengthening planning and operations of • Water allocation and entitlements and multipurpose hydraulic infrastructure enhanced conjunctive use for surface water and groundwater [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 343 • Demand-side management interventions (for example, creating awareness and pricing to conserve water resources) • Institutional incentives to promote universal access to resilient and inclusive water supply and sanitation services. Examples of Excluded Activities Excludes activities aimed at strengthening institutions/reforms for watershed management, which is captured under the Theme code [241404] Watershed Management. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme WTR Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme ENB 344 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [241601] Water and Wastewater Utility Performance Definition Use this theme to capture support toward improving water and/or wastewater utilities (including utility performance and utility turnaround). This includes support to strengthen the following elements of water supply and sanitation (WSS) utility performance improvement: • Technical • Commercial • Financial management • Human resources management • Organization and strategy • Innovation • Market and consumer orientation (efficiency) • Resilience • Inclusion. This Theme code also captures support to water and/or wastewater utilities in becoming smart water utilities. Typical Examples of Coded • Nonrevenue water (NRW) reduction Activities • Asset management • Wastewater and fecal sludge Institutional capacity building and technical management assistance (TA) aimed at improving water and wastewater utility performance. Typical • Water treatment and water quality. activities include investments and capacity • Performance improvement in financial building for the following: management including • Performance improvement in commercial efficiency including billing, collections, and • Financial modeling and forecasting commercial systems and metering • Auditing and risk management • Performance improvement in technical • Cash flow efficiency including • Budgeting. [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 345 • Performance improvement in human resources management and strategy • Innovation and technology adoption toward becoming a smart water utility. Examples of Excluded Activities • Activities that support turnaround of utilities other than water supply and wastewater utilities, for example, energy. • Energy efficiency interventions should be coded under [241805] Energy‑Efficient Demand. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme WTR Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. 346 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [241602] Institutional Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Definition Institutional water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) captures support to expand access to improved water supply and sanitation services in health care facilities (HCFs), schools, and other settings excluding households and industry. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Support to investments, TA, analytical studies, Support to investments, technical assistance and capacity building for the following activities: (TA), analytical studies, and capacity building for • Health care waste management the following activities: • Environmental cleaning practices of health • Expanding access to water supply and care facilities. sanitation services in HCFs and schools • Expanding access to hygiene services, Mapping and Ownership including handwashing facilities. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme WTR Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme HNP [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 347 [241603] Irrigation and Drainage Service Delivery Performance Improvement Definition Support toward improving service delivery by irrigation and drainage service providers. This includes support to strengthen the following elements of irrigation and drainage (I&D) service providers’ performance improvement: • Technical/infrastructure • Management of infrastructure • Financial management (including cost recovery) • Human resources management • Organization and strategy • Asset management • Customer orientation • Resilience • Inclusion. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. Such efforts include those of modernization of I&D infrastructure and its management. Mapping and Ownership Modernization is defined as a process of infrastructural/technological and management Lead Global Practice/Global Theme improvements implemented gradually and WTR over time, while tailored to local contexts. Modernization of the physical I&D infrastructure Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme and its management is usually undertaken to AGF improve irrigation service delivery. 348 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [241604] Water Resources Management Definition Used to capture support to institutions, policies, and reforms to strengthen water resources management. Such interventions may focus at the national or subnational (regional, provincial, state, and local) level or at the river basin level, including transboundary river basins. The institutional capacity may include support for various aspects, including rules, regulations, roles and responsibilities, organizational structures, plans, processes, decision support tools, information systems, stakeholder participation mechanisms, incentives, asset management, and so on. Typical Examples of Coded • Cooperative transboundary waters management and development, including Activities aquifers and surface water This includes support to institutions, • Assessment and monitoring of water policies, and reforms aimed at strengthening quantity and quality the following: • Water resource studies, survey, and • Management of surface water and assessments groundwater resources for urban, rural, agricultural, energy, mining and industrial • Mainstreaming environmental flows in uses, and pollution control water resources infrastructure planning • Incentives for water-related efficiency and • Strengthening planning and operations of productivity enhancements, such as pricing multipurpose hydraulic infrastructure for technology • Demand-side management interventions • Water allocation and entitlements and (for example, creating awareness and enhanced conjunctive use for surface water pricing to conserve water resources). and groundwater • Transboundary, national, and river basin planning and management • Water resources information systems/data/ modeling for resource monitoring, decision-making under uncertainty, systems analyses, and hydro-meteorological forecast and warning [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 349 Examples of Excluded Activities • Excludes activities aimed at strengthening institutions/reforms for flood risk management and watershed management, which are captured under [241404] Watershed Management. • Excludes physical infrastructure investments with no institutional reform activities. These would be captured under the broader Water Resource Management code, or in codes related to irrigation, hydropower, flood and drought management, and so on. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme WTR Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme ENB 350 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [241700] WATER STORAGE Definition Used to capture support involving water storage. This can include support for built storage (including but not limited to dams) and natural or green storage, or to institutions, policies, regulatory reforms, and capacity building involving water storage. Captures support for water storage used for any sector, including but not limited to water supply and sanitation, hydropower, water for agriculture, flood or drought management, and so on, as well as related to climate change adaptation. Such interventions may focus at the national or subnational (regional, provincial, state, and local) level, project/site-specific level, or the river basin/aquifer level, including transboundary river basins. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Activities related to transmission delivery of • Planning, development, operation, water, but without activities explicitly related maintenance, or rehabilitation of dams to water storage (utility reform or water supply and their related reservoirs that store access projects and irrigation or agricultural water; activities related to safety of dams, improvement projects at the farm level without including run-of-river dams, given water is water storage). stored—even if for a short duration • Planning, development, operation, Mapping and Ownership maintenance, or rehabilitation of tanks, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme storage ponds, or other infrastructure used WTR to store water • Planning, development, operation, Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme maintenance, or rehabilitation of natural EEX water storage or regulation solutions, including but not limited to wetlands, watersheds, floodplains, or aquifers • Studies for the planning or operations of water storage at various levels of planning and integration • Studies on methods to improve resilience to climate change, considering water storage as a way to manage hydro variability (including flood and drought resilience). [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 351 [241701] Dams Definition Use this theme to capture support involving dams. Interventions may be at the national or subnational (transboundary, national, regional, provincial, state, and local) government/ administrative levels. Activities include planning, study, implementation, rehabilitation, or removal of dam projects, as well as technical assistance (TA), capacity building, training, analytical work, and knowledge exchange. Includes any activity related to a dam, regardless of timing/quantity of water stored (run-of-river dams are included). Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Activities involving water storage or regulation, • System-level, river basin, or sub-basin but not including dams (that is, watershed studies or activities related to planning management, use of natural structures, dykes, of new dams and so on). • Activities related to the preparation, design, construction, operations, or maintenance Mapping and Ownership of dams Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Activities related to the rehabilitation, WTR reoperation, or retrofitting of dams Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Activities related to the safety of dams EEX • Activities related to institutional strengthening involving dams, including legal, regulatory, institutional, safety, or other measures. 352 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [241702] Other Water Storage Definition Use this Theme code to capture support toward water storage not involving dams. This can include natural or built storage, large or small, for a wide range of sector uses, including water supply and sanitation, agriculture, energy, disaster risk management, environment, and so on. This can include upstream planning studies, design, implementation, and evaluation of these studies. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Activities that support dams or dam Typical activities include investments and related policy. capacity building that use water storage to reach development outcomes, including for the Mapping and Ownership following: • Watershed and catchment management Lead Global Practice/Global Theme activities WTR • Floodplain or wetland restoration Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme or management n.a. • Managed aquifer recharge or use of aquifers for other water storage or management • Lake or in-stream water regulation for development outcomes • Use of tanks or other built structures used for water storage, but not involving dams. [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 353 [241800] ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES Definition Energy covers activities that contribute to Sustainable Development Goal 7 to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. Mineral resources include inorganic and organic matter extracted from the earth’s crust in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms, including fuels that can be transformed to make thermal or electric energy. Mineral resources and mining can be managed in a way that contributes to sustainable growth and development, protects communities, and reduces carbon emissions. Typical Examples of Coded • Rehabilitation of power plant, heating or cooling systems Activities • Rehabilitation and investment in industry, • Activities to improve access to affordable, buildings, public lighting, water and reliable, and modern energy services; waste utilities, and transport to increase renewable energy; and energy efficiency demand-side energy efficiency and facilitate • Activity supporting services and demand-response measures technologies enabling renewable energy, • Policy development to increase demand- including policy development to enable side energy efficiency and demand- renewable energy response measures. • Activity providing electric power, natural gas, steam, hot water, and the like through Examples of Excluded Activities a permanent infrastructure (network) of lines, mains, and pipes Excludes the operation of water and sewerage utilities. • Policy development in power plants, transmission, distribution, or other parts of the electricity, gas, or other energy Mapping and Ownership sector actor Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Investment in access to energy services, which EEX includes access to grid, mini-grid, or off‑grid electricity; access to improved cooking, Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme lighting, heating, and cooling services; and n.a. productive use of energy services 354 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [241801] Enabling Renewable Energy Definition Activity to support services and technologies that facilitate the integration of variable renewable energy generation and enable system-level transformation of the power systems, including direct, indirect, and enabling policy support to renewable energy. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Financing of power systems that are not • Mini grids with renewable generation expected to increase share of variable components renewable energy (VRE). • Energy storage systems coupled with renewable energy generation source Mapping and Ownership • Energy-related hydrogen production Lead Global Practice/Global Theme and use EEX • Smart charging of electric vehicles (including Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme vehicle-to-grid [V2G] technologies) n.a. • Development policy operations, technical assistance (TA), and capacity-building activities and analytical and advisory services aimed at enabling renewable energy. [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 355 [241802] Just Transition from Coal Definition Activity to support long-term economic transformations arising from actions, policies, or reforms to reduce coal dependence in a region, with due attention paid to environmental impacts, distributional effects, and promotion of economic growth for affected people and communities to ensure the transition is “just,” socially sustainable, and inclusive. Typical Examples of Coded • Social protection and inclusion measures such as cash transfers to poor households to Activities help them cope with the elimination of coal- • Retirement or closing of coal assets (mines related subsidies and coal-fired power plants and related • Short-term income support, training, and energy infrastructure), while addressing employment support to people and local stranded investments and ensuring a communities affected by the closure of socially and environmentally responsible and a coal mine or coal-fired power plant or inclusive process discontinuity of another industry due to an • Remediating and repurposing of mining economic adjustment to just transition lands for new future investments and use in • Design of education, skills programs, and an environmentally responsible manner active labor market policies (ALMPs) that • Clean energy substitutions support training and transitions away from coal industries toward creation of new jobs • Regional diversification strategic planning as (green jobs) or employment opportunities part of a strategy to reduce greenhouse gas and skills development (GHG) emissions • Analysis to assess the distributional • Facilitating and supporting private sector impact of policies and programs to reduce investment for job creation, local economic GHG emissions, including gender and diversification, and long-term economic poverty impacts growth in coal regions in transition • Support for locally led or community-driven • Public works and payments for ecosystem development programs for coal communities services that support carbon capture • Support to benefit sharing processes and • Citizen engagement (CE) mechanisms activities related to emissions reduction • Reforms to the enabling environment programs and transition investments and the establishment of appropriate • Support for community participation in governance mechanisms to plan for and transition processes and investments manage the transition from coal 356 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Interventions targeting groups at risk of experiencing adverse impacts of coal transition • Activities to promote public dialogue and citizen inputs to coal transition planning • Support to local governments to effectively manage just transition plans and programs. Examples of Excluded Activities • Mine closure and remediation/repurposing of mining lands that are not coal-based • Strategic planning and economic diversification that is not linked to a strategy to reduce GHG emissions • Social protection programs, including social assistance, unemployment insurance, pensions, and ALMPs that address chronic poverty or response to (climate) shocks, but without having a specific focus on supporting the economic transition needed to mitigate climate change. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme EEX Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme CCG, EDU, ENB, SPJ, SSI [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 357 [241803] Just Transition in Non-Coal Sectors Definition Activity intended to support countries’ and communities’ economic transitions to low-carbon and climate-resilient development in a way that is socially sustainable and inclusive in sectors other than coal, which is covered under [241802] Just Transition from Coal. This code covers activities to reduce the welfare and social impacts of policies and transitions to mitigate climate change in sectors such as energy (except coal), agriculture, land-use and food systems, manufacturing, transport, and urban development, for example, through creation of new employment opportunities and skills development, implementation of social protection and inclusion measures, reforms to the enabling environment for transition, and the establishment of appropriate governance mechanisms to plan for and manage a just transition. This also includes activities to understand and address the poverty, equity, and social inclusion impacts of the climate mitigation policies and transitions to ensure the transition is “just” or fair. Typical Examples of Coded • Social protection and inclusion measures, such as cash transfers to poor households Activities to help them cope with the elimination of • Analysis to assess the distributional brown energy subsidies or to help them impact of policies and programs to reduce cope with the closure of manufacturing or greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (including other industry for GHG emission reduction gender and poverty impacts) and analysis purposes if they are not able to find to assess what mitigation interventions are alternative work needed to ensure the poor and vulnerable • Compensation of private actors who are benefit from the transition prevented from developing their land as • Regional diversification strategic planning as intended due to the need to prevent further part of a strategy to reduce GHG emissions GHG emissions (for example, concessions for (without a specific focus on coal) for deforestation, peat lands, or other land use) example, in land use, transportation, urban • Support to manufacturing and other planning, or manufacturing industries to make adjustments that will • Facilitating and supporting private sector primarily serve low-carbon transition, investment for job creation, local economic energy efficiency, or GHG emission goals diversification, and long-term economic growth in transition • Public works and payments for ecosystem services that support carbon capture 358 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Short-term income support, training, and Examples of Excluded Activities employment support to people and local • All activities relating to the communities affected by discontinuity of an [241802] Just Transition from Coal industry due to an economic adjustment to just transition • Mine closure and remediation/repurposing of mining lands that are not coal-based • Design of education, skills programs, and active labor market policies (ALMPs) that • Strategic planning and economic support training and transitions away from diversification that is not linked to a strategy GHG-emitting industries toward creation to reduce GHG emissions of new jobs (green jobs) or employment • Broader social protection programs including opportunities and skills development social assistance, unemployment insurance, • Citizen engagement (CE) mechanisms pensions, and ALMPs that address chronic poverty or response to (climate) shocks, but • Reforms to the enabling environment without having a specific focus on supporting and the establishment of appropriate the economic transition needed to mitigate governance mechanisms to plan for and climate change manage the transition from non-coal sectors that have an adverse impact on • Broader agriculture and food programs, GHG emissions including those linked to adaptation to changing climate (covered under the • Support for locally led or community-driven [240500] Climate-Smart Agriculture), development programs for communities but without having a specific focus on affected by the transitions supporting the transition needed to • Support to benefit sharing processes and mitigate climate change activities related to emissions reduction • Broader poverty and distributional impact programs and transition investments work, without a specific focus on supporting • Support for community participation in a just transition. transition processes and investments • Policies, programs, and interventions Mapping and Ownership targeting groups at risk of experiencing adverse impacts of transitions away from Lead Global Practice/Global Theme high-GHG economic activity and land use, SSI based on analysis of potential distributional impacts of the reforms Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, CCG, EDU, EEX, ENB, POV, SPJ, URL • Activities to promote public dialogue and citizen inputs to transition planning • Support to local governments to effectively manage just transition plans and programs. [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 359 [241804] Energy-Efficient Supply Definition Activity to save energy or fuel, compared to the scenario without the activity, through a change in how energy or fuel is produced (for use outside the site of production) or transported. Use for the following: • Rehabilitation of existing power plants, regardless of fuel and including fuel substitution to a cleaner fuel, that leads to higher overall efficiency (or lower heat rate) for the electricity generated • Transmission and distribution projects whose primary objective is to reduce technical losses and whose financing amount can be distinguished from other project components (for example, efficient resizing of conductors, balancing of phases, power factor correction, and reactive power compensation) • District heating and district cooling provision or expansion involving energy savings compared to a scenario without the project, or against a baseline utilizing traditional distributed heating or cooling systems (for example, individual air-conditioning systems) • Conversion from single-function to combined heat and power plants • Waste heat recovery, co-generation, and tri-generation. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Energy efficiency benefits of a new highly • Rehabilitation and upgrades of power efficient thermal power plant may be plants, including in mini-grid systems considered case by case. • Work with transmission and distribution • Access to heating, cooling, or other energy companies or utilities to reduce their services that do not involve energy or fuel noncommercial losses savings compared to the scenario without the project. • Deployment of district heating and/or district cooling plants, and associated • On-site production of energy (for example, distribution systems efficient fuel supply) should be coded as demand-side energy efficiency. • Capture and use of waste heat for productive purposes (for example, co‑generation and tri-generation). Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme EEX Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. 360 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [241805] Energy-Efficient Demand Definition Activity to save energy or fuel, compared to the scenario without the activity, through a change in how energy or fuel is used or how it is produced at the site of use. Use for the following: • Specialized entities providing energy efficiency services or providing heat and power demand-side management solutions • Energy efficiency interventions in industry and commercial facilities (including through choice of material inputs) • Energy efficiency interventions in buildings • Energy efficiency interventions in public lighting • Energy efficiency in water and waste utilities • Energy efficiency in transport • Energy-efficient appliances/equipment • Demand-response measures • Fuel switching that involves energy or fuel savings compared to a scenario without the project • On-site energy generation that involves energy or fuel savings compared to a scenario without the project. Typical Examples of Coded • Improvement of efficiency in water utilities (for example, renovations of Activities water utilities, including pump retrofits • Improvements/modification of industrial and variable speed drives, leak reduction, processes to increase efficiency pressure management, load management, wastewater efficiency, control systems, and • Interventions on building envelopes, demand-side water efficiency) heating, cooking, ventilation and air conditioning systems, and lighting in public, • Improvement of efficiency in transport residential, or commercial buildings (for example, increase in fuel efficiency in vehicles) • Improvements in efficiency of public lighting (for example, highway and street lighting, • Improvement of policy and regulation and traffic lights, parking lots, and parks) infrastructure to facilitate demand-response measures by which consumers better match their demand for energy with supply [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 361 • Improvement of efficiency in refrigeration (for example, household refrigerators and agriculture cold chain equipment) • Improvement of efficiency in other agriculture/fisheries activities. Examples of Excluded Activities n.a. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme EEX Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. 362 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [241806] Energy and Mining Policies and Reform Definition Development or reform of energy and mining sector policies (electricity, oil, gas, and mining) relating specifically to sector strategy and objectives, sector planning, institutional architecture of the sector, governance of sector institutions, energy prices and subsidies (including fossil fuel subsidies reform), sector legal and regulatory frameworks, energy markets and contracting mechanisms, and private sector participation in power. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Policies and reforms related to enabling Development policy operations, technical renewable energy. assistance (TA) and capacity-building activities, • Policies and reforms aimed at analytical and advisory services (for example, just transition from coal (see power sector master plans) related to energy [241802] Just Transition from Coal). and energy trade policy, and activities relating • Operations that finance physical to any of the topics mentioned above. investment in energy infrastructure. For use of nontraditional or alternative financing mechanisms and contractual arrangements for infrastructure, see Theme [130302] Infrastructure Finance. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme EEX Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 363 [241807] Energy Access — Electricity Definition Activity to provide new or improved electricity services through direct connections for consumers (for example, households, business, and institutions), increasing affordability of connections, and supporting productive uses of electricity. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Utility-scale generation, transmission, and • Provision or improvement of electricity distribution projects that contribute only to services (including grid, off-grid, indirect or inferred new or improved service. and mini‑grid systems) to individual end‑users (consumers, businesses, and Mapping and Ownership institutional users) Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Increasing the affordability of connections EEX • Raising awareness of and enabling the deployment of productive-use appliances Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme and machinery. n.a. 364 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [241808] Energy Access — Clean Cooking Definition Activity to provide new or improved clean cooking services. It focuses on direct connections and continued adoption of new or improved clean cooking services with end users in mind. It includes interventions to provide efficient and clean cooking fuels and technologies as well as interventions to improve the enabling environment, awareness, and affordability for users to access clean cooking fuels and technologies. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Upstream projects on clean cooking fuels • Investment or technical assistance (TA) (LPG, electricity, ethanol, and natural gas) activities to incentivize service providers production and transportation/transmission to expand provision of efficient and • General management of forestry or land clean cooking fuels and technologies (for (see Theme Codes [241401] Biodiversity and example, biogas digesters and stoves, [241402] Landscape Management). liquified petroleum gas (LPG) stoves and fuels, electric cooking appliances, ethanol stoves and fuels, solar cooking devices, and Mapping and Ownership efficient biomass stoves) Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Investment or TA activities to incentivize EEX users to adopt clean cooking fuels and technologies and more efficient and clean Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme cooking practices (for example, improved n.a. kitchen ventilation) • TA and capacity-building activities to improve the policy and regulatory environment and key stakeholders’ implementing capacity. [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 365 [241900] FOOD LOSS AND WASTE Definition Interventions that contribute, indirectly or directly, to the reduction of food loss and food waste at any stage of the value chain. Any activity/project component that results in food loss and waste reduction should be identified with this Theme code. Typical Examples of Coded • Make measurement and reporting of food loss and waste by large companies Activities mandatory. • Develop and implement national strategies • Increase investment in agricultural research for reducing food loss and waste. related to post-harvest loss and provide • Create national-level public-private incentives for the adoption of post-harvest partnerships (PPPs). technologies. • Embed into agricultural extension services • Standardize food date labeling practices food loss reduction awareness, technical to reduce confusion about product safety assistance (TA), and financial aid. and quality and improve consumer understanding. • Develop, facilitate, and promote climate‑smart infrastructure (for example, • For unmarketable crops, improve flow roads, electricity, irrigation, and community of information to find alternative buyers, storage) and access, especially for promote financially viable alternative smallholder farmers. markets, or develop new outlets. • Implement policies to prevent unfair • Act as a channel for the sharing and trading practices. reporting of food waste data and progress. • Remove barriers to food redistribution to • Include food waste reduction lessons facilitate safe donation of food to charities in school curricula and include food or those in need. waste reduction training in public procurement programs. • Develop and improve availability of processing and preservation facilities • Take advantage of municipal support to (including aggregation centers and mobile access clean water, storage areas, equipment low-carbon options). that improves food safety, and training in how to reduce food contamination. • Increase awareness and shift social norms so food loss and waste are • Provide municipal support to formalize considered unacceptable, including informal retailers and grant them access to higher‑income consumers. clean water, storage areas, equipment, and training to reduce food contamination. 366 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Develop alternative outlets during • Promote the formation of cooperatives peak season through organizing for shared storage and climate and export opportunities to markets with market data. other seasons. • Implement best practices in animal welfare • Develop innovative products from to avoid stress and injuries that can reduce perishable food commodities, such as the shelf life of meat from animals. fruits and vegetables, to promote whole • Identify financially viable alternative food utilization. markets or use for (i) crops otherwise left • Apply innovations to reduce delays for in the field and (ii) alternative products for imported products during the point of exit nonfood parts of crops. and entry, which extends the shelf life of • Engage customers (for example, perishable products. wholesalers and retailers) to communicate • Research new and innovative technologies implications of order changes and explore to preserve food quality and extend changes in quality specifications to enable shelf life. more sales. • Develop sector-specific guidance that • Adopt best practices to provide the clean, provides the motivation and technical cool, and/or dry conditions required to information for businesses to act reduce post-harvest losses. (for example, promote industry road maps • Reexamine handling and storage practices for food loss and waste reduction). to reduce damage (for example, use liners • Improve harvesting practices (for example, in wood and basket containers and reduce harvest at the right maturity and use the size of sacks or crates). appropriate harvesting equipment). • Improve handling practices during loading • Improve skills or use tools to better and unloading. schedule harvesting (including accessing • Adopt low-cost storage and handling better data on weather). technologies that prevent spoilage and • Identify (or create) markets for unavoidable increase shelf life. bycatch (for example, animal feed or • Improve training in best practices processed products). (for example, handling to reduce damage, • Build capacity in practices to reduce drying, fumigation treatments, and losses (for example, reduce milk spills and on-farm processing). minimize contamination). • Establish aggregation centers that provide • Facilitate implementation of agriculture adequate storage and preservation options, insurance. such as cooling chambers. • Cooperate to establish early warning • Improve temperature management, systems to reduce the impact of handling, preservation techniques, stock climatic conditions. rotation, and optimization of inventory management, including improvement of training of staff. [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 367 • Improve handling and preservation options • Develop new food products or secondary (for example, milk collection centers with uses (for example, animal feed or other cooling tanks). Improve conditions during value-added products) from what cannot be transportation of food-producing animals marketed (for example, spent grains, fruit from farm to markets. trimmings, and vegetable peels). • Create access to alternative markets for • Introduce software and related technologies products that cannot be marketed. to optimize operations (for example, identify waste, track temperature and • Build near-farm facilities to convert ensure freshness, assess ripeness, better unmarketable crops and by-products into balance demand and supply forecasts, and value-added products. accelerate delivery of food). • Work upstream with customers to provide • Identify and address management practices planning tools and handling and storage that lead to avoidable losses. technologies that help them reduce losses. • Design and mainstream packaging options • Work with intended users and community or coatings. experts to design and produce locally relevant storage solutions. • Seek donation of excess food that is still safe to consume. • Use technology innovations to improve the flow of information (for example, about • Repurpose excess food (for example, by road and traffic conditions, as well as safely incorporating unused items into timing of pickup and delivery) to optimize other dishes or donating). movement of food. • Fully leverage potential for using animal • Review investment opportunities and policy by-products to safely manufacture other options to increase the uptake of efficient products (for example, animal feed cold chains, along with other climate supplements). technologies. • Build capacity for better handling and • Use storage containers that protect storage practices and expand cold against temperature variations, humidity storage systems. and precipitation, and insect and rodent • Invest in technologies to track temperature infestation. and ensure freshness, streamline routing, • Introduce (or expand) energy-efficient, track movement of goods in and out clean, low-carbon cold chains from farm of warehouses, and monitor food loss to wholesalers. and waste. • Improve training of staff to reduce technical • Find food rescue partners or establish malfunctions and errors during processing. online marketplaces that facilitate sale or donation of rejected shipments or • Reengineer production processes and short‑life products. product design to reduce waste during product line changeovers. 368 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Use backhauling (or other logistics Examples of Excluded Activities solutions) to enable return of reusable Efficient, clean, low-carbon value chains storage containers or rescue of surplus should also be coded under code food for people in need. [241805] Energy-Efficient Demand. • Avoid sprinkling unclean water on products (to minimize wilting and shriveling) as such practices result in unsafe foods shunned Mapping and Ownership by buyers. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Enable consumers to purchase smaller or AGF customized portions. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Promote food redistribution regulations. CCG • Establish and organize solid waste management system to promote “wet” waste sorting. • Seek joint projects for waste-to-energy plants, anaerobic digestion, and composting plants. • Consider financial incentives or deterrents for retailers that discard unspoiled food. • Evaluate contractual obligations between clients and suppliers that generate waste and overproduction (for example, contracts that stipulate that all hot dishes must be available for the full-service period). [240000] ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 369 370 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 371 [250100] BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY Definition Activities aimed at connecting people, institutions, or businesses to the internet. Supply-side activities focusing on the deployment of broadband infrastructure to close the access gap as well as demand- side initiatives to address barriers affecting the uptake of broadband are included. Typical Examples of Coded • Measures to create an enabling environment for private investment, Activities including direct interventions to support • Deployment of broadband networks (direct public-private partnerships (PPPs) investment in digital infrastructure and • Institutional support and capacity building funding consolidated broadband services to telecommunications regulators demand for government or public entities) and policy makers in the field on • Voucher programs and subsidies/financing telecommunications, broadband networks, for internet-connected devices access and device access. (computers, smartphones, tablets, and so on) Examples of Excluded Activities • Telecom and information and communication technology (ICT) policies, • Data centers regulations, and legislations/law including • Activities supporting the creation of a digital infrastructure sharing, licensing, spectrum economy strategy management, quality of service standards setting, numbering, universal service/ • Activities supporting the creation of an access, and all other laws and regulations in enabling environment for data centers, the realm of regulatory oversight in the field cloud, and so on. of telecommunications and policy aimed at increasing broadband connectivity Mapping and Ownership • Regulation or measures to promote competition and boost affordability, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme including but not limited to the regulation of DT significant market power, support to market liberalization in telecom markets, and Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme support to (partial) privatization of telecom EDU, FCI, HNP state-owned enterprises (SOEs) 372 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [250101] Broadband Enabling Environment Definition Activities aimed at creating an enabling environment for investment in broadband infrastructure, including through advisory support on improving telecommunications regulatory frameworks and policies, capacity building, and institutional support in the field of broadband connectivity infrastructure, services, and devices to relevant agencies and ministries, and support to privatization and liberalization in telecommunications markets. Typical Examples of Coded • Institutional support and capacity building to telecommunications regulators Activities and policy makers in the field on • Telecom and information and telecommunications, broadband networks, communication technology (ICT) policies, and device access. regulations, and legislations/law including infrastructure sharing, licensing, spectrum management, quality of service standards setting, numbering, universal service/access and all other laws and regulations in the realm of regulatory oversight in the field of telecommunications and policy aimed at increasing broadband connectivity • Regulation or measures to promote competition and boost affordability of broadband services, including but not limited to the regulation of significant market power, support to market liberalization in telecom markets, and support to (partial) privatization of telecom state-owned enterprises (SOEs) • Measures to create an enabling environment for private investment including enabling public-private partnerships (PPPs) [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 373 Examples of Excluded Activities • Activities supporting the creation of a digital economy strategy • Activities supporting the creation of an enabling environment for data infrastructure investment, such as data centers, cloud, and so on. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DT Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme FCI 374 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [250102] Broadband Infrastructure & Services Definition Investments in the first, middle, and last mile of broadband networks, including through public-private partnerships (PPPs), subsidies, or indirect means such as demand aggregation activities. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Investment in infrastructure for the • Investments in first-mile (submarine collection, storage, analysis, and distribution cables, landing stations, and cross-border of data such as data centers links), middle-mile (backbone and intercity • Demand-side activities such as providing networks), and last-mile (mobile and fixed digital skills and literacy training and access networks) connectivity supporting device affordability. • Contributions to formal PPPs such as special purpose vehicle (SPVs) for Mapping and Ownership investments in submarine cables, cross- border links, and backbone networks Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DT • Bulk purchase of broadband connectivity to aggregate demand either for public Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme institutions such as schools, health centers, ENB, IPG, TRA and government agencies, often connected to the creation of (virtual) government networks (GovNet) or National Research and Education Networks (NREN), or at the wholesale level where the public sector pre-purchases capacity in bulk from international operators through a long-term contract and resells it locally to smaller market players or to the whole market • Activities supporting the sharing of active and passive infrastructure, both within the telecommunications sector and with other infrastructure sectors, such as when electricity transmission companies commercialize (dark) fiber along transmission networks. [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 375 [250103] Digital Device Access for All Definition Activities that aim to increase access to internet-connected devices such as smartphones, smart feature phones, tablets, laptops, and computers. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Other demand-side activities such as digital • Creation of targeted end-user subsidy literacy training or demand aggregation of programs for Base of the Pyramid or special broadband connectivity. groups such as women, persons with disabilities, farmers, health workers, and Mapping and Ownership teachers Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Bulk purchase of laptops, tablets, and DT stationary computers for educational institutions, health centers, government Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme agencies, and other public institutions FCI, HNP, SPJ as applicable • Creation of risk-sharing instruments to facilitate consumer lending for smart device access, such as guarantees, exchange rate support, and interest rate subsidies. 376 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [250200] DATA INFRASTRUCTURE Definition Activities for the development or strengthening of infrastructure needed to provide for the storage and processing of digital data as well as the deployment of software platforms and applications. Data infrastructure includes data center facilities, information technology (IT) equipment deployed in data centers, and cloud platforms rendering this IT equipment accessible over the internet, irrespective of whether this infrastructure is owned or operated by public or private sector actors. Typical Examples of Coded • Implementation of cloud platforms supplying cloud services, including Activities but not limited to implementation of • Financing, deployment, and upgrade private cloud and/or community cloud of data centers, including government environments reserved for government facilities (national data centers [NDCs] and use (sometimes called government clouds national disaster recovery data centers) and or G-clouds), irrespective of the types of commercial colocation facilities data infrastructure onto which these cloud service platforms are deployed • Deployment and upgrade of the data storage and computing infrastructure • Cloud and data center market development housed within data centers, such as storage support to incentivize market entry from systems, servers, processing units, switches, cloud service providers, such as through and routers the reforms to the enabling environment, including enabling cross-border data flows, • Facilitation of adoption of cloud services, by providing intermediary liability protection government and private sectors, including for data infrastructure providers and other subscription to cloud services deployed reforms to enable data center and cloud on public, community, and/or private market development. clouds, with services provided through infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and/or software as a service (SaaS) models, as well as support on policy, security, migration, procurement, and workforce development [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 377 Examples of Excluded Activities • IT activities (for example, IT system maintenance, support for IT technicians, purchasing/installation of applications, and creation/operation of help desks, unless they are directly related to the collection, curation, dissemination, and use of data or statistics) • Information and communication technology (ICT) activities, for example, expansion of internet coverage, expansion/reform of telecommunications sector, and mobile communications. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DT Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme GOV 378 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [250201] Data Centers Definition Activities related to the acquisition, development, upgrade, and investment of physical data hosting facilities to house and secure data. These activities involve the provision of raised floor space, power supply, and security measures to ensure a reliable environment for the day-to-day operations. Data centers can be owned, operated, and financed by government or by the private sector and as part of public-private partnerships (PPPs). Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Infrastructure primarily used to enable • Financing and deployment of government digital connectivity, such as broadband, 5G, data centers, including national data and satellite networks centers, national disaster recovery data • Subscription of cloud services, which does centers, or other data center facilities not involve developing the underlying serving individual ministries, departments, infrastructure such as data centers, and agencies data warehouse, IXPs, CDNs, and cloud • Use of commercial colocation data centers computing platforms and carrier hotels that provide data hosting • General information technology (IT) services to multiple clients, including but modernization activities (for example, not limited to cloud services providers, IT system maintenance, support for IT private enterprises, government actors, or technicians, purchase/installation of mobile network operators (for example, to applications, and creation/operation of help deploy Content Delivery Networks [CDN] or desks, unless they are directly related to the Internet Exchange Points [IXP]) collection, curation, dissemination, and use • Operational upgrades in cooling and power of data or statistics). systems for existing data centers and/or disaster recovery centers Mapping and Ownership • Private capital mobilization (PCM) for data Lead Global Practice/Global Theme centers, including through PPPs and the DT implementation of polices and regulations such as intermediary liability protection and Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme regional regulatory harmonization. n.a. [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 379 [250202] Data Storage and Computing Infrastructure Definition Activities focused on the acquisition, development, and upgrade of information technology (IT) infrastructure within data centers. They include storage infrastructure, such as storage systems and devices; compute infrastructure, including servers, processing units, such as Central Processing Units (CPUs) and Graphics Processing Units (GPUs); and network infrastructure, such as cables, switches, and routers to connect data center components to each other and end-user locations. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Deployment of data centers with only • Storage infrastructure. Acquisition and the space, power, and security, without upgrade of storage systems and devices to data storage, compute, and network support data management needs, including infrastructure. For details, please refer to disaster recovery systems to ensure Theme code [250201] Data Centers. business continuity • Network infrastructure deployed to support • Compute infrastructure. Acquisition and general organizational connectivity outside upgrade of servers and processing units to of the scope of supporting operations of support the increasing processing needs data centers or cloud platforms. • Network infrastructure. Upgrades to • General IT modernization activities (for network components for optimized data example, IT system maintenance, support transfer and connectivity within the data for IT technicians, purchase/installation of center and to external locations. applications, and creation/operation of help desks, unless they are directly related to the collection, curation, dissemination, and use of data or statistics). Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DT Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. 380 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [250203] Cloud Computing Definition Activities focused on enabling on-demand access to data storage and computing infrastructure over a network, including the internet. These efforts aim to enhance scalability, cost-effectiveness, and security for data-driven operations across governments and businesses. Key World Bank initiatives include facilitation of government cloud adoption, implementation and deployment of government cloud platforms, and support for the broader cloud computing market development. Typical Examples of Coded • Procurement. Creation of cloud marketplace and revamp of procurement guidelines to Activities facilitate centralized procurement driven by Facilitate adoption of cloud services across framework agreements government, by government and private • Workforce. Assessment of skills gap for sector, including subscription to cloud services cloud adoption and establishment of Cloud deployed on public, community, and/or private Center of Excellence (or equivalent) to reskill clouds, with services offered through various and hire staff for cloud-based information cloud service models including infrastructure and communication technology (ICT) roles. as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and/or software as a service (SaaS). Coded Implement cloud platforms supplying activities include cloud services, including but not limited • Policy and regulations. Development to implementation of private cloud and/or of data hosting strategy, cloud-first community cloud environments reserved for (cloud-smart) policies, and risk-based government use (sometimes called government data protection policies, including data clouds or G-clouds), irrespective of the types classification frameworks of data infrastructure onto which these cloud service platforms are deployed. • Security and governance. Adoption and compliance of security standards, labels, Cloud and data center market development and certifications for cloud adoption support to incentivize market entry from cloud • Cloud migration. Migration of existing service providers, such as through reforms to services and workloads to the cloud the enabling environment, including enabling through various migration strategies, cross-border data flows, providing intermediary such as re-host, repurchase, re-platform, liability protection for data infrastructure and re-architect, and development and providers, and other reforms to enable data purchase of cloud-based government center and cloud market development. services or applications (see Theme code [250704] User-centric Service Delivery) [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 381 Examples of Excluded Activities • Acquisition, development, and upgrade of Data Storage and Computing Infrastructure (see Theme code [250202] Data Storage and Computing Infrastructure). • General information technology (IT) modernization activities (for example, IT system maintenance, support for IT technicians, purchase/installation of applications, and creation/operation of help desks, unless they are directly related to the collection, curation, dissemination, and use of data or statistics). Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DT Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. 382 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [250300] AI AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Definition Activities focused on adopting, developing, and managing artificial intelligence (AI) and other emerging technologies to enhance capabilities, efficiency, and innovation across sectors. These efforts include the formulation of strategies and policies, development of foundational and enabling infrastructure, deployment of solutions, and the exploration of new technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), quantum computing, and blockchain. Emphasis is placed on ensuring responsible, sustainable, and ethical use of these technologies while addressing associated risks and governance challenges. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Projects involving basic IT modernization • Development of national or sector-specific without an AI or emerging technology AI strategies and policies, including ethical component frameworks and regulatory approaches • Investments in traditional statistical or • Deployment of AI-based decision- data systems without AI or automation making systems for public service integration delivery (for example, health care • Applications or services with minimal use of diagnostics, education personalization, or AI or emerging technologies (for example, agricultural analytics) software upgrades or IT support services). • Exploration and piloting of emerging technologies such as blockchain for Mapping and Ownership secure transactions, quantum computing for advanced analytics, or IoT for smart Lead Global Practice/Global Theme infrastructure DT • Building of enabling frameworks for Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme responsible AI adoption, including n.a. data privacy and protection measures, cybersecurity protocols, and energy- efficient infrastructure. [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 383 [250301] Artificial Intelligence Foundations Definition Activities that focus on building the foundational elements required for developing and deploying artificial intelligence (AI) systems. These include research and development of algorithms and models as well as creation of digital and data infrastructure such as compute capacity and data exchange platforms. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Deployment of specific AI services or • Development of AI algorithms, machine applications (these are coded under Theme learning models, and foundational code [250303] Artificial Intelligence Services frameworks such as natural language & Applications). processing or computer vision systems • Basic IT infrastructure development • Creation of data lakes, high-quality training unrelated to AI training or deployment. datasets, and data annotation frameworks • Development of standards and protocols to support AI development for model transparency, explainability, and • Investment in high-performance computing interoperability (coded under Theme code (HPC) and cloud infrastructure to support AI [250302] Artificial Intelligence Enablers). training and inference • Review of the AI value chain, including on Mapping and Ownership semiconductors Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Establishment of energy-efficient AI data DT centers and promotion of the use of renewable energy for AI computation. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. 384 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [250302] Artificial Intelligence Enablers Definition Activities aimed at creating the necessary ecosystem, workforce capabilities, and ethical and regulatory frameworks to guide artificial intelligence (AI) deployment and to enable large-scale AI adoption. These efforts support the broader adoption and scaling of AI technologies through investment in computational resources, capacity building, and collaboration frameworks. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Development of AI-specific models or • Development of specialized workforce applications (coded under Theme code training programs for AI skills, including data [250301] Artificial Intelligence Foundations science, machine learning, and AI ethics or Theme code [250303] Artificial Intelligence Services & Applications) • Building of partnerships between government, private sector, and academia • Investments in general-purpose IT to foster innovation and knowledge infrastructure without explicit AI exchange in AI enablement goals. • Establishment of AI governance and ethical frameworks, including policies on bias Mapping and Ownership mitigation, fairness, and accountability in Lead Global Practice/Global Theme AI systems DT • Development of standards and protocols for model transparency, explainability, and Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme interoperability. n.a. [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 385 [250303] Artificial Intelligence Services & Applications Definition Activities focused on the deployment and integration of artificial intelligence (AI) solutions to address specific sectoral challenges or deliver tangible outcomes. These efforts include using AI systems and applications for predictive analytics, automation, decision-making, and enhanced public or private sector service delivery. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Foundational research or model • Deployment of AI-powered diagnostic development (coded under Theme code tools in health care or agricultural advisory [250301] Artificial Intelligence Foundations) systems for farmers • Investment in underlying computational • Use of AI for predictive maintenance of infrastructure (coded under Theme code critical infrastructure, such as power grids [250301] Artificial Intelligence Foundations). or transportation systems • Implementation of conversational AI Mapping and Ownership systems (for example, chatbots) to Lead Global Practice/Global Theme improve public service delivery and DT citizen engagement • Adoption of AI-driven decision-making Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme tools for urban planning, climate risk n.a. management, or disaster response. 386 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [250304] Other Emerging Technologies (IoT, Quantum, Blockchain, etc.) Definition Activities that explore, develop, and implement emerging technologies beyond artificial intelligence (AI) to address specific challenges or opportunities. These efforts include the piloting and scaling of technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), quantum computing, blockchain, and others to complement AI and drive innovation. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Projects focusing solely on AI technologies • Deployment of IoT devices for real-time (coded under Theme code [250301] Artificial monitoring and analytics in smart cities, Intelligence Foundations, Theme code agriculture, or environmental management [250302] Artificial Intelligence Enablers, or Theme code [250303] Artificial • Piloting of blockchain technology for secure Intelligence Services & Applications) digital identity systems or transparent supply chains • Basic digital infrastructure investments without integration of emerging • Exploration of quantum computing for technologies. solving complex optimization problems in energy, logistics, or finance Mapping and Ownership • Development of hybrid systems integrating IoT, blockchain, and AI to deliver advanced Lead Global Practice/Global Theme capabilities. DT Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 387 [250400] CYBERSECURITY Definition Activities to strengthen cybersecurity and resilience as safeguards for trusted digital transformation. Cybersecurity is the practice of preventing, detecting, and responding to incidents in the digital environment through risk management. The goal of cybersecurity is to maintain the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of networks and data. Typical Examples of Coded • Development of a local cyber industry and private sector ecosystem through Activities governmental incentives programs Support for cybersecurity and cyber resilience • Cross-border or regional cybersecurity activities include the following: collaboration mechanisms • Legal, regulatory, institutional, and policy/ • Cybersecurity support and reforms for strategy reforms that establish good sectors other than digital that are led by the practice governance of cybersecurity in the central cybersecurity supervisory authority. country, which includes assessments and diagnostics of cybersecurity maturity levels at the national or sectoral levels Examples of Excluded Activities • Identification of national critical For cybersecurity activities related to financial infrastructure and assessment of its institutions as well as in the financial sector or cybersecurity risk profile industry—different from national cybersecurity • Investments to close the gaps identified by frameworks—see related code [130104] Cyber cybersecurity risk audits Security and Data Privacy for Financial Sector. • Strengthening of the capacity of a country to respond to cybersecurity incidents Mapping and Ownership through the establishment or upgrade of a Lead Global Practice/Global Theme Computer Incident Response Team (CIRT) DT and/or a Security Operation Center (SOC) and the procurement of the specialized Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme IT software/hardware tools this requires, EDU, EEX, FCI, GOV, HNP, TRA, URS including simulations and drills • Cybersecurity skills development or training to varying audiences, the establishment of a national cybersecurity academy, cybersecurity public awareness campaigns, and skills programs for women and girls 388 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [250500] DATA PROTECTION AND PRIVACY Definition Activities focused on enabling the design of laws, regulations, and institutions, alongside capacity-building initiatives, to establish best practice data protection and data governance frameworks that safeguard trusted digital transformation. Key activities include (a) country landscape assessments, (b) law and regulation development and reviews, (c) privacy-by-design and privacy-enhancing features for information and communication technology (ICT) systems, and (d) capacity-building and awareness initiatives. Typical Examples of Coded • Capacity-building and awareness initiatives. Workshops, webinars, and conferences for Activities data protection authorities (DPAs) and other • Country landscape assessments. Data agencies conducting digital transformation protection/privacy impact assessments, initiatives, such as ID agencies, Ministry of diagnostics of data protection capacities, ICT, Ministry of Digital Economy. and diagnostics of data governance frameworks for data protection Examples of Excluded Activities • Law and regulation development and • Remuneration for civil servants such as data reviews. Data protection laws to ensure protection officials and purchase of real alignment with international standards (for estate or land for a new data protection office example, European Union [EU] General Data Protection Regulation [GDPR] and • Cybersecurity and cyber resilience Convention 108+); data governance laws activities which focus on managing risks for digital public infrastructure (DPI, for in a digital environment and responding example, identification [ID], payments, and to cyber incidents (See Theme code data sharing); data governance laws for [250400] Cybersecurity for details). sectoral use cases (for example, health and education); and broader legal safeguards to Mapping and Ownership facilitate cross-border data flows Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Privacy-by-design and privacy-enhancing DT features. Primarily for ICT systems involved in digital transformation initiatives, such Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme as civil registration and ID, e-signatures, DEC, FCI, GOV, LEG public key infrastructure (PKI), DPI, and data sharing mechanisms [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 389 [250600] DIGITAL PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE Definition Activities that develop digital transformation platforms, protocols, standards, interfaces, systems, schemas, and solutions to enable basic digital functions for public and private service delivery, collaboration, commerce, and governance. Analogous to roads and bridges in the physical world, digital public infrastructure (DPI) provides the shared basis for trusted, secure, efficient, and transparent digital interactions and transactions in a way that protects personal data and empowers users. Typical Examples of Coded • Public key infrastructures and other trusted discovery services Activities • Consent services allowing users to DPI includes the protocols, standards, selectively grant and revoke authorization platforms, interfaces, frameworks, systems, • Digital wallets and trusted digital schemas, and solutions that facilitate data stores the following: • Standardized enterprise architecture • Open application programming interfaces for public and private services, including (APIs), enterprise service busses, and other digital stacks systems for economy-wide data sharing and interoperability. • Interoperability and data exchange between databases and registries • Digital identification (ID), identity Examples of Excluded Activities management, and civil registration systems, • Physical infrastructure enabling digital including national ID systems, population connectivity, such as broadband and 5G registries, and digital identity wallets • Digital systems that are primarily intended • Identity verification, authentication, single- to support specific sectoral use cases sign-on, and similar services • Digital signature, certification, attestation, and other trust services 390 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • For payment and settlement systems (related to exchanging, clearing, and settling financial obligations between payers and payees), credit reporting systems, and other financial infrastructure, see related codes: [130201] Payment Systems and Digital Finance and [130304] Insolvency and Credit Infrastructure • For data exchange in the context of financial products and services, see related codes: [130201] Payment Systems and Digital Finance, [130302] Infrastructure Finance, [130301] Agriculture Finance, and [130305] Firms/MSME Finance. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DT Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme DEC, FCI, GOV [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 391 [250601] Identification Systems and Civil Registration Definition Activities that support the development and digitalization of foundational identification (ID) systems, including digital identity for online transactions, henceforth referred to as “ID.” Such systems enable identification of individuals and the digital verification of identity in support of both in-person and online service delivery and build the foundations of trust in the delivery of public and private sector services. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Physical infrastructure enabling digital ID infrastructure includes the policies, connectivity, such as broadband and 5G protocols, standards, interfaces, frameworks, • Physical and cloud data hosting systems, schemas, and solutions that facilitate environments, such as data centers and the following: cloud solutions • Foundational ID, legal ID, national ID, unique • Support for public key infrastructure ID, ID management, civil registration, and (PKI), digital signatures/certificates, population registry systems and e-signatures that is broader than/ • Digital ID systems and applications, including separate from ID systems, see Theme code ID wallets and verifiable credentials [250603] E-Signatures and Trust Services • Identity verification, authentication, • Digital systems that are primarily intended single‑sign-on, and similar services to support specific sectoral use cases. • Consent services and other systems allowing users to selectively grant and Mapping and Ownership revoke authorization for the use of identity data. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DT Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme FCI, GOV, HNP, LEG, SPJ 392 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [250602] Data Sharing, Data Exchange and Interoperability Definition Activities to support the secure exchange of data between institutions and databases across the public and private sectors. Data sharing underpins digital transactions by enabling trusted data interoperability and exchange across entities and systems. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Physical infrastructure enabling digital Development of policies, protocols, standards, connectivity, such as broadband and 5G platforms, interfaces, frameworks, systems, • Physical data hosting environments, such as schemas, and solutions that facilitate data centers the following: • Digital systems that are primarily intended • Interoperability platforms for the purpose to support specific sectoral use cases (for of data sharing between databases and example, a data sharing platform limited to institutions in the public and private sectors the health sector only) • Digital wallets and trusted digital data stores • For data exchange in the context of • Common standards, governance, and financial products and services, see related regulatory frameworks to govern data codes: [130201] Payment Systems and collection, storage, and use across the Digital Finance, [130302] Infrastructure economy, including data classification and Finance, [130301] Agriculture Finance, and legal, technical, and semantic interoperability [130305] Firms/MSME Finance. and quality standards • Information technology (IT) systems, Mapping and Ownership software, protocols, platforms, and application programming interfaces (APIs) Lead Global Practice/Global Theme for use in data sharing and promoting DT interoperability Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Open data platforms. DEC, FCI, GOV [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 393 [250603] E-Signatures and Trust Services Definition Activities to support the development of electronic signature systems and related trust services ecosystems, including underlying enablers such as public key infrastructure (PKI), that enable end- to-end digitalization by providing for the legal validity of digital transactions, data, and documents. Electronic signatures and electronic seals are the digital representation of physical personal signatures and institutional seals, enabling legally valid contracts, transactions, and agreements. These agreements may be between natural or legal persons and may be used for providing a trusted means of recording user consent during digital interactions and transactions. PKI refers to cryptographic technologies with complementary policy, organizational, and process elements, through which Certificate Authorities (CAs) issue digital certificates to users (for example, people, firms, and government entities) that allow them to digitally sign and authenticate documents at a high level of trust and to digitally encrypt or verify the integrity of information. Other trust services within the scope of this code include trusted timestamps, registered delivery services, digitally verifiable credentials, data validation services, and digital archiving services. Typical Examples of Coded • PKI or other underlying systems to enable digital signature, certification, attestation, Activities and other trust services • E-signature and e-transaction-related laws, • PKIs that are intended to support specific regulations, and trust frameworks that sectoral use cases (for example, a PKI for establish the legal validity of electronic use by the financial sector) signatures and electronic seals, including • Systems used to provide related trust the levels of trust provided by different services such as trusted timestamps, technology implementations (including but registered delivery services, digitally not limited to those implemented using PKI) verifiable credentials, data validation • Definition and implementation of laws, services, and digital archiving services. regulations, policies, protocols, standards, platforms, interfaces, frameworks, systems, schemas, and solutions that facilitate the legally valid and trusted implementation of electronic signatures, including their recognition across sectoral boundaries and national borders 394 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Examples of Excluded Activities • Physical infrastructure enabling digital connectivity, such as broadband and 5G • Physical data hosting environments, such as data centers • Cloud-provisioned computing and storage resources that are not linked to the implementation of e-signature or other trust services listed above. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DT Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 395 [250700] DIGITAL PUBLIC SERVICES (DPS) Definition Digital public services encompasses leadership and policy development, data management and insights, capacity building and government training, and user-centric approaches for designing and implementing high-impact digital services. It includes establishing institutional arrangements, digital‑ready policies, accurate data and interoperable foundational registers and databases; strengthening public sector capabilities to implement and sustain services; using Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) and delivering service standards and efficient user experiences through multichannel service delivery; and using new and emerging technologies. Typical Examples of Coded • Design and implementation of data management and insights, including data Activities governance and quality of foundational • Support for designing and developing and base registers for digital public leadership and policies for digital services (people, businesses, land/location, public services, including institutional vehicles, and so on). It also includes digital arrangements, mandates, leadership public services metrics, analytics, service capacities on digital, and digital-ready performance monitoring, and feedback policies required for user-centric digital mechanisms to improve user experience services. This also includes establishing and adoption of digital services. delivery mechanisms such as digital • Capacity building and government training service units, clear mandates, information for external capacity-building programs, technology (IT) procurement and spend including global training programs (for controls, interagency cooperation, example, Digital Academy), knowledge communication for building awareness and sharing through network of chief digital driving adoption of digital services, as well officers, in-country training centers, and as culture and capabilities for technical project management functions. implementation and change management. 396 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Design and implementation of user-centric Examples of Excluded Activities service delivery, including user interface • Support to design of horizontal digital design and service standards, consolidated policies and regulations, AI policy, and access points for digital services for domain and sectoral laws and regulations, multichannel service delivery (single-sign- except review of domain/sectoral laws and on portals, mobile applications, and in- regulations for digital readiness for service person service centers—one-stop-shops), provision and process management with online forms design, workflow management, • Design and implementation of horizontal and user authorizations (roles and interoperability framework and systems, permissions). It also involves the integration and systems for data hosting and storage of shared digital enablers, such as DPI, • Non-digital skills training, such as general and implementation of new and emerging capacity-building initiatives, and sector- technologies (artificial intelligence [AI], specific training, such as capacity-building Internet of Things [IoT], and Blockchain). programs targeting the private sector and companies, unless directly linked to supporting digital public services • Design and implementation of DPI systems and services—including digital identity, data sharing, trust services (e-signatures and public key infrastructure [PKI]), and digital payments—digital foundations (data hosting and broadband), and private sector digital services, unless for public service delivery for individuals and businesses. These are included under Theme code [250600] Digital Public Infrastructure. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DT Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGR, EDU, FCI, GOV, HNP, MTI, HNP, SPJ [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 397 [250701] Leadership and Policy for Digital Public Services Definition Leadership and policy for digital public services encompasses the institutional arrangements and mandates and digital-ready policies and regulations required to design, implement, sustain, and continuously improve user-centric digital services. It involves establishing effective institutional delivery mechanisms, such as digital services units, clear institutional mandates, information technology (IT) procurement and spend controls, and interagency cooperation, as well as creating digital-ready policies and regulations that are machine-readable, automation-friendly, and aligned with horizontal digital policies and regulations that enable data reuse and technological innovation. Typical Examples of Coded • Support for communication and outreach efforts with the government and the public Activities to build awareness of service offerings and • Designing and supporting the drive adoption. This includes promoting implementation of delivery arrangements digital public service offerings, educating such as digital services units; institutional users on how to access and use digital mandates; IT procurement frameworks services, and overall building trust in digital for efficiency and compliance; spend service platforms. controls; and coordination with ministries, • Support for developing organizational departments, and agencies across culture and capability for technical the government. implementation, change management • Support to designing digital-ready policies that is agile and responsive to user needs, and regulations that enable seamless and operation of digital services. This implementation and automation of digital includes fostering agility in the design services. This includes making policies and and implementation of digital services, regulations machine-readable with clear promoting responsiveness to user rules for automation, defining data for needs, equipping teams with necessary services delivery and reuse of data, aligning skills for change management and with horizontal digital policies (identification technical implementation, with emphasis [ID] and e-signature/transactions, on continuous learning, user-centric interoperability, data protection, and approaches, and iterative and phased cybersecurity), requiring the use of digital developments. public infrastructure (DPI), and allowing for technological developments/innovations. 398 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Examples of Excluded Activities • Overall support to designing and reviewing domain and sectoral laws and regulations (for example, procurement law, companies law and registration, and building code), except reviewing and designing laws and regulations for digital readiness • Support to design of horizontal digital policies and regulations (ID and e-signature/ transaction law, interoperability framework, data protection, and cybersecurity) • Design of artificial intelligence (AI) policies and strategies. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DT Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGR, EDU, FCI, GOV, HNP, MTI, SPJ [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 399 [250702] Data Management and Insights for Digital Public Services Definition Data management and insights for digital public services involves data governance and quality for foundational service registers (for example, people, businesses, land/locations, and vehicles), including policies, standards, and processes to ensure that data are accurate and reliable, and that relevant systems are interoperable for effective and user-centric service delivery. This area also includes analytics and feedback monitoring of service usage through user inputs, by aligning with global standards to drive insights and improve user experiences. It also involves measuring service delivery performance and uptake of online digital public services by leveraging data-driven approaches, also incorporating feedback mechanisms. Typical Examples of Coded • Support for designing and implementing performance management for measuring Activities service delivery performance for data- • Analysis and design of data governance driven performance improvement, and quality for foundational or base including feedback mechanisms and service registries (for example, for people, user testing. It involves using metrics and businesses, land/locations, and vehicles), analytics to evaluate how well services are including data standards (definition and delivered and are used to drive continuous sharing) and relevant inputs to data improvement, ensuring services are aligned catalogs (meta register or master data with user needs and expectations. management). • Design and implementation of analytics Examples of Excluded Activities and feedback systems to monitor service • Design of horizontal interoperability usage and gather user input, linking to framework and implementation of global standards/measures. These systems interoperability system (government service and services assist in the analysis of digital bus, and so on). public services and are used to collect input from users (citizens and businesses) • Design of systems for data hosting and regarding their experiences. They help storage systems (data warehouse and identify patterns, issues, and areas for data lake). improvement. 400 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DT Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGR, EDU, FCI, GOV, HNP, MTI, SPJ [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 401 [250703] Capacity Building and Government Training Definition Capacity building and government training for digital public services is a structured approach for strengthening the skills, knowledge, and resources of public sector institutions and individuals to design, deliver, and sustain effective user-centric digital public services. It encompasses capacity- building and training initiatives that empower relevant stakeholders to meet the demand of modern approaches for institutional leadership and digital-ready policies for digital services, data management and insights, user-centric digital service delivery, and other relevant government training on digital. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Non-digital skills training, such as general • Design and implementation of external capacity-building initiatives unrelated to capacity building and government training, digital transformation, such as training on including global training programs (for traditional administrative procedures. example, Digital Academy), knowledge • Sector-specific training, such as sharing through network of chief digital capacity‑building programs targeting the officers, in-country training centers private sector and companies, unless (hardware and software), and support for directly linked to supporting digital project management functions. The training public services. on project management involves key areas, including planning, monitoring, evaluation, and risk management to ensure effective Mapping and Ownership implementation and sustainability of Lead Global Practice/Global Theme digital initiatives. DT • It also involves the development and rollout of training for key competence in digital Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme governance, as well as the establishment AGR, EDU, FCI, GOV, HNP, MTI, SPJ and operationalization of physical or virtual training hubs equipped with necessary software and equipment to provide hands- on learning opportunities for government staff and stakeholders. 402 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [250704] User-centric Service Delivery Definition User-centric service delivery focuses on designing and implementing user-centered interfaces and service standards that prioritize inclusivity, accessibility, transparency, and efficiency of digitally enabled service delivery for a wide range of users, including persons and businesses. It focuses on designing inclusive and user-friendly interfaces and seamless and integrated user journeys for individuals and businesses. It emphasizes service standards and multichannel service delivery, which is data driven and based on digital-ready policies, and leverages digital public infrastructure (DPI, for example, digital identification [ID] and trust services, data sharing, and digital payments) and digital foundations (cloud hosting, broadband, and cybersecurity). Additionally, it promotes adopting new and emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) virtual agents, Blockchain, and Internet of Things (IoT) to enhance efficiency, accessibility, and innovation in service delivery. Typical Examples of Coded • Design and implementation of consolidated access points for digital services, such as Activities single-sign-on portals, mobile applications, • Support for designing and implementing and in-person service centers, for intuitive, accessible, and user-friendly multichannel service delivery approach and digital interfaces and service standards, one-stop-shops. In-person service centers with emphasis on inclusion, ensuring provide equitable access for users who accessibility for users with varying levels require physical assistance or prefer face- of digital literacy, in different languages, to-face interactions. and for individuals with disabilities. The • Design and implementation of process and standards for seamless user journeys allow workflow management, online forms, and standardization of service delivery designs user authorization (rules and permissions) across public institutions tailored to the to streamline service delivery. It also needs of both individuals and businesses. involves the adoption of standardized • Support for designing and implementing design patterns and architectural service catalogs for individuals and frameworks for scalable and efficient digital businesses organized by user journeys that service delivery. provide clear, comprehensive, and up-to- • Integration of shared digital enablers such date information about available services. as DPI (ID and trust services, data sharing, The service catalogs are also integrated and digital payments), cloud hosting, with relevant registers of regulations messaging, appointment scheduling, and implementing mechanisms for supporting redress mechanisms, promoting the use of up-to-date data following changes in shared and replicable components within underlying laws and regulations for digital digital public service ecosystems. services. [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 403 • Exploration and adoption of emerging technologies, such as AI virtual agents and decision-making tools, Blockchain for secure and transparent processes, and IoT to enhance efficiency, accessibility, and innovation in digital public services. Examples of Excluded Activities • Design and implementation of DPI systems and services (for example, digital ID, e-signatures, public key infrastructure [PKI], data sharing, and digital payments) covered under Theme code [250600] Digital Public Infrastructure • Design and implementation of digital foundations (data hosting, broadband communication systems, cybersecurity systems, and so on) • Design and implementation of private sector digital services, unless for public service delivery for individuals and businesses • Design and implementation of domain- specific digital platforms, such as financial management systems, human resources management systems and similar. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DT Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGR, EDU, FCI, GOV, HNP, MTI, SPJ 404 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [250800] DIGITAL ECONOMY Definition Activities that support development and job creation in domestic and export-oriented information technology (IT) industry that fall under the general umbrella of supply of IT products and services, defined as information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, equipment, and digital data and other digital services. Activities aimed at integration of data-driven IT solutions in non- IT industry (smart industry) and smart infrastructure. Activities that strengthen digital economy strategy, policy, regulation and enabling environment, data economy, and data markets. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • General competition, taxation, and Analytical work, advisory work, and investment innovation policy at the national level and/ operations focused on the following: or as applied outside the “digital sector,” as • National digital sector development well as how they apply to broader digital strategy, planning and governance, policy, transactions and start-ups or firms with and regulatory environment digital/data business models and offerings • Subsidy schemes or tax incentives to • General support for start-ups with digital support investment and growth of digital business models (not explicitly targeted sector firms at the digital sector) or adoption of digital technologies by firms, which should use • Promotion of research, development, and code [120401] Entrepreneurship and Digital innovation in the digital sector Entrepreneurship or [120300] Innovation, • Skill development and job placement Technology, and Green Competitiveness support targeting the digital sector • General support for firms outside (domestic or export oriented), including of the digital sector that use digital remote work facilitated through digital business models, which should use code platforms [120302] E-commerce, Private Sector • Support for the integration of smart Platforms, and Cross-Border Digital Trade digital solutions into infrastructure and • General support for creative economy non-digital industry sectors (outside of the digital sector) that • Promoting growth of data economy and may use digital technologies, which should data markets through policy interventions. use code [120404] Sector Competitiveness and Jobs [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 405 • General support for smart agriculture solutions, which should use Theme code [251301] Digital and Data-Driven Agriculture. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DT Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme EDU, FCI, INF, JBS, MTI, SPJ 406 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [250801] Digital Economy Strategy, Policy, Regulation and Enabling Environment Definition Activities aimed at supporting the strategy, planning, setting up institutional arrangements, and effective policy and regulatory initiatives to promote development and growth of the digital sector, data economy, and markets and adoption of digital solutions by non-digital industry (smart industry) and infrastructure (smart infrastructure). Specifically, such policies would help remove barriers and attract and promote the growth and internationalization of digital markets. Digital sector is defined as information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, equipment, and service providers; ICT manufacturing; information technology (IT) hardware, software, and service providers; digital technology; and digital data solution providers. Smart industry and smart infrastructure are defined as an industry or infrastructure with a convergence between IT and operating technology (OT). Typical Examples of Coded • Enhancement of the responsible use of digital technologies and data (artificial Activities intelligence [AI], machine learning [ML], Analytical work, advisory work, and investment and big data) for public and private sector operations focused on the following: innovation and innovative data economy • Appropriate national digital sector activities, including digital twins, data development strategies and spaces, and metaverse. implementation support • Targeted incentives (subsidy and taxation) Examples of Excluded Activities and schemes to support development of • General competition, taxation, and the digital sector innovation policy at the national level and/ • Support for the enabling environment or as applied outside the “digital sector,” as (policy and regulation) and ecosystem well as how they apply to broader digital support specific to digital sector transactions and start-ups or firms with development, data economy, and data digital/data business models and offerings. markets, as well as smart industry and smart infrastructure • Digital economy diagnostics [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 407 • General support for start-ups with digital business models (not explicitly targeted at the digital sector) or adoption of digital technologies by firms, which should use code [120401] Entrepreneurship and Digital Entrepreneurship or [120300] Innovation, Technology, and Green Competitiveness. • General support for firms with e-commerce and e-trade-related initiatives, which should use code [120302] E-commerce, Private Sector Platforms, and Cross-Border Digital Trade. • General support for creative economy sectors (outside of the digital sector) that may use digital technologies, which should use code [120404] Sector Competitiveness and Jobs. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DT Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme FCI, INF, MTI, SPJ 408 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [250802] ICT Industry Definition Activities aimed to directly support the development of digital sector firms. Digital sector is defined as information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, equipment, and service providers; ICT manufacturing; information technology (IT) hardware, software, and service providers; digital technology; and digital data solution providers. Typical Examples of Coded • Creating public-private partnerships (PPPs) supporting demand stimulation, Activities investment, and innovation in the Analytical work, advisory work, and investments digital sector. that support the development of digital sector firms throughout their life cycle (research and development [R&D], establishment/ Examples of Excluded Activities market entry, growth, upgrading, and • General competition, taxation, and internationalization) in client countries. innovation policy at the national level and/ • Establishing advanced research institutions or as applied outside the “digital sector,” as and programs to develop enabling digital well as how they apply to broader digital technologies and solutions that cater to transactions and start-ups or firms with local conditions digital/data business models and offerings. • Supporting development of physical and • General support for start-ups with digital virtual IT parks business models (not explicitly targeted • Promoting incubators and accelerators at the digital sector) or adoption of digital supporting digital sector start-ups technologies by firms, which should use • Attracting domestic and foreign investments code [120401] Entrepreneurship and Digital in the digital sector Entrepreneurship or [120300] Innovation, Technology, and Green Competitiveness. • Promoting the establishment, expansion, upgrading, and internationalization of • General support for firms outside digital sector firms of the digital sector that use digital business model, which should use code • Supporting skill development and job [120302] E-commerce, Private Sector placement programs, platforms, and Platforms, and Cross-Border Digital Trade. services targeting the digital sector (domestic and international) [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 409 • General support for creative economy sectors (outside of the digital sector) that may use digital technologies, which should use code [120404] Sector Competitiveness and Jobs. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DT Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme FCI, MTI 410 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [250803] Smart Industry and Smart Infrastructure Definition Industry and infrastructure that rely on convergence of operational technology (OT) and information technology (IT) can be broadly defined as smart industry and smart infrastructure. More specifically, smart industry and smart infrastructure will use a feedback loop of digitally enabled data analysis to provide feedback into decision-making aimed at creating efficiencies and higher productivity. The enabling IT system can monitor, measure, analyze, communicate, and act, based on information captured from sensors. There are different levels of smart systems used in industry and infrastructure augmentation: the most basic one would collect usage and performance data, a more efficient version would have elements of decision-making function (for example, traffic systems that detect congestion and inform drivers), and the most advanced would use collected data to take action without human intervention (self-driven vehicles). The smart systems can be applied in the following infrastructure sectors: 1. utilities (energy and water), 2. transport (air, land, and marine), 3. communications (telecom), and 4. built environment (smart cities). Smart systems can also be applied in non-IT industry in both manufacturing and service industry. Typical Examples of Coded • Support with data quality and management solutions provided to private sector Activities companies • Support with upgrading to smart energy • Creation of the right environment for grids investment in smarter technologies • Support with upgrading to smart in infrastructure and industry, which water facilities may involve procurement framework advisory and critical infrastructure smart • Support with upgrading to smart transport strategies aimed at requirement for data and logistics systems capture element • Support with upgrading • Legal and regulatory frameworks aimed communications systems at ensuring privacy and addressing • Support with use of smart systems in vulnerabilities caused by introduction of industry that involves product development smart technologies. and service provision • Support with data quality and management provided to infrastructure providers or government entities responsible for infrastructure provision [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 411 Examples of Excluded Activities Activities that use basic IT products that do not enhance efficiency or productivity. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DT Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme FCI, INF 412 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [250804] Data Economy and Data Markets Definition Activities aimed at fostering the development of the data economy, including the creation and management of data markets, the promotion of private sector roles in data ecosystems, and enabling of regulatory and policy frameworks. This includes strengthening systems for data sharing and consent management and ensuring interoperability and trust to generate economic value from data, while supporting cross-border data flows and global data integration. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • General digital infrastructure development • Supporting the development of data or telecommunications projects not specific markets, including policies and platforms to data economy objectives for data sharing and exchange • Broader digital governance or data • Promoting private sector roles in the data protection activities that are not directly economy, such as data intermediaries and linked to fostering economic value consent managers from data • Designing legal and regulatory frameworks • Activities focused solely on digital public to enable secure and transparent services or infrastructure without private cross-border data flows sector data roles. • Facilitating interoperability between data systems to promote innovation and Mapping and Ownership inclusion in the data economy Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Developing policies and tools to support DT individual data rights and consent management systems Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme n.a. • Providing technical assistance (TA) for the integration of private and public sector data in a secure and ethical manner. [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 413 [250900] GREEN DIGITAL Definition Activities aiming to reduce the climate impact or environmental footprint of digital infrastructure or digital solutions and enhance the climate resilience of digital infrastructure or solutions or interventions that leverage digital solutions for climate or environmental actions across sectors. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Activities where digital elements are a minor Two types of activities are included: and/or nonstrategic part of the activity. • Greening of digital. Improving the climate and environmental profile of digital Mapping and Ownership infrastructure, policies, regulations, and solutions. Interventions that aim to reduce Lead Global Practice/Global Theme the climate or environmental footprint DT of digital infrastructure and solutions. Activities can relate to either climate action Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme (for example, adaptation or mitigation) or CCG, FCI, GOV, INF, SPJ wider environmental issues. • Greening with digital. Digital investments that either support climate action (for example, adaptation or mitigation) or environmental use cases, including across sectors. Interventions that apply digital solutions for climate or environmental action by enhancing the resilience of climate-vulnerable economies and communities and supporting decarbonizing other sectors. 414 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [250901] Greening of Digital Definition Activities aiming to reduce the climate impact, environmental footprint, or climate resilience of digital solutions and infrastructure. Typical Examples of Coded Cross-cutting • Policies or regulations which reduce climate Activities or environmental impact of digital solutions Adaptation • Training and capacity building related • Climate-resilient digital infrastructure to enhancing resilience through digital • Digital solutions for disaster monitoring, solutions or reducing the environmental warning, or response footprint of digital solutions • Digital solutions which enhance the climate • Support for research and innovation resilience of the population at risk to the targeting digital solutions for adaptation, effects of climate change mitigation, or other environmental applications • Digital solutions which improve monitoring, planning, or reporting related to climate • Digital solutions which monitor, analyze, or change adaptation report on climate or environment-related data • Interventions which improve the • Digital solutions which inform or engage environmental footprint of digital target groups on adaptation, resilience, infrastructure (for example, water or mitigation-related issues. consumption of data centers). Mitigation Examples of Excluded Activities • Energy-efficient digital infrastructure n.a. (for example, data centers and cabling), see also Theme code [241805] Energy-Efficient Demand Mapping and Ownership • Renewable energy to power digital Lead Global Practice/Global Theme infrastructure, see also code DT [241801] Enabling Renewable Energy Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Interventions to dispose, recycle, or reuse CCG, DEC, FCI, GOV, FCI, INF, SPJ e-waste. [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 415 [250902] Greening with Digital Definition Activities that apply digital solutions for enhancing climate resilience, reducing the environmental footprint across sectors, or improving the management of natural resources. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Activities where digital elements are a minor Digital solutions for enhancing climate and/or nonstrategic part of the activity. resilience, reducing the environmental footprint across sectors, or improving the management Mapping and Ownership of natural resources, for example, • Modelling and scenarios for resilience Lead Global Practice/Global Theme to future climate shocks and change DT (for example, urban planning using digital data, artificial intelligence [AI], or other Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme digital technologies) CCG, DEC, FCI, GOV, INF, SPJ • Digital monitoring of land use or natural resources (for example, forests and water) • Digital solutions to improve emergency efficiency or reduce the environmental footprint across sectors, for example, • Smart agriculture; • Smart grids, smart metering, and digitally enabled business models for renewable energy services (energy); and • Smart transport. 416 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [251000] DIGITAL INCLUSION Definition Digital inclusion refers to the efforts and actions taken to ensure that all individuals, regardless of their background, income, sex, education, or geographic location, have equal access to digital technologies, including the internet, affordable devices and data, and digital services. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Deployment of broadband networks. • Extending internet coverage to public • Measures to create an enabling access/community centers environment for private investment • Leveraging universal service and access including direct interventions to support funds to support connectivity for women public-private partnerships (PPPs). • Enabling consumer financing for • Institutional support and capacity building smartphones and low-cost devices to to telecommunications regulators. lower-income and unbanked women, youth, and persons with disabilities through Mapping and Ownership de-risking instruments Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Lowering the cost of a device and data DT through targeted subsidy programs for women (for example, fintech enabled), Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme low-income women, youth, and persons n.a. with disabilities • Developing digital literacy programs for rural communities, low-income women, youth, and persons with disabilities • Incorporating policy efforts focused on online safety. [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 417 [251001] Closing the Gender Digital Divide Definition The “gender digital divide” refers to the gap between men and women in terms of access to and usage of information and communication technologies (ICTs), meaning women generally have less access to the internet, digital devices, and the skills to use them compared to men, often due to factors such as cultural barriers, economic inequalities, and lack of digital literacy training. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Deployment of broadband networks. • Extending internet coverage to public • Measures to create an enabling access/community centers with a focus on environment for private investment spaces where women gather (for example, including direct interventions to support cooperatives) public-private partnerships (PPPs). • Leveraging universal service and access • Institutional support and capacity building funds to support connectivity for women to telecommunications regulators. • Enabling consumer financing for smartphones or subsidies focused Mapping and Ownership on women Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Developing women’s digital literacy DT programs • Incorporating policy efforts focused on Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme online safety, with a focus on technology- GEN facilitated gender-based violence. 418 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [251002] Enhancing the Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities Definition Digital inclusion for persons with disabilities refers to the practice of ensuring that individuals with various disabilities have equal access to, and can fully participate in, the digital world. This includes access to the internet, digital tools, devices, software, and services that are designed to be usable and accessible to everyone, regardless of their abilities or disabilities. Typical Examples of Coded • Inclusive design. Involving persons with disabilities in the design and development Activities of digital products and services, ensuring • Accessible websites and apps. Designing that their needs and preferences are digital content and platforms (websites, considered from the start mobile apps, and online services) that • Policy and legal support. Advocating for follow accessibility guidelines such as laws and policies that promote digital the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines accessibility and protect the rights of people (WCAG), which ensures that people with disabilities in the digital economy. with visual, hearing, motor, or cognitive disabilities can navigate and interact with the content Examples of Excluded Activities • Assistive technology. Providing technologies • Deployment of broadband networks. that help individuals with disabilities access • Measures to create an enabling digital content, such as screen readers, environment for private investment voice recognition software, braille displays, including direct interventions to support and alternative input devices such as public-private partnerships (PPPs). eye-tracking systems • Institutional support and capacity building • Affordable and available devices. Ensuring for telecommunications regulators. that accessible technologies and devices, such as smartphones, computers, and tablets with assistive features, are available Mapping and Ownership and affordable to persons with disabilities Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Digital literacy. Providing education and DT training to help persons with disabilities develop the skills needed to use digital Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme technologies effectively, including online safety, SSI digital communication, and job-related skills [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 419 [251003] Supporting Online Safety and Security Definition In the context of gender equality and digital transformation, this specifically refers to technology- facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV). This is the use of technology and digital platforms to perpetrate violence, abuse, or harassment, specifically targeting individuals based on their gender. It involves the misuse of digital tools and online spaces to inflict harm on victims, often with a gendered or sexualized focus. This form of violence can take many forms and can affect people of any gender, though it disproportionately affects women, girls, and gender minorities. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Supporting legal or policy efforts focused on TFGBV Mapping and Ownership • Integrating online safety modules into Lead Global Practice/Global Theme digital skills training DT • Convening civil society organizations, women’s groups, and nongovernmental Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme organizations (NGOs) to help identify n.a. localized solutions • Supporting educational and behavioral efforts aimed at teaching healthy online behaviors to new internet users. 420 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [251100] DIGITAL FOR FRAGILE AND CONFLICT-AFFECTED SITUATIONS Definition Activities under any of digital transformation’s business lines that are designed to address drivers, risks, and impacts of fragility, conflict, and violence; improve digital opportunities for displaced persons (including internally displaced persons [IDPs], stateless persons, and refugees access) and their host communities; and strengthen resilience of communities in connection with natural or man- made disasters and conflicts. Typical Examples of Coded • Digitalization of refugee camps and host communities including connectivity, devices, Activities digital skills training, digital identification • Extension of connectivity in fragile and (ID), and government services. conflict-affected situations (FCS) to decrease marginalization by providing access to Examples of Excluded Activities digital government services and economic opportunities Digital interventions that are not designed to address drivers, risks, and impacts of • Provision of emergency connectivity fragility, conflict, and violence, as evidenced by to people in conflict zones or after references to words including fragility, conflict, natural disasters violence, marginalization, and so on in the • Digitalization of government service delivery project documents or which are not explicitly systems to improve service delivery in targeted at displaced persons (including IDPs, underserved areas in FCS stateless persons, and refugees access) and • Training of digital skills to populations in their host communities. areas affected by fragility, conflict, and/or violence or in underserved areas in FCS Mapping and Ownership • Support for digital and data policy reform Lead Global Practice/Global Theme to strengthen the regulatory environment DT in FCS • Support for information technology (IT) Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme firms and digital start-ups in FCS FCV • Provision of digital ID to people living in FCS [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 421 [251101] Digital Solutions for Addressing Fragility, Conflict and Violence Definition Activities under any of digital transformation’s business lines that are designed to address drivers, risks, and impacts of fragility, conflict, and violence. Such interventions can be implemented both in countries and territories classified as fragile and conflict-affected as well as in fragile regions and contexts within non-fragile countries. Typical Examples of Coded • Provision of digital ID to people living in conflict areas to help them access economic Activities opportunities and government services. • Extension of connectivity to areas affected by fragility and/or conflict to Examples of Excluded Activities link unconnected parts of the country to government services and economic Any digital interventions that are not designed opportunities to address drivers, risks, and impacts of fragility, conflict, and violence, as evidenced • Provision of emergency connectivity to by references to words including fragility, people in conflict zones to ensure their conflict, violence, marginalization, and so ability to send and receive information on in the project documents or which are to increase their resilience not implemented in FCS or fragile areas • Improvement of government service within non‑FCS. delivery systems in fragile and conflict- affected situations (FCS) via digitalization, where digital systems and services Mapping and Ownership are introduced that can help boost Lead Global Practice/Global Theme transparency/efficiency, strengthening the DT social contracts • Training of digital skills to populations in Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme areas affected by fragility, conflict, and/or n.a. violence or in underserved areas in FCS • Support for digital and data policy reform to strengthen the regulatory environment in FCS • Support for information technology (IT) firms and digital start-ups in FCS 422 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [251102] Digital Solutions for Displaced Persons and Host Communities Definition Activities that aim to improve digitally enabled opportunities for displaced persons (including internally displaced persons [IDPs], stateless persons, and refugees access) and their host communities, including connectivity, devices, digital skills training, digital identification (ID), and digital government services as well as policy reform to increase access for refugees, IDPs, stateless persons, and host communities to opportunities for digital work and protect the rights to data privacy and security. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Any of these activities which are not explicitly • Provision of connectivity to refugee camps targeted at displaced persons (including IDPs, and host communities stateless persons, and refugees access) and their host communities. • Provision of device subsidy schemes for refugees, IDPs, and host communities Mapping and Ownership • Provision of digital ID for refugees and stateless persons Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DT • Provision of digital skills to refugees, IDPs, and host communities Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Extension of digital government services n.a. provision targeting refugees, IDPs, stateless persons, and/or host communities. [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 423 [251200] DIGITAL SKILLS AND JOBS Definition Activities that aim to increase skills and capacity for citizens, businesses, and governments to seize opportunities in the digital world by using digital devices and tools, creating digital content and solutions, and avoiding risks associated with digital activities. Typical Examples of Coded • Build capacity on digital infrastructure rollout (for example, National Research and Activities Education Network [NREN]) and use of digital • Develop policies for digital skills and digital tools for learning management and delivery. capabilities (such as Science, Technology, • Provide bootcamps to unemployed Engineering, and Mathematics [STEM] youth on specialized digital themes (ICT policies and mandatory digital literacy equipment operation and maintenance, accreditation of civil servants under a given data entry, software coding, and web digital development operation). content development). • Develop basic digital literacy training • Finance centers of excellence specializing in programs for excluded communities, advanced digital fields (artificial intelligence including rural dwellers, the elderly, women, [AI], robotics, 5G, digital government, and youth, and persons with disabilities. so on). • Design and implement digital skills education and training programs in Examples of Excluded Activities partnership with private sector information and communication technology (ICT) Activities that support general improvements in industry and education providers, for education systems. all levels of digital skills (foundational, intermediate, advanced, and specialized). Mapping and Ownership • Update curricula to integrate digital skills Lead Global Practice/Global Theme and provide training for educators to DT incorporate technology in teaching and learning processes. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Increase access to essential digital tools DEC, EDU, FCI, GOV (devices and software) through financing and incentives, while also engaging in awareness building on the productive use of technology. 424 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [251201] Digital Literacy Definition Digital skills encompass the ability to access, manage, understand, communicate, and create information using digital technologies. Digital literacy pertains to the most foundational elements of such skills to function at a minimum level of society—covering hardware (for example, using a keyboard and operating touch-screen technology), software (for example, word processing, managing files on laptops, and managing privacy settings on mobile phones), and basic online operations (for example, email, search, or completing an online form). Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Broad education and training activities that • Strengthen basic digital skills in education do not deliberately include foundational system (for example, update curricula and digital elements. programs to integrate digital competencies in learning and teaching processes and/or Mapping and Ownership train educators to incorporate technology in classrooms). Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DT • Provide digital literacy trainings for civil servants (on agile regulation methods, basic Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme cybersecurity skills, and so on). n.a. • Provide digital literacy capacity building to marginalized communities. • Engage in awareness building on the productive use of technology. • Expand access to basic data devices, equipment, and software through financing, incentives, and so on. [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 425 [251202] Intermediate and Advanced Digital Skills Definition Intermediate and advanced digital skills build from basic digital literacy to support the use of digital technologies in more meaningful and beneficial ways, including the ability to critically evaluate technology or create content. Intermediate skills involve job-ready skills since they encompass those skills needed to perform work-related functions such as desktop publishing, digital graphic design, and digital marketing. Advanced skills are those needed by specialists in information and communication technology (ICT) professions such as computer programming and network management. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities Broad education and training activities that do • Offer specialized certifications and training not deliberately include intermediate and/or for advanced digital skills, including artificial advanced digital elements. intelligence (AI), big data, and digital infrastructure. Mapping and Ownership • Establish partnerships with universities, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme online learning platforms, and/or global DT tech companies for advanced training and upskilling program. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Encourage the creation of local technology n.a. and innovation hubs. • Provide capacity building to start-ups in digital fields and digital entrepreneurs. 426 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [251203] Digital Jobs Definition Employment opportunities that involve the use of digital technologies or skills as a core component of the role. Typical Examples of Coded • Creating/supporting new digital roles in government agencies to advance the Activities implementation of digital platforms • Undertaking a skills gap assessment to and services gauge alignment of availability of digital • Supporting growth of the digital industry skills and job opportunities and/or selected digitally enabled sectors • Updating curricula/training programs to (for example, through targeted investment integrate market-relevant information and promotion, reforms to improve the enabling communication technology (ICT) skills/ environment for these sectors, and efforts competencies to grow domestic demand) with a deliberate objective of creating more/better jobs. • Improving access to finance and/or providing incentives for start-ups in digital fields and digital entrepreneurs Examples of Excluded Activities • Providing job placement services connecting • Activities to promote economy-wide jobs jobseekers with employment opportunities (that may also include digital jobs). There requiring intermediate/advanced digital needs to be a targeted focus on digital job competencies creation. These employment opportunities • Establishing digital job platforms to match are often in the ICT sector but can also digitally skilled workers with employers include digitally enabled sectors (such (private or public sector) as emerging digital roles in agribusiness, health, and so on). • Fostering partnerships with tech companies and local businesses to create digital • Activities aimed at growing digital private/ job opportunities public sector investment that does not have a deliberate job creation angle as an • Supporting the digitalization of value chains objective of that growth. in targeted sectors (for example, agriculture and health) and building digital skills for managing and using related technologies [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 427 • Activities that focus on job opportunities that do not require the use of digital technologies as a core element of the function or those that rely on basic digital tools (word processing, email, and so on). This often translates to positions requiring intermediate to advanced digital skills. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DT Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme FCI, MTI 428 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [251300] DIGITAL USE CASES ACROSS SECTORS Definition Activities that leverage digital technology to enhance processes, services, and outcomes across various economic sectors. These use cases involve the application of digital tools and solutions to address sector-specific challenges, improve efficiency, and drive innovation. The focus is on the practical implementation of digital technologies to achieve measurable benefits in areas such as health care, education, agriculture, finance, and so on. This Theme captures the cross-sectoral impact of digital transformation and highlights the role of digital solutions in fostering sustainable development and economic growth. Typical Examples of Coded • Adoption of Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) to improve service delivery in a specific Activities sector use case, such as integrating a • Deployment of digital technology digital identity system to streamline access applications in a specific sector such as to a specific set of services offered by a energy (for example, smart metering), government agency transport (for example, real-time traffic • This code shall be selected when other management), health (for example, (non-Digital Transformation) sector-specific telemedicine solutions), agriculture (for Themes focused on digital adoption example, precision agriculture technologies or transformation have been selected. to enhance crop yield), and education (for For example, this code should be selected example, remote learning) if the following also apply to the operation: • Adoption of digital payment systems or • [140400] GovTech the digitalization of payments previously • [170411] Education Technology delivered/received in cash to increase financial inclusion or increase efficiency • [170801] Disruptive and Transformative among other goals, for example, projects Technologies for Human Development digitalizing government-to-person (G2P) Service Delivery payments such as cash transfer programs • [120302] E-commerce, Private Sector Platforms, and Cross-Border Digital Trade • [251301] Digital and Data-Driven Agriculture. [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 429 Examples of Excluded Activities • General information technology (IT) modernization activities that do not directly contribute to sector-specific digital transformation. • Activities focused solely on the development of digital infrastructure without sector‑specific applications. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DT Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGR, EDU, FCI, GOV, HNP, INF, SSI, MTI, SPJ, SSI 430 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [251301] Digital and Data-Driven Agriculture Definition The use of data and digital technologies accelerates the adoption and expansion of technology with the aim of increasing the productivity, efficiency, and resilience of agricultural value chains and food systems. The use of data analytics enables effective public policies and decision-making. The use of digital technologies also enables private sector agriculture technology (AgTech) companies, innovators, and researchers to develop good-quality, efficient, and climate-smart products and services for key stakeholders in the food system. This also enables the creation of good-quality jobs for youth in agriculture and food systems. Typical Examples of Coded • Digitization of agricultural services. Digital farmer registries; digitization of Activities farmer producer organizations/farmer • Analytical upstream activities. Digital cooperatives and e-vouchers for agricultural agriculture profiles; AgTech innovation input subsidies (seeds, fertilizer, farm ecosystem assessments; data analytics tools, and post-harvest equipment); digital for investments and targeting; data and extension and e-advisory services; digital digital agriculture road maps; policies library of videos; digital applications; online for data access, use, and governance marketplaces; digital registries of certified and digitization; policies for AgTech suppliers of agro-inputs and equipment, start-ups and innovation; and policies wholesalers, traders, and so on; digitization and frameworks for public-private of agricultural research and development partnerships (PPPs) centers; and establishment of a centralized agricultural data unit (big data platforms) to • Geospatial data for agriculture. provide decision support to policy makers Georeferenced farm databases, and public agencies high-resolution digital soil maps, historic and predictive climatology, weather • Digital financial services for agricultural observatories, and digitized weather stations producers. Mobile wallets for payments, remittances, and savings; credit scoring • Market monitoring. Weather alerts and and history using transaction data; credit early warning systems, real-time pest platforms; and insurance platforms tracking and disease detection systems (plant and animal), high-frequency food price monitoring, agricultural cost and input supplier data, aggregators and off- takers data, and data from agriculture and livestock markets at multiple levels [250000] DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 431 • Entrepreneur and ecosystem support. Innovation challenges and hackathons for identifying agri-tech start-ups and solutions; financing and technical assistance (TA) for agri-tech incubators and accelerators; design, development, and operation of integrated agri-tech and fintech platforms for public agencies, financial institutions, the private sector, and so on; and digital innovation acceleration facility and enabler funds for AgTech start-ups. Examples of Excluded Activities Investments in digital connectivity and telecom infrastructure. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme AGF Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme DT, WTR 432 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [260000] FRAGILITY, CONFLICT, AND VIOLENCE 433 [260100] PREVENTION AND TRANSITION Definition Project activities, in any sector, that aim to prevent conflict or support the transition out of fragility. Conflict prevention is the avoidance of the outbreak, escalation, or recurrence of violent conflict. Preventing conflict requires directly addressing the key drivers of fragility and immediate to long- term risks—including economic and social exclusion and perceptions of grievances and injustice— and strengthening the sources of resilience and peace before tensions turn into full-scale crises. Helping countries transition out of fragility requires directly addressing the key drivers of fragility and immediate to long-term risks as well as strengthening factors of resilience such as reinforcing the social contract between citizens and the state, fostering a healthy local private sector, strengthening the capacity of core state institutions, and investing in post-conflict reconstruction of essential services and infrastructure. Typical Examples of Coded • Strengthening core government functions, notably through resource mobilization, Activities transparency, and improved effectiveness • Identifying emerging risks, monitoring in expenditures conflict and grievances, and strengthening • Supporting key institutional reforms conflict early warning systems addressing inequitable access to • Establishing or reinforcing local and participation, essential public services community-level conflict resolution and (including justice), economic opportunities, development planning mechanisms land, and other natural resources to increase social cohesion, thereby • Investing in post-conflict reconstruction strengthening the adaptive capacity and of essential infrastructure, including for resilience of communities, as well as of service delivery, ensuring that grievances vulnerable and disadvantaged groups around exclusion are addressed • Reinforcing citizen engagement (CE) and grievance redress mechanisms (GRMs) to improve accountability of government services and strengthen the social contract 434 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY • Targeting support for socioeconomic Examples of Excluded Activities infrastructure and economic opportunities Financing for arms or weapons, military to specific vulnerable groups based on equipment, or infrastructure or disarming risk and resilience assessment (including combatants (outside the World Bank mandate). but not limited to youth at risk, ex- combatants, women, underserved communities, and minority groups), Mapping and Ownership including through geographic targeting of marginalized or previously conflict affected Lead Global Practice/Global Theme subnational regions FCV, SSI • Demobilizing and reintegrating former Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme combatants into civilian life AGF, CCG, EDU, ENB, FCI, GEN, HNP, MTI, POV, • Undertaking security sector-focused SPJ, URL, WTR public expenditure reviews (PERs) and advising on the uptake of security sector reform elements in wider public sector reform programs. [260000] FRAGILITY, CONFLICT, AND VIOLENCE 435 [260200] CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE Definition Project activities, in any sector, that aim to stay engaged in a situation of active crisis or conflict or that aim to directly address conflict and violence outcomes (including crime and interpersonal violence). Remaining engaged during conflict and crisis situations centers on preserving hard-won development gains, protecting essential institutions, and building resilience to be ready for future recovery. This includes protecting the human capital of vulnerable groups, empowering women and girls, and strengthening selected institutions to preserve development gains and build capacity for future recovery. Protecting core institutions (for example, service-oriented ministries, community-based organizations, small and medium enterprises [SMEs], central banks, social funds, and project implementation structures) is essential to support recovery. Directly addressing conflict and violence outcomes includes a range of activities that directly reduce the number of conflict and violence‑related incidents. This ranges from reducing crime-related violence, preventing violent extremism (PVE), and preventing gender-based violence (GBV). These operations directly aim to improve security outcomes, narrowly defined as the absence of violence or the threat thereof. Typical Examples of Coded • Establishing or reinforcing local and community-level conflict resolution Activities mechanisms • Supporting the continued provision • Addressing GBV including through of essential services (such as health, economic empowerment and/or provision education, and water) to vulnerable of psychosocial support to victims. populations in active conflict or crisis • Increasing youth resilience and/or reducing situations youth exclusion through economic • Supporting the continued functioning of opportunities and/or psychosocial support, essential state institutions in active conflict directly targeting those vulnerable at or crisis situations risk of recruitment into violent extremist • Monitoring the macro-financial situation organizations, rebel groups, and gangs to reduce negative impacts on the people (depending on setting, these types of and the private sector in active conflict or activities are often urban violence programs crisis situations or PVE programs). 436 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Examples of Excluded Activities Humanitarian assistance (outside the World Bank mandate and comparative advantage) Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme FCV, SSI Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme EDU, HNP, SPJ [260000] FRAGILITY, CONFLICT, AND VIOLENCE 437 [260300] FORCED DISPLACEMENT Definition Interventions that address the developmental implications of forced displacement for host countries, host communities, and/or displaced populations (refugees and internally displaced persons). Such interventions may target different stages of the displacement period, including preparedness/ prevention in advance of displacement, mitigate negative impacts during displacement, or facilitate solutions/resolutions for protracted situations. Typical Examples of Coded • Results-based/performance-based financing for policies/reforms aimed at resolving Activities protracted displacement situations • Initiatives to improve access/quality • Monitoring of forced displacement flows, of services and infrastructure in host their impacts, and policies that affect communities these flows • Initiatives to improve access/quality • Survey data collection on forced of services for displaced populations, displacement, including host communities. including those channeled through existing country systems Examples of Excluded Activities • Initiatives to improve access to income- generating opportunities/social safety nets Economic migration; disarmament, for host and displaced populations demobilization, and reintegration (DDR); refoulement; humanitarian assistance (outside • Initiatives to address the specific the World Bank mandate and comparative vulnerabilities of displaced populations, advantage). such as trauma, discrimination, and lack of assets • Urban planning and service delivery in Mapping and Ownership response to population inflows Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Initiatives to mitigate impact of population FCV, SSI inflows on public commons such as the environment, agriculture, and water Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, CCG, EDU, ENB, FCI, GEN, HNP, MTI, POV, • Support to preparedness planning for likely SPJ, URL, WTR host countries/communities • Budget support to mitigate macro-fiscal consequences of population inflows 438 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [260400] POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION Definition Post-conflict reconstruction activities that address direct outcomes of fragility, conflict, and violence (FCV). This includes restoring essential services and infrastructure, creating economic opportunities in areas affected by conflict, and activities to restore social cohesion and the social contract between citizens and the state. Typical post-conflict reconstruction efforts include activities related to rapid employment creation, demobilization, and reintegration of war-affected people into civilian life; security sector reform; support for people subject to sexual and gender-based violence (GBV); reinstating of good communications networks; provision of local services and small infrastructure through community-demand-driven approaches; and so on. Private sector investment in key productive sectors and supporting the conditions for resumption of trade and macroeconomic stabilization, rehabilitation of financial institutions, and restoration of legal and regulatory frameworks. This can also include citizen engagement (CE) efforts that amplify citizen voice and ensure that policies, programs, and projects are downwardly accountable to citizens and respond to their needs. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities n.a. • Providing services such as health and education to vulnerable populations Mapping and Ownership • Reaching out to underserved communities Lead Global Practice/Global Theme and minority groups FCV, SSI • Targeting urban development or transport projects in lagging regions or marginalized Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme communities EDU, GOV, HNP, URL • Targeting geographically and economically marginalized subgroups and subnational regions • Demobilization and reintegration programs for ex-combatants • Security sector-focused public expenditure reviews (PERs) • Support for public sector reforms involving security sector. [260000] FRAGILITY, CONFLICT, AND VIOLENCE 439 440 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [270000] DATA ECOSYSTEM 441 [270100] DATA STANDARDS AND METHODS Definition Lending, grants, or technical assistance (TA) for support to develop or strengthen data standards and data collection methods. Data standards include documented agreements on representation, format, definition, structuring, tagging, transmission, manipulation, use, and management of data. Data collection methods include quantitative or qualitative processes for data collection, such as through sample surveys, experiments, or observational studies. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Information technology (IT) or digital Data standards include technology standards, specifications, or • Interventions supporting the creation or applications strengthening of data standards • Activities where data or statistical standards • Interventions supporting the regional or methods are a minor and/or non- harmonization of data standards strategic part of the project. • Engagements with standard-setting bodies on data and statistics. Mapping and Ownership Data methods include Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Interventions supporting the development DEC or strengthening of data collection methods for “traditional” data, such as support for Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme development or design of a census, national CCG, DD, FCI, FCV, IFC, IPG, JBS, MTI, POV, SSI, accounts, household surveys, enterprise URL, WTR surveys, labor force surveys, surveys of personal finance, administrative records • Interventions supporting the development or strengthening of data collection methods for “new” data, such as support for development or design of data collection methodologies using satellite imaging, digital identification (ID), facial recognition, and e-government platforms. 442 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [270101] Data Standards Definition Support to develop or strengthen data standards. Data standards include documented agreements on representation, format, definition, structuring, tagging, transmission, manipulation, use, and management. This includes support for harmonization around common data standards to help enable the exchange of information and improve efficiency and to help enable the development of equitable policies and practices that respond to countries’ needs and interests. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • This code does not include support • Interventions supporting the creation for actual primary data collection or or strengthening of data or statistical data acquisition. standards • Information technology (IT) or digital • Interventions supporting the regional technology standards, specifications, harmonization of data or statistical standards or applications. • Engagement with or support for • Activities where data or statistical standard-setting bodies on data standards or methods are a minor and statistics. and/or non-strategic part of the project. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DEC Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme CCG, DD, FCI, FCV, IFC, IPG, JBS, MTI, POV, SSI, URL, WTR [270000] DATA ECOSYSTEM 443 [270102] Data Methods Definition Support to develop or strengthen quantitative or qualitative methods for data collection, such as through sample surveys, experiments, or observational studies. This includes both “traditional” data collection methods, which are typically associated with traditional data types such as censuses and surveys, and “nontraditional” data collection methods, which are typically associated with newer sources of data, such as from satellite imaging or e-government platforms. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • This code does not include support for • Interventions supporting the development actual primary data collection or data or strengthening of data collection methods acquisition. for “traditional” data, such as support for • Information technology (IT) or digital development or design of a census, national technology standards, specifications, or accounts, household surveys, enterprise applications. surveys, labor force surveys, surveys of • Activities where data or statistical standards personal finance, and administrative records or methods are a minor and/or non- • Interventions supporting the development strategic part of the project. or strengthening of data collection methods for “nontraditional” data, such as support for development or design of data collection Mapping and Ownership methodologies using satellite imaging, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme digital identification (ID), facial recognition, DEC and e-government platforms. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme CCG, DD, FCI, FCV, IFC, IPG, JBS, MTI, POV, SSI, URL, WTR 444 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [270200] DATA COLLECTION AND DATA ACQUISITION Definition Support for primary or secondary collection or acquisition of data or statistics at regional, national, or subnational levels. “Primary data” collection describes interventions to obtain data directly from individuals, objects, or processes. “Secondary data” and “data acquisition” describe interventions which use or analyze data that have already been collected by another researcher, organization, or firm. “Data acquisition” may also describe efforts to license, purchase, or subscribe to receive or gain access to commercial or other forms of data. Typical Examples of Coded • Interventions supporting qualitative data collection, such as the following: Activities • Through focus groups • Interventions supporting “traditional” data • In-depth interviews. collection activities such as the following: • Interventions to license, purchase, or • Surveys (household, price, firm, and so on) subscribe to data from a commercial • Census (population, agriculture, and so on) vendor or other organization. • Administrative records (budget, civil registration and vital statistics, trade Examples of Excluded Activities data, and so on). • Activities where data or statistical • Interventions supporting “nontraditional” or collection or acquisition are a minor and/or “alternative” data collection activities such non-strategic part of the project as the following: • Activities supporting security establishment • Social media entities (for example, armed forces and • Websites or e-government platforms intelligence agencies). • Internet of things (IoT), including data collection from objects that are able to Mapping and Ownership collect and exchange data in real time using embedded sensors, such as mobile Lead Global Practice/Global Theme devices (mobile phones and tablets), DEC cars, lights, wearable technology, farming equipment, factory equipment, shipping Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme containers, air/water quality sensors, facial AGR, CCG, DD, EDU, ENB, FCI, FCV, GEN, GOV, HNP, recognition (through closed circuit [CC]) IFC, IPG, JBS, MTI, POV, SPJ, SSI, TRA, URL, WTR cameras and online images), and so on. [270000] DATA ECOSYSTEM 445 [270201] Collection of Data from Traditional Sources Definition Support for primary or secondary collection or acquisition of traditional data or statistics at the regional, national, or subnational levels. “Traditional” data sources generally include surveys, censuses, and administrative records. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Activities where data or statistical Interventions supporting “traditional” data collection or acquisition are a minor and/or collection activities such as the following: non‑strategic part of the project. • Surveys (household, price, firm, migrant, • Activities supporting security establishment and so on) entities (for example, armed forces and • Census (population, agriculture, labor, and intelligence agencies). so on) • Administrative records (budget, civil Mapping and Ownership registration and vital statistics, trade data, Lead Global Practice/Global Theme and so on) DEC • Interventions to license, purchase, or subscribe to traditional data from a Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme commercial vendor or other organizations. AGR, CCG, DD, EDU, ENB, FCI, FCV, GEN, GOV, HNP, IFC, IPG, JBS, MTI, POV, SPJ, SSI, TRA, URL, WTR 446 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [270202] Collection of Data from Alternative or Non-Traditional Sources Definition Support for primary or secondary collection or acquisition of nontraditional or alternative data at the regional, national, or subnational levels. “Nontraditional” or “alternative” data sources generally include newer sources of data, such as from social media or e-government platforms. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Activities where data or statistical Interventions supporting “nontraditional” or collection or acquisition are a minor and/or “alternative” data collection activities, such as non-strategic part of the project. the following: • Activities supporting the private sector/ • Big data collection (for example, small and medium enterprise (SME) social media, machine data, and strengthening, unrelated to collection or transactional data) acquisition of salient data or statistics. • Data collection or data scraping from websites, e-government platforms, Mapping and Ownership and so on Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Internet of things (IoT), including data DEC collection from objects that are able to collect and exchange data in real time using Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme embedded sensors, such as mobile devices AGR, CCG, DD, EDU, ENB, FCI, FCV, GEN, GOV, HNP, (location data from mobile phones and IFC, IPG, JBS, MTI, POV, SPJ, SSI, TRA, URL, WTR tablets), cars, lights, wearable technology, farming equipment, factory equipment, shipping containers, air/water quality sensors, facial recognition (through closed circuit [CC] cameras and online images), and so on • Earth observation (satellite images) • Mobile telecommunications (call records) • Citizen-generated data. [270000] DATA ECOSYSTEM 447 [270300] DATA CURATION AND DATA MANAGEMENT Definition Support for data curation and data management throughout the data life cycle. This includes efforts to clean data to assure consistency; organize and maintain datasets; support proper data documentation; and create metadata so these data can be accessed, used, and reused. Typical Examples of Coded • Interventions to support or strengthen data interoperability. Activities • Interventions to strengthen data management, data quality assurance, and Examples of Excluded Activities administration across the data life cycle, • Activities where data curation or data from data creation to processing, storing, management is a minor and/or non- transferring, archiving, and preservation, strategic part of the project. to disposal or destruction as appropriate • This code does not include support for • Interventions to support the cleaning or actual primary data collection or data wrangling of datasets acquisition. • Interventions to support or strengthen • Information technology (IT) activities (for organization and maintenance of datasets example, IT system maintenance, support • Interventions to support proper data for IT technicians, purchasing/installation documentation, which describes how the of applications, creation/operation of help data were created, the structure of the desks, and so on, unless they are directly data and its contents, and any cleaning or related to the curation or management of manipulation of the data to enhance quality data or statistics). or enable useability • Interventions to support or strengthen Mapping and Ownership metadata or development of search functions for metadata Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DEC • Interventions to support development or improvements to a data catalog Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Interventions to support the development AGF, CCG, DD, ENB, FCI, FCV, GEN, GOV, HNP, IFC, of a schedule for data management, IPG, JBS, MTI, POV, SPJ, SSI, URL, WTR retention, and/or possible disposal, as appropriate 448 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [270301] Data Management, Documentation, and Preservation Definition Support for data management at any point in (and across) the data life cycle: from data creation to processing, to storing, to data transfers, to archiving and preservation, to disposal or destruction as appropriate. This includes support for data documentation, metadata, database/data catalog management, and data preservation so these data can be accessed, used, and reused. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Activities where data curation or • Interventions to strengthen data data management is a minor and/or management and administration at any non-strategic part of the project. point in (or across) the data life cycle: • This code does not include support for from data creation to processing, to actual primary data collection or data storing, to data transfers, to archiving and acquisition. preservation, to disposal or destruction • Information technology (IT) activities (for as appropriate example, IT system maintenance, support • Interventions to support or strengthen for IT technicians, purchasing/installation organization and maintenance of datasets of applications, creation/operation of help • Interventions to support proper data desks, and so on, unless they are directly documentation, which describes how the related to the curation or management of data were created, the structure of the data or statistics). data and its contents, and any cleaning or manipulation of the data to enhance quality Mapping and Ownership or enable useability Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Interventions to support or strengthen DEC metadata or development of search functions for metadata Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Interventions to support development or AGF, CCG, DD, ENB, FCI, FCV, GEN, GOV, HNP, improvements to a database or data catalog IFC, IPG, JBS, MTI, POV, SPJ, SSI, URL, WTR • Interventions to support the development of a schedule for data management, retention, and/or possible disposal, as appropriate. [270000] DATA ECOSYSTEM 449 [270302] Data Cleaning, Consistency, Data Quality Assurance, and Data Interoperability Definition Support to clean data to enhance quality assurance and data consistency and to strengthen or enable data interoperability. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Activities where data curation or data • Interventions to support the cleaning or management is a minor and/or non- wrangling of datasets strategic part of the project. • Interventions to support data quality • This code does not include support for assurance actual primary data collection or data acquisition. • Interventions to strengthen syntactic data interoperability (for example, strengthening • Information technology (IT) activities (for the structuring and formatting of data to be example, IT system maintenance, support used in the exchange of information) for IT technicians, purchasing/installation of applications, creation/operation of help • Interventions to strengthen data systems desks, and so on, unless they are directly semantic interoperability (for example, related to the curation or management of strengthening interoperability of registries data or statistics). or information systems) • Interventions to support the development Mapping and Ownership or strengthening of interoperability frameworks or interoperability agreements. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DEC Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, CCG, DD, ENB, FCI, FCV, GEN, GOV, HNP, IFC, IPG, JBS, MTI, POV, SPJ, SSI, URL, WTR 450 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [270400] DATA DISSEMINATION, ACCESSIBILITY, AND DISCOVERABILITY Definition Support for systems or processes to strengthen data dissemination, data accessibility, and discoverability of data. Typical Examples of Coded • Development of an open data portal or platform or support for a broader open Activities data initiative, including support to make • Interventions to develop or strengthen government data publicly available, free of management information systems (MISs), charge, without restrictions, in machine- such as education or higher education readable formats, and reusable formats, (EMIS/HEMIS), geospatial information with their associated metadata systems, disaster risk information systems, • Development of a website or dashboards climate data/information systems, health for data dissemination and use by the (HMIS), Labor (LMIS), social information public or by targeted/authorized user systems, and more groups (for example, ministry staff) • Interventions to support core government • Development of citizen engagement data systems which support the key platforms, including CivicTech solutions, to functions of collecting, processing, and enable citizen participation and the sharing managing records and data and which of citizen-generated data, citizen surveys, enable upstream functions, such as open government, and open data platforms public financial management (revenue, to improve accountability and reporting/ expenditures, and debt), e-government web publishing procurement, human resource • Interventions to develop or strengthen management, and central and local data dissemination strategies or government operations release calendars • Interventions to strengthen data discoverability, which enable users to easily locate available data, detect their quality, understand their structure and lineage, and access them. [270000] DATA ECOSYSTEM 451 Examples of Excluded Activities Mapping and Ownership • Activities where data or statistical Lead Global Practice/Global Theme dissemination, data access, or data DEC discoverability elements are a minor and/or non-strategic part of the project. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, CCG, DD, EDU, EEX, ENB, FCI, FCV, GEN, • Activities which clearly and predominantly GOV, HNP, IFC, IPG, JBS, MTI, POV, SPJ, SSI, TRA, focus on digital services or equipment, URL, WTR for example, digital financial services, digital identification (ID), and cybersecurity upgrades. • Activities which focus on information and communication technology (ICT) support, for example, expansion of internet/ broadband coverage, fiber-optic cables, expansion/reform of telecommunications sector, or mobile communications. • Activities supporting security establishment entities (for example, armed forces and intelligence agencies). 452 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [270401] Data Platforms, Websites, Dashboards, or Information Systems (MISs) Definition Data platforms, websites, or dashboards to enable data dissemination, accessibility, and discoverability by government and nongovernment actors. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Activities where data or statistical platforms, • Interventions to develop or strengthen websites, dashboards, or MISs are a minor management information systems and/or non-strategic part of the project. (MISs), such as education (EMIS/HEMIS); • Activities which clearly and predominantly geospatial information systems; disaster focus on digital services or equipment, for risk information systems; climate data/ example, digital financial services, digital information systems; health (HMIS); Labor identification (ID), and cybersecurity upgrades. (LMIS); social information systems; and more • Activities which focus on information • Development of an open data portal or communication technology (ICT) support, platform or support for a broader open for example, expansion of internet/ data initiative, including support to make broadband coverage, fiber-optic cables, government data publicly available, free of expansion/reform of telecommunications charge, without restrictions, in machine- sector, or mobile communications. readable formats and reusable formats, • Activities supporting security establishment with their associated metadata. entities (for example, armed forces and • Development of a website or dashboards intelligence agencies). for data dissemination and use by the public or by targeted/authorized user groups (for example, ministry staff) Mapping and Ownership • Development of citizen engagement (CE) Lead Global Practice/Global Theme platforms, including CivicTech solutions, to DEC enable citizen participation and the sharing of citizen-generated data, citizen surveys, Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme open government, and open data platforms AGF, CCG, DD, EDU, EEX, ENB, FCI, FCV, GEN, to improve accountability and reporting/ GOV, HNP, IFC, IPG, JBS, MTI, POV, SPJ, SSI, TRA, web publishing. URL, WTR [270000] DATA ECOSYSTEM 453 [270402] Data-Driven Tools or Applications Definition Mobile or web-based applications or tools to enable data sharing or convert data into actionable insights. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Activities which focus on information • Interventions supporting the development communication technology (ICT) support, of an app to advance a social, economic, or for example, expansion of internet/ sustainable development objective broadband coverage, fiber-optic cables, expansion/reform of telecommunications • Interventions supporting development or sector, or mobile communications. use of a real-time application programming interface (API), which enables users to • Activities supporting security establishment automatically obtain data in real time from entities (for example, armed forces and one or more data resources. Support might intelligence agencies). include embedding APIs in a software application or adding an API to a website Mapping and Ownership • Interventions supporting the development Lead Global Practice/Global Theme or strengthening of tools or processes to DEC enable data flows (that is, data sharing or data transfers), such as public-private Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme data sharing or cross-border data AGF, CCG, DD, EDU, EEX, ENB, FCI, FCV, GEN, transfers among/across information GOV, HNP, IFC, IPG, JBS, MTI, POV, SPJ, SSI, TRA, management agents. URL, WTR 454 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [270500] DATA USE Definition Support to enable or strengthen use of data by government officials or nongovernment actors, to inform policymaking or decision-making, strategic planning, management, advocacy, or service delivery. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Activities where data or statistical use • Interventions to support or enable to support or enable social, economic, policymaking or reforms based on data or sustainable development outcomes are a minor and/or non-strategic part of • Intervention to support use of data the project. to monitor or target support for implementation of reform • Activities that clearly and predominantly focus on digital services, for example, digital • Interventions to support development financial services, digital identification (ID), of data-driven content to aid in decision and cybersecurity upgrades. processes or advocacy, such as publication of data briefs, data visualizations, data- • Activities that focus on information and driven news stories, and so on communication technology (ICT) support, for example, expansion of internet/ • Interventions to support the development broadband coverage, fiber-optic cables, or strengthening of incentives and expansion/reform of telecommunications processes for institutions and actors to sector, or mobile communications. share and use data (including to support or strengthen a culture of data use) • Activities supporting security establishment entities (for example, armed forces and • Interventions targeting demand-side actors, intelligence agencies). to encourage or enable data use (such as civil society organizations, academia, think tanks, news media organizations, Mapping and Ownership civic technology organizations, the private Lead Global Practice/Global Theme sector, and so on) DEC • Intervention to support use of data to increase accountability. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, CCG, DD, EDU, EEX, ENB, FCV, HNP, IFC, IPG, JBS, POV, SSI, TRA, URL, WTR [270000] DATA ECOSYSTEM 455 [270501] Data Use by Government Officials Definition Support to enable or strengthen use of data by government officials to inform policymaking or decision-making, strategic planning, management, or service delivery. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Activities where data or statistical use • Interventions to support use of data to support or enable social, economic, analytics and data-driven recommendations or sustainable development outcomes to enable/inform effective public policies and are a minor and/or non-strategic part of decision-making the project. • Intervention to support use of data • Activities which clearly and predominantly to monitor or target support for focus on digital services, for example, digital implementation of reform financial services, digital identification (ID), and cybersecurity upgrades. • Interventions to support development of data-driven content to aid in policymaking • Activities which focus on information and and government decision processes, such as communication technology (ICT) support, publication of data briefs, data visualizations, for example, expansion of internet/ and so on broadband coverage, fiber-optic cables, expansion/reform of telecommunications • Interventions to support the development or sector, or mobile communications. strengthening of incentives and processes for government institutions and government • Activities supporting security establishment officials to share and use data (including to entities (for example, armed forces and support or strengthen a culture of data use). intelligence agencies). Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DEC Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, CCG, DD, EDU, EEX, ENB, FCV, HNP, IFC, IPG, JBS, POV, SSI, TRA, URL, WTR 456 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [270502] Data Use by non-Government Actors Definition Support to enable or strengthen use of data by nongovernment actors to inform decision-making; inform or broaden the public discourse on social, economic, or sustainable development issues; support strategic planning and management; support advocacy; or enable feedback to government. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Activities where data or statistical use • Interventions targeting demand-side actors, to support or enable social, economic, to encourage or enable data use (such as or sustainable development outcomes civil society organizations, academia, think is a minor and/or non-strategic part of tanks, news media organizations, civic the project. technology organizations, the private sector, • Activities which clearly and predominantly and so on) focus on digital services, for example, digital • Interventions to support development financial services, digital identification (ID), of data-driven content to aid in decision and cybersecurity upgrades. processes or advocacy by nongovernment • Activities which focus on information and actors, such as publication of data briefs, communication technology (ICT) support, data visualizations, data-driven news stories, for example, expansion of internet/ and so on broadband coverage, fiber-optic cables, • Interventions to support the development or expansion/reform of telecommunications strengthening of incentives and processes sector, or mobile communications. for nongovernment actors to use data (including to support or strengthen a culture Mapping and Ownership of data use) Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Intervention to support use of data to DEC increase accountability. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, CCG, DD, EDU, EEX, ENB, FCV, HNP, IFC, IPG, JBS, POV, SSI, TRA, URL, WTR [270000] DATA ECOSYSTEM 457 [270600] DATA POLICY, LAW, REGULATION, AND GOVERNANCE Definition Support to develop or strengthen a policy, law, regulation, diagnostic, strategy, or governance arrangement for data or statistics at the national or subnational level. Typical Examples of Coded • National Statistical Development Strategy (NSDS) or National Quality Assurance Activities Framework for Statistics (NQAF) Interventions supporting diagnostics or • Sectoral data strategies, such as a gender assessments of data availability or quality, data strategy, an agricultural data strategy, data law or policy environment, data reform an education data strategy, or climate readiness, and so on, such as the following: data strategy • Open Data Readiness Assessment • Preparation of strategy, policy, and • Data Maturity Assessment programs related to GovTech enablers in • Data availability diagnostic (for example, the public sector (for example, GovTech/ assessment of data quality or availability digital government strategy, policy and against the Data for Policy [D4P] action plans, public sector innovation, minimum package) and private sector involvement in GovTech programs) • Data/statistical skills assessment • Data governance support activities, such • Financial inclusion data diagnostic as developing strategies or support to • Assessments of the climate-related establish or clarify institutional authority, data architecture, including taxonomy; control and/or shared decision-making, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) planning, monitoring, and enforcement data availability; and disclosure frameworks processes over how, by whom, and where data assets are managed • Assessment of economic impact of data production, adoption, and use. • Support to enable or strengthen whole- of-government data coordination or to Interventions supporting development or support strategic planning, collaboration, implementation of a data or statistics strategy compliance, and/or user-centric data or data governance arrangements, such as systems or data capital the following: • National or subnational data strategy, • Support for the operationalization of a such as an open data strategy and big social contract for data. data strategy 458 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Interventions supporting the development or Examples of Excluded Activities strengthening of policies, laws, or regulations • Activities where a data or statistical policy, law, for data or statistics, such as the following: regulation, or data governance are a minor • Support for the development of a and/or non-strategic part of the project. government decree, executive action, or cabinet declaration to establish a data • Activities which clearly and predominantly policy or institutional arrangement for data focus on digital policy support, for example, or statistics policies to support digital financial services, digital identification (ID), internet/ • Support for development or strengthening broadband coverage, telecommunications of legislation which establishes or sector, and mobile communications. implements a Data or Statistics Act, or similar legislation which establishes • Activities supporting security establishment priorities, governance, or oversight of public entities, for example, armed forces and data, open data, data protection, other intelligence agencies. data/statistics activity, and so on • Activities that relate to digital data should • Support for development or strengthening use relevant codes under [250000] Digital of legislation which establishes Transformation. an autonomous intergovernment • Activities that relate to data policy, law, administrative and coordination agency regulation, and governance in the context (or national institute for statistics) with of digital transformation, digital economy, the responsibility of oversight and or data economy development, including implementation of national or subnational broadband and data/cloud infrastructure and data or statistics activities. services, digital public infrastructure/stacks, public sector data exchange architecture, standards and platforms, cross-border data flows, artificial intelligence (AI), and related activities, should use relevant codes under [250000] Digital Transformation. • Activities supporting general data protection legislation, policy, and regulation and/or data protection authority institutional development should use code [250500] Data Protection and Privacy. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DEC Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme CCG, DD, EDU, FCI, FCV, GEN, GOV, HNP, IFC, IPG, JBS, MTI, POV, SPJ, SSI, URL, WTR [270000] DATA ECOSYSTEM 459 [270601] Data Diagnostic or Data Assessment Definition Support for diagnostics or assessments of data availability or quality, data law or policy environment, and data reform readiness. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Activities where a data diagnostic or data • Open data readiness assessment assessment is a minor and/or non-strategic part of the project. • Data Maturity Assessment • Activities which clearly and predominantly • Data availability diagnostic (for example, focus on digital policy or regulatory support, assessment of data quality or availability for example, policies or regulations to against the Data for Policy [D4P] support digital financial services, digital minimum package) identification (ID), internet/broadband • Data/statistical skills assessment coverage, telecommunications sector, and mobile communications. • Financial inclusion data diagnostic • Activities supporting security establishment • Assessments of the climate-related entities (for example, armed forces and data architecture, including taxonomy; intelligence agencies). environmental, social, and governance (ESG) data availability; and disclosure frameworks • Assessment of economic impact of data Mapping and Ownership production, adoption, and use. Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DEC Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme CCG, DD, EDU, FCI, FCV, GEN, GOV, HNP, IFC, IPG, JBS, MTI, POV, SPJ, SSI, URL, WTR 460 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [270602] Data Strategy and Data Governance Definition Support for the development or implementation of a data or statistics strategy, or data governance arrangements. “Data governance arrangements” describe the exercise of authority, control, and/or shared decision-making (planning, monitoring, and enforcement) over how, by whom, and where data assets are managed. Typical Examples of Coded • Data governance support activities, such as developing strategies or support to Activities establish or clarify institutional authority, • National or subnational data strategy, control, and/or shared decision-making, such as an open data strategy and big planning, monitoring, and enforcement data strategy processes over how, by whom, and where data assets are managed • National Statistical Development Strategy (NSDS) or National Quality Assurance • Support to enable or strengthen whole- Framework for Statistics (NQAF) of-government data coordination, or to support strategic planning, collaboration, • Sectoral data strategies, such as a gender compliance, and/or user-centric data data strategy, an agricultural data strategy, systems or data capital an education data strategy, or climate data strategy • Support for the operationalization of a social contract for data. • Preparation of strategy, policy, and programs related to the GovTech enablers in the public sector (for example, GovTech/ Examples of Excluded Activities digital government strategy, policy and • Activities where a data-focused strategy or action plans, public sector innovation, data governance activities are a minor and/ and private sector involvement in or non-strategic part of the project. GovTech programs) • Activities which focus on digital strategy development or support, for example, on digital financial services, digital identification (ID), digitization of IT systems, internet/ broadband coverage, telecommunications sector, mobile communications, and IT security. [270000] DATA ECOSYSTEM 461 • Activities supporting security establishment entities (for example, armed forces and intelligence agencies). Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DEC Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme CCG, DD, EDU, FCI, FCV, GEN, GOV, HNP, IFC, IPG, JBS, MTI, POV, SPJ, SSI, URL, WTR 462 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [270603] Development of Policies, Laws, and Regulations for Data or Statistics Definition Support for the development or strengthening of policies, laws, or regulations for data or statistics. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Activities where a data-focused policy, • Support for the development of a law, or regulation is a minor and/or government decree, executive action, or non-strategic part of the project. cabinet declaration to establish a data • Activities which focus on digital or policy or institutional arrangement for data information technology (IT) policy or statistics development or support, for example, on • Support for development or strengthening digital financial services, digital identification of legislation which establishes or (ID), digitization of IT systems, internet/ implements a Data or Statistics Act, or broadband coverage, telecommunications similar legislation which establishes sector, mobile communications, and priorities, governance, or oversight of public IT security. data, open data, or other data/statistics • Activities supporting security establishment activity, and so on entities (for example, armed forces and • Support for development or strengthening intelligence agencies). of legislation which establishes an autonomous intergovernment Mapping and Ownership administrative and coordination agency (or national institute for statistics) with Lead Global Practice/Global Theme the responsibility of oversight and DEC implementation of national or subnational data or statistics activities Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme CCG, DD, EDU, FCI, FCV, GEN, GOV, HNP, IFC, • Interventions supporting the development IPG, JBS, MTI, POV, SPJ, SSI, URL, WTR of competition, trade, or tax policies for data economy reforms. [270000] DATA ECOSYSTEM 463 [270604] Data Rights Definition Support for the development or implementation of data rights, data empowerment, or data sovereignty reforms. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Activities where a data-focused rights-based • Interventions to support or strengthen approach or activity is a minor and/or awareness of the concept of data rights, non‑strategic part of the project. that is, a rights-based approach for • Activities which focus on bridging the the public to understand and exercise digital divide or other digital or information discretion over where their personal data technology (IT) empowerment. go and how they are used • Interventions to support or strengthen Mapping and Ownership awareness of the concept of data sovereignty, that is, a group’s or individual’s Lead Global Practice/Global Theme right to control and maintain their own DEC data, such as across data collection and data storage activities, and/or the Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme interpretation of their data CCG, DD, EDU, FCI, FCV, GEN, GOV, HNP, IFC, IPG, JBS, MTI, POV, SPJ, SSI, URL, WTR • Interventions to support or strengthen awareness of the concept of data portability, that is, to enable a group or individuals to receive—or transmit to another controller on their behalf— personal data they have provided to a controller in a structured, commonly used, and machine-readable format. 464 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [270700] LITERACY AND CAPACITY BUILDING ON DATA Definition Support to develop or strengthen human or institutional capacity at the national or subnational level, to enable increased quality, quantity, dissemination, and use of data or statistics for social, economic, and/or sustainable development. “Capacity building” describes support activities designed to enhance the skills or individual agency of government or nongovernment stakeholders to collect, manage, govern, safeguard, analyze, disseminate, or use data or statistics. “Institutional strengthening” describes support activities designed to develop or strengthen national or subnational government or parastatal administrative or coordination agencies or entities that collect, process, analyze, or use data or statistics. Typical Examples of Coded Interventions to create or strengthen an institution or institutional arrangement to Activities support data or statistics activities, for example, Interventions to build capacity or strengthen • Creation, designation, or strengthening individual agency of government or of an autonomous intergovernment nongovernment actors on data or statistics, administrative or coordination agency for example, (or national institute for statistics) with • Any training on statistics (sampling, the responsibility of oversight and statistical analysis, econometrics, and so on) implementation of collection, processing, analysis, or use of data or statistics • Any training on data literacy and data use (workshops, data fellowships, hackathons, • Development or strengthening of a and so on) data governance institution, which might, for example, be responsible for • Support to create/strengthen data strategic planning, rulemaking or rule communities of practice. implementation, compliance, or learning/ evidence generation for data or statistics activities • Establishment or strengthening of an enabling or safeguarding institution in the public sector, such as a public entity focused on GovTech reforms. [270000] DATA ECOSYSTEM 465 Interventions to strengthen data ethics, that Examples of Excluded Activities is, to support or strengthen data producers’ • Activities where capacity building or or data users’ responsible data acquisition, institutional strengthening on data or management, use, and disposal in line with statistics are a minor and/or non-strategic best practice approaches, for example, part of the project. • Training to strengthen support, transparency, and accountability in • Any training or workshop activity that the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and is not expressly focused on data or automated decision-making systems in statistics collection, analysis, management, the public sector governance, protection, dissemination, use, policymaking, and so on. • Workshops to train government data scientists or data managers in responsible • Information technology (IT) activities data use (for example, IT system maintenance, support for IT technicians, purchasing/ • Training to enable researchers to adopt installation of applications, and creation/ open science or open code approaches, operation of help desks, not directly related that is, by publishing the source code of to the above data activities). algorithms in public registers. • Information and communication technology (ICT) activities, such as expansion of internet coverage, expansion/ reform of telecommunications/mobile communications, and so on. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DEC Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, CCG, DD, EDU, ENB, FCI, GOV, IFC, MTI, POV, SSI, URL 466 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [270701] Capacity Building on Data or Statistics Definition “Capacity building” describes support activities designed to enhance the skills or individual agency of government or nongovernment stakeholders or intermediaries to collect, manage, govern, safeguard, analyze, disseminate, or use data or statistics. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Activities where capacity building on data Interventions to build capacity for government or statistics is a minor and/or non-strategic or nongovernment actors, for example, part of the project. • Any training on statistics (sampling, • Any training or workshop activity that statistical analysis, econometrics, and so on) is not expressly focused on data or • Any training on data literacy and data use statistics collection, analysis, management, (workshops, data fellowships, hackathons, governance, protection, dissemination, use, and so on) policymaking, and so on. • Strengthening the data and statistical • Information technology (IT) activities (for literacy of policy makers or decision makers example, IT system maintenance, support to help them understand the potential for IT technicians, purchasing/installation utility and limitations of new data sources of applications, and creation/operation of help desks, not directly related to the above • Support to create/strengthen data data activities). intermediaries, such as data collaboratives, data trusts, data cooperatives, or data • Information and communication communities of practice. technology (ICT) activities, such as expansion of internet coverage, expansion/ reform of telecommunications/mobile communications, and so on. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DEC Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, CCG, DD, EDU, ENB, FCI, GOV, IFC, MTI, POV, SSI, URL [270000] DATA ECOSYSTEM 467 [270702] Development or Strengthening of Data Institutions Definition “Institutional strengthening” describes support activities designed to develop or strengthen national or subnational government or parastatal administrative or coordination agencies or entities that collect, process, analyze, or use data or statistics. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Activities where institutional strengthening Interventions to create or strengthen an on data or statistics is a minor and/or institution or institutional arrangement to non‑strategic part of the project. support data or statistics activities, for example, • Information technology (IT) activities (for • Creation, designation, or strengthening example, IT system maintenance, support of an autonomous intergovernment for IT technicians, purchasing/installation administrative or coordination agency of applications, and creation/operation of (or national institute for statistics) with help desks, not directly related to the above the responsibility of oversight and data activities). implementation of collection, processing, • Any support for an IT or ICT institution analysis, or use of data or statistics that is not expressly focused on data or • Development or strengthening of a statistics collection, analysis, management, data governance institution, which governance, protection, dissemination, use, might, for example, be responsible policymaking, and so on. for strategic planning, rulemaking or • Information and communication rule implementation, compliance, or technology (ICT) activities, such as learning/evidence generation for data expansion of internet coverage, expansion/ or statistics activities reform of telecommunications/mobile • Establishment or strengthening of an communications, and so on. enabling or safeguarding institution in the public sector, such as a public entity focused on GovTech reforms. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DEC Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, CCG, DD, EDU, ENB, FCI, GOV, IFC, MTI, POV, SSI, URL 468 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [270703] Data Ethics Definition Support to strengthen data ethics, that is, to support or strengthen data producers’ or data users’ responsible data acquisition, management, use, and disposal in line with best practice ethical approaches. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Activities where best practice on data ethics • Training to strengthen support, or responsible data use is a minor and/or transparency, and accountability in non-strategic part of the project. the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and • Non-data-based ethics activities. automated decision-making systems in the public sector Mapping and Ownership • Workshops to train government data scientists or data managers in responsible Lead Global Practice/Global Theme data use DEC • Training to enable researchers to adopt Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme open science or open code approaches, AGF, CCG, DD, EDU, ENB, FCI, GOV, IFC, MTI, that is, by publishing the source code of POV, SSI, URL algorithms in public registers. [270000] DATA ECOSYSTEM 469 [270800] GEOSPATIAL DATA Definition Support for the collection, processing, analysis, visualization, storage, and improving of access and use of spatially referenced data and information. Typical Examples of Coded Interventions to develop or support remote sensing or Earth observation products and Activities services, such as the following: Interventions to support or strengthen spatial • Support to develop a crop information data creation, analysis, visualization, and use, system to support a food security project such as the following: • Support to develop a climate change impact • Support to capture or analyze descriptive or natural disaster monitoring application information about a geographic location via • Support to develop a land-use classification satellite (global positioning system [GPS]) or land registry application. • Support for the collection of high-resolution images of a geographic location (for Interventions to develop or strengthen a example, taken by a drone or unmanned geospatial information framework or geospatial aerial vehicle [UAV]) data/service standards, such as the following: • Support for research to help develop or • Support for the use of geographic harmonize Earth observation methods and information system (GIS) software to use standards data collected by GPS satellites or drones • Support to define technical specifications • Collection of computer-aided design (CAD) and quality assurance criteria for Earth or other images of buildings or architectural observation data collection, management, data and related geographic information and use. • Support for geospatial mapping for off-grid electrification that enables private off-grid electrification • Support for satellite observed data access on groundwater resources, soil moisture and quality, heavy metals and nonpoint source pollution levels, and so on. 470 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY Examples of Excluded Activities • Activities where geospatial data are a minor and/or non-strategic part of the project. • Activities which focus on information and communication technology (ICT) support (for example, expansion of internet/ broadband coverage, fiber-optic cables, expansion/reform of telecommunications sector, or mobile communications). • Activities supporting security establishment entities (for example, armed forces and intelligence agencies). Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DEC Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, CCG, EEX, ENB, FCI, HNP, IFC, IPG, SSI, TRA, URL, WTR [270000] DATA ECOSYSTEM 471 [270801] Spatial Data Creation, Analysis, Visualization, and Use Definition Support for the collection, processing, analysis, visualization, and use of spatially referenced data and information. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Activities where geospatial data are a minor Interventions to support or strengthen spatial and/or non-strategic part of the project. data creation, analysis, visualization, and use, • Activities which focus on information and such as the following: communication technology (ICT) support • Support to capture or analyze descriptive (for example, expansion of internet/ information about a geographic location via broadband coverage, fiber-optic cables, satellite (global positioning system [GPS]) expansion/reform of telecommunications • Support for the collection of high-resolution sector, or mobile communications). images of a geographic location (for • Activities supporting security establishment example, taken by a drone or unmanned entities (for example, armed forces and aerial vehicle [UAV]) intelligence agencies). • Support for the use of geographic information system (GIS) software to use Mapping and Ownership data collected by GPS satellites or drones Lead Global Practice/Global Theme • Collection of computer-aided design (CAD) DEC or other images of buildings or architectural data and related geographic information Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme • Support geospatial mapping for off- AGF, CCG, EEX, ENB, FCI, HNP, IFC, IPG, SSI, TRA, grid electrification that enables private URL, WTR off‑grid electrification • Support for satellite-observed data access on groundwater resources, soil moisture and quality, heavy metals and nonpoint source pollution levels, and so on. 472 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [270802] Remote Sensing or Earth Observation Products or Services Definition Interventions to develop or support remote sensing or Earth observation products or services. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Activities where geospatial data are a minor • Support to develop a crop information and/or non-strategic part of the project. system to support a food security project • Activities which focus on information and • Support to develop a climate change impact communication technology (ICT) support, or natural disaster monitoring application for example, expansion of internet/ broadband coverage, fiber-optic cables, • Support to develop a land-use classification expansion/reform of telecommunications or land registry application. sector, or mobile communications. • Activities supporting security establishment entities, for example, armed forces and intelligence agencies. Mapping and Ownership Lead Global Practice/Global Theme DEC Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, CCG, EEX, ENB, FCI, HNP, IFC, IPG, SSI, TRA, URL, WTR [270000] DATA ECOSYSTEM 473 [270803] Geospatial Information Framework, or Geospatial Data/Service Standards Definition Interventions to develop or strengthen a geospatial information framework or geospatial data/service standards. Typical Examples of Coded Examples of Excluded Activities Activities • Activities where geospatial data are a minor • Support for activities dealing with and/or non-strategic part of the project. establishment of geospatial information • Activities which focus on information and systems (geodetic network), Continuous communication technology (ICT) support, Operating Reference Stations (CORSs), for example, expansion of internet/ Integrated Geospatial Information broadband coverage, fiber-optic cables, Frameworks (IGIF), land information expansion/reform of telecommunications and management systems (LIMS), and sector, or mobile communications. use of remote sensing and geographical • Activities supporting security establishment information systems (GIS) for mapping entities, for example, armed forces and and surveying intelligence agencies. • Support for research to help develop or harmonize Earth observation methods and standards Mapping and Ownership • Support to define technical specifications Lead Global Practice/Global Theme and quality assurance criteria for Earth DEC observation data collection, management, and use. Relevant Global Practice/Global Theme AGF, CCG, EEX, ENB, FCI, HNP, IFC, IPG, SSI, TRA, URL, WTR 474 THE WORLD BANK THEME TAXONOMY [270000] DATA ECOSYSTEM 475 Operations Policy & Country Services