LSMS+ Program Overview and recommendations for improving individual‑disaggregated data on asset ownership and labor outcomes 1. Introduction III LSMS+ Program Overview and recommendations for improving individual‑disaggregated data on asset ownership and labor outcomes Ardina Hasanbasri Lecturer, University of Michigan and Independent Consultant, Development Data Group (DECDG), World Bank ardinah@umich.edu Talip Kilic Senior Economist, DECDG, World Bank tkilic@worldbank.org Gayatri Koolwal Founder, Development | Science and Independent Consultant, DECDG, World Bank gkoolwal@worldbank.org Heather Moylan Survey Specialist, DECDG, World Bank hmoylan@worldbank.org i Copyright © 2021 The World Bank. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following condition: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Hasanbasri, Ardina; Kilic, Talip; Koolwal, Gayatri; Moylan, Heather. 2021. LSMS+ Program Overview and Recommendations for Improving Individual‑Disaggregated Data on Asset Ownership and Labor outcomes. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. Disclaimer The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this Guidebook are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) World Bank Development Data Group (DECDG) lsms@worldbank.org www.worldbank.org/lsms data.worldbank.org Cover images: © World Bank ii LSMS+ Program. Overview and recommendations for improving individual-disaggregated data on asset ownership and labor outcomes Contents Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 1. Introduction��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2 2. Shortcomings and momentum in collecting individual‑disaggregated survey data on asset ownership and labor outcomes��������������������������������������������������������� 5 3. LSMS+ Program: addressing key individual-disaggregated survey data gaps��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8 3.1. LSMS+ Overview�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8 3.2. LSMS+ Countries������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10 4. LSMS+ recommendations on individual-disaggregated survey data collection on assets, work, employment, and entrepreneurship�������������������������������12 4.1.Respondent selection and questionnaire content����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13 4.1.1. Individual‑level modules on asset ownership and rights�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13 4.1.1.1. Respondent selection............................................................................................................................. 13 4.1.1.2. Questionnaire content..........................................................................................................................15 a. Land................................................................................................................................................................ 17 b. Financial accounts, mobile phones and other assets.................................................................................... 18 4.1.2. Individual‑level modules on education, health, labor, and non‑farm enterprises�������������������������������� 18 4.1.2.1. Respondent selection...........................................................................................................................18 4.1.2.2. Questionnaire content....................................................................................................................... 20 4.2. Interview Flow���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21 4.3. Interview Implementation Protocol ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22 4.5. Data Entry and Quality Control�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 4.5.1. Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 4.5.2. Data Quality Control������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������26 5. Conclusions������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 27 Annex I. LSMS+ sample questionnaire modules......................................................................28 Annex II. Enumerator manual for asset modules................................................................... 60 Annex III. Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality................................................. 70 iii © Maria Fleischmann / World Bank iv LSMS+ Program. Overview and recommendations for improving individual-disaggregated data on asset ownership and labor outcomes Summary The World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study‑Plus (LSMS+) program has been established in 2016 to improve the availability and quality of individual‑disaggregated survey data collected in low‑ and middle‑income countries on key dimensions of men’s and women’s economic opportunities and welfare. This document presents an overview of the LSMS+ program, in the context of the increased momentum around improving data on men’s and women’s economic opportunities in surveys and provides operational guidance regarding individual‑disaggregated data collection in national household surveys. The thematic focus of the guidance is on asset ownership and labor‑related data collection, and it is anchored in the experience with the LSMS+ supported national household surveys and in the available international guidelines on survey data collection on these topics. The aim is to inform national statistical offices, survey practitioners and international partners regarding (i) the importance of collecting self‑reported data on men and women, and (ii) the steps taken to effectively implement the recommended questionnaire modules in face‑to‑face surveys.1 1 Guidance from the Intersecretariat Working Group on Household Surveys on implementing face‑to‑face surveys while following proper COVID‑19 safety protocols can be found here: http://bit.ly/covidsafetyprotocols. 1 1. Introduction The targeting and design of successful economic policies — to create employment opportunities, expand access to financial services and enhance Standard respondent access to capital and technology — rely on an selection and accurate understanding of economic roles and choices of men and women. Programs tied to questionnaire design land reforms and expansion of financial services, can limit the reliability for example, can benefit from a more nuanced understanding of household members’ roles as of multi‑purpose owners or managers of assets, given the links between ownership and control of assets on household surveys individuals’ ability to make productivity‑enhancing investments, cope with negative economic and health shocks,2 and influence household decisions such as expenditures.3 Similarly, a clearer picture of the intra‑household distribution of labor — across sectors, wage‑ or self‑employment activities, and unpaid work — can better inform targeting of employment and training programs. Women, in particular, have faced substantial constraints to seeking economic opportunities on par with men. The most promising source of data to analyze these issues and their interactions are multi‑purpose household surveys but their reliability at the intra‑household level is limited because of standard respondent selection protocols and questionnaire design. Improving traditional household‑level survey approaches to better understand the economic realities faced by men and women within households has an important role in narrowing these inequalities, and in turn more equitable policymaking.4 2 Michael Carter and Chris Barrett. 2006. “The economics of poverty traps and persistent poverty: An asset‑based approach.” The Journal of Development Studies, 42.2, pp. 178–199. 3 Assets can include, for example, land, housing, bank accounts, livestock, © Graham Crouch / World Bank and other household durables. See, for example, Agnes Quisumbing, Neha Kumar, and Julia A. Behrman. 2018. “Do shocks affect men’s and women’s assets differently? Evidence from Bangladesh and Uganda.” Development Policy Review, 6, pp. 3‑34. 4 Shelly J. Lundberg, Robert A. Pollak and Terence J. Wales. 1997. “Do Husbands and Wives Pool Their Resources? Evidence from the United Kingdom Child Benefit.” Journal of Human Resources 32(3): 463‑480; and Agnes R. Quisumbing and John Maluccio. 2000. “Intrahousehold allocation and gender relations: new empirical evidence from four developing countries.” IFPRI FCND Discussion Paper No. 84. 2 LSMS+ Program. Overview and recommendations for improving individual-disaggregated data on asset ownership and labor outcomes Box 1. SDG targets and indicators requiring individual-level data on economic outcomes Goal 1. End poverty in all its Goal 5. Achieve gender small- and medium-sized enterprises, forms everywhere equality and empower all including through access to financial women and girls services. 8.3.1 / Proportion of informal Target 1.2 / By 2030, reduce at least by employment in non‑agriculture half the proportion of men, women and Target 5.4 / Recognize and value unpaid employment, by sex. children of all ages living in poverty in care and domestic work through the all its dimensions according to national provision of public services, infrastructure Target 8.5 / By 2030, achieve full and definitions (also Target 1.1 on eradicating and social protection policies and the productive employment and decent work extreme poverty for all). promotion of shared responsibility within for all women and men, including for young 1.2.1 / Proportion of population living below the household and the family as nationally people and persons with disabilities, and the national poverty line, by sex and age. appropriate. equal pay for work of equal value. 5.4.1 / Proportion of time spent on unpaid 8.5.1 / Average hourly earnings of female Target 1.4 / By 2030, ensure that all men and male employees, by occupation, age domestic and care work, by sex, age and and women, in particular the poor and the and persons with disabilities. location. vulnerable, have equal rights to economic 8.5.2 / Unemployment rate, by sex, age resources, as well as access to basic services, Target 5.a / Undertake reforms to and persons with disabilities. ownership and control over land and other give women equal rights to economic forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, as well as access to ownership Target 8.6 / By 2020, substantially reduce resources, appropriate new technology and and control over land and other forms of the proportion of youth not in employment, ¬financial services, including micro¬finance. property, financial services, inheritance education or training. 1.4.2 / Proportion of total adult population and natural resources, in accordance with 8.6.1 / Proportion of youth (aged 15–24 with secure tenure rights to land, (a) with national laws. years) not in education, employment or legally recognized documentation, and (b) 5.a.1 / (a) Proportion of total agricultural training. who perceive their rights to land as secure, population with ownership or secure rights Target 8.10 / Strengthen the capacity by sex and type of tenure. over agricultural land, by sex; and (b) share of domestic financial institutions to of women among owners or rights-bearers encourage and expand access to banking, of agricultural land, by type of tenure. Goal 2. End hunger, achieve insurance and financial services for all. food security and improved Target 5.b / Enhance the use of enabling 8.10.2 / Proportion of adults (15 years and nutrition and promote technology, in particular information and older) with an account at a bank or other sustainable agriculture communications technology, to promote financial institution or with a the empowerment of women. mobile-money-service provider. Target 2.3 / By 2030, double the 5.b.1 Proportion of individuals who own a agricultural productivity and incomes of mobile telephone, by sex. Goal 10. Reduce inequality small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family within and among countries farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including Goal 8. Promote sustained, Target 10.2 / By 2030, empower and through secure and equal access to land, inclusive and sustainable promote the social, economic and political other productive resources and inputs, economic growth, full and inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, knowledge, financial services, markets and productive employment and disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or opportunities for value addition and non- decent work for all economic or other status. farm employment. 10.2.1 / Proportion of people living below Target 8.3 / Promote development- 2.3.1 / Volume of production per labor 50 per cent of median income, by sex, age oriented policies that support unit (day) by classes of farming/pastoral/ and persons with disabilities. productive activities, decent job forestry enterprise size. creation, entrepreneurship, creativity 2.3.2 / Average income of small-scale and innovation, and encourage the food producers, by sex and indigenous formalization and growth of micro-, status. Furthermore, monitoring progress towards several Many of these targets are motivated in part by targets of the Sustainable Development Goals significant economic transitions in developing (SDGs), across poverty reduction, agriculture, countries — for example, a growing share of gender, employment, and inequality, require smallholders in agriculture and rising concerns sex‑disaggregated data on asset ownership, labor, over tenure security5, rapid out‑migration of labor time use, and roles in family enterprises (Box 1). 5 Sarah Lowder, Jacob Skoet, and Terry Raney. 2016. “The Number, Size, and Distribution of Farms, Smallholder Farms, and Family Farms Worldwide.” World Development 87: 16‑29. 1. Introduction 3 © World Bank from rural areas, a high concentration of women in the Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS), informal employment6, and concerns over boosting which over the last four decades, has provided labor productivity across economic sectors amid technical assistance to national statistical offices these trends. Expanding survey data collection on (NSOs) globally on designing and implementing these topics is also a priority for the World Bank, high‑quality, multi‑topic household surveys. These as expressed through the World Bank’s Household surveys have been used extensively in policy Survey Strategy, Gender Strategy, and the 18th making and research on a wide range of topics, replenishment of the International Development including poverty, consumption and income Association (IDA18), which committed to launch inequality, employment, non‑farm enterprises, pilot data collection in at least six IDA countries to agriculture, education, and health, among others. “gather direct respondent, intra‑household level In its current phase, the LSMS+ has built off of information on employment and assets.”7 the multi‑topic survey questionnaire design that Against this background, the World Bank Living has been pioneered by the LSMS and has been Standards Measurement Study‑Plus (LSMS+) supporting NSOs in select low‑income countries program was established in 2016 to support in operationalizing the latest international survey data production and methodological recommendations for individual‑disaggregated research activities to enhance the availability and survey data collection on asset ownership quality of individual‑disaggregated survey data and labor. The latter involves administration collected in low‑ and middle‑income countries on of individual‑level survey modules that are key dimensions of men’s and women’s economic administered in private to household members opportunities and welfare.8 The LSMS+ is part of aged 18 and older and that focus on work and employment, non‑farm enterprises, and ownership 6 International Labour Organization (ILO). 2018. Women and Men in the of and rights to selected physical and financial informal economy: A statistical picture (3rd edition). Geneva. https:// assets, including, at a minimum, dwelling and www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/‑‑‑dgreports/‑‑‑dcomm/documents/ publication/wcms_626831.pdf non‑dwelling land, financial assets and mobile 7 International Development Association (IDA), 2016. IDA18 Special phones. The approach of surveying multiple Theme: Gender and Development. World Bank. individuals per household captures intra‑household 8 For more information on LSMS+, please visit: https://www.worldbank. dynamics in labor and economic decision‑making — org/lsmsplus. LSMS+ has been established with grants from the Umbrella Facility for Gender Equality Trust Fund, the World Bank Trust the understanding of which is critical for designing Fund for Statistical Capacity Building, and the International Fund for policy around improving economic opportunities, Agricultural Development, and is implemented by the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) Team, in collaboration particularly for women. Besides data production, with the World Bank Gender Group and partner national statistical the LSMS+ also supports methodological survey offices. The program leveraged existing World Bank partnerships with (1) United Nations Evidence and Data for Gender Equality research activities to improve the foundations (EDGE) Project on methodological experimentation and international of individual‑disaggregated data collection in guidelines on measuring asset ownership and control from a gender perspective, and (2) the ILO, FAO, the Data2X Project and the Hewlett household surveys. Foundation on methodological experimentation for operationalizing the 19th ICLS definitions of work and employment, with a focus on subsistence agriculture. 4 LSMS+ Program. Overview and recommendations for improving individual-disaggregated data on asset ownership and labor outcomes 2. Shortcomings and momentum in collecting individual‑disaggregated survey data on asset ownership and labor outcomes Among different data sources, nationally representative multi‑topic household surveys— covering a range of household‑, individual‑ and community‑level outcomes related to demographics, education, employment, consumption, access to infrastructure and services, among others— are well‑positioned to monitor different SDG targets on economic opportunities and to support other country efforts to measure individual poverty or deprivation.9 These surveys cover a breadth of topics that also allow a better understanding of how economic status and opportunity are associated with different factors such as age, education, marital status, health. Nationally representative surveys can also allow for cross‑country comparability of statistics if there is international agreement on standardized modules and survey methodologies. However, multi‑topic household surveys can obscure intra‑household and gender differences in asset ownership and labor outcomes due to the standard of practice in questionnaire design and respondent selection. For instance, proxy respondents have typically been used to collect information on behalf of other household members and even when self‑reported information © World Bank 9 See, for example, Caitlin Brown, Martin Ravallion, and Dominique van de Walle. (2019). “Most of Africa’s Nutritionally‑Deprived Women and Children are Not Found in Poor Households.” Review of Economics and Statistics 101(4): 631‑644; 2. Shortcomings and momentum in collecting individual-disaggregated survey data on asset ownership and labor outcomes 5 Box 2. Traditional household survey approaches that mask intra‑household differences on assets ownership and labor outcomes ASSETS LABOR Ownership and rights to assets such as For labor outcomes, proxy reporting land, housing, and financial accounts — (with one or more household members when asked — are often only collected reporting for others) is also common. from one person (considered the most “knowledgeable” member) for the household as a whole. This is also the case for family enterprises, where the business manager may not be the person interviewed regarding the enterprise. Whether ownership and rights are Across different outcomes, when exclusive (owned solely by the respondents do self-report, they may respondent) or joint (shared with others be interviewed in the presence of inside or outside the household) are other household members. This may typically not asked. Rights to manage risk losing information on individuals’ the asset are also usually not asked views or choices that do not conform apart from ownership. with societal norms. Box 2 provides a brief overview of the © World Bank limitations of traditional approaches to data collection on these topics. The negative effects of proxy reporting on data accuracy are further magnified in lower‑income contexts that are characterized by is obtained, these interviews may not be conducted (i) extensive seasonal and/or informal employment in private. Logistically it is easier and less time‑ and that is already difficult to measure and (ii) social cost‑intensive for an enumerator to approach a norms or legal/regulatory barriers that can impact household and interview a single person without how proxy respondents provide information on scheduling around the availability of multiple or specific other household members’ economic roles and household members. Additionally, there may be ownership of and rights to assets.10 more than one household member present during an interview to help provide information or simply because Addressing methodological shortcomings in household they were present when the enumerator arrived at the surveys has received increased attention within the household. Depending on the location and size of the international statistical and development communities. dwelling, it may be difficult to find a quiet and private Box 3 provides an overview of recent efforts that have space to interview a respondent, and cultural practices culminated in improved survey methods and guidance may make it difficult for an enumerator to interview for data collection on asset ownership and labor respondents alone. It is only the emerging research outcomes. The adoption of these recommendations on the importance of more nuanced approaches is key to enhancing our understanding gender to questionnaire design, respondent selection, and differences in economic opportunities. interview settings that can motivate additional actions by survey practitioners to move away from the more 10 See, for example, Gayatri Koolwal. 2019. Improving the Measurement of straight forward standards of practice. Rural Women’s Employment: Global Momentum and Survey Research Priorities. World Bank Policy Research Paper 8840. 6 LSMS+ Program. Overview and recommendations for improving individual-disaggregated data on asset ownership and labor outcomes © World Bank Box 3. International momentum in improving the measurement of asset ownership and labor outcomes at the individual-level Ownership of and Rights to Labor Outcomes Physical and Financial Assets + + On assets, the Evidence on Data and Gender Equality On labor outcomes, there has been an increased emphasis on eliciting (EDGE) initiative was launched in 2013 to develop forms of work that typically have been under-collected in household and international guidelines on individual-level data other employment surveys. This includes improved data collection on men’s collection on asset ownership and entrepreneurship. and women’s unpaid work to better understand their total work burdens, as This also involved field-testing collection methods, discussed in 2013 recommendations from the 19th International Conference including the Methodological Experiment on of Labor Statisticians (ICLS). The recently-adopted International Classification Measuring Asset Ownership from a Gender of Status in Employment (ICSE-18) during the 20th ICLS also calls for Perspective (MEXA) in Uganda (Kilic and Moylan, additional data collection to identify seasonal/temporary workers, as well as 2016).* Specifically, MEXA devised questionnaire other workers with non-standard employment arrangements. In particular, modules to elicit different types of asset ownership improving data collection at the individual-level is key in these efforts, given and rights, as well as understand the importance of that unpaid and temporary work are often at risk of not being collected as interviewing respondents individually as opposed well as regular paid work in employment modules, particularly when proxy to relying on a proxy or “most knowledgeable” respondents are used. household member. Along with EDGE-supported + country pilots in six countries informed by findings The Women’s Work and Employment Partnership (WWEP) was launched in from MEXA, this work culminated in the 2019 United 2014 to operationalize the ICLS 19 definitions work and employment and Nations Guidelines for Producing Statistics on Asset developed a recommended module designed to collect data on paid work Ownership from a Gender Perspective. and work on own-use production of goods. The module produces headline + labor market indicators (i.e. employment rate, labor force participation rate, A 2019 methodological note by the World Bank, FAO and unemployment rate) and labor underutilization indicators, as well as new and UN Habitat, Measuring Individuals’ Rights to indicators regarding different forms of work. Land: An Integrated Approach to Data Collection for + SDG Indicators 1.4.2 and 5.a.1, also targets national The 2018 Technical Report on Measuring Entrepreneurship: Lessons statistical offices (NSOs) and other survey practitioners Learned from the EDGE Project also discusses recommendations for on implementing survey modules to capture these individual‑disaggregated data on entrepreneurship, based on data from indicators, with a focus on land owned by individuals. the EDGE pilot countries. Guidance will be based on the definition of entrepreneurship in the recently-adopted Resolution I concerning statistics on work relationships of the 20th ICLS, as well as ICSE-18 (also adopted * Talip Kilic and Heather Moylan. 2016. Methodological under Resolution I), that can help improve cross-country comparability of experiment on measuring asset ownership from a gender perspective (MEXA): technical report. World Bank. statistics in this area. 2. Shortcomings and momentum in collecting individual-disaggregated survey data on asset ownership and labor outcomes 7 3. LSMS+ Program: addressing key individual-disaggregated survey data gaps 3.1. LSMS+ Overview The LSMS+ program supports household survey LSMS+ has been established with grants from the data production and methodological research Umbrella Facility for Gender Equality Trust Fund, activities to improve the availability and quality of the World Bank Trust Fund for Statistical Capacity individual‑disaggregated survey data collected Building, and the International Fund for Agricultural in low‑ and middle‑income countries on key Development, and has been implemented by the dimensions of men’s and women’s economic World Bank LSMS Team, in collaboration with the opportunities and welfare. Since 2016, the World Bank Gender Group and partner NSOs. The thematic focus of the program has been on: LSMS+ guidance on questionnaire design, sampling design, and fieldwork implementation protocols 1. ownership of, and rights to, selected physical builds on the World Bank partnerships with (1) United and financial assets, Nations Evidence and Data for Gender Equality 2. work and employment, and (EDGE) Project on methodological experimentation and international guidelines on measuring asset 3. entrepreneurship. ownership and control from a gender perspective, During this period, LSMS+ has supported NSOs in and (2) the ILO, FAO, the Data2X Project and select low‑income countries to follow international the Hewlett Foundation on methodological best practices related to data collection on these experimentation for operationalizing the 19th ICLS topics in the context of national household surveys. definitions of work and employment, with a focus on subsistence agriculture. The emphasis has been to promote the adoption of recommended questionnaire modules on Along with a focus on self‑reporting, LSMS+ asset ownership and labor outcomes and to supported surveys have worked towards (i) minimize the use of proxy respondents while conducting individual interviews in private, collecting personal information. Besides data and if possible simultaneously across different production, LSMS+ supports methodological household members, and (ii) ensuring as much survey research to improve the foundations as possible a gender match between the of individual‑disaggregated data collection in interviewers and the respondents. household surveys. 8 LSMS+ Program. Overview and recommendations for improving individual-disaggregated data on asset ownership and labor outcomes © Valentina Costa / World Bank These practices were in line with those that had been followed by the Methodological Experiment on Measuring Asset Ownership from a Gender Perspective (MEXA) in LSMS+ supports 2014.11 In each country that has supported methodological survey to date, LSMS+ has financed additional survey implementation costs arising research to improve from (i) carrying out multiple, direct the foundations of individual‑specific interviews per sampled household; (ii) implementing improved individual‑disaggregated and more conscious approaches to interview scheduling to minimize the data collection in reliance on proxy respondents; and (iii) household surveys administering detailed questionnaire modules on asset ownership, labor and non‑farm enterprises that are anchored in international best practices. In parallel, LSMS+ has provided technical assistance to the NSOs in all facets of survey design and implementation to ensure successful implementation of improved survey methods for collecting the required data. 11 MEXA was implemented by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics, under the partnership between the World Bank LSMS and UN EDGE Project. For more information, see: Talip Kilic and Heather Moylan. 2016. Methodological experiment on measuring asset ownership from a gender perspective (MEXA): technical report. World Bank. 3. LSMS+ Program: addressing key individual-disaggregated survey data gaps 9 © World Bank 3.2. LSMS+ Countries As of December 2020, nationally‑representative financial accounts, and mobile phones. Additional surveys directly supported by LSMS+ include asset classes that were included as a function of the 2016 Malawi Integrated Household Panel country‑specific relevance are noted in Box 4. Survey, 2019‑20 Tanzania National Panel Survey, All countries also included individual‑level modules 2018‑19 Ethiopia Socio‑Economic Survey, 2019‑20 on education, health, and labor and for these Cambodia LSMS+ Survey, the 2021 Sudan Labor modules, enumerators were expected to ask these Market Panel Survey. In these countries, LSMS+ questions to the individuals themselves as much operations have been piggybacked onto an as possible.12,13 The content of the labor module existing national household survey (Box 4). In in each LSMS+ supported national survey was Nepal, the original plans to conduct LSMS+ updated to adhere with the latest recommendations supported data collection in collaboration with the from the WWEP which looks closely at how Central Bureau of Statistics and piggybacked onto questionnaires should be phrased to ensure that the 2020‑21 Nepal Living Standards Survey have women’s work and employment are captured in a been put on hold due to the COVID‑19 pandemic comprehensive fashion. and the subsequent suspension of NLSS fieldwork activities. Consequently, in Nepal, LSMS+ will be focused on supporting a phone survey on LSMS+ priority topics, with a focus on interviewing a randomly selected adult household member in each sampled household. 12 In the previous rounds of the panel surveys in Malawi and Tanzania, the protocol for these three modules had been to ask questions to Furthermore, there was some cross‑country individuals themselves. However, there was a more concerted effort to adhere with this protocol during the survey round that the LSMS+ data variation in how recommended LSMS+ modules collection was piggybacked on. were implemented. All LSMS+ countries included 13 In individual‑level modules on education, health and labor, a question comparable survey modules on the following was asked at the start of each module asking if the information was self‑reported and, if they could not manage to interview the individual, asset classes: dwelling and agricultural land, the enumerator identified the household member who reported on their behalf. 10 LSMS+ Program. Overview and recommendations for improving individual-disaggregated data on asset ownership and labor outcomes © World Bank Finally, all LSMS+ countries maintained their existing survey modules on non‑farm enterprises with some minor revisions to be in line with the recommendations of the LSMS program. The key requirement for data collection on non‑farm enterprises was to interview the manager of each enterprise. Additional individual‑level modules that were included as a function of country‑specific relevance are again noted in Box 4. Box 4. National Surveys Supported by LSMS+ Malawi Tanzania Ethiopia Cambodia Sudan Survey 2016 Integrated 2019-20 2018-19 Ethiopia 2019-20 2021 Sudan Household Panel Tanzania Socioeconomic Cambodia Labor Market Survey National Panel Survey LSMS+ Survey Panel Survey Survey Implementing Malawi National Tanzania Ethiopia Central National Institute Sudan Central agency Statistical Office National Bureau Statistical of Statistics of Bureau of of Statistics Agency Cambodia Statistics Sample size for 2,508 1,184 households 6,770 1,512 households 5,000 individual interviews households households households supported by LSMS+ Fieldwork period 4/2016- 1/2017 1/2019- 1/2020 9/2018- 8/2019 10/2019- 12/2019 TBD: 2021 Asset Classes Agricultural Agricultural Agricultural Agricultural Agricultural Included in and dwelling and dwelling and dwelling and dwelling and dwelling Data Collection land, financial land, financial land, financial land, financial land, financial accounts, mobile accounts, mobile accounts, accounts, accounts, phones phones mobile phones, mobile phones, mobile phones, livestock livestock, livestock, apartments/ consumer condos, durables consumer durables Other Topics Employment, Employment, Employment, Employment, Employment, of Individual- non-farm non-farm non-farm non-farm non-farm Disaggregated enterprises, enterprises, enterprises, enterprises, enterprises, Data Collection education, education, education, education, education, health, food health, health, savings health, 24-hour health, 24-hour insecurity subjective well- time use diary; time use diary; being domestic and domestic and international international migration migration 3. LSMS+ Program: addressing key individual-disaggregated survey data gaps 11 4. LSMS+ recommendations on individual-disaggregated survey data collection on assets, work, employment, and entrepreneurship The design and implementation of the LSMS+ modules, across different country contexts, has led to important lessons learned on how individual‑level data on asset ownership, labor, and other important outcomes can be improved. While recommendations that are presented in this section build off the experience of the LSMS+ pilot countries, the discussion also tackles how questionnaires and survey implementation can vary in accordance with the specific survey objectives that NSOs and survey practitioners may have. The guidance in this section focuses on face‑to‑face surveys and focuses on two areas: Respondent Selection and Questionnaire Design. This includes (i) targeting the appropriate respondents, and (ii) how to adapt existing modules or design new household survey questionnaire modules to best capture information on the aforementioned topics. Planning for Fieldwork Implementation. This includes (i) the approach and sensitivities related to the interview process and interview setting; (ii) cost considerations when developing the budget (iii) advice for training and fieldwork implementation (iv) designing the data entry application and monitoring data quality. © Salahaldeen Nadir / World Bank Annexes II, III, and IV provide sample questionnaire modules, content for the enumerator manual, and recommended tabulations for the survey management team to monitor incoming data quality. Specific examples from country experiences and links to additional resources are provided throughout the section. 12 LSMS+ Program. Overview and recommendations for improving individual-disaggregated data on asset ownership and labor outcomes © World Bank 4.1. Respondent selection and questionnaire content Assets can often be owned by multiple To improve the quality of information on assets, individuals, and in work, employment, and entrepreneurship there are two main components: identifying (a) who other cases only one to ask and (b) what to ask them, as these jointly individual determine the reliability of the data collected. 4.1.1. Individual‑level modules on asset women’s and men’s asset ownership, including SDG indicators 5.a.1 (a) + (b) and generate statistics that ownership and rights take into account differentials in the characteristics 4.1.1.1. Respondent selection (such as value and size) of assets owned, the Guidelines outlined two main recommendations: (i) Survey modules on ownership of and rights to assets interview one randomly selected adult household should be premised on a very basic idea: that assets member and (ii) administer questions at the can often be owned by multiple individuals, and individual‑level or specific to a roster of assets, in other cases only one individual. As such, a key in each asset class, belonging to the respondent. recommendation is to conduct intra‑household and If, however, the objective of the survey is not only private interviews with all adult household members to accomplish the above but also to fully capture on their personal ownership of and rights to assets. intra‑household gender inequalities in asset ownership, the Guidelines recommend that surveys In general, the UN EDGE Guidelines, mentioned obtain a roster of assets, in each asset class, earlier in Box 3, recommend that surveys collect belonging to household members and interview self‑reported rather than proxy data on asset separately all adult household members, feeding ownership. To derive national‑level estimates of a common roster of assets into each individual‑level interview. 4. LSMS+ recommendations on individual-disaggregated survey data collection on assets, work, employment, and entrepreneurship 13 In line with the analytical objectives of the work Box 5. Why does collecting program, to date, LSMS+ supported surveys have followed follow the second of the two self-reported data in recommendations – interviewing all adult private interviews matter? household members (directly, as opposed to Evidence from the LSMS+* through a proxy).14 The comparative assessment of the data from the Malawi Integrated Household Panel Survey (IHPS), which was supported On reporting of agricultural land ownership and rights by the LSMS+, versus the Fourth Integrated specifically, evidence using the parcel module from the Malawi LSMS+ (IHPS) underscores the importance of asking Household Survey (IHS4), has in fact revealed the individuals within the household directly. Specifically, Kilic, importance of conducting private interviews with Moylan and Koolwal (2020)’s study compares individual adult household members. Compared with the interviews in the IHPS with the concurrently-implemented international best practice of privately interviewing IHS4’s “business-as-usual” approach of interviewing the adults about their personal asset ownership most knowledgeable household member(s) on adult and rights (i.e. the IHPS), the business‑as‑usual household members’ ownership of and rights. In the IHS4, approach of interviewing the most knowledgeable the “most knowledgeable” respondent was often the head household member(s) on adult household (male or female), but spouses of the head could also be selected. For example, among those who were most members’ ownership of and rights (i.e. the IHS4) knowledgeable respondents in the IHS4 (across all has been shown to lead to (i) a higher share households), 43 percent were men and 57 percent were of men with exclusive reported and economic women; within male-headed households specifically, ownership of agricultural land, and (ii) a lower about 60 percent of most knowledgeable respondents share of women with joint reported and economic were men, and 40 percent women. ownership (Box 5). As compared to individual interviews in the IHPS, the authors find that the IHS4’s business-as-usual leads to (a) Time and budget constraints can hamper higher reporting among men of exclusive reported and interviewing all adult household members, leading economic ownership of agricultural land, and (b) lower to the risk of nonresponse. However, among the joint reported and economic ownership of agricultural LSMS+ surveys that have been completed so far; land among women. Because women were more likely to response rates have been high among eligible be selected as the most knowledgeable respondent in the adults. In Malawi, 82 percent of all eligible adults IHS4, a large part of this may therefore be due to women were successfully interviewed. In Tanzania, Ethiopia under-reporting their status as opposed to what men report of women household members’ status. There are clear and Cambodia, the shares of eligible adults who gender implications, as a result, of interviewing respondents were interviewed were 80, 96, and 92 percent, directly and individually — and distinguishing across respectively. Across specific asset modules, for different forms of ownership also matters. households with non‑dwelling land, 95 percent of respondents in Ethiopia were interviewed; these shares were 79 percent in Tanzania and * Talip Kilic, Heather Moylan and Gayatri Koolwal. 2020. “Getting the (Gender-Disaggregated) Lay of the Land: The Impact of Survey 83 percent in Malawi. The interview rates were Respondent Selection on Measuring Land Ownership and Rights.” somewhat higher for dwelling land in Ethiopia and World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 9151. Tanzania.15 In Ethiopia, about 96 percent of eligible respondents were interviewed for the mobile phone module, while these shares were 80 percent in Tanzania and 82 percent in Malawi. Overall, the urban‑rural differences in interview rates were where eligible female respondents were much not very large, but there were substantial gender more likely to be available for interviews than differences — particularly in Tanzania and Malawi, eligible men. Overall, the additional costs of surveying more than 14 In the first LSMS+ country, the Malawi Integrated Household Panel one individual in each household can be significant, Survey 2016, up to 4 adults were randomly selected for interview in line with the protocol used in MEXA in Uganda. This covered 99 percent depending on the level of coordination and of adults in the survey sample. Interviews prioritized the selection of planning among the survey team. Box 6 provides the head of household, and his or her spouse, if working in a couple household, and the rest of the respondents were selected at random. an assessment of the additional budget and time By the second LSMS+ pilot in Tanzania, the survey team decided it requirements for the Malawi LSMS+ experience to was feasible to interview all adults in the survey households due to the change in Survey Design on the Computer Assisted Personal assist survey practitioners in budgeting for their Interviewer software used and discussed in Section 5. survey operation. 15 Please refer to the LSMS+ reports on Sub‑Saharan Africa and Cambodia for full details on the response rates. 14 LSMS+ Program. Overview and recommendations for improving individual-disaggregated data on asset ownership and labor outcomes © World Bank 4.1.1.2. Questionnaire content The UN EDGE Guidelines recommend that countries collect information, at a minimum, on the principal dwelling, agricultural land, and other real estate as this “core” set of assets has been found to comprise the majority of personal wealth. Additionally, they advise countries to determine additional assets (including non‑agricultural enterprise assets, livestock, large and small agricultural equipment, financial assets and Box 6. Cost implications liabilities, valuables, and consumer durables such of interviewing multiple as vehicles) to collect data on based on the policy household members needs and prevalence of assets within the country. In line with these recommendations, LSMS+ surveys have focused on the following asset classes on a To get a better understanding of the additional costs of implementing individual interviews, the metadata cross‑country basis: (a) non‑dwelling land parcels16 extracted from Survey Solutions allows for calculations of and dwelling land; (b) financial accounts and the number of days field teams spent in an enumeration (c) mobile phones. Survey practitioners should area (EA). In Malawi, field teams were made up of one carefully consider the asset classes they include team supervisor and four enumerators to carry out in their survey operation for those most relevant interviews for 16 households per EA. The IHPS is unique to the country context. It may be necessary to among the LSMS+ surveys conducted thus far, in that it ran consider expanding data collection efforts to other concurrently with the Malawi Fourth Integrated Household Survey, or IHS4, which carried out the business-as‑usual relevant asset classes, as was done in Ethiopia and approach of interviewing “most knowledgeable” Cambodia in the context of the LSMS+ program.17 household member(s) regarding asset ownership, allowing for a side-by-side comparison of the approaches. On 16 A parcel is defined as a continuous piece of land which can have more average field teams spent approximately 3.4 days in an than one plot. IHS4 EA, with one enumerator visiting each household. 17 The individual‑level ownership of durables (computers, motorized The same field teams spent an average of 4.5 days in and non‑motorized vehicles, and tractors) is asked in the Cambodia an IHPS EA, which involved interviewing, if possible questionnaire, and the ownership of livestock is covered in Ethiopia simultaneously, up to four adults in each household. and Cambodia. For consumer durables, in Cambodia, only whether the individual owned durables across computers and vehicles was asked, but not exclusive or joint ownership. 4. LSMS+ recommendations on individual-disaggregated survey data collection on assets, work, employment, and entrepreneurship 15 The LSMS+ recommended survey modules on asset This level of detail highlights important patterns ownership make a concerted effort in differentiating of ownership and decision‑making that can inform between respondents’ exclusive versus joint policy efforts to expand access to financial services, reported ownership of each asset in a given asset land, and property rights in general. class. In the case of joint reported ownership, other Box 7 presents the series of recommended joint owners, both within and outside the household, parcel‑level questions to capture ownership of and are identified uniquely (for example by specifying rights to land. These apply to both non‑dwelling unique household roster identifiers for other joint and dwelling land. For financial accounts, mobile owners that are household members). phones, and livestock, respondents should be In addition, questions on documented ownership, asked about whether they owned these assets economic ownership, and rights to sell, bequeath, exclusively or jointly with others (and, if jointly, rent, use as collateral, and invest are included with which other household members). Additional depending on the asset class in question. These notes are provided below on the LSMS+ priority additional questions also differentiate between asset classes. The sample asset modules on land, respondents’ exclusive versus joint ownership and other real estate, livestock, durable assets, mobile rights and identify joint owners and rights holders phones, and financial accounts are provided in for each asset in line with the approach above. Annex I and the accompanying Interviewer Manual is provided in Annex II. Box 7. LSMS+ questions over land ownership and rights (non‑dwelling and dwelling), as well as decision-making Reported Economic Documented Rights1 Decision-making2 owner owner owner With regard to this PARCEL, Are you among the Do you own this If this PARCEL were Does your household are you among the decision-maker(s) on PARCEL, either to be sold today, have a document for individuals who have this this PARCEL regarding alone or jointly with would you be among this PARCEL, such right, even if you need to the timing of crop someone else? the individuals to as an application obtain consent or permission activities, crop choice, (If jointly, list others – decide how the receipt, land from someone else? and input use? up to three members money is used? investigation paper, (if others also involved, If yes, do you need from HH roster3) (if others also certificate (title) from list up to three members permission or consent from involved, list up to the government, from HH roster) anyone else (name those three members from paper from local members)? HH roster) authority, lease or rental contract? With regard to this PARCEL, who else has this right, even Are you listed on the if they needed to obtain title or ownership consent or permission from document as owner someone else? Does the of this parcel? person need permission or (If others also listed, consent? From whom does name up to three the person need permission members from HH or consent? roster) 1 Questions on rights are asked separately for rights to sell, bequeath, use as collateral, rent out, and make improvements/invest in it. 2 Parcels identified and rostered first in the household questionnaire are carried forward to individual interviews. Decision-making over agricultural parcels is also asked of respondents, as well as perceived tenure security. 3 The LSMS+ countries all allowed for three additional members, however in countries with larger household sizes or with a higher incidence of polygamy survey practitioners may want to consider increasing this number. 16 LSMS+ Program. Overview and recommendations for improving individual-disaggregated data on asset ownership and labor outcomes Box 8. Measurement issues with interviewing multiple household members regarding asset ownership and control On potential reporting discrepancies within the household from interviewing multiple individuals within the household, the LSMS+ modules in fact found a relatively high degree of intra‑household agreement (although cases of disagreement were not negligible). Focusing on spouses’ reports of ownership and rights (versus any type of documented ownership) over land, for example, couples agreed on © Stephan Gladieu / World Bank reported ownership of around 90 percent of non-dwelling parcels and 85 percent of dwelling parcels (accounting for whether spouses agreed on exclusive or joint ownership/ rights). These shares were 75 and 71 percent of non- a. Land dwelling and dwelling parcels, respectively, for Tanzania, and 71 percent for reported ownership of non-dwelling The recommended LSMS+ module on land parcels in Malawi (ownership and rights to dwelling land addresses the data needs for both SDG indicators were not asked in the Malawi IHPS). In Cambodia, couples 1.4.2 and 5.a.1 – covering all land owned or agreed on reported ownership of about 95 percent of accessed via use rights and following recent non-dwelling as well as dwelling parcels. recommendations in 2019 by the Food and Where present, intra-household disagreement can also reveal Agricultural Organization (FAO), the World Bank, important information relevant for policy targeting. Using and UN Habitat.18 the Malawi LSMS+, for example, Kilic, Moylan and Koolwal (2020) found that women’s decision-making over agricultural Regarding land, the LSMS+ recommendation is activities was positively associated with their attributing at to first create a roster of parcels as part of the least some reported land ownership to themselves, even if household interview. The roster should include all their husbands reported that their wives do not own land.1 parcels used, owned, or accessed via use rights by any household member, irrespective of use (i.e. 1 Recent work by Annan et. al (2020) using Demographic and Health including agricultural, residential, pastoral, forest, Surveys (DHS) from 23 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa has also found that while men and women agreeing on joint decision-making over commercial parcels). This roster should be created large household purchases leads to better well-being outcomes for with participation from as many household women and children, specific cases of disagreement — i.e., where women claim greater decision-making power over large household members as possible to ensure completeness of purchases than their husbands assign to them, as opposed to vice the roster. versa — is associated positively with women’s reproductive health and children’s health, but negatively for emotional violence. Once completed, the same roster of parcels should be fed forward into the individual questionnaire so that each selected respondent is referring to Bank, the FAO, and the UN Habitat to allow for the same piece of land and asset‑level analysis is the joint computation of the indicators 1.4.2 and possible. The parcel rosters in individual interviews 5.a.1.20 By asking respondents about ownership and should also allow for respondents to report rights over specific land parcels, within‑household additional parcels that may not have been listed discrepancies can also be better understood. Box 8 during the household interview, should they be gives insight into the measurement issues that may identified by the respondents. arise with conflicting reports within the household, The scope and phrasing of the questions included that could, for example, hamper an understanding in the parcel‑level module that is then administered of who are the true owners and rights holders of in each individual interview should match the assets. Within the LSMS+ surveys, a high degree approach in the minimum‑required parcel‑level of intra‑household agreement was observed on module19 that has been developed by the World land ownership across countries, although cases of disagreement were not negligible. 18 The World Bank, FAO and UN Habitat (2019). Measuring Individuals’ Rights to Land: An Integrated Approach to Data Collection for SDG Indicators 1.4.2 and 5.a.1. 20 World Bank, the FAO, and the UN Habitat, 2019. Measuring Individuals’ 19 The LSMS+ recommendations follow Version 2 of their recommended Rights to Land: An Integrated Approach to Data Collection for SDG land modules. Indicators 1.4.2 and 5.a.1. 4. LSMS+ recommendations on individual-disaggregated survey data collection on assets, work, employment, and entrepreneurship 17 4.1.2. © World Bank Individual‑level modules on education, health, labor, and non‑farm enterprises 4.1.2.1. Respondent selection b. Financial accounts, mobile phones and The key LSMS+ recommendations are to: other assets a. prioritize self‑reporting over the use of proxy The LSMS+ recommended modules on financial respondents for survey data collection on accounts and mobile phones cover SDG education, health, and labor, and indicators 8.10.2 and 5.b.1, respectively, as listed in Box 1. For financial accounts specifically, each b. interview at least one of the associated individual should be asked separately to create managers for each enterprise listed in the a roster of financial assets that is exclusively or household non‑farm enterprises survey module. jointly owned by the respondent. This creates the Proxy reporting for individual‑level modules is potential for non‑unique identification of assets quite common across surveys. For example, as across the respondents of the same household part of the World Bank LSMS‑Integrated Surveys either because the assets were hidden from some on Agriculture (LSMS‑ISA)‑supported surveys household members or the assets were omitted by that preceded the LSMS+ program, the share the respondent(s), intentionally or unintentionally. of individuals in the 15‑64 age group for whom For each financial asset, in case of joint ownership labor‑related survey data were provided by a with another household member, the household proxy respondent was 24 percent in the 2012‑13 roster identifier for the joint owner should be round of the Tanzania National Panel Survey and recorded. 2015‑16 round of the Nigeria General Household Regarding mobile phones and other remaining Survey‑Panel; around 45 percent in the 2016 non‑financial asset classes, including livestock round of the Integrated Household Panel Survey and non‑land real estate, the recommendation and the 2014 round of the Niger ECVM/A Survey; is to first create a roster of assets owned by any 56 percent in the 2013‑14 round of the Uganda household member and then feed forward the National Panel Survey, and 82 percent in the 2014 same roster into the individual questionnaire that round of the Mali EAC‑I survey.21 A comprehensive is administered in private to different household review conducted by the ILO shows that in half of members. Although the sample questionnaire country labor force surveys conducted globally, modules in Annex I provide sample asset rosters, individual‑level data are reported by a proxy 30 to while determining the list of assets to include 50 percent of the time (ILO, 2018).22 for each asset type, survey practitioners should carefully consider the country context and assets 21 Authors’ calculations. included in already existing national surveys for 22 19th ICLS  implementation:  National  LFS  practices  and  implementation  plans.  2018. Presentation prepared for the 20th ICLS. their country along with the assets that contribute https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/‑‑‑dgreports/‑‑‑stat/ the most to personal wealth in a particular context. documents/meetingdocument/wcms_646789.pdf 18 LSMS+ Program. Overview and recommendations for improving individual-disaggregated data on asset ownership and labor outcomes For education, health, and labor, the LSMS+ has been For non‑farm enterprises, LSMS+ recommendations putting a heavy emphasis on the administration of are to first create a roster of household enterprise the related survey modules to age‑eligible individuals be rostered, and to collect information on each themselves. However, since national surveys that enterprise from the associated manager (or readily include individual‑level modules on these topics one of the available managers in the case of require information to be collected for every individual, jointly managed enterprises). Furthermore, a degree of proxy reporting is still possible if age‑eligible in computer‑assisted personal interviewing respondents are not available within the time frame applications, there should be data quality that mobile survey teams cover a given enumeration controls that are embedded into the module area. As such, in LSMS+ supported surveys, the survey on non‑farm enterprises and that flag any the modules on education, health and labor did include internal inconsistency between this module and a question on whether the respondent was reporting the individual‑level module on labor regarding for himself/herself, and a separate question that was household members that are enterprise laborers. asked conditional on the use of a proxy and that uniquely identified the household member that was reporting on behalf of a given individual. This protocol was in contrast with the protocol followed for the survey modules on assets, which were NOT administered to Box 9. Why does collecting proxy respondents in view of the objective of collecting self‑reported labor data matter? information on personal ownership of and rights to Evidence from the Malawi LSMS+1 physical and financial assets. The incidence of proxy reporting in survey data Using the data from the LSMS+ supported Malawi IHPS on education, health and labor have been similar 2016 and the concurrent IHS4 2016-17, Kilic, van den across the LSMS+ supported surveys to date.23 Broeck, Koolwal and Moylan (2020) find that, compared Focusing on labor, while there was a degree of to individual interviews for labor data collection, the proxy reporting in Malawi, Tanzania and Ethiopia, business-as-usual practice of relying on a combination of it was substantially lower than the levels observed self-reporting, proxy-reporting, and non-private interview in the comparator LSMS‑ISA‑supported surveys settings leads to significant underreporting of employment across different self-employed and wage activities. Stronger in these countries.24 For instance, the incidence effects are observed for women, and for labor market of proxy reporting in labor data on adults as outcomes with a longer (12-month) recall period. The study part of the LSMS+ supported IHPS 2016 was 21 finds that proxy reporting is an important contributor to percent for men and 11 percent for women. The underreporting, likely because proxy respondents have less comparable estimates were 48 percent for men knowledge about other members’ activities. For example, and 29 percent for women for the IHS4 2016‑17 that among IHS4 respondents who had a proxy reporting for was implemented concurrently with the IHPS 2016. them, women’s ownership/management of a non-farm enterprise employment was 6 percent less over the last Box 9 provides additional evidence from Malawi 7 days compared to the IHPS, and 9 percent lower over based on the comparisons of these two surveys, to the last 12 months. Among those who self-reported in the show why self‑reporting matters in understanding IHS4, these reductions relative to the IHPS were 2 and 3 labor market outcomes across men and women. percent, respectively. In general, additional survey questions on whether The authors also discuss how the IHS4 respondents may respondents self‑report, and (in the case of a proxy have faced greater difficulties in interpreting and reporting on concepts related to businesses or enterprises, because of response) the household roster identifier of the proxy, less time spent with enumerators (as evidenced by greater should be included more broadly in household survey discrepancies in the IHS4, compared to the IHPS, in reporting modules on education, health, and labor. This can help in the standard survey across the labor and non-farm shed light on whether there is a systematic association enterprise modules). Furthermore, the extent of under- and between proxy response and reporting of specific over-reporting is systematically associated with household outcomes across education, health and labor, as well as wealth (greater under-reporting of non-farm enterprise how individual characteristics of proxies (age, gender, employment for the highest wealth quintile, for example), household relation) may also be associated with highlighting the importance of respondent selection on specific socioeconomic subgroups as well as by gender. reporting of household members’ outcomes. 1 Talip Kilic, Goedele van den Broeck, Gayatri Koolwal, and Heather 23 Refer to full LSMS+ reports on Sub‑Saharan Africa and Cambodia for Moylan. 2020. “Are you being asked? Impacts of respondent selection the full details on response rates. on measuring employment.” World Bank Policy Research Working 24 In the Cambodia LSMS+, nearly all respondents (90 percent of men, Paper 9152. and 95 percent of women) self‑reported in the labor module. 4. LSMS+ recommendations on individual-disaggregated survey data collection on assets, work, employment, and entrepreneurship 19 © World Bank 4.1.2.2. Questionnaire content any agricultural production (whether for market or own use), along with paid work/employment. This section focuses on the content for the The recommended module was developed by the recommended survey modules on labor and Women’s Work and Employment Partnership, as non‑farm enterprises. In the case of education and discussed in Box 3. Since the LSMS+ data collection health, outside of systematically adding a question was tied to an ongoing survey operation in each identifying the respondent for each individual, country, although the country teams updated their the LSMS+ modules on these topics followed the labor modules to ensure that they were in line with structure and content of the national survey in each the latest recommendations, it was also important LSMS+ country. for country programs to be sure that statistics In multi‑topic socioeconomic surveys like the generated from this module were comparable to LSMS, questions on work and employment typically previous waves. Because of this, labor modules appear in: differ slightly across countries. However, all countries have been encouraged to include a. an individual‑level labor module that covers the following (a) 7‑day employment screening a wide range of work and employment questions for different activities; (b) a question outcomes, including participation in wage and on the intended destination of agricultural self‑employment activities, hours worked in the production (market or own use); (c) questions on last week, earnings, unemployment and job unemployment and job searching over the last 30 search; and days; (d) information on primary and secondary wage jobs over the last 12 months; and (e) b. a separate non‑farm enterprise module information on whether individuals are searching covering more detailed outcomes on family for more or different work. enterprises. Non‑farm enterprise modules should contain The recommended LSMS+ survey module on labor questions on basic enterprise attributes, seasonality follows the 19th ICLS recommendations on collecting in enterprise operations over the last 12 months, data on work and employment — inclusive of all household and hired labor inputs over the last questions on time spent in non‑market work such month, and profits, revenues, costs from the last as collecting water and fuel, food processing, month. child care and domestic activity, intended use of 20 LSMS+ Program. Overview and recommendations for improving individual-disaggregated data on asset ownership and labor outcomes © World Bank 4.2. Interview Flow Following the recommendations outlined above on respondent selection and questionnaire content, the desired interview flow (i.e. the order in which questionnaire modules are administered to elicit self‑reported data from adult respondents) should be assessed critically. The order in which In a standard LSMS‑style survey, questionnaire questionnaire modules modules on education, health, and labor are are administered to administered at the individual‑level immediately following the household roster, and respondents elicit self-reported data are encouraged to complete all three topics for from adult respondents one household member at a time. Modules eliciting information on asset ownership typically come later should be assessed in the interview; are asked of “most knowledgeable household members; and contain limited information critically collected on intra‑household ownership and rights. Based on the LSMS+ recommendations, each adult household member needs to provide information regarding their own education, health, labor, ownership of and rights to physical and financial Malawi, for example, created an individual assets, and report information on non‑farm questionnaire that was administered separately enterprises that they own or manage. Additionally, from the main household and agriculture they should be a part of the discussion creating questionnaires. Essential information from the household‑level rosters of land and other applicable household instrument was carried forward to each assets, such as livestock and non‑land real estate. individual interview and in cases where an adult After collecting the basic household identification household member was not available for interview, information and creating the household member a proxy respondent recorded their education, roster, at a minimum, modules that aim to create health, and labor in the main household instrument. a comprehensive roster of assets that are owned Tanzania, on the other hand, incorporated all asset by any household member need to precede asset modules immediately following the education, modules that are administered to adult household health, and labor modules. This also required that members in private and that rely on the rosters of they move the roster of land from the agriculture assets that are created as part of the household questionnaire up to the start of the household interview. Furthermore, there needs to be a questionnaire. The Cambodia LSMS+ questionnaire mechanism to ensure that each target respondent was the closest to a stand‑alone survey operation provides all information that is required of them – and lays out clearly the set of household‑level asset especially if the modules requiring self‑reported modules that must precede the individual‑level information are interspersed throughout the asset modules questionnaire. The final questionnaire. Survey practitioners must consider consideration is the household enterprise module. what is best for their survey operation but the It may be best to ask for the enterprise managers experience in the LSMS+ supported surveys early in the household questionnaire to confirm the provide possible options to consider. individual(s) expected to fill this module. 4. LSMS+ recommendations on individual-disaggregated survey data collection on assets, work, employment, and entrepreneurship 21 4.3. Interview Implementation assigning at least one male and female enumerator Protocol to a household given the logistics involved and the potential time and cost implications of doing so. Given the fieldwork set‑up in each of the LSMS+ To the maximum extent possible, survey countries, only Malawi and Cambodia attempted to practitioners should (a) conduct individual achieve gender match‑up between enumerators interviews in private, and if possible, and respondents. In Malawi 80.7 percent of male simultaneously, or consecutively, to avoid the respondents were paired with male enumerators transfer of information between the multiple and 73.2 percent for female respondents. respondents (b) ensure a gender match between interviewers and respondent. It is critical that the The LSMS+ program required interviews to be individual respondents are interviewed alone and at conducted alone in all pilot countries and required the end of each questionnaire module, enumerators the enumerator to report whether the respondent(s) should record information on the interview setting. was alone at the end of each module and, if not, they had to identify the gender and age range The UN EDGE Guidelines recommend that (adult versus child) of the person(s) witnessing the individual‑level interviews be conducted while interview. The implementation protocol regarding the respondent is alone due to the sensitivity simultaneous versus consecutive interviews of questions on asset ownership and wealth to for households with multiple adult individuals, avoid potential biases in having others present. however, varied across the countries depending Additionally, the UN EDGE Guidelines recommend on the flexibility of the fieldwork organization. that individual interviews in a selected household Simultaneous interviews were possible only in should take place consecutively to avoid any Malawi and Cambodia where there was scope for transfer of information or discussion regarding the deploying multiple enumerators in each household. questionnaire content between survey respondents in a household. The MEXA experiment conducted While trying to meet these objectives, survey in Uganda attempted to interview individuals practitioners should consider constraints they simultaneously as did several of the EDGE pilot may face in the country as well as the set‑up of countries, however the UN EDGE Guidelines the survey they are implementing, and the level recognized the difficulty of achieving this in practice of flexibility afforded to the effort. The Malawi, and settled on consecutive interviews with no Tanzania, and Ethiopia LSMS+ surveys which opportunity for contamination between interviews. were all integrated into the latest rounds of the LSMS national multi‑topic household surveys used Finally, the UN EDGE Guidelines suggest that the already existing field teams to conduct the survey practitioners should consider the gender interviews so the LSMS+ program had less control of enumerators assigned to interviews. In MEXA, over the staff selection process. In Ethiopia the gender match‑up between enumerators and survey employs resident enumerators to cover respondents was encouraged based on previous one enumeration area each in rural area, while qualitative fieldwork conducted by some of the in Tanzania they select field staff from an already experts in Uganda on gender and land rights that existing pool of enumerators to compose the were involved in the project. The work showed that mobile teams assigned to each region. In the case respondents may be more comfortable disclosing of Malawi, the statistics office managed to assign at such personal information – hidden assets, financial least two females to each mobile team, however it accounts, etc. ‑ about themselves to enumerators of was difficult to hire enough women, so the female the same sex. The EDGE Guidelines acknowledge, team supervisors were asked to conduct individual however, that though this may be the case in many interviews, as well. In Cambodia, although the country contexts, in others it may be less safe for LSMS+ survey was associated with the national female enumerators to be part of the field staff socioeconomic survey, the enumerators were hired and travel alone. Additionally, Survey practitioners and trained separately for the LSMS+ portion of should weigh the costs and benefits of gender the survey operation so the LSMS+ program could match‑up based on the country context and also require that the survey staff hired were split evenly consider the fieldwork set‑up and the feasibility of between male and female enumerators. 22 LSMS+ Program. Overview and recommendations for improving individual-disaggregated data on asset ownership and labor outcomes © World Bank 4.4. Training and Fieldwork Organization In training it is To conduct private interviews with adult household imperative to highlight members, more careful planning and organization is required than in a typical fieldwork set‑up. that responses to Proper time must be allotted prior to field staff ownership and rights training to determine the appropriate field team composition, taking into consideration the regional/ questions should linguistic background of enumerators, the gender composition of the teams, and the number of team not necessarily be members required to allow for multiple and possibly consistent across all simultaneous interviews. different constructs During field staff training, it should be stressed that enumerators should not share information from these confidential interviews amongst themselves or with other adults in the household. On asset Upon arrival in an enumeration area, field ownership specifically, focusing on the technical teams should attempt to identify all households definitions for each asset ownership and rights assigned on their first day. Teams should compile construct and discussing the differences among a preliminary list of the number of eligible adults them is critical. It is imperative to highlight that in each household and the gender composition. responses to ownership and rights questions This is, of course, the preliminary list and the should not necessarily be consistent across all final determination of target individuals in each different constructs. A respondent may have the household will be based on the household roster right to make improvements on a parcel of land, but developed by the enumerators while conducting not the right to sell the parcel. interviews. 4. LSMS+ recommendations on individual-disaggregated survey data collection on assets, work, employment, and entrepreneurship 23 © World Bank implementing individual‑level data collection creates a heavier workload for enumerators, and teams need to develop strategies to handle the different field situations they encounter (for example identifying all adults who are home at the time of the first interview and choosing a time best for them, and scheduling interviews ahead of time for those who may be at work or away from the The approach to communities and households household at the time of the first interview). Also, in on presenting the need for individual interviews Malawi, the field teams reported that it was easier is critical. Survey managers should provide to schedule and conduct private interviews in rural a Statement of Purpose to survey teams areas, while in urban areas they needed to be more and guidance regarding who to approach in flexible to conduct interviews during the evenings communities. Similar to other household survey and weekends. Since they were also attempting introductions the Statement should highlight to conduct interviews simultaneously and with a the importance of confidentiality and why gender match‑up between the enumerators and the collecting this information is important, but it respondents, they had to make decisions on when should also emphasize that multiple individuals to proceed with one interview at a time versus wait in the household will need to be interviewed so for the opportunity for either other respondents or that respondents know what to expect and the other enumerators to become available. This was purpose of the individual questionnaire so that the usually determined by how sure they could be that household members all understand why interviews a future booking would be kept by the household must be conducted while respondents are alone. members. Enumerators should present questions in such a way that the respondents feel comfortable sharing Finally, prior to any new enumerators approaching any hidden assets and feel comfortable responding a household member for an individual interview honestly to questions on ownership and rights. (either in pursuit of conducting simultaneous interviews or achieving a gender match between Strong communication between survey team the respondent and the enumerator), the members is essential when attempting to conduct enumerator that conducted the household interview individual interviews. Individual interviews should should provide a short overview of the household not all be saved for the last day in an enumeration composition and any pertinent information on area but should be conducted throughout the time the household so that each enumerator has an spent in a location depending on the availability understanding of the household composition prior of respondents. As noted by the Malawi NSO, to starting their interview with a new individual. 24 LSMS+ Program. Overview and recommendations for improving individual-disaggregated data on asset ownership and labor outcomes 4.5. Data Entry and Quality Control 4.5.1. Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing To ensure quality and timely availability of data, to be conducted and reported and potential issues using the World Bank’s Survey Solutions CAPI investigated and corrected before a survey team software or another CAPI software with similar finalizes work in an assigned enumeration area (EA). features is recommended. Survey practitioners The checks should be programmed based on recent electing to use Survey Solutions25 can access survey data available in the country. already developed modules on assets and Survey Solutions provides two options for creating employment on Designer, the Survey Solutions web enumerator assignments: sample mode and census application for creating questionnaires.26 The use of mode. The household‑level interviews in each Survey Solutions allows for the real‑time availability LSMS+ country were collected in “sample” mode of data as completed interviews are synced to (assignments for a specific household generated the system as soon as the field teams can access from headquarters with prefilled information internet, questionnaires are then approved by available) as opposed to “census” mode (new the Supervisor, and sent to Headquarters for the interviews created by interviewers from a template survey management team to review individual with no information prefilled). In Malawi, Tanzania, questionnaires on the server or export to Stata or and Ethiopia this was done to carry forward the SAS to run batch checks. information collected in the previous waves of The Survey Solutions CAPI‑based data entry the panel survey for each country. Household application used in each country should be designed location information, the household roster, and the to stream‑line the data collection process. Prior agricultural parcel rosters were prefilled prior to each programming of the data entry application allows interview conducted. In Cambodia since it was part for a wide variety of range and consistency checks of a stand‑alone cross‑sectional operation, “sample” mode was used solely for the statistics office to have 25 All LSMS country programs use Survey Solutions. It is used in 175 more control over the sample by prefilling location countries and full information on survey programs using Survey Solutions can be found here. information for the selected households. 26 https://designer.mysurvey.solutions/. © World Bank 4. LSMS+ recommendations on individual-disaggregated survey data collection on assets, work, employment, and entrepreneurship 25 © World Bank One of the most critical components of this type of data collection is ensuring that each adult interviewed is referring to the same information. Whether they are identifying an owner or rights holder from the household roster or answering a series of questions regarding a particular asset, it is essential that they refer to the same rosters in each interview. To achieve this objective, the administration of the individual‑level interviews in Survey Solutions varied by country. In Malawi, the strategy followed the approach used in Uganda in MEXA with a separate census mode questionnaire generated for each individual interview in a particular household. After the enumerator assigned to a panel household completed the main portion of the interview (Household and Agriculture Modules), they manually 4.5.2. copied the key information from the interview into a Data Quality Control paper questionnaire “Booklet of Rosters” composed Recording the GPS coordinates27 of the dwelling of Household, Parcel, and Plot rosters that needed units in the Survey Solutions application allows to be the same in each of the individual interviews Headquarters to see the location of the dwellings conducted. Prior to approaching the household plotted on a map of each country to better enable for the individual interview, enumerators tasked supervision from afar – checking both the number with conducting an interview at the household met of interviews performed and the fact that the away from the household and entered the entire sample households lie within EA boundaries. As Household, Garden and Plot rosters into the new survey management teams receive data from the census mode individual questionnaire they created field, it is also recommended that produce the on their tablet. tables found in Annex III on a weekly or bi‑weekly In Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Cambodia, to avoid basis, depending on the duration of the fieldwork, manually copying information between the and by survey teams and individual enumerators. household and individual questionnaires on Tables should be generated for each module of the tablet, instead the individual questionnaire interest to identify the incidence of self‑response modules were incorporated into the household versus proxy respondents. Additionally, the questionnaire and the Survey Solutions incidence of ownership of each asset class and questionnaire was programmed to generate asset, by gender, should be generated to ensure individual modules for each adult tagged for an that the estimates are in line with the expectations. interview and the relevant roster for each module was fed forward. This eliminated any errors in the manual data entry by enumerators, however it limited the ability of field teams to conduct 27 As was done in the LSMS+ countries, this also allows the individual interviews simultaneously while achieving geo‑referenced household locations to be linked with publicly available geospatial databases to make accessible a number of geospatial gender match‑up between enumerators and variables ‑ extensive measures of distance (i.e. distance to the nearest respondents. market), climatology, soil and terrain, and other environmental factors. 26 LSMS+ Program. Overview and recommendations for improving individual-disaggregated data on asset ownership and labor outcomes 5. Conclusions © World Bank Individual ownership and control of assets, labor, and time use, as well as decision‑making roles in family enterprises are key data gaps on men’s and women’s economic opportunities. Individual‑disaggregated data are critical in these areas for monitoring the SDGs. Policies targeted towards raising men’s and women’s employment outcomes and productivity also rely on an accurate picture of the economic realities they face within households. Established in 2016, the LSMS+ program provides support to survey data production and methodological research to improve the availability and quality of individual‑disaggregated survey data collected in low‑ and middle‑income countries on key dimensions of men’s and women’s economic opportunities and welfare. In its current phase, the LSMS+ has supported NSOs in select low‑income countries on the operationalization of the latest international recommendations for individual‑disaggregated survey data collection on ownership of and rights to physical and financial assets; work and employment; and non‑farm enterprises. This document aims to guide survey practitioners in collecting household survey data on these priority topics, anchored in the experience with the LSMS+ supported surveys and methodological research. In the immediate term, “Strengthening gender surveys and statistics through IDA 19” will be one of the projects that will be informed by the LSMS+ recommendations and that is collaboration between World Bank Gender Group, the Poverty and Equity Global Practice (Poverty GP) and the LSMS+ program. This new project aims to narrow gender data gaps related to economic outcomes in at least 10 IDA countries through the provision of technical assistance to NSOs to align their data production systems with the latest international standards and guidance. 5. Conclusions 27 Annex I LSMS+ sample questionnaire modules Household level interview Individual level interviews LSMS+ Program. Overview and recommendations for improving individual-disaggregated data on asset ownership and labor outcomes 28 Annex I LSMS+ Sample questionnaire modules Household level interview A Household-level land roster B Household-level apartment roster C Household-level livestock D Household-level consumer durables LSMS+ Program / ANNEX I Sample questionnaire modules 29 A Household-level parcel roster 1 Do you or does any member of this household use, own, or hold use rights for any parcel of land, either alone or jointly with someone else, irrespective of whether the parcel is used YES....... (1) by you or another household, and irrespective of the use of the parcel (including dwelling, agricultural, pastoral, forest and business/commercial parcels)? NO........ (2) >> NEXT MODULE 2 3 3a 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 PARCEL NAME Is this PARCEL the Are there any Under which How was this What is the Is there a What is the In the last 12 What is the area of PARCEL? (uniquely piece of land on structures, tenure system is PARCEL acquired? primary current secondary current secondary current months, has this identifies piece of which the dwelling buildings or this PARCEL? use of this use of this use of this PARCEL been used land) is located? houses on this PARCEL? PARCEL? PARCEL? for farming? PARCEL? YES ..........................(1) YES...........................(1) PRIVATE....................(1) GIVEN BY THE RESIDENTIAL............(1) YES...........................(1) RESIDENTIAL............(1) YES ..........................(1) CODES FOR UNIT: NO........................... (2) NO........................... (2) STATE PUBLIC.......... (2) GOVERNMENT OR AGRICULTURAL NO....................... (2>9) AGRICULTURAL NO........................... (2) SQUARE METERS.......(1) LOCAL AUTHORITY....(1) (FARMING AND (FARMING AND STATE PRIVATE........ (3) ACRE....................... (2) BY INHERITANCE OF GIFT PLANTATION)........... (2) PLANTATION)........... (2) COMMON PROPERTY. (4) FROM RELATIVES....... (2) AQUACULTURE......... (3) HECTARES................ (3) AQUACULTURE......... (3) INDIGENOUS............. (5) BOUGHT IT FROM A OTHER (SPECIFY)...... (4) PASTORAL................ (4) PASTORAL................ (4) OTHER (SPECIFY)...... (6) RELATIVE................. (3) FOREST.................... (5) FOREST.................... (5) BOUGHT IT FROM A BUSINESS/ NON‑RELATIVE......... (4) BUSINESS/ COMMERCIAL............ (6) COMMERCIAL............ (6) CLEARED LAND/ DON'T KNOW............ (7) OCCUPIED FOR DON'T KNOW............ (7) FREE........................ (5) OTHER (SPECIFY)...... (8) OTHER (SPECIFY)...... (8) DONATED BY FRIEND.................... (6) RENTED IN............... (7) AREA UNIT OTHER (SPECIFY)...... (8) __ __ __ __ . __ __ 1 __ __ __ __ . __ __ 2 __ __ __ __ . __ __ 3 __ __ __ __ . __ __ 4 __ __ __ __ . __ __ 5 __ __ __ __ . __ __ LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Household-level interview 30 B Apartment/Condo Roster 1 ENUMERATOR: This is any real estate not associated with a parcel of land. YES........................... (1) Do you or does any member of this household own, either alone or jointly with someone else, any apartment units or condominiums NO............................ (2) >> NEXT MODULE irrespective of whether the apartment or condo is used by you or another household, and irrespective of whether the apartment is DON’T KNOW............(98) >> NEXT MODULE used for residential or commercial purposes? 2 3 4 Please list each apartment or condo that is owned by any member Where is this APARTMENT/CONDO located? What is this APARTMENT/CONDO used for? of this household. ENUMERATOR TO HELP RESPONDENT IDENTIFY WHETHER LOCATION IS RURAL/URBAN. RURAL......................(1) HOUSEHOLD RESIDENCE..............................................................................................(1) URBAN..................... (2) COMMERCIAL USE (HOUSEHOLD)................................................................................. (2) RENTED OUT FOR RESIDENTIAL USE (BY ANOTHER INDIVIDUAL/HOUSEHOLD).............. (3) RENTED OUT FOR COMMERCIAL USE (BY ANOTHER INDIVIDUAL/HOUSEHOLD).............. (4) OTHER (SPECIFY)...................................................................................................... (96) DON'T KNOW............................................................................................................ (98) RE1 RE2 RE3 RE4 RE5 RE6 LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Household-level interview 31 C Household-level livestock roster 1 2 Do you or does any member of this household own any [LIVESTOCK], either alone or Thinking of all household members and [LIVESTOCK] they own, how many jointly with someone else? [LIVESTOCK] are owned IN TOTAL? READ: CONSIDER ALL LIVESTOCK PRESENT AT YOUR FARM OR AWAY. READ: CONSIDER ALL LIVESTOCK EXCLUSIVELY OR JOINTLY OWNED, PRESENT AT YOUR FARM OR AWAY. YES...........................(1) LIVESTOCK CODE LIVESTOCK NAME NO........................... (2) >> NEXT LIVESTOCK NUMBER 1001 Oxen 1002 Cows 1003 Calves 1004 Buffaloes 1005 Horses, Ponies 1006 Pigs 1007 Goats 1008 Sheep 1009 Chickens 1010 Ducks 1011 Quail 1012 Turkeys 1013 Geese 1014 Bull LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Household-level interview 32 D Household level consumer durables 1 2 Does any member of this household own any [CONSUMER DURABLE] at present, Thinking of all household members and [CONSUMER DURABLE] they own, how many exclusively and/or jointly with someone else? [CONSUMER DURABLE] are owned IN TOTAL? YES...........................(1) NO........................... (2) >> NEXT ITEM ITEM CODE ITEM NAME DON'T KNOW.......... (98) >> NEXT ITEM NUMBER 1101 Cell phone 1102 Computer 1103 Bicycle 1104 Motorcycle 1105 Car 1106 Tuk tuk 1107 Boat 1108 Tractor/Koryun LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Household-level interview 33 Annex I LSMS+ Sample questionnaire modules Individual level interviews E Individual-level parcel details F Individual-level apartment roster G Individual-level livestock H Individual-level consumer durables and valuables I Mobile phone ownership J Financial assets LSMS+ Program / ANNEX I Sample questionnaire modules 34 E Individual-level parcel details 1/9 Will be administered to each adult household member aged 18 and above 1 2 3 4 CAPI: PARCEL CAPI: Is this CAPI: How was this [PARCEL] Do you use, own or Do you OWN Does anyone Who else jointly owns this [PARCEL] with you? NAME [PARCEL] the acquired? hold use rights for this [PARCEL], jointly own this LIST UP TO 3 MEMBERS FROM HOUSEHOLD ROSTER. RECORD THE NUMBER OF ADULT [FED FORWARD piece of land this [PARCEL], either either alone [PARCEL] with MALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD WITH THIS RIGHT AS WELL AS THE NUMBER OF FROM HH LEVEL on which the alone or jointly with or jointly with you? ADULT FEMALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD. LAND ROSTER] dwelling is someone else? someone else? located? [FED FORWARD FROM HH LEVEL LAND ROSTER] YES......(1) GIVEN BY THE GOVERNMENT OR YES......(1) YES......(1) YES......(1) NO......(2) LOCAL AUTHORITY.............................(1) NO......(2) >> NEXT PARCEL NO......(2) >> 5 NO......(2) >> 5 BY INHERITANCE OF GIFT FROM RELATIVES.............................. (2) BOUGHT IT FROM A RELATIVE............ (3) BOUGHT IT FROM A NON-RELATIVE..... (4 CLEARED LAND/OCCUPIED FOR FREE.. .. (5) DONATED BY FRIEND......................... (6) RENTED IN........................................ (7) OTHER (SPECIFY................................ (8) HH ID #1 HH ID #2 HH ID #3 # OF 18+ OLD # OF 18+ OLD PARCEL MALE NON-HH FEMALE NON- NUMBER MEMBERS HH MEMBERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 35 E Individual-level parcel details 2/9 Will be administered to each adult household member aged 18 and above 5 6 7 8 9 10 Does your household have a What type of documents is there for Is your name among Does anyone Who else's names are on the ownership document for this [PARCEL] as ENUMERATOR: WAS document for this [PARCEL], this [PARCEL]? the names listed on else's names are owners or right use holders? THE RESPONDENT such as an application the documents for the on the ownership LIST UP TO 3 MEMBERS FROM HOUSEHOLD ROSTER. RECORD THE NUMBER OF ABLE TO PRODUCE receipt, land investigation [PARCEL] as owner or document for ADULT MALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD WITH THIS RIGHT AS WELL AS THE DOCUMENTATION paper, certificate (title) from right use holder? this [PARCEL] as THE NUMBER OF ADULT FEMALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD. FOR CONFIRMATION the government, paper from owners or right PURPOSES? local authority, lease or use holders? rental contract ? YES......(1) DOCUMENT TYPE: YES......(1) YES......(1) YES.................................. (1) NO......(2) >> 11 1 = APPLICATION RECEIPT NO......(2) >> 11 NO......(2) >> 11 NO, REFUSED.................. (2) 2 = LAND INVESTIGATION PAPER NO, CANNOT BE LOCATED.. (3) 3 = CERTIFICATE (TITLE) FROM THE GOVERNMENT NO, HAVE NO ACCESS...... (4) 4 = PAPER FROM LOCAL AUTHORITY NO, OTHER (SPECIFY)...... (6) 5 = RENTAL CONTRACT 6 = OTHER (SPECIFY) 7 = DON'T KNOW / NOT SURE # OF 18+ OLD # OF 18+ OLD PARCEL MALE NON-HH FEMALE NON-HH NUMBER Document Type 1 Document Type 1 HH ID #1 HH ID #2 HH ID #3 MEMBERS MEMBERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 36 E Individual-level parcel details 3/9 Will be administered to each adult household member aged 18 and above SKIP TO QUESTION 26 IF QUESTION Q2!=1 AND Q5!=1 11 With regard to this [PARCEL], are you among the individuals who have the right to sell it, even if you need to obtain consent or permission from someone else? If yes, do you need permission or consent from anyone else? Is there anyone else who has the right to sell it, even if they needed to obtain consent or permission from someone else? With regard to this [PARCEL], who else has the right to sell it, even if they needed to obtain consent or permission from someone else? Does the person need permission or consent? From whom does the person need permission or consent? LIST UP TO 3 MEMBERS FROM HOUSEHOLD ROSTER. RECORD THE NUMBER OF ADULT MALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD WITH THIS RIGHT AS WELL AS THE NUMBER OF ADULT FEMALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD. RESPONDENT HH ROSTER MEMBER #1 HH ROSTER MEMBER #2 Do you Who Who have Anyone else has Anyone else has right? Permission? From whom? else? right? Permission? From whom? else? right? Permission? From whom? YES...(1) YES...(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF YES...(1) HH ID#1 YES...(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF YES...(1) HH ID #2 YES...(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF NO... (2) >> 12 NO... (2) #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD NO... (2) >> 12 NO... (2) #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD NO... (2) >> 12 NO... (2) >> 12 #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD PARCEL ID >> HH ID#1 NON-HH FEMALE >> HH ID#2 NON-HH FEMALE NON-HH FEMALE MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS MEMBERS MEMBERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 37 E Individual-level parcel details 4/9 Will be administered to each adult household member aged 18 and above 12 With regard to this [PARCEL], are you among the individuals who have the right to bequeath it, even if you need to obtain consent or permission from someone else? If yes, do you need permission or consent from anyone else? Is there anyone else who has the right to bequeath it, even if they needed to obtain consent or permission from someone else? With regard to this [PARCEL], who else has the right to bequeath it, even if they needed to obtain consent or permission from someone else? Does the person need permission or consent? From whom does the person need permission or consent? LIST UP TO 3 MEMBERS FROM HOUSEHOLD ROSTER. RECORD THE NUMBER OF ADULT MALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD WITH THIS RIGHT AS WELL AS THE NUMBER OF ADULT FEMALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD. RESPONDENT HH ROSTER MEMBER #1 HH ROSTER MEMBER #2 Do you Who Who have Anyone else has Anyone else has right? Permission? From whom? else? right? Permission? From whom? else? right? Permission? From whom? YES...(1) YES...(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF YES...(1) HH ID#1 YES...(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF YES...(1) HH ID #2 YES...(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF NO... (2) >> 13 NO... (2) #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD NO... (2) >> 13 NO... (2) #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD NO... (2) >> 13 NO... (2) >> 14 #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD PARCEL ID >>HH ID#1 NON-HH FEMALE >>HH ID#2 NON-HH FEMALE NON-HH FEMALE MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS MEMBERS MEMBERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 38 E Individual-level parcel details 5/9 Will be administered to each adult household member aged 18 and above 13 With regard to this [PARCEL], are you among the individuals who have the right to use it as collateral, even if you need to obtain consent or permission from someone else? If yes, do you need permission or consent from anyone else? Is there anyone else who has the right to use it as collateral, even if they needed to obtain consent or permission from someone else? With regard to this [PARCEL], who else has the right to use it a collateral, even if they needed to obtain consent or permission from someone else? Does the person need permission or consent? From whom does the person need permission or consent? LIST UP TO 3 MEMBERS FROM HOUSEHOLD ROSTER. RECORD THE NUMBER OF ADULT MALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD WITH THIS RIGHT AS WELL AS THE NUMBER OF ADULT FEMALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD. RESPONDENT HH ROSTER MEMBER #1 HH ROSTER MEMBER #2 Do you Who Who have Anyone else has Anyone else has right? Permission? From whom? else? right? Permission? From whom? else? right? Permission? From whom? YES...(1) YES...(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF YES...(1) HH ID#1 YES...(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF YES...(1) HH ID #2 YES...(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF NO... (2) >> 14 NO... (2) #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD NO... (2) >> 14 NO... (2) #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD NO... (2) >> 14 NO... (2) >> 14 #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD PARCEL ID >>HH ID#1 NON-HH FEMALE >>HH ID#2 NON-HH FEMALE NON-HH FEMALE MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS MEMBERS MEMBERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 39 E Individual-level parcel details 6/9 Will be administered to each adult household member aged 18 and above 14 With regard to this [PARCEL], are you among the individuals who have the right to rent it out, even if you need to obtain consent or permission from someone else? If yes, do you need permission or consent from anyone else? Is there anyone else who has the right to rent it out, even if they needed to obtain consent or permission from someone else? With regard to this [PARCEL], who else has the right to rent it out, even if they needed to obtain consent or permission from someone else? Does the person need permission or consent? From whom does the person need permission or consent? LIST UP TO 3 MEMBERS FROM HOUSEHOLD ROSTER. RECORD THE NUMBER OF ADULT MALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD WITH THIS RIGHT AS WELL AS THE NUMBER OF ADULT FEMALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD. RESPONDENT HH ROSTER MEMBER #1 HH ROSTER MEMBER #2 Do you Who Who have Anyone else has Anyone else has right? Permission? From whom? else? right? Permission? From whom? else? right? Permission? From whom? YES...(1) YES...(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF YES...(1) HH ID#1 YES...(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF YES...(1) HH ID #2 YES...(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF NO... (2) >> 15 NO... (2) #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD NO... (2) >> 15 NO... (2) #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD NO... (2) >> 15 NO... (2) >> 15 #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD PARCEL ID >>HH ID#1 NON-HH FEMALE >>HH ID#2 NON-HH FEMALE NON-HH FEMALE MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS MEMBERS MEMBERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 40 E Individual-level parcel details 7/9 Will be administered to each adult household member aged 18 and above 15 With regard to this [PARCEL], are you among the individuals who have the right to make improvements/invest in it, even if you need to obtain consent or permission from someone else? If yes, do you need permission or consent from anyone else? Is there anyone else who has the right to make improvements/invest in it, even if they needed to obtain consent or permission from someone else? With regard to this [PARCEL], who else has the right to make improvements/invest in it, even if they needed to obtain consent or permission from someone else? Does the person need permission or consent? From whom does the person need permission or consent? LIST UP TO 3 MEMBERS FROM HOUSEHOLD ROSTER. RECORD THE NUMBER OF ADULT MALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD WITH THIS RIGHT AS WELL AS THE NUMBER OF ADULT FEMALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD. RESPONDENT HH ROSTER MEMBER #1 HH ROSTER MEMBER #2 Do you Who Who have Anyone else has Anyone else has right? Permission? From whom? else? right? Permission? From whom? else? right? Permission? From whom? YES...(1) YES...(1) HH ID HH HH # OF 18+ # OF YES...(1) HH ID#1 YES...(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF YES...(1) HH ID #2 YES...(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF NO... (2) >> 16 NO... (2) >>DOES #1 D#2 D#3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD NO... (2) >> 16 NO... (2) >>HH #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD NO... (2) >> 16 NO... (2) >> 15 #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD PARCEL ID ANYONE ELSE NON-HH FEMALE ID#2 NON-HH FEMALE NON-HH FEMALE MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS MEMBERS MEMBERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 41 E Individual-level parcel details 8/9 Will be administered to each adult household member aged 18 and above 16 17 18 19 20 21 CAPI: IS THIS AN Are you among the Is anyone else among Who is (or who else is) the decision-maker(s) for any of the plots Do land owners sell/rent out land Are you informed regarding recent land sales AGRICULTURAL decision-maker(s) the decisionmaker(s) located on this [PARCEL] regarding the timing of crop activities, in or around the ward where the and/or rental transactions in or around the ward PARCEL? for any of the plots for any of the plots crop choice, and input use? parcel is located? where the parcel is located? located on this located on this LIST UP TO 3 MEMBERS FROM HOUSEHOLD ROSTER. RECORD THE [PARCEL] regarding [PARCEL] regarding NUMBER OF ADULT MALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD WHO ARE the timing of crop the timing of crop DECISIONMAKER(S) AS WELL AS THE NUMBER OF ADULT FEMALES activities, crop activities, crop OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD. choice, and choice, and input use? input use? YES......(1) YES......(1) YES......(1) LAND OWNERS ONLY SELL............. (1) ONLY INFORMED OF SALES TRANSACTIONS.......................... (1) NO......(2) >> 20 NO......(2) >> 20 NO......(2) >> 20 LAND OWNERS ONLY RENT OUT......(2) ONLY INFORMED OF RENTAL TRANSACTIONS.......................(2) LAND OWNERS SELL AND RENT..... (3) INFORMED OF BOTH SALES AND RENTAL TRANSACTIONS.....(3) NO LAND TRANSACTIONS.............. (4) >>22 NOT INFORMED OF SALES OR RENTAL TRANSACTIONS.........(4) DO NOT KNOW............................. (98) >>22 # OF # OF 18+ 18+ OLD PARCEL ID OLD MALE FEMALE NON-HH NON-HH HH ID #1 HH ID #2 HH ID #3 MEMBERS MEMBERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 42 E Individual-level parcel details 9/9 Will be administered to each adult household member aged 18 and above 22 23 24 25 26 27 If this [PARCEL] were If this [PARCEL] were If this [PARCEL] were If this [PARCEL] were to be sold today, who (or who else) would How likely are you to involuntarily Who was present along with the respondent to be sold today, to be sold today, to be sold today, is decide how the money is used? lose ownership or use rights to during the individual interview? how much could be would you be among anyone else among LIST UP TO 3 MEMBERS FROM HOUSEHOLD ROSTER. RECORD THE this [PARCEL] in the next 5 years? SEE CODE BELOW received for it? the individuals to the individuals to NUMBER OF ADULT MALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD WHO decide how the decide how the (Reasons interview not administered with the VALUE SHOULD WOULD DECIDE AS WELL AS THE NUMBER OF ADULT FEMALES respondent(s) alone should be explained in the BE INCLUSIVE OF money is used? money is used? OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD WHO WOULD DECIDE. remarks) ANY BUILDINGS/ STRUCTURES ON THE PARCEL RECORD 97 IF REFUSE TO ANSWER. RECORD YES......(1) YES......(1) NOT AT ALL LIKELY.....................(1) RESPONSE CODES: 98 IF DO NOT KNOW. NO......(2) >> 26 NO......(2) >> 26 SLIGHTLY LIKELY....................... (2) ALONE........................................................................... (1) YES, MODERATELY LIKELY..........(3) WITH ADULT FEMALES PRESENT................................... (2) YES, VERY LIKELY...................... (4) WITH ADULT MALES PRESENT....................................... (3) YES, EXTREMELY LIKELY............. (5) WITH ADULTS MIXED SEX PRESENT............................... (4) WITH CHILDREN PRESENT............................................. (5) WITH ADULTS MIXED SEX AND CHILDREN PRESENT....... (6) # OF # OF 18+ 18+ OLD PARCEL ID OLD MALE FEMALE NON-HH NON-HH AMOUNT UNIT HH PID A HH PID B HH PID C MEMBERS MEMBERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 43 F Individual-level apartment/condo details 1/9 Will be administered to each adult household member aged 18 and above 1 2 3 CARRIED FORWARD CARRIED FORWARD CARRIED FORWARD ON CAPI: What Do you OWN this Does anyone Who else jointly owns this [APARTMENT/CONDO] with you? ON CAPI:'Please list ON CAPI: Where is is this [APARTMENT/CONDO] used [APARTMENT/ jointly own this LIST UP TO 3 MEMBERS FROM HOUSEHOLD ROSTER. RECORD THE NUMBER OF ADULT each APARTMENT/ this [APARTMENT/ for? CONDO], either [APARTMENT/ MALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD WITH THIS RIGHT AS WELL AS THE NUMBER OF ADULT CONDO that CONDO] located? alone or jointly with CONDO] with you? FEMALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD." someone in your someone else? household owns. RURAL......................(1) HOUSEHOLD RESIDENCE............................... (1) YES......(1) YES......(1) URBAN..................... (2) COMMERCIAL USE (HOUSEHOLD)...................(2) NO......(2) >> NEXT LINE NO......(2) >> 4 RENTED OUT FOR RESIDENTIAL USE (BY ANOTHER INDIVIDUAL/HOUSEHOLD).......(3) RENTED OUT FOR COMMERCIAL USE (BY ANOTHER INDIVIDUAL/HOUSEHOLD).......(4) OTHER (SPECIFY)........................................(96) DON'T KNOW..............................................(98) HH ID #1 HH ID #2 HH ID #3 # OF 18+ OLD MALE # OF 18+ OLD FEMALE NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS RE1 RE2 RE3 RE4 RE5 RE6 LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 44 F Individual-level apartment/condo details 2/9 Will be administered to each adult household member aged 18 and above 4 5 6 7 8 9 Is there an ownership What type of documents Is your name among Does anyone else's Who else's names are on the ownership document for this [APARTMENT/CONDO] as ENUMERATOR: WAS document for this is there for this the names listed on names are on the owners or right use holders? THE RESPONDENT [APARTMENT/ [APARTMENT/CONDO]? the documents for first ownership LIST UP TO 3 MEMBERS FROM HOUSEHOLD ROSTER. RECORD THE NUMBER OF ADULT ABLE TO PRODUCE THE CONDO]? the [APARTMENT/ document for this MALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD WITH THIS RIGHT AS WELL AS THE NUMBER OF DOCUMENTATION FOR CONDO] as owner or [APARTMENT/CONDO] ADULT FEMALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD. CONFIRMATION PURPOSES? right use holder? as owners or right use holders? YES......(1) A TITLE DEED.......................... (1) YES......(1) YES......(1) YES.............................................(1) NO......(2) >> 10 CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY... (2) NO......(2) >> 10 NO......(2) >> 10 NO, REFUSED............................. (2) A WILL................................... (3) NO, CANNOT BE LOCATED...........(3) SALES AGREEMENT................ (4) NO, HAVE NO ACCESS................. (4) OTHER (SPECIFY)...................(96) NO, OTHER(SPECIFY)................ (96) # OF 18+ OLD MALE # OF 18+ OLD FEMALE Document Type Document Type HH ID #1 HH ID #2 HH ID #3 NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS RE1 RE2 RE3 RE4 RE5 RE6 LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 45 F Individual-level apartment/condo details 3/9 Will be administered to each adult household member aged 18 and above 10 With regard to this [APARTMENT/CONDO], are you among the individuals who have the right to sell it, even if you need to obtain consent or permission from someone else? If yes, do you need permission or consent from anyone else? Is there anyone else who has the right to sell it, even if they needed to obtain consent or permission from someone else? With regard to this [APARTMENT/CONDO], who else has the right to sell it, even if they needed to obtain consent or permission from someone else? Does the person need permission or consent? From whom does the person need permission or consent? LIST UP TO 3 MEMBERS FROM HOUSEHOLD ROSTER. RECORD THE NUMBER OF ADULT MALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD WITH THIS RIGHT AS WELL AS THE NUMBER OF ADULT FEMALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD. RESPONDENT HH ROSTER MEMBER #1 HH ROSTER MEMBER #2 Do you Who Who have Anyone else has Anyone else has APARTMENT/CONDO ID right? Permission? From whom? else? right? Permission? From whom? else? right? Permission? From whom? YES....(1) YES......(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF YES....(1) HH ID #1 YES......(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF YES....(1) HH ID #1 YES....(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF NO.... (2) NO......(2) #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD NO.... (2) NO......(2) #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD NO.... (2) NO.... (2) >> 11 #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD >> 11 >> HH ID #1 NON-HH FEMALE >> 11 >> HH ID #2 NON-HH FEMALE >> 11 NON-HH FEMALE MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS MEMBERS MEMBERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 46 F Individual-level apartment/condo details 4/9 Will be administered to each adult household member aged 18 and above 11 With regard to this [APARTMENT/CONDO], are you among the individuals who have the right to bequeath it, even if you need to obtain consent or permission from someone else? If yes, do you need permission or consent from anyone else? Is there anyone else who has the right to bequeath it, even if they needed to obtain consent or permission from someone else? With regard to this [APARTMENT/CONDO], who else has the right to bequeath it, even if they needed to obtain consent or permission from someone else? Does the person need permission or consent? From whom does the person need permission or consent? LIST UP TO 3 MEMBERS FROM HOUSEHOLD ROSTER. RECORD THE NUMBER OF ADULT MALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD WITH THIS RIGHT AS WELL AS THE NUMBER OF ADULT FEMALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD. RESPONDENT HH ROSTER MEMBER #1 HH ROSTER MEMBER #2 Do you Who Who have Anyone else has Anyone else has APARTMENT/CONDO ID right? Permission? From whom? else? right? Permission? From whom? else? right? Permission? From whom? YES....(1) YES......(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF YES....(1) HH ID #1 YES......(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF YES....(1) HH ID #1 YES....(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF NO.... (2) NO......(2) #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD NO.... (2) NO......(2) #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD NO.... (2) NO.... (2) >> 12 #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD >> 12 >> HH ID #1 NON-HH FEMALE >> 12 >> HH ID #2 NON-HH FEMALE >> 12 NON-HH FEMALE MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS MEMBERS MEMBERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 47 F Individual-level apartment/condo details 5/9 Will be administered to each adult household member aged 18 and above 12 With regard to this [APARTMENT/CONDO], are you among the individuals who have the right to use it as collateral, even if you need to obtain consent or permission from someone else? If yes, do you need permission or consent from anyone else? Is there anyone else who has the right to use it as collateral, even if they needed to obtain consent or permission from someone else? With regard to this [APARTMENT/CONDO], who else has the right to use it a collateral, even if they needed to obtain consent or permission from someone else? Does the person need permission or consent? From whom does the person need permission or consent? LIST UP TO 3 MEMBERS FROM HOUSEHOLD ROSTER. RECORD THE NUMBER OF ADULT MALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD WITH THIS RIGHT AS WELL AS THE NUMBER OF ADULT FEMALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD. RESPONDENT HH ROSTER MEMBER #1 HH ROSTER MEMBER #2 Do you Who Who have Anyone else has Anyone else has APARTMENT/CONDO ID right? Permission? From whom? else? right? Permission? From whom? else? right? Permission? From whom? YES....(1) YES......(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF YES....(1) HH ID #1 YES......(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF YES....(1) HH ID #1 YES....(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF NO.... (2) NO......(2) #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD NO.... (2) NO......(2) #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD NO.... (2) NO.... (2) >> 13 #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD >> 13 >> HH ID #1 NON-HH FEMALE >> 13 >> HH ID #2 NON-HH FEMALE >> 13 NON-HH FEMALE MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS MEMBERS MEMBERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 48 F Individual-level apartment/condo details 6/9 Will be administered to each adult household member aged 18 and above 13 With regard to this [APARTMENT/CONDO], are you among the individuals who have the right to rent it out, even if you need to obtain consent or permission from someone else? If yes, do you need permission or consent from anyone else? Is there anyone else who has the right to rent it out, even if they needed to obtain consent or permission from someone else? With regard to this [APARTMENT/CONDO], who else has the right to rent it out, even if they needed to obtain consent or permission from someone else? Does the person need permission or consent? From whom does the person need permission or consent? LIST UP TO 3 MEMBERS FROM HOUSEHOLD ROSTER. RECORD THE NUMBER OF ADULT MALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD WITH THIS RIGHT AS WELL AS THE NUMBER OF ADULT FEMALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD. RESPONDENT HH ROSTER MEMBER #1 HH ROSTER MEMBER #2 Do you Who Who have Anyone else has Anyone else has APARTMENT/CONDO ID right? Permission? From whom? else? right? Permission? From whom? else? right? Permission? From whom? YES....(1) YES......(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF YES....(1) HH ID #1 YES......(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF YES....(1) HH ID #1 YES....(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF NO.... (2) NO......(2) #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD NO.... (2) NO......(2) #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD NO.... (2) NO.... (2) >> 14 #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD >> 14 >> HH ID #1 NON-HH FEMALE >> 14 >> HH ID #2 NON-HH FEMALE >> 14 NON-HH FEMALE MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS MEMBERS MEMBERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 49 F Individual-level apartment/condo details 7/9 Will be administered to each adult household member aged 18 and above 14 With regard to this [APARTMENT/CONDO], are you among the individuals who have the right to make improvements/invest in it, even if you need to obtain consent or permission from someone else? If yes, do you need permission or consent from anyone else? Is there anyone else who has the right to make improvements/invest in it, even if they needed to obtain consent or permission from someone else? With regard to this [APARTMENT/CONDO], who else has the right to make improvements/invest in it, even if they needed to obtain consent or permission from someone else? Does the person need permission or consent? From whom does the person need permission or consent? LIST UP TO 3 MEMBERS FROM HOUSEHOLD ROSTER. RECORD THE NUMBER OF ADULT MALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD WITH THIS RIGHT AS WELL AS THE NUMBER OF ADULT FEMALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD. RESPONDENT HH ROSTER MEMBER #1 HH ROSTER MEMBER #2 Do you Who Who have Anyone else has Anyone else has APARTMENT/CONDO ID right? Permission? From whom? else? right? Permission? From whom? else? right? Permission? From whom? YES....(1) YES......(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF YES....(1) HH ID #1 YES......(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF YES....(1) HH ID #1 YES....(1) HH ID HH ID HH ID # OF 18+ # OF NO.... (2) NO......(2) #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD NO.... (2) NO......(2) #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD NO.... (2) NO.... (2) >> 15 #1 #2 #3 OLD MALE 18+ OLD >> 15 >> HH ID #1 NON-HH FEMALE >> 15 >> HH ID #2 NON-HH FEMALE >> 15 NON-HH FEMALE MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS MEMBERS MEMBERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 50 F Individual-level apartment/condo details 8/9 Will be administered to each adult household member aged 18 and above 15 16 17 18 19 Do individuals sell or rent out any Are you informed regarding the value If this [APARTMENT/CONDO] were to be If this [APARTMENT/CONDO] were to If this [APARTMENT/ CONDO] were to be [APARTMENT/CONDO] in or around of recent (in the last 12 months) sold today, how much could be received be sold today, would you be among the sold today, is anyone else among the this village? [APARTMENT/CONDO] sales/rental for it? individuals to decide how the money individuals to decide how the money transactions? RECORD 97 IF REFUSE TO ANSWER. is used? is used? RECORD 98 IF DO NOT KNOW. YES, INDIVIDUALS RENT/SELL........ (1) ONLY INFORMED OF SALES TRANSACTIONS............ (1) YES.............(1) YES.............(1) YES.............(1) NO TRANSACTIONS........................ (2) >>17 ONLY INFORMED OF RENTAL TRANSACTIONS.........(2) NO.............(2) >> 21 NO.............(2) >> 21 NO.............(2) >> 21 DO NOT KNOW............................. (98) >>17 INFORMED OF BOTH SALES AND RENTAL TRANSACTIONS....................................... (3) NOT INFORMED OF SALES OR RENTAL TRANSACTIONS........................................(4) AMOUNT UNIT RE1 RE2 RE3 RE4 RE5 RE6 LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 51 F Individual-level apartment/condo details 9/9 Will be administered to each adult household member aged 18 and above 20 21 If this [APARTMENT/CONDO] were to be sold today, who would decide how the money is used? Who was present along with the respondent during the individual LIST UP TO 3 MEMBERS FROM HOUSEHOLD ROSTER. RECORD THE NUMBER OF ADULT MALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD WHO WOULD DECIDE interview? AS WELL AS THE NUMBER OF ADULT FEMALES OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD WHO WOULD DECIDE. SEE CODE BELOW (Reasons interview not administered with the respondent(s) alone should be explained in the remarks) RESPONSE CODES: ALONE............................................................................. (1) WITH ADULT FEMALES PRESENT..................................... (2) WITH ADULT MALES PRESENT......................................... (3) WITH ADULTS MIXED SEX PRESENT................................. (4) WITH CHILDREN PRESENT............................................... (5) WITH ADULTS MIXED SEX AND CHILDREN PRESENT......... (6) # OF 18+ OLD MALE # OF 18+ OLD FEMALE HH PID A HH PID B HH PID C HH PID D NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS RE1 RE2 RE3 RE4 RE5 RE6 LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 52 G Individual level livestock ownership 1/2 Will be administered to each adult household member aged 18 and above 1 2 3 4 5 6 CARRIED FORWARD FROM Do you own, exclusively or jointly Are any of these How many [LIVESTOCK] do If you were to sell today REPEAT AGAIN THE HOUSEHOLD ROSTER: with someone else, any of these [LIVESTOCK] owned you own exclusively? these [LIVESTOCK] that NUMBER REPORTED IN NUMBER OF [LIVESTOCK] [LIVESTOCK]? exclusively by you, without VALIDATION: HAS TO BE you exclusively own, how COLUMN 1. CURRENTLY OWNED BY RECORD AN ANSWER FOR EACH any joint owners? LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO much would you receive? Are any of these ANY MEMBER OF THIS TYPE OF LIVESTOCK BEFORE GOING THE NUMBER REPORTED IN ESTIMATE VALUES IN [LIVESTOCK] owned jointly HOUSEHOLD THROUGH THE ENTIRE MODULE. THEN COLUMN 1. COUNTRY CURRENCY. by you and someone else? PROCEED WITH EACH APPLICABLE RECORD 97 IF REFUSE TO READ: JOINT OWNERS ROW, ONE ROW AT A TIME. ANSWER. RECORD 98 IF DO CAN INCLUDE HOUSEHOLD ENABLED IF QUESTION 1 IS GREATER NOT KNOW. OR NON-HOUSEHOLD THAN ZERO AND NOT MISSING. MEMBERS. YES......(1) YES......(1) YES......(1) NO......(2) >> NEXT ITEM NO......(2) >> 7 NO......(2) >> NEXT ITEM LIVESTOCK CODE LIVESTOCK NAME NUMBER NUMBER VALUE 1901 Oxen 1902 Cows 1903 Calves 1904 Buffaloes 1905 Horses, Ponies 1906 Pigs 1907 Goats 1908 Sheep 1909 Chickens 1910 Ducks 1911 Quail 1912 Turkeys 1913 Geese 1914 Bull LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 53 G Individual level livestock ownership 2/2 Will be administered to each adult household member aged 18 and above 7 8 9 10 How many of Who do you jointly own these livestock with? If you were to Who was present along with the respondent during the [LIVESTOCK] do READ: PLEASE LIST ALL INDIVIDUALS THAT JOINTLY OWN ANY OF THE [LIVESTOCK] sell today these individual's interview? you own jointly with WITH YOU [LIVESTOCK] that (Reasons interview not administered with the someone else? you jointly own, how respondent(s) alone should be explained in the remarks) VALIDATION: SUM much would you OF COLUMN 7 receive? AND COLUMN 4 ESTIMATE VALUES IN CANNOT EXCEED COUNTRY CURRENCY. RESPONSE CODES: THE NUMBER RECORD 97 IF REFUSE ALONE........................................................................... (1) REPORTED IN TO ANSWER. RECORD WITH ADULT FEMALES PRESENT................................... (2) COLUMN 1. 98 IF DO NOT KNOW. WITH ADULT MALES PRESENT....................................... (3) WITH ADULTS MIXED SEX PRESENT............................... (4) # OF 18+ OLD MALE # OF 18+ OLD FEMALE WITH CHILDREN PRESENT............................................. (5) LIVESTOCK CODE LIVESTOCK NAME NUMBER HH PID A HH PID B HH PID C NON-HH MEMBERS NON-HH MEMBERS VALUE WITH ADULTS MIXED SEX AND CHILDREN PRESENT........... (6) 1901 Oxen 1902 Cows 1903 Calves 1904 Buffaloes 1905 Horses, Ponies 1906 Pigs 1907 Goats 1908 Sheep 1909 Chickens 1910 Ducks 1911 Quail 1912 Turkeys 1913 Geese 1914 Bull LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 54 H Individual level consumer durables Will be administered to each adult household member aged 18 and above 1 2 3 4 CARRIED FORWARD FROM Do you own, exclusively or jointly How many [CONSUMER If you were to sell this Who was present along with the respondent HOUSEHOLD ROSTER: NUMBER with someone else, any of these DURABLE] do you own? [CONSUMER DURABLE] today, during the individual intervew? OF [CONSUMER DURABLES] [CONSUMER DURABLE]? how much would you receive? SEE CODE BELOW CURRENTLY OWNED BY ANY RECORD AN ANSWER FOR EACH TYPE MEMBER OF THIS HOUSEHOLD (Reasons interview not administered with the OF CONSUMER DURABLE BEFORE respondent(s) alone should be explained in GOING THROUGH THE ENTIRE the remarks) MODULE. THEN PROCEED WITH EACH APPLICABLE ROW, ONE ROW AT A TIME. ENABLED IF QUESTION 1 IS GREATER THAN ZERO AND NOT MISSING. YES...........................(1) YES...........................(1) RESPONSE CODES FOR Q2: NO........................... (2) >> NEXT ITEM NO........................... (2) >> NEXT ITEM ALONE........................................................................... (1) WITH ADULT FEMALES PRESENT................................... (2) WITH ADULT MALES PRESENT....................................... (3) WITH ADULTS MIXED SEX PRESENT............................... (4) WITH CHILDREN PRESENT............................................. (5) WITH ADULTS MIXED SEX AND CHILDREN PRESENT....... (6) ITEM CODE ITEM NAME NUMBER NUMBER CURRENCY 2001 Computer 2002 Bicycle 2003 Motorcycle 2004 Car 2005 Tuk tuk 2006 Boat 2007 Tractor/Koryun LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 55 I Mobile phone ownership Will be administered to each adult household member aged 18 and above 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Do you own any mobile phones, How many Does anyone Who else jointly owns this [MOBILE PHONE] with Does this Do you Can you If you were Who was present along exclusively or jointly with someone mobile phones else jointly you? LIST UP TO 3 FROM THE HOUSEHOLD/2 AND [MOBILE currently access the to sell this with the respondent during else? do you own, own this THE NUMBER OF ADULT (18+ YEARS OLD) NON PHONE] have have enough internet on [MOBILE the individual interview? INSTRUCTION: THIS REFERS TO MOBILE exclusively or mobile HOUSEHOLD MEMBER" a SIM card? airtime to this [MOBILE PHONE] today, SEE CODE BELOW PHONES IN WORKING CONDITION. ABLE jointly, with phone with initiate a PHONE]? how much someone you? call with would you (Reasons interview not TO BE CHARGED TO INITIATE AT LEAST administered with the ONE CALL. else? this [MOBILE receive? PHONE]? respondent(s) alone should be explained in the remarks) YES......................................(1) YES......(1) YES......(1) YES......(1) YES......(1) RESPONSE CODES: NO......................................(2) >> NEXT MODULE NO......(2) >> 5 NO......(2) >> 7 NO......(2) NO......(2) ALONE.................................... (1) REFUSES TO RESPOND...... (97) >> NEXT MODULE DK.... (98) WITH ADULT FEMALES PRESENT............................... (2) WITH ADULT MALES PRESENT............................... (3) WITH ADULTS MIXED SEX PRESENT............................... (4) WITH CHILDREN PRESENT...... (5) ASSET CODE WITH ADULTS MIXED SEX AND CHILDREN PRESENT........ (6) # OF # OF 18+ 18+ OLD OLD MALE FEMALE HH HH HH NON-HH NON-HH NUMBER ID#1 ID#2 ID#3 MEMBERS MEMBERS CURRENCY 1 2 LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 56 J Financial assets 1/3 Will be administered to each adult hh members aged 18 and above 1 2 Do you own [FINANCIAL ASSET], exclusively or jointly with someone How many of each [FINANCIAL ASSET], do you own, exclusively or else? READ ALL CATEGORIES jointly, with someone else? YES......................................(1) NO......................................(2) >> NEXT ITEM REFUSES TO RESPOND........(3) >> NEXT ITEM ASSET CODE ASSET NAME NUMBER 1 CURRENT ACCOUNT 2 SAVINGS ACCOUNT 3 FIXED ACCOUNT 4 INFORMAL SAVINGS PROGRAM/CLUB (VSLA) 96 OTHER (SPECIFY) LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 57 J Financial assets 2/3 Will be administered to each adult hh members aged 18 and above 3 4 5 6 7 List code of [FINANCIAL ASSET] Does anyone else jointly own Who else jointly owns [FINANCIAL ASSET] with you? Is your name on the account for Is there anyone else whose owned by respondent [FINANCIAL ASSET] with you? LIST UP TO 3 FROM THE HOUSEHOLD/ FOR NON this [FINANCIAL ASSET]? name is on the account for this HOUSEHOLD MEMER CASE WRITE THE NUMBER OF [FINANCIAL ASSET] with you? ADULT (18+ YEARS OLD) CURRENT.............................. (1) YES......(1) YES......(1) YES......(1) SAVINGS...............................(2) NO......(2) >> Q6 NO......(2) >> Q9 NO......(2) >> Q9 FIXED................................... (3) INFORMAL SAVINGS PROGRAM/CLUB....................(4) OTHER FINANCIAL ASSETS (SPECIFY)...............(96) #18+ #18+ NAME OF male female FINANCIAL HH ID HH ID HH ID non HH- non HH- ASSET NO INSTITUTION #1 #2 #3 member member FA1 FA2 FA3 FA4 FA9 LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 58 J Financial assets 3/3 Will be administered to each adult hh members aged 18 and above 8 9 10 11 12 13 Whose names are on the ownership documents for [FINANCIAL ASSET]? What is the Are there any Are you the only Which household member CODE FOR ABILITY FOR RESPONDENT TO BE LIST UP TO 3 FROM THE HOUSEHOLD/ FOR NON HOUSEHOLD MEMER CASE current value household members member of your above the age of 18 INTERVIEWED ALONE: WRITE THE NUMBER OF ADULT (18+ YEARS OLD) [FINANCIAL above the age of 18 household above the does not know about (Reasons module not administered with the ASSET]? that do not know age of 18 that knows your ownership of this respondent(s) alone should be explained in RECORD 97 about your ownership about your ownership [FINANCIAL ASSET]? the remarks) IF REFUSE TO of this [FINANCIAL of this [FINANCIAL LIST UP TO THREE FROM ANSWER. RECORD ASSET]? ASSET]? HOUSEHOLD ROSTER. 98 IF DO NOT KNOW. YES......(1) YES..... (1) >> NEXT ROW RESPONSE CODES: NO......(2) >> NEXT ROW NO......(2) ALONE......................................................................(1) WITH ADULT FEMALES PRESENT.............................. (2) WITH ADULT MALES PRESENT.................................. (3) WITH ADULTS MIXED SEX PRESENT.......................... (4) WITH CHILDREN PRESENT........................................ (5) WITH ADULTS MIXED SEX AND CHILDREN PRESENT.... (6) HH ID HH ID HH ID #18+ male non #18+ female HH ID HH ID HH ID ASSET NO #1 #2 #3 HH-member non HH-member CURRENCY #1 #2 #3 FA1 FA2 FA3 FA4 FA9 LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality / Individual-level interview 59 Annex II Enumerator manual for asset modules + + Household-level Individual-level interview interview Section A Section E Livestock ownership at the household-level Land ownership at the individual-level Section B Section F Apartment/condo ownership at the Apartment/condo ownership at the household-level individual-level Section C Section G Livestock ownership at the household-level Livestock ownership at the individual-level Section D Section H Consumer durables ownership at the Durables and valuables ownership at the household-level individual-level Section I Mobile phones Section J Financial assets LSMS+ Program. Overview and recommendations for improving individual-disaggregated data on asset ownership and labor outcomes 60 Annex II Enumerator manual for asset modules Household-level interview LSMS+ Program / ANNEX II Enumerator manual for asset modules 61 Section A Land ownership at the household-level Respondent: The respondent identification is the identity of the person responding for the respective parcel, recorded from the household roster. The respondent should be the most knowledgeable household member for each parcel. Therefore, the respondent may differ for each parcel. The optimal respondent should be identified through a discussion amongst the enumerator and all adult members of the household (or as many as possible) prior to beginning the module. During this meeting, the roster of parcels should be completed and the optimal respondent identified for each. Definition: A parcel is any piece of land, of one land tenure type, entirely surrounded by other land, water, road, forest or other features not forming part of the holding or forming part of the holding under a different land tenure type. Q1 This is the screening question to determine whether any member of the household uses, owns, or has use rights to any parcel, either exclusively or jointly with someone else. Apartment/condos are units in buildings that are not associated with any parcel. Q2 The roster of parcels should contain all parcels for which any household member(s) holds use rights or owns at the time of the interview. The first parcel listed should be the parcel on which the household resides. The parcel name must be unique to each parcel, as it will be used to refer to the specific parcel throughout the remainder of the module. And in the individual-level land module each adult in the household must be able to clearly understand the parcel under discussion. Q3 Identify if the dwelling lies on this parcel. Q4 Here we are trying to get at the legal tenure status of the parcel, as reflected in the official categorization by the Government. These categories regulate formal property rights. It may be necessary to read the responses to the respondent in order for them to understand. Q5 This identifies how the household acquired the parcel of land. Q6-8 These questions pertain to the use of the land. In some cases, such as when land is rented out, the actual use may not be known, hence the inclusion of the “Don’t Know” response. However, wherever possible, the actual use of the land should be recorded. Q10 Ask the respondent to estimate the area of the agricultural parcel. Record the response in the unit that they provide to you. LSMS+ Program / ANNEX II Enumerator manual for asset modules 62 Section B Apartment/condo ownership at the household-level Respondent: The respondent identification is the identity of the person responding for the respective apartment/condo, recorded from the household roster. Q1 This is the screening question to determine whether any member of the household owns any apartment/condo, either exclusively or jointly with someone else. Apartment/ condos are units in buildings that are not associated with any parcel. Q3 This identifies if the apartment/condo is located in an urban or rural area. Q4 Ask the respondent what the apartment/condo is used for. Do not read out the codes for use of real estate but allow the respondent to answer this question and code the response appropriately. Section C Livestock ownership at the household-level Respondent: The respondent should be the most knowledgeable household member regarding livestock owned by the household. The optimal respondent should be identified through a discussion amongst the enumerator and all adult members of the household (or as many as possible) prior to beginning the module. Q1 This is the screening question to determine whether any member of the household owns any livestock, either exclusively or jointly with someone else. Note that someone may own livestock that is not kept on the premises; the livestock may be in another location in the care of a caretaker. All livestock present at the farm or away should be counted. Also note that livestock does not include pets. Ask Q1 for all categories of livestock listed before proceeding to the remaining questions in the module. If nobody in the household owns any of the categories of livestock listed, skip to section D. Q2 Record the total number of animals of each category of livestock owned by any member of the household. Again, this includes all livestock present at the farm or away. Section D Consumer durables ownership at the household-level Q1 This is the screening question to determine whether any member of the household owns any consumer durables, either exclusively or jointly with someone else. Q2 Record the total number of items of each category of durable owned by any member of the household. LSMS+ Program / ANNEX II Enumerator manual for asset modules 63 Annex II Enumerator manual for asset modules Individual-level interview Respondent: The remaining modules are administered separately and alone to all adults in the household 18+ years and above (including household heads and spouses that are less than 18 years of age). Some of the questions are sensitive and we must make sure respondents feel comfortable responding honestly especially to questions on ownership and rights. Enumerator: Male enumerators will interview male respondents and female enumerators will interview female respondents. Interview Setting: Present questions in such a way that the respondents feel comfortable sharing any hidden assets (do not sure hidden assets terminology) DO NOT SHARE INFORMATION FROM THESE CONFIDENTIAL INTERVIEWS WITH OTHER HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS OR NON-HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS. The last question of each section asks the enumerator to enter the appropriate code for the ability of the respondent to be interviewed alone (without other household or non-household members present). Although the module should be administered while the respondent is alone, please answer this question truthfully in case it was not possible to administer in private. Logistical Considerations: Approaching communities & respondents: clearly communicating objective of the survey. Scheduling interviews: Enumerators must strategically plan the best timing for scheduling interviews with all adults in every household. After the selection of the LSMS+ households they should identify the number of eligible adults in each household and the gender composition to determine workload. Individual interviews should not all be saved for the last day in the EA, but should be conducted throughout the days in the EA. Administration of questionnaire in CAPI: CAPI will feed forward the parcel, apartment, livestock, and durables rosters built at the household-level to the individual-level modules. LSMS+ Program / ANNEX II Enumerator manual for asset modules 64 Section E Land ownership at the individual-level All parcels rostered in Section A are fed forward to each individual interview in Section E. The parcel name, use, and acquisition status are intended to assist each respondent in identifying the parcel of land under discussion. Q1 This is the screening question to determine whether the respondent uses, owns, or holds use rights to each of the parcels, either exclusively or jointly with someone else. The enumerator asks the respondent specifically “do you use, own…” for each parcel owned by the household. The module must be administered one parcel at a time. Q2-4 Reported Ownership This is the screening question to determine whether the respondent owns each of the parcels, either exclusively or jointly with someone else. If the answer to Q2 if “yes” and they record that it is jointly owned in Q3, then record up to 3 additional household members as joint owners and the number of outside males and number of outside females. We will be asking additional information about ownership, so the owner in this question is not necessarily the person who is listed on the title as the owner. We want the person or people within the household and outside the household who claim ownership. Q5-6 Documented Ownership We are asking whether there is an ownership document for the parcel of land and what type of document it is. It may or may not have the name of someone in the household on it. Q10 Indicate whether the respondent was able to produce the ownership document for confirmation purposes by entering the appropriate code. It is critical that the enumerator does their best to view the document, but also must respond truthfully. Q11 Right to sell First identify if the respondent has the right to sell the parcel even if he or she needs to obtain the consent or permission of someone else. If the respondent does not have the right, skip to the next question. Then enter ‘1’ if this person needs the permission or consent of someone else to sell the dwelling and plot of land or ‘2’ if the person does not need permission/consent. If ‘1’, enter the ID code(s) of the person(s) from whom permission/consent is needed. Record up to 3 additional household members with the right. The number of outside males with this right and the number of outside of the household females with this right are also listed. The individual providing permission/consent to the respondent to exercise a particular right is the individual that has the final say/veto power in whether that particular right (e.g. selling a parcel) can be exercised by another individual. The individual seeking permission/consent from another individual to exercise a particular right is the individual that CANNOT act on his/her own AND that needs to receive authorization from another individual to exercise a particular right. One individual member simply informing another individual of his/her plans to sell, rent out, use as collateral or make improvements in a parcel is NOT the same as seeking permission! Q12 Right to bequeath When an owner(s) bequeaths an asset, it means that he/she has the de facto ability to transfer rights to the parcel either in life or in death. See further instructions in Q11. Q13 Right to Use as Collateral When an owner(s) uses an asset as collateral, it means that he/she provides the asset as a security/guarantee for obtaining loans or other obligations. See further instructions in Q11. LSMS+ Program / ANNEX II Enumerator manual for asset modules 65 Q14 Right to Rent Out When the owner(s) rents out an asset, it means that he/she bestows the use rights of the asset onto another person(s) for a specific period of time, in return for cash or in-kind benefits. See further instructions in Q11. Q15 Right to Make Improvements/Invest See further instructions in Q11. Q17-19 Decision-maker(s) for plots Ask the respondent if they are among the decisionmakers for any of the plots located on the parcel about the timing of crop activities, crop choice and input use. First identify if the respondent would be among those deciding about the timing of crop activities, crop choice and input use on any part of the parcel and, if so, they should list up to 3 additional household roster IDs and the number of outside males and the number of outside of the household females that would also be among the decisionmakers. Q20-21 Real estate market Ask whether land owners sell or rent out dwellings in and around the community and if the respondent is informed regarding the value of recent sales of dwellings or rental transactions. Enter the appropriate code. Q22 Value of parcel Ask the respondent to estimate in the country’s currency how much could be received for the parcel if it were to be sold today. The estimate should be based on the location and condition of their particular parcel. If he/she can’t estimate this, enter “dk” (“does not know”). Q23-25 Economic Ownership Ask the respondent, if the parcel were to be sold today, would they be among the decisionmakers on how the money would be used. Note that this question is hypothetical so the respondent should answer even if there are no plans to sell the parcel. First identify if the respondent would be among those deciding on how to use money from the sale of the parcel and, if so, they should list up to 3 additional household roster IDs and the number of outside males and the number of outside of the household females that would also be among the decisionmakers. Q26 This last question of each section identifies the likelihood of the respondent involuntarily losing ownership/use rights to the parcel in the next five years. Responses are made on a scale from 1 to 5, with 1 being not at all likely and 5 being extremely likely. Responses should be specific to the respondent’s individual rights to the parcel, not the household’s rights. Section F Apartment/condo ownership at the individual-level All apartments/condos rostered in Section B are fed forward to each individual interview in Section F. Q10-14 See section E questions 11-15. Q15-17 See section E questions 20-22. Q17 Ask the respondent to estimate in the country’s currency how much it would cost to construct this type of apartment/condo today. Q18-20 See section E questions 23-25. LSMS+ Program / ANNEX II Enumerator manual for asset modules 66 Section G Livestock ownership at the individual-level Q1 These responses are carried over from Section C Question 1, Number of Livestock owned by any member of the household. It will be used as a reference point for the remaining questions in the section. Q2 This is the screening question to determine whether the respondent owns any livestock, either exclusively or jointly with someone else. The enumerator must read the categories of animals listed and reference the total number of animals owned by the household. The enumerator asks the respondent specifically “do you own…” any of the livestock type owned by the household. THIS QUESTION WILL BE ENABLED IF THE RESPONSE IN QUESTION 2 IS GREATER THAN ZERO AND NOT MISSING. Q3 The remainder of the module is broken down by ownership type – individually owned versus jointly owned. In question 3, the respondent is asked “Are any of the livestock owned exclusively …” as reported in question 1. Q4 This question is asked if the respondent reported “yes” in question 3 that they exclusively own any livestock of a particular type. In this question they record the total livestock that they exclusively own. This number must be less than or equal to the total number of livestock owned by the household reported in question 1. Q5 Ask the respondent to estimate in the country’s currency how much they would receive if they were to sell all livestock exclusively owned by the respondent. This is the value across the total number of animals recorded in question 3. Q6 The remainder of the questions in the module ask about livestock jointly owned by the respondent. In question 7, the respondent is asked “Are any of these livestock jointly owned, with someone else…” any of the livestock owned by the household as reported in question 1. Joint ownership refers to other owners both inside and outside of the household. THIS QUESTION WILL BE ENABLED IF THE RESPONSE IN QUESTION 1 IS GREATER THAN ZERO AND NOT MISSING. Q7 This question is asked if the respondent reported “yes” in question 6 that they jointly own with anyone else any livestock. In this question they record the total livestock that they jointly own with anyone else. This number must be less than or equal to the total number of livestock owned by the household reported in question 1. Q8 Ask the respondent who else both inside and outside of the household owns the livestock with them. Record the ID codes of the household members that jointly own this livestock with the respondent and record the number of male and female outside household members that jointly own the livestock separately. This should be joint owners for any of the animals among this livestock type. Q9 Ask the respondent to estimate in the country’s currency how much they would receive if they were to sell all livestock jointly owned by the respondent. LSMS+ Program / ANNEX II Enumerator manual for asset modules 67 Section H Durables ownership at the individual-level The first column for consumer durables is the responses carried over from Section D Question 2, Number of Durables owned by any member of the household. It will be used as a reference point for the remaining questions in the section. Q1 This is the screening question to determine whether the respondent owns any durables, either exclusively or jointly with someone else. The enumerator must read the categories of durables listed and reference the total number of animals owned by the household. The enumerator asks the respondent specifically “do you own…” any of the durable type owned by the household. THIS QUESTION WILL BE ENABLED IF THE RESPONSE IN QUESTION 2 IS GREATER THAN ZERO AND NOT MISSING. Ask the respondent to estimate in Cambodian Riels how much could be received for all of the items they own in each category of durables or valuables if they were to be sold today. This is a sensitive question so approach the question with care. Q2 Record the number of each type of consumer durable or valuable that the respondent owns, either exclusively or jointly with someone else. Q3 Ask the respondent to estimate in the country’s currency how much could be received for all of the items they own in each category of durables or valuables if they were to be sold today. This is a sensitive question so approach the question with care. Section I Mobile phones Q1 Ownership of Mobile Phones This is the screening question to determine whether the respondent owns any mobile phone, either exclusively or jointly with someone else. This refers to mobile phones in working condition, meaning able to be charged to initiate at least one call. Q2 Record the number of mobile phones that the respondent owns, either exclusively or jointly with someone else. The remainder of the module is administered at the phone level. There is one row for each mobile. Q7 Ask the respondent if they can access the internet on this mobile phone. This question is trying to assess the quality of the phone. Q8 Ask the respondent to estimate in the country’s currency how much could be received for the mobile phone if it were to be sold today. LSMS+ Program / ANNEX II Enumerator manual for asset modules 68 Section F Financial assets Q1 Ownership of financial assets This is the screening question to determine whether the respondent owns a financial asset, either exclusively or jointly with someone else. The enumerator must read the categories of financial assets listed. Ask Q1 for all categories of financial assets listed before proceeding to the next question in the module. If the household member does not own any of the categories of financial assets listed, or the respondent doesn’t know or refuses to respond, skip to the next individual-level module. Even if the respondent’s name is not officially on the account, but they consider themselves an owner, they should record “yes”. The remainder of the module is administered at the account level. Name of Financial Institution. Record the name of the financial institution on each row so that the combination of the name and financial asset code in Q3 uniquely identify each account. Q3 Financial assets codes Enter the codes of financial assets that were identified as being by the respondent in Q1. If 2 or more of the same financial asset are owned (for example, if two bank accounts are owned within the household), enter the code for each asset within the category (for example, for each bank account). Q4-5 These questions refer to reported ownership. Q6-8 These questions refer to documented ownership and whose names are on the account. Q9 Value of financial asset Ask the respondent to estimate in the country’s currency the current value of the account. This is a sensitive question so approach the question with care. Q10 Knowledge of financial asset Ask the respondent whether there is anyone in his/ her household above the age of 18 who does not know about the financial asset the respondent owns, either solely or jointly with another person(s). If ‘no’, skip to the next financial asset or Q13 if there are no other financial assets owned by a member of the household. Q11 Sole knowledge of financial asset Ask the respondent whether he or she is the only household member above the age of 18 who knows about the financial asset he or she owns. If ‘yes”, skip to the next financial asset or to Question 13 if there are no other financial assets owned by a member of the household. Q12 ID of person(s) who do not know about financial asset Enter the household roster ID(s) of the person(s) above the age of 18 who do not know about the respondent’s financial asset. Up to 3 IDs can be listed. LSMS+ Program / ANNEX II Enumerator manual for asset modules 69 Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality LSMS+ Program. Overview and recommendations for improving individual-disaggregated data on asset ownership and labor outcomes 70 Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality Sample tables Table 1 Distribution of households Table 2 Households with individual interviews Table 3 % respondent answered for him/herself Table 4 Financial accounts incidence Table 5 Mobile phone incidence Table 6 Household parcel incidence LSMS+ Program / ANNEX I Sample questionnaire modules 71 Table 1a Distribution of households According to # of adults interviewed Parcel module Total % Households interviewed All eligible adults interviewed 4 Adults 3 Adults 2 Adults 1 Adults Subset of eligible adults interviewed 3 Out of 4 2 Out of 4 1 Out of 4 2 Out of 3 1 Out of 3 1 Out of 2 0 Out of 4 0 Out of 3 0 Out of 2 0 Out of 1 Average # of adults interviewed LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality 72 Table 1b Distribution of households According to # of adults interviewed Financial assets module Total % Households interviewed All eligible adults interviewed 4 Adults 3 Adults 2 Adults 1 Adults Subset of eligible adults interviewed 3 Out of 4 2 Out of 4 1 Out of 4 2 Out of 3 1 Out of 3 1 Out of 2 0 Out of 4 0 Out of 3 0 Out of 2 0 Out of 1 Average # of adults interviewed LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality 73 Table 1c Distribution of households According to # of adults interviewed Mobile phones module Households interviewed All eligible adults interviewed 4 Adults 3 Adults 2 Adults 1 Adults Subset of eligible adults interviewed 3 Out of 4 2 Out of 4 1 Out of 4 2 Out of 3 1 Out of 3 1 Out of 2 0 Out of 4 0 Out of 3 0 Out of 2 0 Out of 1 Average # of adults interviewed LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality 74 Table 2 Households with individual interviews Total households With any individual-level Among households Interviewed w/ a couple Both members of couple interview interviewed Any More than 1 Interview LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality 75 Table 3 % Respondent answered for him/herself Module Education Health Labor All Male Female LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality 76 Table 4 Financial accounts incidence Asset type Mean per household Mean per eligible individual Checking account Savings account Microfinance account Informal savings account Other (specify) Own any type of financial account LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality 77 Table 5 Mobile phone incidence Mean mobile phones per household* Proportion of eligible individuals with at least one mobile phone Proportion of households with at least one mobile phone * possible double counting if own jointly LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality 78 Table 6 Household parcels incidence Mean plots per household Proportion of eligible individuals owning at least 1 parcel of land Proportion of households owning at least 1 parcel of land LSMS+ Program / Annex III Descriptive tables for monitoring data quality 79 Acknowledgments This work was made possible by funding from the Umbrella From Ethiopia, we would like to thank (i) the Central Statistics Facility for Gender Equality Trust Fund, the World Bank Trust Fund Agency (CSA) Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) management for Statistical Capacity Building, and the International Fund for team members: Biratu Yigezu, Tesfaye Kebede Amare, and Agricultural Development. Habekiristos Beyene Haile, (ii) the CSA ESS 2018/19 field staff, and (iii) the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) The authors would like to thank Caren Grown, Kathleen Beegle, team members: Alemayehu Ambel, Asmelash Haile Tsegay, and Calogero Carletto for their valuable inputs into the design and Manex Bule Yonis, Wondu Yemanebirhan Kassa, and implementation of Living Standards Measurement Study – Plus Seblewangel Ayalew Woreta. (LSMS+) program activities. We are grateful to Amparo Palacios-Lopez, Isis Gaddis, and From Malawi, we would like to thank (i) the Malawi National Sydney Gourlay for their inputs into the design of the questionnaires Statistical Office (NSO) Integrated Household Survey (IHS) for the surveys that have been supported by the LSMS+ program management team members: Mercy Kanyuka, Jameson Ndawala, over the period 2016-2020. Lizzie Chikoti, Bright Mvula, Lameck Million, Imran Chiosa, Twikaleghe Mwalwanda, Sautso Wachepa, Glory Mshali, We would like to thank (i) Prospere R. Backiny-Yetna, Dama Kaipa, Charles Chakanza, Charles Mbewe, Steve Pakundikana Kathleen Beegle, Caren Grown, Isis Gaddis, and Clara Delavallade and Henderson Chilenje, (ii) the NSO Integrated Household for their comments on the earlier version of this report, Panel Survey (IHPS) 2016 field staff, and (iii) the World LSMS team (ii) Pietro Bartoleschi and Cristina Vitelli for creating the visual members: Wilbert Vundru Drazi, Fiona Nattembo, and John Ilukor. identity of this report and transitioning the content into the publication template, (iii) Ilaria Lanzoni and Giulia Altomare for their From Tanzania we would like to thank (i) the Tanzania National support throughout the publication process, and (iv) Sile O’Broin for Bureau of Statistics (NBS) National Panel Survey (NPS) management her editorial review of the earlier version of this report. team that is led by Mlemba Abassy, (ii) the NBS NPS 2019/20 field staff, and (iii) the World Bank LSMS team members: Our heartfelt thanks and gratitude are due to the survey Jonathan G. Kastelic, Harriet Kasidi Mugera, and Darcey Johnson. management and field staff at the partner National Statistical Offices (NSO) that have been supported by the LSMS+, along with the World Photo credits go to Valentina Costa of World Bank (for Malawi), Bank staff members that contributed to each country program. Nathan Dappen of Day’s Edge Productions (for Cambodia), Talip Kilic and Heather Moylan oversaw the provision of the Midas Touch Communication PLC (for Ethiopia), and World Bank technical assistance to each NSO on the design and Khalfan Mlulu (for Tanzania). implementation of the survey supported by the LSMS+ program. From Cambodia, we would like to thank (i) the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) Cambodia LSMS+ Survey management team members: H.E. Khin Song, Chinda Phan, Vanndy Nor, Kim Net, Mao Po, Tonnere So, Mao Chhem, Ly Sophanith, Khieu Khemarin, Tep Sakmakara, and Khoem Socheat, (ii) the NIS Cambodia LSMS+ Survey field staff, and (iii) the World Bank staff members: Kimsun Tong and Phay Sokcheng. 80 Living Standards Measurement Study – Plus (LSMS+) www.worldbank.org/lsmsplus II LSMS+ Program. Overview and recommendations for improving individual-disaggregated data on asset ownership and labor outcomes