92037 Doing Business 2015 Honduras Economy Profile 2015 Honduras Doing Business 2015 Honduras 2 © 2014 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 17 16 15 14 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 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Doing Business 2015 Honduras 3 CONTENTS Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 4 The business environment .......................................................................................................... 6 Starting a business ..................................................................................................................... 16 Dealing with construction permits ........................................................................................... 24 Getting electricity ....................................................................................................................... 33 Registering property .................................................................................................................. 40 Getting credit .............................................................................................................................. 45 Protecting minority investors ................................................................................................... 52 Paying taxes ................................................................................................................................ 60 Trading across borders .............................................................................................................. 65 Enforcing contracts .................................................................................................................... 70 Resolving insolvency .................................................................................................................. 78 Labor market regulation ........................................................................................................... 81 Distance to frontier and ease of doing business ranking ...................................................... 89 Resources on the Doing Business website .............................................................................. 92 Doing Business 2015 Honduras 4 INTRODUCTION Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is 1, 2014 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to cover the period January–December 2013). medium-size business when complying with relevant The Doing Business methodology has limitations. Other regulations. It measures and tracks changes in areas important to business—such as an economy’s regulations affecting 11 areas in the life cycle of a proximity to large markets, the quality of its business: starting a business, dealing with construction infrastructure services (other than those related to permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting trading across borders and getting electricity), the credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, security of property from theft and looting, the trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving transparency of government procurement, insolvency and labor market regulation. macroeconomic conditions or the underlying strength of In a series of annual reports Doing Business presents institutions—are not directly studied by Doing Business. quantitative indicators on business regulations and the The indicators refer to a specific type of business, protection of property rights that can be compared generally a local limited liability company operating in across 189 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, the largest business city. Because standard assumptions over time. The data set covers 47 economies in Sub- are used in the data collection, comparisons and Saharan Africa, 32 in Latin America and the Caribbean, 25 benchmarks are valid across economies. The data not in East Asia and the Pacific, 26 in Eastern Europe and only highlight the extent of obstacles to doing business; Central Asia, 20 in the Middle East and North Africa and they also help identify the source of those obstacles, 8 in South Asia, as well as 31 OECD high-income supporting policy makers in designing regulatory reform. economies. The indicators are used to analyze economic More information is available in the full report. Doing outcomes and identify what reforms have worked, where Business 2015 presents the indicators, analyzes their and why. relationship with economic outcomes and presents This economy profile presents the Doing Business business regulatory reforms. The data, along with indicators for Honduras. To allow useful comparison, it information on ordering Doing Business 2015, are also provides data for other selected economies available on the Doing Business website at (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in http://www.doingbusiness.org. this report are current as of June Doing Business 2015 Honduras 5 CHANGES IN DOING BUSINESS 2015 As part of a 2-year update in methodology, Doing Finally, the name of the employing workers indicator set Business 2015 incorporates 7 important changes. First, has been changed to labor market regulation, and the the ease of doing business ranking as well as all topic- scope of this indicator set has also been changed. The level rankings are now computed on the basis of indicators now focus on labor market regulation distance to frontier scores (see the chapter on the applying to the retail sector rather than the distance to frontier and ease of doing business ranking). manufacturing sector, and their coverage has been Second, for the 11 economies with a population of more expanded to include regulations on labor disputes and than 100 million, data for a second city have been added on benefits provided to workers. The labor market to the data set and the ranking calculation. These regulation indicators continue to be excluded from the economies are Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, aggregate distance to frontier score and ranking on the Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Russian ease of doing business. Federation and the United States. Third, for getting Beyond these changes there are 3 other updates in credit, the methodology has been revised for both the methodology. For paying taxes, the financial statement strength of legal rights index and the depth of credit variables have been updated to be proportional to 2012 information index. The number of points has been income per capita; previously they were proportional to increased in both indices, from 10 to 12 for the strength 2005 income per capita. For enforcing contracts, the of legal rights index and from 6 to 8 for the depth of value of the claim is now set at twice the income per credit information index. In addition, only credit bureaus capita or $5,000, whichever is greater. For dealing with and registries that cover at least 5% of the adult construction permits, the cost of construction is now set population can receive a score on the depth of credit at 50 times income per capita (before, the cost was information index. assessed by the Doing Business respondents). In addition, Fourth, the name of the protecting investors indicator set this indicator set no longer includes the procedures for has been changed to protecting minority investors to obtaining a landline telephone connection. better reflect its scope—and the scope of the indicator For more details on the changes, see the “What is set has been expanded to include shareholders’ rights in changing in Doing Business?” chapter starting on page corporate governance beyond related-party transactions. 24 of the Doing Business 2015 report. For more details Fifth, the resolving insolvency indicator set has been on the data and methodology, please see the “Data expanded to include an index measuring the strength of Notes” chapter starting on page 114 of the Doing the legal framework for insolvency. Sixth, the calculation Business 2015 report. For more details on the distance to of the distance to frontier score for paying taxes has frontier metric, please see the “Distance to frontier and been changed. The total tax rate component now enters ease of doing business ranking” chapter in this profile. the score in a nonlinear fashion, in an approach different from that used for all other indicators (see the chapter on the distance to frontier and ease of doing business ranking). Doing Business 2015 Honduras 6 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT For policy makers trying to improve their economy’s regulatory environment for business, a good place to start ECONOMY OVERVIEW is to find out how it compares with the regulatory environment in other economies. Doing Business provides an aggregate ranking on the ease of doing business Region: Latin America & Caribbean based on indicator sets that measure and benchmark regulations applying to domestic small to medium-size Income category: Lower middle income businesses through their life cycle. Economies are ranked from 1 to 189 by the ease of doing business ranking. This Population: 8,097,688 year's report presents results for 2 aggregate measures: the distance to frontier score and the ease of doing GNI per capita (US$): 2,180 business ranking. The ranking of economies is determined by sorting the aggregate distance to frontier (DTF) scores. DB2015 rank: 104 The distance to frontier score benchmarks economies with respect to regulatory practice, showing the absolute DB2014 rank: 100* distance to the best performance in each Doing Business Change in rank: -4 indicator. An economy’s distance to frontier score is indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the DB 2015 DTF: 60.6 worst performance and 100 the frontier. (See the chapter on the distance to frontier and ease of doing business). DB 2014 DTF: 60.8 The 10 topics included in the ranking in Doing Business 2015: starting a business, dealing with construction Change in DTF: -0.2 permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading * DB2014 ranking shown is not last year’s published across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving ranking but a comparable ranking for DB2014 that insolvency. The labor market regulation indicators captures the effects of such factors as data (formerly employing workers) are not included in this corrections and the changes in methodology. See year’s aggregate ease of doing business ranking, but the the data notes starting on page 114 of the Doing data are presented in this year’s economy profile. Business 2015 report for sources and definitions. The aggregate ranking on the ease of doing business benchmarks each economy’s performance on the indicators against that of all other economies in the Doing Business sample (figure 1.1). While this ranking tells much about the business environment in an economy, it does not tell the whole story. The ranking on the ease of doing business, and the underlying indicators, do not measure all aspects of the business environment that matter to firms and investors or that affect the competitiveness of the economy. Still, a high ranking does mean that the government has created a regulatory environment conducive to operating a business. Doing Business 2015 Honduras THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Figure 1.1 Where economies stand in the global ranking on the ease of doing business Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT For policy makers, knowing where their economy regional average (figure 1.2). The economy’s rankings stands in the aggregate ranking on the ease of doing (figure 1.3) and distance to frontier scores (figure 1.4) business is useful. Also useful is to know how it ranks on the topics included in the ease of doing business relative to comparator economies and relative to the ranking provide another perspective. Figure 1.2 How Honduras and comparator economies rank on the ease of doing business Note: The rankings are benchmarked to June 2014 and based on the average of each economy’s distance to frontier (DTF) scores for the 10 topics included in this year’s aggregate ranking. The distance to frontier score benchmarks economies with respect to regulatory practice, showing the absolute distance to the best performance in each Doing Business indicator. An economy’s distance to frontier score is indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst performance and 100 the frontier. For the economies for which the data cover 2 cities, scores are a population-weighted average for the 2 cities. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 9 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Figure 1.3 Rankings on Doing Business topics - Honduras (Scale: Rank 189 center, Rank 1 outer edge) Figure 1.4 Distance to frontier scores on Doing Business topics - Honduras (Scale: Score 0 center, Score 100 outer edge) Note: The rankings are benchmarked to June 2014 and based on the average of each economy’s distance to frontier (DTF) scores for the 10 topics included in this year’s aggregate ranking. The distance to frontier score benchmarks economies with respect to regulatory practice, showing the absolute distance to the best performance in each Doing Business indicator. An economy’s distance to frontier score is indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst performance and 100 the frontier. For the economies for which the data cover 2 cities, scores are a population-weighted average for the 2 cities. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 10 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Just as the overall ranking on the ease of doing business tells Doing Business introduced the distance to frontier score. This only part of the story, so do changes in that ranking. Yearly measure shows how far on average an economy is from the movements in rankings can provide some indication of best performance achieved by any economy on each Doing changes in an economy’s regulatory environment for firms, Business indicator. but they are always relative. Comparing the measure for an economy at 2 points in time Moreover, year-to-year changes in the overall rankings do allows users to assess how much the economy’s regulatory not reflect how the business regulatory environment in an environment as measured by Doing Business has changed economy has changed over time—or how it has changed in over time—how far it has moved toward (or away from) the different areas. To aid in assessing such changes, most efficient practices and strongest regulations in areas covered by Doing Business (figure 1.5). Figure 1.5 How far has Honduras come in the areas measured by Doing Business? Note: The distance to frontier score shows how far on average an economy is from the best performance achieved by any economy on each Doing Business indicator since 2010, except for getting credit, paying taxes, protecting minority investors and resolving insolvency which had methodology changes in 2014 and thus are only comparable to 2013. The measure is normalized to range between 0 and 100, with 100 representing the best performance (the frontier). See the data notes starting on page 114 of the Doing Business 2015 report for more details on the distance to frontier score. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 11 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT The absolute values of the indicators tell another part of regulation—such as a regulatory process that can be the story (table 1.1). The indicators, on their own or in completed with a small number of procedures in a few comparison with the indicators of a good practice days and at a low cost. Comparison of the economy’s economy or those of comparator economies in the indicators today with those in the previous year may region, may reveal bottlenecks reflected in large numbers show where substantial bottlenecks persist—and where of procedures, long delays or high costs. Or they may they are diminishing. reveal unexpected strengths in an area of business Table 1.1 Summary of Doing Business indicators for Honduras Best performer globally El Salvador DB2015 Guatemala DB2015 Costa Rica DB2015 Nicaragua DB2015 Honduras DB2015 Honduras DB2014 Colombia DB2015 Mexico DB2015 Indicator DB2015 Starting a Business 138 129 84 118 121 98 67 120 New Zealand (1) (rank) Starting a Business (DTF 74.84 74.75 86.13 80.90 79.87 83.72 88.85 80.27 New Zealand (99.96) Score) Procedures (number) 12.0 12.0 8.0 9.0 8.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 New Zealand (1.0)* Time (days) 14.0 14.0 11.0 24.0 16.5 18.5 6.3 13.0 New Zealand (0.5) Cost (% of income per 39.0 39.4 7.5 11.5 45.2 25.8 18.6 73.9 Slovenia (0.0) capita) Paid-in min. capital (% 11.5 12.2 0.0 0.0 2.7 18.7 0.0 0.0 112 Economies (0.0)* of income per capita) Dealing with Hong Kong SAR, Construction Permits 103 96 61 52 155 122 108 134 China (1) (rank) Dealing with Hong Kong SAR, Construction Permits 69.37 70.78 76.45 78.14 57.19 66.18 68.43 63.50 China (95.53) (DTF Score) Doing Business 2015 Honduras 12 Best performer globally El Salvador DB2015 Guatemala DB2015 Costa Rica DB2015 Nicaragua DB2015 Honduras DB2015 Honduras DB2014 Colombia DB2015 Mexico DB2015 Indicator DB2015 Hong Kong SAR, Procedures (number) 15.0 15.0 10.0 13.0 25.0 11.0 11.3 16.0 China (5.0) Time (days) 82.0 121.0 73.0 113.0 115.0 158.0 87.6 207.0 Singapore (26.0) Cost (% of warehouse 7.2 4.1 7.4 1.7 4.6 7.9 10.3 2.7 Qatar (0.0)* value) Getting Electricity 110 104 92 46 144 18 116 95 Korea, Rep. (1) (rank) Getting Electricity (DTF 70.96 70.75 74.20 82.72 60.56 89.28 68.47 73.84 Korea, Rep. (99.83) Score) Procedures (number) 7.0 7.0 5.0 5.0 8.0 4.0 6.8 6.0 12 Economies (3.0)* Time (days) 39.0 39.0 105.0 55.0 83.0 39.0 78.9 55.0 Korea, Rep. (18.0)* Cost (% of income per 918.0 968.5 504.4 196.2 543.8 514.6 346.1 1,003.4 Japan (0.0) capita) Registering Property 81 81 42 47 56 65 110 134 Georgia (1) (rank) Registering Property 70.09 70.08 79.33 78.40 75.65 74.07 62.45 57.58 Georgia (99.88) (DTF Score) Procedures (number) 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 6.8 9.0 4 Economies (1.0)* Time (days) 22.0 22.0 16.0 19.0 31.0 24.0 63.6 58.0 3 Economies (1.0)* Cost (% of property 5.7 5.7 2.0 3.4 3.8 3.8 5.1 5.0 4 Economies (0.0)* value) Getting Credit (rank) 7 5 2 89 71 12 12 89 New Zealand (1) Getting Credit (DTF 85.00 85.00 95.00 45.00 50.00 80.00 80.00 45.00 New Zealand (100) Score) Strength of legal rights 9 9 12 2 3 9 8 1 3 Economies (12)* index (0-12) Doing Business 2015 Honduras 13 Best performer globally El Salvador DB2015 Guatemala DB2015 Costa Rica DB2015 Nicaragua DB2015 Honduras DB2015 Honduras DB2014 Colombia DB2015 Mexico DB2015 Indicator DB2015 Depth of credit 8 8 7 7 7 7 8 8 23 Economies (8)* information index (0-8) Credit registry coverage 21.8 21.1 0.0 27.4 28.2 19.2 0.0 16.2 Portugal (100.0) (% of adults) Credit bureau coverage 36.1 31.9 87.0 100.0 32.0 8.7 100.0 40.7 23 Economies (100.0)* (% of adults) Protecting Minority 174 174 10 181 154 174 62 172 New Zealand (1) Investors (rank) Protecting Minority 31.67 31.67 71.67 28.33 41.67 31.67 57.50 33.33 New Zealand (81.67) Investors (DTF Score) Extent of conflict of interest regulation 3.3 3.3 8.0 3.3 3.3 3.3 6.0 4.0 Singapore (9.3)* index (0-10) Extent of shareholder governance index (0- 3.0 3.0 6.3 2.3 5.0 3.0 5.5 2.7 France (7.8)* 10) Strength of minority investor protection 3.2 3.2 7.2 2.8 4.2 3.2 5.8 3.3 New Zealand (8.2) index (0-10) United Arab Emirates Paying Taxes (rank) 153 150 146 121 161 54 105 164 (1)* Paying Taxes (DTF United Arab Emirates 57.92 57.92 59.71 67.27 52.31 80.04 71.17 49.51 Score) (99.44)* Payments (number per Hong Kong SAR, 48.0 48.0 11.0 23.0 53.0 8.0 6.0 43.0 year) China (3.0)* Time (hours per year) 224.0 224.0 239.0 163.0 320.0 256.0 334.0 207.0 Luxembourg (55.0) Trading Across Borders 70 65 93 47 73 102 44 74 Singapore (1) (rank) Trading Across Borders 76.50 77.10 72.69 80.84 76.01 70.10 81.26 75.84 Singapore (96.47) Doing Business 2015 Honduras 14 Best performer globally El Salvador DB2015 Guatemala DB2015 Costa Rica DB2015 Nicaragua DB2015 Honduras DB2015 Honduras DB2014 Colombia DB2015 Mexico DB2015 Indicator DB2015 (DTF Score) Documents to export 5 5 4 5 7 8 4 5 Ireland (2)* (number) Time to export (days) 12.0 12.0 14.0 14.0 13.0 17.0 12.0 21.0 5 Economies (6.0)* Cost to export (US$ per 1,450.0 1,345.0 2,355.0 1,020.0 1,045.0 1,355.0 1,499.3 1,140.0 Timor-Leste (410.0) container) Cost to export (deflated 1,450.0 1,367.8 2,355.0 1,020.0 1,045.0 1,355.0 1,499.3 1,140.0 US$ per container) Documents to import 6 6 6 5 7 6 4 5 Ireland (2)* (number) Time to import (days) 16.0 16.0 13.0 14.0 10.0 16.0 11.2 20.0 Singapore (4.0) Cost to import (US$ per 1,630.0 1,500.0 2,470.0 1,070.0 1,035.0 1,445.0 1,887.6 1,245.0 Singapore (440.0) container) Cost to import (deflated 1,630.0 1,525.5 2,470.0 1,070.0 1,035.0 1,445.0 1,887.6 1,245.0 US$ per container) Enforcing Contracts 166 166 168 129 82 143 57 70 Singapore (1) (rank) Enforcing Contracts 37.90 37.90 37.66 51.13 60.06 46.35 64.61 62.42 Singapore (89.54) (DTF Score) Time (days) 920.0 920.0 1,288.0 852.0 786.0 1,402.0 388.9 519.0 Singapore (150.0) Cost (% of claim) 35.2 35.2 47.9 24.3 19.2 26.5 30.9 26.8 Iceland (9.0) Procedures (number) 47.0 47.0 33.0 40.0 35.0 31.0 36.8 37.0 Singapore (21.0)* Resolving Insolvency 140 136 30 89 79 155 27 110 Finland (1) (rank) Resolving Insolvency 31.83 32.36 70.00 43.95 46.02 27.37 72.59 39.64 Finland (93.85) (DTF Score) Doing Business 2015 Honduras 15 Best performer globally El Salvador DB2015 Guatemala DB2015 Costa Rica DB2015 Nicaragua DB2015 Honduras DB2015 Honduras DB2014 Colombia DB2015 Mexico DB2015 Indicator DB2015 Time (years) 3.8 1.7 3.0 3.5 3.0 1.8 2.2 Ireland (0.4) Cost (% of estate) 14.5 14.5 6.0 14.5 12.0 14.5 18.0 14.5 Norway (1.0) Outcome (0 as piecemeal sale and 1 as 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 going concern) Recovery rate (cents on 18.5 19.5 72.0 26.5 33.2 27.6 68.1 33.0 Japan (92.9) the dollar) Strength of insolvency 7.0 7.0 10.0 9.5 9.0 4.0 11.5 7.0 5 Economies (15.0)* framework index (0-16) Note: DB2014 rankings shown are not last year’s published rankings but comparable rankings for DB2014 that capture the effects of s uch factors as data corrections and changes to the methodology. Trading across borders deflated and non-deflated values are identical in DB2015 because it is defined as the base year for the deflator. The best performer on time for paying taxes is defined as the lowest time recorded among all economies in the DB2015 sample that levy the 3 major taxes: profit tax, labor taxes and mandatory contributions, and VAT or sales tax. If an economy has no laws or regulations covering a specific area—for example, insolvency—it receives a “no practice” mark. Similarly, an economy receives a “no practice” or “not possible” mark if regulation exists but is never used in practic e or if a competing regulation prohibits such practice. Either way, a “no practice” mark puts the economy at the bottom of the ranking on the relevant indicator. * Two or more economies share the top ranking on this indicator. A number shown in place of an economy’s name indicates the number of economies that share the top ranking on the indicator. For a list of these economies, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org). Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 16 STARTING A BUSINESS Formal registration of companies has many WHAT THE STARTING A BUSINESS immediate benefits for the companies and for business owners and employees. Legal entities can INDICATORS MEASURE outlive their founders. Resources are pooled as several shareholders join forces to start a company. Procedures to legally start and operate a Formally registered companies have access to company (number) services and institutions from courts to banks as well Preregistration (for example, name as to new markets. And their employees can benefit verification or reservation, notarization) from protections provided by the law. An additional benefit comes with limited liability companies. These Registration in the economy’s largest limit the financial liability of company owners to their business city 1 investments, so personal assets of the owners are not Postregistration (for example, social security put at risk. Where governments make registration registration, company seal) easy, more entrepreneurs start businesses in the formal sector, creating more good jobs and Time required to complete each procedure generating more revenue for the government. (calendar days) What do the indicators cover? Does not include time spent gathering information Doing Business measures the ease of starting a business in an economy by recording all procedures Each procedure starts on a separate day (2 officially required or commonly done in practice by procedures cannot start on the same day). an entrepreneur to start up and formally operate an Procedures that can be fully completed industrial or commercial business—as well as the online are recorded as ½ day. time and cost required to complete these procedures. Procedure completed once final document is It also records the paid-in minimum capital that received companies must deposit before registration (or within 3 months). The ranking of economies on the No prior contact with officials ease of starting a business is determined by sorting Cost required to complete each procedure their distance to frontier scores for starting a (% of income per capita) business. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component Official costs only, no bribes indicators. No professional fees unless services required To make the data comparable across economies, by law Doing Business uses several assumptions about the Paid-in minimum capital (% of income business and the procedures. It assumes that all per capita) information is readily available to the entrepreneur and that there has been no prior contact with Deposited in a bank or with a notary before officials. It also assumes that the entrepreneur will registration (or within 3 months) pay no bribes. And it assumes that the business:  Is a limited liability company, located in the  Has a start-up capital of 10 times income per largest business city and is 100% domestically capita. owned . 1  Has a turnover of at least 100 times income per  Has between 10 and 50 employees. capita.  Conducts general commercial or industrial  Does not qualify for any special benefits. activities.  Does not own real estate. 1 For the 11 economies with a population of more than 100 million, data for a second city have been added. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 17 STARTING A BUSINESS Where does the economy stand today? What does it take to start a business in Honduras? largest business city of an economy, except for 11 According to data collected by Doing Business, starting a economies for which the data are a population-weighted business there requires 12.0 procedures, takes 14.0 days, average of the 2 largest business cities. See the chapter costs 39.0% of income per capita and requires paid-in on distance to frontier and ease of doing business minimum capital of 11.5% of income per capita (figure ranking at the end of this profile for more details. 2.1). Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the Figure 2.1 What it takes to start a business in Honduras - Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita): 11.5 Note: Time shown in the figure above may not reflect simultaneity of procedures. Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For more information on the methodology of the starting a business indicators, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary at the end of this chapter. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 18 STARTING A BUSINESS Globally, Honduras stands at 138 in the ranking of 189 average ranking provide other useful information for economies on the ease of starting a business (figure 2.2). assessing how easy it is for an entrepreneur in Honduras The rankings for comparator economies and the regional to start a business. Figure 2.2 How Honduras and comparator economies rank on the ease of starting a business Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 19 STARTING A BUSINESS Economies around the world have taken steps making it they often are part of a larger regulatory reform easier to start a business—streamlining procedures by program. Among the benefits have been greater firm setting up a one-stop shop, making procedures simpler satisfaction and savings and more registered businesses, or faster by introducing technology and reducing or financial resources and job opportunities. eliminating minimum capital requirements. Many have What business registration reforms has Doing Business undertaken business registration reforms in stages—and recorded in Honduras (table 2.1)? Table 2.1 How has Honduras made starting a business easier—or not? By Doing Business report year from DB2010 to DB2015 DB year Reform Honduras simplified business start-up by improving the efficiency of business registration at the one-stop shop, DB2010 improving the tax registration process and eliminating the need for a lawyer’s services to obtain a municipal license. Note: For information on reforms in earlier years (back to DB2005), see the Doing Business reports for these years, available at http://www.doingbusiness.org. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 20 STARTING A BUSINESS What are the details? Underlying the indicators shown in this chapter for STANDARDIZED COMPANY Honduras is a set of specific procedures—the bureaucratic and legal steps that an entrepreneur must complete to incorporate and register a new Legal form: Private Limited Company firm. These are identified by Doing Business through collaboration with relevant local professionals and Paid in minimum capital requirement: HNL the study of laws, regulations and publicly available 5,000 information on business entry in that economy. City: Tegucigalpa Following is a detailed summary of those procedures, along with the associated time and cost. These Start-up Capital: 10 times GNI per capita procedures are those that apply to a company matching the standard assumptions (the “standardized company”) used by Doing Business in collecting the data (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators measure). Table 2.2 Summary of time, cost and procedures for starting a business in Honduras - Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete Pay the initial capital and obtain the certificate of the deposit at a local bank The entrepreneurs need to pay the initial capital in a local bank and Lps. 100 1 obtain the certificate of the deposit. 1 day Agency: Bank Establish the company before a notary public, who will draw up the articles of incorporation A company may be set up by public subscription or simultaneous foundation. The procedures described here are for simultaneous foundation (fundación simultánea). notary fees of 5% until Lps.25,000 and 2 The constitution instrument should be written on stamped paper (papel 2 days 3% over Lps.25,000 sellado). The notary uses this paper for the protocol (the original signed of the capital. document in the notary’s custody) and for the first copy (testimonio) of the instrument of organization. Agency: Notary Doing Business 2015 Honduras 21 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete Publish the registration notice in “La Gaceta”, the official journal or an ordinary newspaper The company needs to publish its registration in the official journal “La US$35 for one Gaceta” or any other newspaper. advertisement in 3 1 day “La Gaceta”; $15 in a newspaper Agency: ENAG File the articles of incorporation with the Mercantile Registry at the Chamber of Commerce According to Decree 253-2005, company registration in Tegucigalpa was transferred from the Property Registry (Instituto de Propiedad) to the Chamber of Commerce. To register the Public Deed you must submit the following documents: 1) First copy (testimonio) of the instrument of Organization with a Photocopy; See procedure 4 2 days 2) Publication of the Registration Notice in The Gaceta with a details Photocopy; 3) Receipt of the Registration fees payment. Cost details: HNL 200 for the first HNL 1,000 of capital + HNL 1.5 per HNL 1,000 of capital or fraction thereof. Agency: Chamber of Commerce Apply for the tax identification code (Registro Tributario Nacional, RTN) All natural or legal persons must apply for the tax identification code (Registro Tributario Nacional, RTN) at the Dirección Ejecutiva de Ingresos (DEI)- Ministry of Finance office. 5 1 day no charge To obtain it, the notary public who authorizes an incorporation deed must notify the administrative authority of the incorporation. Agency: Ministry of Finance Acquire accounting and minutes books The minute books can now be authorized as a separate bound sheet and not necessarily as book. US$ 45 (about 0.5 6 1 day US$ per page) Agency: Authorized Vendor Doing Business 2015 Honduras 22 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete Register with local and national chambers of commerce The company needs to register with the local and national chambers of commerce. 7 1 day no charge Agency: Chamber of Commerce Apply for an operational permit (Permiso de Operación) from the municipal authorities To obtain the operational permit, some or all of the following documents must be filed, depending on the type of industrial or commercial activity: - Personal identity card and municipality tax solvency of the general manager (copies). - Tax identification code (RTN) (copy). - Cadastral code (clave cadastral) corresponding to the corporation’s place of business. - Constitution instrument (escritura de constitución de la compañía) (copy). - Zoning constancy. - Tenancy agreement and constancy of income tax solvency corresponding to the owner of the premises in which the company will do business. - Environmental impact statement. - Cadastral inspection of the premises in which the corporation will do 8 business. 1 day Lps. 1,250 In addition, the company must pay the following taxes, which vary based on the company’s income: nomenclature tax, zoning tax, inspection tax, code tax, environmental tax, and taxes for firefighting and waste management services (paid annually to the municipality). Regarding the accounting books there are 2 ways in which they can be authorized: if the company follows manual accounting procedures, the books must be filed before the Mayor's office for authorization. The cost ranges between HNL 1-5 per page for three mandatory books. If the company opts to keep electronic books, it must request permission from the tax authority (Dirección Ejecutiva de Ingresos -DEI) and submit separate bound sheets before the Mayor's office by the end of each year (or earlier per the company's decision). In this case there are no associated costs. Agency: Municipality Register for Sales tax 9 According to the Tax Code (Código Tributario), the company is obliged 2 days no charge to record the constitution instrument and the operation permit before the Minister of Finance, in order to pay sales tax on the sale of goods or Doing Business 2015 Honduras 23 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete services. Agency: Tax administration * Register at Social Security Institute (Instituto Hondureño de Seguridad Social, IHSS) Social Security Institute (Instituto Hondureño de Seguridad Social, IHSS) is the national social security hospital and outpatient care institution for 3 days workers and their dependants. The company is obliged to contribute (simultaneous with 10 5% of each employee’s salary for illness and maternity (enfermedad y no charge previous maternidad, EM), plus 2% for disability, old age, and death (invalidez, procedure) vejez y muerte, IVM)—a total of 7% up to a maximum of HNL 7,000. Agency: Social Security Institute * Register at the Professional Training Institute (Instituto Nacional de Formación Profesional, INFOP) Employers are obliged to contribute 1% of the company’s total payroll 1 day to the Professional Training Institute (Instituto Nacional de Formación (simultaneous with 11 no charge Profesional, INFOP). previous procedure) Agency: Hand Labor Training Institute * Register at Social Fund for Housing (Régimen de Aportación, (RAP) al Fondo Social de la Vivienda (FOSOVI)) If the company has more than 10 employees, it is obliged to contribute 1 day 1.5% of each employee’s salary to the Social Fund for Housing (simultaneous with 12 (Régimen de Aportación, RAP, and Fondo Social de la Vivienda, no charge previous FOSOVI). procedure) Agency: Social Fund for Housing * Takes place simultaneously with another procedure. Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 24 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS Regulation of construction is critical to protect the WHAT THE DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION public. But it needs to be efficient, to avoid excessive PERMITS INDICATORS MEASURE constraints on a sector that plays an important part in every economy. Where complying with building regulations is excessively costly in time and money, Procedures to legally build a warehouse many builders opt out. They may pay bribes to pass (number) inspections or simply build illegally, leading to Submitting all relevant documents and hazardous construction that puts public safety at risk. obtaining all necessary clearances, licenses, Where compliance is simple, straightforward and permits and certificates inexpensive, everyone is better off. Submitting all required notifications and What do the indicators cover? receiving all necessary inspections Doing Business records the procedures, time and cost Obtaining utility connections for water and for a business in the construction industry to obtain sewerage all the necessary approvals to build a warehouse in Registering the warehouse after its the economy’s largest business city, connect it to completion (if required for use as collateral or basic utilities and register the warehouse so that it for transfer of the warehouse) can be used as collateral or transferred to another Time required to complete each procedure entity. (calendar days) The ranking of economies on the ease of dealing with Does not include time spent gathering construction permits is determined by sorting their information distance to frontier scores for dealing with Each procedure starts on a separate day. construction permits. These scores are the simple Procedures that can be fully completed online average of the distance to frontier scores for each of are recorded as ½ day. the component indicators. Procedure considered completed once final To make the data comparable across economies, document is received Doing Business uses several assumptions about the business and the warehouse, including the utility No prior contact with officials connections. Cost required to complete each procedure (% The business: of warehouse value) Official costs only, no bribes  Is a limited liability company operating in the construction business and located in  Will have complete architectural and the largest business city. For the 11 technical plans prepared by a licensed economies with a population of more than architect or engineer. 100 million, data for a second city have  Will be connected to water and sewerage been added. Is domestically owned and (sewage system, septic tank or their operated. equivalent). The connection to each utility  Has 60 builders and other employees. network will be 150 meters (492 feet) long. The warehouse:  Will be used for general storage, such as of books or stationery (not for goods requiring  Is valued at 50 times income per capita. special conditions).  Is a new construction (there was no  Will take 30 weeks to construct (excluding all previous construction on the land). delays due to administrative and regulatory requirements). Doing Business 2015 Honduras 25 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS Where does the economy stand today? What does it take to comply with the formalities to build an economy, except for 11 economies for which the data a warehouse in Honduras? According to data collected are a population-weighted average of the 2 largest by Doing Business, dealing with construction permits business cities. See the chapter on distance to frontier there requires 15.0 procedures, takes 82.0 days and costs and ease of doing business ranking at the end of this 7.2% of the warehouse value (figure 3.1). Most indicator profile for more details. sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of Figure 3.1 What it takes to comply with formalities to build a warehouse in Honduras - Note: Time shown in the figure above may not reflect simultaneity of procedures. Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For more information on the methodology of the dealing with construction permits indicators, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary at the end of this chapter. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 26 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS Globally, Honduras stands at 103 in the ranking of 189 other useful information for assessing how easy it is for economies on the ease of dealing with construction an entrepreneur in Honduras to legally build a permits (figure 3.2). The rankings for comparator warehouse. economies and the regional average ranking provide Figure 3.2 How Honduras and comparator economies rank on the ease of dealing with construction permits Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 27 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS Smart regulation ensures that standards are met while an effort to ensure building safety while keeping making compliance easy and accessible to all. Coherent compliance costs reasonable, governments around the and transparent rules, efficient processes and adequate world have worked on consolidating permitting allocation of resources are especially important in sectors requirements. What construction permitting reforms has where safety is at stake. Construction is one of them. In Doing Business recorded in Honduras (table 3.1)? Table 3.1 How has Honduras made dealing with construction permits easier—or not? By Doing Business report year from DB2010 to DB2015 DB year Reform Honduras reduced the time required for dealing with DB2010 construction permits by streamlining administrative processes in the Construction Control Department. Honduras made dealing with construction permits more costly DB2015 by increasing the building permit fees. Note: For information on reforms in earlier years (back to DB2006), see the Doing Business reports for these years, available at http://www.doingbusiness.org. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 28 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS What are the details? The indicators reported here for Honduras are based BUILDING A WAREHOUSE on a set of specific procedures—the steps that a company must complete to legally build a warehouse—identified by Doing Business through Estimated cost of information collected from experts in construction HNL 2,164,820 construction : licensing, including architects, civil engineers, construction lawyers, construction firms, utility City : Tegucigalpa service providers and public officials who deal with building regulations. These procedures are those The procedures, along with the associated time and cost, that apply to a company and structure matching the are summarized below. standard assumptions used by Doing Business in collecting the data (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators cover). Table 3.2 Summary of time, cost and procedures for dealing with construction permits in Honduras - Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete Request and obtain design guidelines and approval of drawings and designs from Urban Planning Office Every company planning to construct a new building must request design guidelines from the Urban Planning Office in the vicinity of the 3 days HNL 900 1 future construction site. Agency: Urban Planning Office * Request and obtain environmental approval from Office of Municipal Environmental Development and Management (GMDAM) BuildCo's case would be considered by the Office of Municipal Environmental Development and Management. Under a major government initiative, the National Competitiveness Program (Programa Nacional de Competitividad) the municipality (GMDAM) entered into an agreement with SERNA in 2007. Under the agreement, both entities have computerized all the offices responsible for processing the relevant documents and have also trained most of the staff. This has increased the number of licenses issued from 30 per 2 month in 2006 to 140 in 2007. However, more efficient service has also 21 days HNL 6,582 boosted demand from the private sector. The government is considering ways to increase resources to meet the increased demand. As of September 4, 2008, the Law on Environment was approved, as well as other implementing regulations. Article 78 of the law introduced criteria for different categories of environmental approvals depending on project risks. Commercial warehouses that fit into Category 1 (Article 5) are only subject to environmental control rather than a full scale study at the local level by the Office of Municipal Environmental Development and Management ('UGA' or 'UMA'). It is planned that this requirement which is a precondition for obtaining building permit now will be moved as precondition for operation of the building, and to be Doing Business 2015 Honduras 29 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete complied with after the building is completed and all permits are obtained. The cost according to Article 70 of Plan de Arbitrios is 1% of the construction cost of the value up to HNL 200,000 + 0.50% of the construction cost of the value between HNL 200,001 - 1,000,000 + 0.05% of the construction cost of the value that exceeds HNL 1,000,000. Agency: Office of Municipal Environmental Development and Management of Municipality of Tegucigalpa (UMA) * Request and obtain proof of land ownership Certification that BuildCo owns the land is required. BuildCo requests certification from the Property Registration. 1 day no charge 3 Agency: Property Registration * Request and obtain approval for connection to water and sewage from SANAA The committee responsible for approving conditions of water and 4 sewerage connections meets once a week. 15 days HNL 750 Agency: SANAA * Request and obtain rainwater drainage feasibility analysis The cost is included in the fee paid to the water company (SANAA). 5 7 days no charge Agency: SANAA * Request and obtain approval (constancia) from Public Works Secretary (SOPTRAVI) Approval from the Public Works Secretary (SOPTRAVI) is required for the location clearance. A fee of HNL 300.00 is charged for the approval 7 days HNL 500 6 and a fee of HNL 200.00 for the inspection. Agency: Public Works Secretary (SOPTRAVI) Request and obtain location clearances (uso de suelo y factibilidad vial) from the Municipal Authority The following documents must be presented to obtain a certificate of 7 occupancy (Uso de Suelo y Factibilidad Vial) from the Municipality: 2 days HNL 150 • Application • Proof of property registration • Designs and drawings • Approvals from the SANAA and the ENEE, and others Doing Business 2015 Honduras 30 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete • Environmental license The new city zoning plan that was introduced in early 2008 is currently being operationalized. One of the main features of the plan is the change of zoning from residential to commercial and its further digitization based on maps from Cadastre and Management Engineering (Engenieria Gerencial). Furthermore, the land use regulations were amended in April 2008, introducing categories based on risk factors. This led to an improvement in the process of obtaining the location clearance, including a time reduction. The application is checked in the back office to verify whether the new land use is compatible with land use regulations. Agency: Municipal Authority (Alcaldía Municipal) Request and obtain building permit The permit application documents are reviewed by the Legal Department, the Technical Department, the Professional College, the Environmental Section, and the Chief of Construction Permits. After submitting the permit application and all other required documents, 8 BuildCo pays the application fee at TASA Municipal. Prior to starting 10 days HNL 110,551 construction, BuildCo must notify the authority. Agency: Municipal Authority (Alcaldía Municipal) Receive footings and foundations inspection (“inspección de zapatas y fundaciones”) According to the 2010 Building Code of Honduras " Código de Construcción de Honduras" under Section 109, BuildCo is obliged to receive footing and foundations inspection. This inspection should be made after excavations for footings are complete and all reinforcing 1 day no charge 9 steel are in place. "Las inspecciones de zapatas y fundaciones deben realizarse luego de que las excavaciones para zapatas estén completas y todos los aceros de refuerzo estén colocados." Agency: Municipal Authority (Alcaldía Municipal) Receive inspection upon pouring of concrete slabs (“inspección de losas y contrapisos de concreto”) According to the 2010 Building Code of Honduras " Código de Construcción de Honduras" under Section 109, BuildCo is obliged to receive inspection upon pouring of concrete slabs. This inspection must 1 day no charge 10 be performed after the steel reinforcement of the slab or subfloor and building service equipment, conduit, piping accessories and other ancillary equipment items are in place, but before any concrete is placed or the stage floor is installed, including the primary flooring. "Las inspecciones de losas y contrapisos de concreto deben realizarse Doing Business 2015 Honduras 31 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete despues de que el acero de refuerzo de las losa o contrapiso y los equipos de servicio del edificio, conductos, accesorios de tuberias y otros elementos de equipos auxiliares esten en su lugar, pero antes de que cualquier concreto sea colocado o se instale el tablado del piso, incluyendo el entarimado primario." Agency: Municipal Authority (Alcaldía Municipal) Receive structure inspection (“inspección de estructuras”) According to the 2010 Building Code of Honduras " Código de Construcción de Honduras" under Section 109, BuildCo is obliged to receive structure inspection. This inspection must be made after the roof deck or sheathing, all structure, fire fighting locked and braces are in place and pipes, chimneys and vents that need to be concealed are complete and the rough work of the cables , plumbing and electrical, hydraulic and sanitary and heating ducts are approved. 11 1 day no charge "Las inspecciones de estructuras deben realizarse después que la cubierta o entablado del techo, toda la estructura, los bloqueados antifuegos y los arriostramientos estén en su lugar y las tuberías, chimeneas y ventilaciones que deban ser ocultados estén completos y la obra gruesa de los cables, tuberías y conductos eléctricos, hidráulicos y sanitarios y de calefacción estén aprobados." Agency: Municipal Authority (Alcaldía Municipal) Receive on-site inspection from Fire Department after construction According to the 2010 Building Code of Honduras " Código de Construcción de Honduras" under Section 109, BuildCo is obliged to 12 receive Fire Department inspection. 1 day no charge Agency: Fire Department Receive final inspection According to the 2010 Building Code of Honduras " Código de Construcción de Honduras" under Section 109, BuildCo is obliged to receive a final inspection. The final inspection must be made after all 1 day no charge 13 work required by the building permit is finished. Agency: Municipal Authority (Alcaldía Municipal) * Receive connection to water and sewage from SANAA 14 15 days HNL 30,888 Agency: SANAA Doing Business 2015 Honduras 32 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete Register building at Real Estate Registry Reforms and optimization of electronic processing have significantly decreased the time to register property. However, in 2009 due to an administrative backlog and delays with the registration process, the procedure for registration of a building is now taking on average 30 15 days. Additionally, the website of Institute of Property (Instituto de 30 days HNL 4,478 Propiedad) has been shut down. Agency: Real Estate Registry (Registro de Bienes Raíces) * Takes place simultaneously with another procedure. Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 33 GETTING ELECTRICITY Access to reliable and affordable electricity is vital for WHAT THE GETTING ELECTRICITY businesses. To counter weak electricity supply, many firms in developing economies have to rely on self- INDICATORS MEASURE supply, often at a prohibitively high cost. Whether electricity is reliably available or not, the first step for Procedures to obtain an electricity a customer is always to gain access by obtaining a connection (number) connection. Submitting all relevant documents and What do the indicators cover? obtaining all necessary clearances and permits Doing Business records all procedures required for a Completing all required notifications and local business to obtain a permanent electricity receiving all necessary inspections connection and supply for a standardized warehouse, as well as the time and cost to complete them. These Obtaining external installation works and procedures include applications and contracts with possibly purchasing material for these works electricity utilities, clearances from other agencies Concluding any necessary supply contract and and the external and final connection works. The obtaining final supply ranking of economies on the ease of getting electricity is determined by sorting their distance to Time required to complete each procedure frontier scores for getting electricity. These scores are (calendar days) the simple average of the distance to frontier scores Is at least 1 calendar day for each of the component indicators. To make the data comparable across economies, several Each procedure starts on a separate day assumptions are used. Does not include time spent gathering The warehouse: information  Is owned by a local entrepreneur, located Reflects the time spent in practice, with little in the economy’s largest business city, in follow-up and no prior contact with officials an area where other warehouses are Cost required to complete each procedure located. For the 11 economies with a (% of income per capita) population of more than 100 million, data Official costs only, no bribes for a second city have been added. Excludes value added tax  Is not in a special economic zone where the connection would be eligible for subsidization or faster service.  Is to either the low-voltage or the medium- voltage distribution network and either  Is located in an area with no physical overhead or underground, whichever is more constraints (ie. property not near a railway). common in the area where the warehouse is  Is a new construction being connected to located. Included only negligible length in the electricity for the first time. customer’s private domain.  Is 2 stories, both above ground, with a total  Requires crossing of a 10-meter road but all surface of about 1,300.6 square meters the works are carried out in a public land, so (14,000 square feet), is built on a plot of there is no crossing into other people's 929 square meters (10,000 square feet), is private property. used for storage of refrigerated goods  Involves installing one electricity meter. The The electricity connection: monthly electricity consumption will be 26880 kilowatt hour (kWh). The internal  Is 150 meters long and is a 3-phase, 4-wire electrical wiring has been completed. Y, 140-kilovolt-ampere (kVA) (subscribed capacity) connection. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 34 GETTING ELECTRICITY Where does the economy stand today? What does it take to obtain a new electricity connection Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest in Honduras? According to data collected by Doing business city of an economy, except for 11 economies for Business, getting electricity there requires 7.0 procedures, which the data are a population-weighted average of the takes 39.0 days and costs 918.0% of income per capita 2 largest business cities. See the chapter on distance to (figure 4.1). frontier and ease of doing business ranking at the end of this profile for more details. Figure 4.1 What it takes to obtain an electricity connection in Honduras - Note: Time shown in the figure above may not reflect simultaneity of procedures. For more information on the methodology of the getting electricity indicators, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary at the end of this chapter. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 35 GETTING ELECTRICITY Globally, Honduras stands at 110 in the ranking of 189 average ranking provide another perspective in assessing economies on the ease of getting electricity (figure 4.2). how easy it is for an entrepreneur in Honduras to The rankings for comparator economies and the regional connect a warehouse to electricity. Figure 4.2 How Honduras and comparator economies rank on the ease of getting electricity Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 36 GETTING ELECTRICITY What are the details? The indicators reported here for Honduras are based on OBTAINING AN ELECTRICITY CONNECTION a set of specific procedures—the steps that an entrepreneur must complete to get a warehouse connected to electricity by the local distribution utility— Empresa Nacional de Name of utility: identified by Doing Business. Data are collected from the Energia Electrica (ENEE) distribution utility, then completed and verified by electricity regulatory agencies and independent City: Tegucigalpa professionals such as electrical engineers, electrical The procedures are those that apply to a warehouse and contractors and construction companies. The electricity electricity connection matching the standard distribution utility surveyed is the one serving the area assumptions used by Doing Business in collecting the (or areas) in which warehouses are located. If there is a data (see the section in this chapter on what the choice of distribution utilities, the one serving the largest indicators cover). The procedures, along with the number of customers is selected. associated time and cost, are summarized below. Table 4.2 Summary of time, cost and procedures for getting electricity in Honduras - Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete The customer hires an electrical engineer certified by the College for Mechanical, Electrical and Chemical Engineers of Honduras (CIMEQH) to design the external connection according to the standards set by the College and to send the design and the certificate to Empresa Nacional de Energia Electrica (ENEE) for its approval An electrical engineer employed by CIMEQH estimates the power needed for the project and designs the external connection. For loads greater than 1,000 kVA, the engineer should go first to Empresa Nacional de Energia Electrica (ENEE) to request a feasibility study. In a case where the load is 140kVA, this procedure is not necessary. The design and the process of obtaining ENEE's review can only be made by an electrical engineer authorized by the CIMEQH. The implementation 17 calendar days HNL 5,900 1 of the design can be done by an electrician. The electrical engineer must obtain a certificate by the College for each design that he files with ENEE. The certificate states that the engineer is a member of the College and has paid his contributions. It is recommended that the internal wiring installation be also done by a CIMEQH's electrical engineer. Although the internal installation plans are reviewed by the Municipality and the Firefighters, in the context of the process to obtain a building permit, the final internal installation is not reviewed. One way to ensure the quality of the internal installation is to hire an engineer authorized by CIMEQH for the installation. In the case of a fire due to a malfunctioning installation, it is easier to obtain legal satisfaction if it was performed by a member of CIMEQH. After having prepared the design, the engineer has to file the certificate Doing Business 2015 Honduras 37 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete with the Empresa Nacional de Energia Electrica (ENEE). ENEE reviews the certificate issued by the College to determine whether it meets ENEE's standards. ENEE also inspects the site. Finally, ENEE approves the design. Agency: Ingeniero Electrico licensiado con el Colegio de Ingenieros mecanicos, electricos y quimicos de Honduras (CIMEQH) * The electrical engineer authorized by the College for Mechanical, Electrical and Chemical Engineers of Honduras (CIMEQH) obtains a certificate of approval ("solvency") from the college The electrical engineer must obtain a certificate by the College for each design that he presents to the Empresa Nacional de Energia Electrica 2 (ENEE). The certificate states that the engineer is a member of the 1 calendar day HNL 360 College and has paid his contributions. Agency: Colegio ingeniero Mecánicos, Electricista y Químicos de Honduras (CIMEQH) * Empresa Nacional de Energia Electrica (ENEE) inspects the terrain to inform the approval of the design To prepare the design a site visit is conducted. 1 calendar day HNL 0 3 Agency: Empresa Nacional de Energia Electrica (ENEE) The electrical engineer obtains a permit at the Municipality to cross cables in public space Before to request this permit, the customer has to have the approval of the plans by the utility (ENEE). The costs are calculated assuming that the wires are crossed over public roads. If the connection is underground, a 7 calendar days HNL 15 4 permit to break tracks is needed and the cost will depend on the material used (asphalt, cement, sand, etc.) Agency: Municipality of Tegucigalpa The electrical engineer authorized by College for Mechanical, Electrical and Chemical Engineers of Honduras (CIMEQH) performs the external connection according to the design approved by ENEE 5 7 calendar days HNL 359,625 Three transformers 50kVA or one transformer of 150kVA must be installed. Empresa Nacional de Energia Electrica conducts an inspection of the Doing Business 2015 Honduras 38 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete external connection to ensure that the implementation is according to the approved design. If the reviewer disagrees with the implementation, the responsible electrician has to make the corrections. Agency: Ingeniero Electrico licensiado con el Colegio de Ingenieros mecanicos, electricos y quimicos de Honduras (CIMEQH) o un Electricista The client sends their application in person with Empresa Nacional de Energia Electrica (ENEE), pays the security deposit and requests the execution of the last step (the installation of the meter) The following documents are required with the application (no notarization of the documents is needed): • A copy of the company's by-laws; • photocopy of the ID of the person authorized by the by-laws; • Sketch / map of where is the warehouse (address). It is necessary to pay a deposit of guarantee or consumption (Article 32 of the Act that rules the electrical sector): Lps.845.96 per KVA. It may be in cash or bank guarantee. Reason: to ensure the payment of consumption ENEE charges after providing the service). The deposit is made via a certified check payable to ENEE and / or bank guarantee in the name of ENEE and it is paid in ENEE's commercial 6 division. The division issues a memorandum to the customer care unit for 1 calendar day HNL 15,861.75 them to fill in the client's appropriate data to install the meter. At this time if the person authorized to submit the application has to submit the following additional information • To whose name the bills will be sent • The firm's company registration number • Copy of the property title or the lease agreement certified by the municipality. • Copy of the ID of the person that will sign the documents. • Document specifying that the person who will sign the documents is duly authorized by the board of directors. • The security deposit Agency: Empresa Nacional de Energia Electrica (ENEE) Empresa Nacional de Energia Electrica (ENEE) conducts a last inspection and installs the meter Once the application goes to the "Department of High Consumption", the Department sends an engineer to the site to install the transformer 7 calendar days HNL 15,700 7 and the meter. Once the meter is installed, the energy flows. Agency: Empresa Nacional de Energia Electrica (ENEE) Doing Business 2015 Honduras 39 * Takes place simultaneously with another procedure. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 40 REGISTERING PROPERTY Ensuring formal property rights is fundamental. WHAT THE REGISTERING PROPERTY Effective administration of land is part of that. If INDICATORS MEASURE formal property transfer is too costly or complicated, formal titles might go informal again. And where property is informal or poorly Procedures to legally transfer title on administered, it has little chance of being accepted immovable property (number) as collateral for loans—limiting access to finance. Preregistration (for example, checking for liens, notarizing sales agreement, paying property What do the indicators cover? transfer taxes) Doing Business records the full sequence of Registration in the economy’s largest business procedures necessary for a business to purchase city 2 property from another business and transfer the property title to the buyer’s name. The transaction is Postregistration (for example, filing title with the municipality) considered complete when it is opposable to third parties and when the buyer can use the property, Time required to complete each procedure use it as collateral for a bank loan or resell it. The (calendar days) ranking of economies on the ease of registering Does not include time spent gathering property is determined by sorting their distance to information frontier scores for registering property. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier Each procedure starts on a separate day. scores for each of the component indicators. To Procedures that can be fully completed online are recorded as ½ day. make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the parties to the Procedure considered completed once final transaction, the property and the procedures are document is received used. No prior contact with officials The parties (buyer and seller): Cost required to complete each procedure  Are limited liability companies, 100% (% of property value) domestically and privately owned and Official costs only, no bribes perform general commercial activities. No value added or capital gains taxes included  Are located in the economy’s largest business city . 2  Is located in a periurban commercial zone, and no rezoning is required.  Have 50 employees each, all of whom are nationals.  Has no mortgages attached, has been under the same ownership for the past 10 years. The property (fully owned by the seller):  Consists of 557.4 square meters (6,000 square  Has a value of 50 times income per capita. feet) of land and a 10-year-old, 2-story The sale price equals the value. warehouse of 929 square meters (10,000  Is registered in the land registry or cada- square feet). The warehouse is in good stre, or both, and is free of title disputes. condition and complies with all safety standards, building codes and legal  Property will be transferred in its entirety. requirements. There is no heating system. 2 For the 11 economies with a population of more than 100 million, data for a second city have been added. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 41 REGISTERING PROPERTY Where does the economy stand today? What does it take to complete a property transfer in Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest Honduras? According to data collected by Doing business city of an economy, except for 11 economies for Business, registering property there requires 6.0 which the data are a population-weighted average of the procedures, takes 22.0 days and costs 5.7% of the 2 largest business cities. See the chapter on distance to property value (figure 5.1). frontier and ease of doing business ranking at the end of this profile for more details. Figure 5.1 What it takes to register property in Honduras - Note: Time shown in the figure above may not reflect simultaneity of procedures. Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For more information on the methodology of the registering property indicators, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary at the end of this chapter. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 42 REGISTERING PROPERTY Globally, Honduras stands at 81 in the ranking of 189 regional average ranking provide other useful economies on the ease of registering property (figure information for assessing how easy it is for an 5.2). The rankings for comparator economies and the entrepreneur in Honduras to transfer property. Figure 5.2 How Honduras and comparator economies rank on the ease of registering property Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 43 REGISTERING PROPERTY What are the details? The indicators reported here are based on a set of STANDARD PROPERTY TRANSFER specific procedures—the steps that a buyer and seller must complete to transfer the property to the buyer’s name—identified by Doing Business through information collected from local property lawyers, Property value: HNL 2,164,820 notaries and property registries. These procedures are those that apply to a transaction matching the City: Tegucigalpa standard assumptions used by Doing Business in collecting the data (see the section in this chapter on The procedures, along with the associated time and what the indicators cover). cost, are summarized below. Table 5.2 Summary of time, cost and procedures for registering property in Honduras Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete Verification of property background HNL 500 (HNL 300 for full certificate It is necessary to have the previous registration numbers to see who are the owners and if there have been any mortgages or the property has “certificación been sold. The buyer can verify the property background at the on-line integra” + HNL Unified Registry System (SURE): www.ip.hn. 200 for non- 1 1 day However, in pratice there are many problems with the SURE, so users encumbrance tend to go to the registry. certificate “certificado de Agency: Registro de la Propiedad libertad de gravamen”) Verification that the municipal taxes have been paid The municipal tax number of the property is needed to check who is the registered owner of the land in the cadastre. 2 days no cost 2 Agency: Dirección General de Catastro y Geografía (Alcaldia Municipal) The notary issues the deed (preliminary) After getting the legal documentation from the parties, the notary issues the preliminary deed (“escritura matriz”). Notary’s fees are usually calculated based on the market value of the property according to regulations setting minimum tariffs. For properties with a value below 3-5% of 3 HNL 25,000, the rate cannot be below HNL 1,000 while for properties 2 days transaction price with a higher value, the fee cannot be below 3% of the property value. (Notary’s fees) Fees are negotiated between the notary and parties. Agency: Notary Doing Business 2015 Honduras 44 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete Payment at the bank of taxes and fees The transfer tax (1.5% of value of property, for urban property with improvements) must be paid at a bank. The taxes are calculated based on either the official value of the property (determined by the Cadastre for tax purposes) or the insured value, whichever is higher. With the 1.5% of property 4 1 day introduction of the Property Law in 2004, the transfer tax was cut from 3 price (Transfer Tax) to 1.5%, the registration rights and the stamps have been eliminated. Agency: Commercial Bank Registration at the Property registry HNL 200 for the first HNL 1,000 of The new deed must be registered in the Property Office by the notary. the property value, However, the notary might waive this right and leave to the responsibility and HNL 1.50 for 5 to the applicants. 14 days each additional HNL 1,000 + HNL Agency: Property registry (“Instituto de la Propiedad”) 200 for subscription Register the change of ownership in the Cadastre office The change of ownership must be registered in the Cadastre office ("Dirección General de Catastro y Geografía") by the notary or the buyer. The deed duly registered in Procedure 6 must be presented at the 2 days HNL 250 6 cadastre. Agency: Cadastre ("Dirección General de Catastro y Geografía") * Takes place simultaneously with another procedure. Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 45 GETTING CREDIT Two types of frameworks can facilitate access to WHAT THE GETTING CREDIT INDICATORS credit and improve its allocation: credit information MEASURE systems and borrowers and lenders in collateral and bankruptcy laws. Credit information systems enable Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 lenders’ rights to view a potential borrower’s financial history (positive or negative)—valuable information to Rights of borrowers and lenders through consider when assessing risk. And they permit collateral laws borrowers to establish a good credit history that will Protection of secured creditors’ rights through allow easier access to credit. Sound collateral laws bankruptcy laws enable businesses to use their assets, especially Depth of credit information index (0–8) 4 movable property, as security to generate capital— while strong creditors’ rights have been associated Scope and accessibility of credit information with higher ratios of private sector credit to GDP. distributed by credit bureaus and credit registries What do the indicators cover? Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) Doing Business assesses the sharing of credit information and the legal rights of borrowers and Number of individuals and firms listed in lenders with respect to secured transactions through largest credit bureau as percentage of adult 2 sets of indicators. The depth of credit information population index measures rules and practices affecting the Credit registry coverage (% of adults) coverage, scope and accessibility of credit Number of individuals and firms listed in information available through a credit registry or a credit registry as percentage of adult credit bureau. The strength of legal rights index population measures whether certain features that facilitate lending exist within the applicable collateral and bankruptcy laws. Doing Business uses two case scenarios, Case A and Case B, to determine the scope of the secured transactions system, involving a  Has up to 50 employees. secured borrower and a secured lender and  Is 100% domestically owned, as is the lender. examining legal restrictions on the use of movable collateral (for more details on each case, see the Data The ranking of economies on the ease of getting Notes section of the Doing Business 2015 report). credit is determined by sorting their distance to These scenarios assume that the borrower: frontier scores for getting credit. These scores are the distance to frontier score for the strength of legal  Is a private limited liability company. rights index and the depth of credit information  Has its headquarters and only base of index. operations in the largest business city. For the 11 economies with a population of more than 100 million, data for a second city have been added. 3 For the legal rights index, 2 new points are added in Doing Business 2015 for new data collected to assess the overall legal framework for secured transactions and the functioning of the collateral registry. 4 For the credit information index, 2 new points are added in Doing Business 2015 for new data collected on accessing borrowers’ credit information online and availability of credit scores. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 46 GETTING CREDIT Where does the economy stand today? How well do the credit information system and collateral Globally, Honduras stands at 7 in the ranking of 189 and bankruptcy laws in Honduras facilitate access to economies on the ease of getting credit (figure 6.1). The credit? The economy has a score of 8 on the depth of rankings for comparator economies and the regional credit information index and a score of 9 on the strength average ranking provide other useful information for of legal rights index (see the summary of scoring at the assessing how well regulations and institutions in end of this chapter for details). Higher scores indicate Honduras support lending and borrowing. more credit information and stronger legal rights for borrowers and lenders. Figure 6.1 How Honduras and comparator economies rank on the ease of getting credit Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 47 GETTING CREDIT One way to put an economy’s score on the getting credit rights index for Honduras and shows the scores for indicators into context is to see where the economy comparator economies as well as the regional average stands in the distribution of scores across economies. score. Figure 6.3 shows the same for the depth of credit Figure 6.2 highlights the score on the strength of legal information index. Figure 6.2 How strong are legal rights for borrowers Figure 6.3 How much credit information is shared — and lenders? and how widely? Economy scores on strength of legal rights index Economy scores on depth of credit information index Note: Higher scores indicate that collateral and bankruptcy Note: Higher scores indicate the availability of more credit laws are better designed to facilitate access to credit. information, from either a credit registry or a credit bureau, Source: Doing Business database. to facilitate lending decisions. If the credit bureau or registry is not operational or covers less than 5% of the adult population, the total score on the depth of credit information index is 0. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 48 GETTING CREDIT When economies strengthen the legal rights of lenders information, they can increase entrepreneurs’ access to and borrowers under collateral and bankruptcy laws, and credit. What credit reforms has Doing Business recorded increase the scope, coverage and accessibility of credit in Honduras (table 6.1)? Table 6.1 How has Honduras made getting credit easier—or not? By Doing Business report year from DB2010 to DB2015 DB year Reform Honduras improved its credit information system through a resolution that enhances the operations of the public credit DB2010 bureau and introduces several categories for classifying debtors on the basis of their credit history. Honduras strengthened its secured transactions system through a new decree establishing a centralized and computerized DB2012 collateral registry and providing for out-of-court enforcement of collateral upon default. Note: For information on reforms in earlier years (back to DB2005), see the Doing Business reports for these years, available at http://www.doingbusiness.org. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 49 GETTING CREDIT What are the details? The getting credit indicators reported here for Honduras The data on the legal rights of borrowers and lenders are are based on detailed information collected in that gathered through a survey of financial lawyers and economy. The data on credit information sharing are verified through analysis of laws and regulations as well collected through a survey of a credit registry and/or as public sources of information on collateral and credit bureau (if one exists). To construct the depth of bankruptcy laws. For the strength of legal rights index, a credit information index, a score of 1 is assigned for each score of 1 is assigned for each of 10 aspects related to of 8 features of the credit registry or credit bureau (see legal rights in collateral law and 2 aspects in bankruptcy summary of scoring below). law. Strength of legal rights index (0–12) Index score: 9 Does an integrated or unified legal framework for secured transactions that extends to the creation, publicity and enforcement of functional equivalents to security interests in movable Yes assets exist in the economy? Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in a single category of Yes movable assets, without requiring a specific description of collateral? Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in substantially all of Yes its assets, without requiring a specific description of collateral? May a security right extend to future or after-acquired assets, and may it extend automatically Yes to the products, proceeds or replacements of the original assets? Is a general description of debts and obligations permitted in collateral agreements; can all types of debts and obligations be secured between parties; and can the collateral agreement Yes include a maximum amount for which the assets are encumbered? Is a collateral registry in operation for both incorporated and non-incorporated entities, that is unified geographically and by asset type, with an electronic database indexed by debtor's Yes name? Does a notice-based collateral registry exist in which all functional equivalents can be Yes registered? Does a modern collateral registry exist in which registrations, amendments, cancellations and Yes searches can be performed online by any interested third party? Are secured creditors paid first (i.e. before tax claims and employee claims) when a debtor No defaults outside an insolvency procedure? Are secured creditors paid first (i.e. before tax claims and employee claims) when a business is No liquidated? Are secured creditors subject to an automatic stay on enforcement when a debtor enters a court-supervised reorganization procedure? Does the law protect secured creditors’ rights by No providing clear grounds for relief from the stay and/or sets a time limit for it? Doing Business 2015 Honduras 50 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) Index score: 9 Does the law allow parties to agree on out of court enforcement at the time a security interest is created? Does the law allow the secured creditor to sell the collateral through Yes public auction and private tender, as well as, for the secured creditor to keep the asset in satisfaction of the debt? Depth of credit information index (0–8) Credit bureau Credit registry Index score: 8 Are data on both firms and individuals distributed? Yes Yes 1 Are both positive and negative credit data distributed? Yes Yes 1 Are data from retailers or utility companies - in addition to data from banks and financial institutions - Yes No 1 distributed? Are at least 2 years of historical data distributed? (Credit bureaus and registries that distribute more than 10 years of negative data or erase data on Yes Yes 1 defaults as soon as they are repaid obtain a score of 0 for this component.) Are data on loan amounts below 1% of income per Yes Yes 1 capita distributed? By law, do borrowers have the right to access their Yes Yes 1 data in the credit bureau or credit registry? Can banks and financial institutions access borrowers’ credit information online (for example, through an Yes Yes 1 online platform, a system-to-system connection or both)? Are bureau or registry credit scores offered as a value- added service to help banks and financial institutions Yes No 1 assess the creditworthiness of borrowers? Note: Prior to Doing Business 2015, the depth of credit information index covered only the first 6 features listed above. An economy receives a score of 1 if there is a "yes" to either bureau or registry. If the credit bureau or registry is not operational or covers less than 5% of the adult population, the total score on the depth of credit information index is 0. Credit bureau Credit registry Coverage (% of adults) (% of adults) Number of firms 19,518 35,746 Number of individuals 1,742,404 1,029,441 Percent of total 36.1 21.8 Doing Business 2015 Honduras 51 Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 52 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS Protecting minority investors matters for the ability of companies to raise the capital they need to grow, WHAT THE PROTECTING MINORITY innovate, diversify and compete. Effective regulations INVESTORS INDICATORS MEASURE define related-party transactions precisely, promote clear and efficient disclosure requirements, require shareholder participation in major decisions of the Extent of disclosure index (0–10) company and set detailed standards of accountability Review and approval requirements for related-party for company insiders. transactions ; Disclosure requirements for related-party transactions What do the indicators cover? Doing Business measures the protection of minority Extent of director liability index (0–10) investors from conflicts of interest through one set of Ability of minority shareholders to sue and hold interested indicators and shareholders’ rights in corporate directors liable for prejudicial related-party transactions; governance through another. The ranking of economies Available legal remedies (damages, disgorgement of on the strength of minority investor protections is profits, fines, imprisonment, rescission of the transaction) determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) for protecting minority investors. These scores are the Access to internal corporate documents; Evidence simple average of the distance to frontier scores for the obtainable during trial and allocation of legal expenses extent of conflict of interest regulation index and the extent of shareholder governance index. To make the Extent of conflict of interest regulation index data comparable across economies, a case study uses (0–10) several assumptions about the business and the Sum of the extent of disclosure, extent of director liability transaction. and ease of shareholder indices, divided by 3 The business (Buyer): Extent of shareholder rights index (0-10.5)  Is a publicly traded corporation listed on the Shareholders’ rights and role in major corporate decisions economy’s most important stock exchange (or at least a large private company with Strength of governance structure index (0- multiple shareholders). 10.5) Governance safeguards protecting shareholders from  Has a board of directors and a chief executive undue board control and entrenchment officer (CEO) who may legally act on behalf of Buyer where permitted, even if this is not Extent of corporate transparency index (0-9) specifically required by law. Corporate transparency on ownership stakes, The transaction involves the following details: compensation, audits and financial prospects  Mr. James, a director and the majority Extent of shareholder governance index shareholder of the company, proposes that (0–10) the company purchase used trucks from Sum of the extent of shareholders rights, strength of another company he owns. governance structure and extent of corporate transparency indices, divided by 3  The price is higher than the going price for used trucks, but the transaction goes forward. Strength of investor protection index (0–10)  All required approvals are obtained, and all Simple average of the extent of conflict of interest required disclosures made, though the regulation and extent of shareholder governance indices transaction is prejudicial to Buyer.  Shareholders sue the interested parties and the members of the board of directors. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 53 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS Where does the economy stand today? How strong are minority investor protections against protection index (figure 7.1). While the indicator does self-dealing in Honduras? The economy has a score of not measure all aspects related to the protection of 3.2 on the strength of minority investor protection index, minority investors, a higher ranking does indicate that an with a higher score indicating stronger protections. economy’s regulations offer stronger minority investor protections against self-dealing in the areas measured. Globally, Honduras stands at 174 in the ranking of 189 economies on the strength of minority investor Figure 7.1 How Honduras and comparator economies perform on the strength of minority investor protection index Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 54 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS One way to put an economy’s scores on the protecting indices for Honduras in 2014. A summary of scoring for minority investors indicators into context is to see where the protecting minority investors indicators at the end of the economy stands in the distribution of scores across this chapter provides details on how the indices were comparator economies. Figures 7.2 through 7.7 highlight calculated. the scores on the various minority investor protection Figure 7.2 How extensive are disclosure Figure 7.3 How extensive is the liability regime for directors? requirements? Extent of director liability index (0-10) Extent of disclosure index (0-10) Note: Higher scores indicate greater liability of directors. Note: Higher scores indicate greater disclosure. Source: Doing Business database. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 55 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS Figure 7.4 How easy is accessing internal corporate documents? Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) Note: Higher scores indicate greater minority shareholder access to evidence before and during trial. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 56 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS Figure 7.5 How extensive are shareholder rights? Extent of shareholder rights index (0-10.5) Note: The higher the score, the stronger the protections. Source: Doing Business database. Figure 7.6 How strong is the governance structure? Strength of governance structure index (0-10.5) Note: Higher scores indicate more stringent governance structure requirements. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 57 Figure 7.7 How extensive is corporate transparency? Extent of corporate transparency index (0-9) Note: Higher scores indicate greater transparency. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 58 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS What are the details? The protecting minority investors indicators reported to disclosure, director liability, shareholder suits, here for Honduras are based on detailed information shareholder rights, governance structure and corporate collected through a survey of corporate and securities transparency in a standard case study (for more details, lawyers about securities regulations, company laws and see the Data Notes section of the Doing Business 2015 court rules of evidence and procedure. To construct the report). The summary below shows the details underlying six indicators on minority investor protection, scores are the scores for Honduras. assigned to each based on a range of conditions relating Table 7.2 Summary of scoring for the protecting minority investors indicators in Honduras Answer Score Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 0.0 Which corporate body can provide legally sufficient CEO alone 0 approval for the Buyer-Seller transaction? (0-3) Is disclosure by the interested director to the board of No disclosure obligation 0 directors required? (0-2) Is disclosure of the transaction in published periodic filings No disclosure obligation 0 (annual reports) required? (0-2) Is immediate disclosure of the transaction to the public No disclosure obligation 0 and/or shareholders required? (0-2) Must an external body review the terms of the transaction No 0 before it takes place? (0-1) Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5.0 Can shareholders sue directly or derivatively for the damage caused by the Buyer-Seller transaction to the company? (0- No 0 1) Can shareholders hold the interested director liable for the Liable if negligent 1 damage caused by the transaction to the company? (0-2) Can shareholders hold members of the approving body liable for the damage cause by the transaction to the Liable if negligent 1 company? (0-2) Must the interested director pay damages for the harm caused to the company upon a successful claim by a Yes 1 shareholder plaintiff? (0-1) Must the interested director repay profits made from the transaction upon a successful claim by a shareholder Yes 1 plaintiff? (0-1) Can both fines and imprisonment be applied against the Yes 1 interested indrector? (0-1) Can a court void the transaction upon a successful claim by Only in case of fraud or bad faith 0 a shareholder plaintiff? (0-2) Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5.0 Before filing suit, can shareholders owning 10% of the company’s share capital inspect the transaction documents? No 0 (0-1) Can the plaintiff obtain any documents from the defendant Any relevant document 3 Doing Business 2015 Honduras 59 and witnesses during trial? (0-3) Can the plaintiff request categories of documents from the No 0 defendant without identifying specific ones? (0-1) Can the plaintiff directly question the defendant and No 1 witnesses during trial? (0-2) Is the level of proof required for civil suits lower than that of No 0 criminal cases? (0-1) Can shareholder plaintiffs recover their legal expenses from Yes if successful 1 the company? (0-2) Strength of minority investor protection index (0-10) 3.2 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0-10) 3.3 Extent of shareholder rights index (0-10.5) 6.0 Can shareholders amend company bylaws or statutes with a Yes 1.5 simple majority? Can shareholders owning 10% of the company's share No 0 capital call for an extraordinary meeting of shareholders? Can shareholders remove members of the board of Yes 1.5 directors before the end of their term. Must a company obtain its shareholders’ approval every Yes 1.5 time it issues new shares? Are shareholders automatically granted subscription rights Yes 1.5 on new shares? Must shareholders approve the election and dismissal of the No 0 external auditor? Can shareholders freely trade shares prior to a major No 0 corporate action or meeting of shareholders? Strength of governance structure index (0-10.5) 1.5 Is the CEO barred from also serving as chair of the board of Yes 1.5 directors? Must the board of directors include independent board No 0 members? Must a company have a separate audit committee? No 0 Must changes to the voting rights of a series or class of shares be approved only by the holders of the affected Yes 1.5 shares? Must a potential acquirer make a tender offer to all No 0 shareholders upon acquiring 50% of a company? Is cross-shareholding between 2 independent companies No 0 limited to 10% of outstanding shares? Is a subsidiary barred from acquiring shares issued by its Yes 1.5 parent company? Extent of corporate transparency index (0-9) 1.5 Must ownership stakes representing 10% be disclosed? No 0 Must information about board members’ other directorships as well as basic information on their primary employment No 0 be disclosed? Must the compensation of individual managers be No 0 disclosed? Must financial statements contain explanatory notes on significant accounting policies, trends, risks, uncertainties No 0 and other factors influencing the reporting? Must annual financial statements be audited by an external Yes 1.5 Doing Business 2015 Honduras 60 auditor? Must audit reports be disclosed to the public? No 0 Extent of shareholder governance index (0-10) 3.0 Source: Doing Business database. PAYING TAXES Taxes are essential. The level of tax rates needs to be carefully chosen—and needless complexity in tax WHAT THE PAYING TAXES INDICATORS rules avoided. Firms in economies that rank better MEASURE on the ease of paying taxes in the Doing Business study tend to perceive both tax rates and tax Tax payments for a manufacturing company administration as less of an obstacle to business in 2013 (number per year adjusted for according to the World Bank Enterprise Survey electronic and joint filing and payment) research. Total number of taxes and contributions paid, What do the indicators cover? including consumption taxes (value added tax, sales tax or goods and service tax) Using a case scenario, Doing Business measures the taxes and mandatory contributions that a medium- Method and frequency of filing and payment size company must pay in a given year as well as the Time required to comply with 3 major taxes administrative burden of paying taxes and (hours per year) contributions. This case scenario uses a set of financial statements and assumptions about Collecting information and computing the tax payable transactions made over the year. Information is also compiled on the frequency of filing and payments as Completing tax return forms, filing with well as time taken to comply with tax laws. The proper agencies ranking of economies on the ease of paying taxes is Arranging payment or withholding determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores on the ease of paying taxes. These scores are Preparing separate tax accounting books, if required the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators, with a Total tax rate (% of profit before all taxes) threshold and a nonlinear transformation applied to Profit or corporate income tax one of the component indicators, the total tax rate . 5 The financial statement variables have been updated Social contributions and labor taxes paid by to be proportional to 2012 income per capita; the employer previously they were proportional to 2005 income Property and property transfer taxes per capita. To make the data comparable across Dividend, capital gains and financial economies, several assumptions are used. transactions taxes  TaxpayerCo is a medium-size business that Waste collection, vehicle, road and other taxes started operations on January 1, 2012.  Taxes and mandatory contributions include  The business starts from the same financial corporate income tax, turnover tax and all position in each economy. All the taxes labor taxes and contributions paidof by the 5 The nonlinear distance to frontier for the total tax rate is equal to the distance to frontier for the total tax rate to the power 0.8. The threshold is defined as and mandatory the total contributions tax rate at the 15th percentilepaid during of the company. overall distribution for all years included in the analysis. It is calculated and adjusted on a the yearly basis. second The thresholdyear of is not operation based are recorded. on any economic theory of an “optimal tax rate” that minimizes distortions or maximizes efficiency in the tax system of an economy overall. Instead, it is mainly empirical in nature, set  range Alower at the end ofstandard of deductions the distribution and of tax rates levied on medium-size  Taxes and mandatory contributions are exemptions enterprises in the manufacturing sector as observed through the paying taxes indicators. are also This reduces recorded. the bias in the indicators toward economies that do not need to levyat measured all levels significant government. ofon taxes companies like the Doing Business standardized case study company because they raise public revenue in other ways—for example, through taxes on foreign companies, through taxes on sectors other than manufacturing or from natural resources (all of which are outside the scope of the methodology). This year’s threshold is 26.1%. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 61 PAYING TAXES Where does the economy stand today? What is the administrative burden of complying with 2 largest business cities. See the chapter on distance to taxes in Honduras—and how much do firms pay in frontier and ease of doing business ranking at the end of taxes? On average, firms make 48.0 tax payments a year, this profile for more details. spend 224.0 hours a year filing, preparing and paying Globally, Honduras stands at 153 in the ranking of 189 taxes and pay total taxes amounting to 43.0% of profit economies on the ease of paying taxes (figure 8.1). The (see the summary at the end of this chapter for details). rankings for comparator economies and the regional Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest average ranking provide other useful information for business city of an economy, except for 11 economies for assessing the tax compliance burden for businesses in which the data are a population-weighted average of the Honduras. Figure 8.1 How Honduras and comparator economies rank on the ease of paying taxes Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 62 PAYING TAXES Economies around the world have made paying taxes concrete results. Some economies simplifying tax faster and easier for businesses—such as by payment and reducing rates have seen tax revenue rise. consolidating filings, reducing the frequency of What tax reforms has Doing Business recorded in payments or offering electronic filing and payment. Honduras (table 8.1)? Many have lowered tax rates. Changes have brought Table 8.1 How has Honduras made paying taxes easier—or not? By Doing Business report year from DB2010 to DB2015 DB year Reform Honduras made paying taxes costlier for firms by raising the DB2012 solidarity tax rate. Note: For information on reforms in earlier years (back to DB2006), see the Doing Business reports for these years, available at http://www.doingbusiness.org. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 63 PAYING TAXES What are the details? The indicators reported here for Honduras are based LOCATION OF STANDARDIZED COMPANY on the taxes and contributions that would be paid by a standardized case study company used by Doing Business in collecting the data (see the section in this City: Tegucigalpa chapter on what the indicators cover). Tax practitioners are asked to review a set of financial statements as well as a standardized list of assumptions and transactions that the company The taxes and contributions paid are listed in the completed during its 2nd year of operation. summary below, along with the associated number of Respondents are asked how much taxes and payments, time and tax rate. mandatory contributions the business must pay and how these taxes are filed and paid. Table 8.2 Summary of tax rates and administration Total tax Notes on Tax or mandatory Payments Notes on Time Statutory Tax base rate (% of total tax contribution (number) payments (hours) tax rate profit) rate taxable Corporate income tax 4 35 25% 23.9 profit Municipal tax on industry and 1 0 0.4% sales 7.1 commerce taxable profit over Solidarity tax 0 paid jointly 0 6% 4.9 Lps 1,000,000 1% over Lps assets Fixed assets tax 1 0 2.1 3,000,000 value Employer paid - Pension gross 0 0 1.5% 1.7 contribution - RAP salaries Employer paid - Professional gross 1 0 1% 1.1 training tax - INFOP salaries capital Capital gains tax 1 0 10% 1 gains Lps 3.5 per property Municipal property tax 12 0 0.5 1,000 value Employer paid - Social gross 12 93 7.2% 0.4 security contributions salaries Doing Business 2015 Honduras 64 Total tax Notes on Tax or mandatory Payments Notes on Time Statutory Tax base rate (% of total tax contribution (number) payments (hours) tax rate profit) rate 10% if Tax on interest 1 0 above interest 0.2 50,000 Vehicle tax 1 0 Lps 2,200 fixed fee 0 fuel $0.6106 per Fuel tax 1 0 consumpti 0 gallon on Lps 200 for contracts with a value less than transactio small Stamp duty 1 0 1,000 and 0 n value amount Lps 1.5 per 1,000 of value of transaction Employee paid - Social gross 0 paid jointly 0 3.5% 0 withheld security contributions salaries value not Value added tax (VAT) 12 96 12% 0 added included Totals 48.0 224.0 43.0 Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 65 TRADING ACROSS BORDERS In today’s globalized world, making trade between WHAT THE TRADING ACROSS BORDERS economies easier is increasingly important for INDICATORS MEASURE business. Excessive document requirements, burdensome customs procedures, inefficient port operations and inadequate infrastructure all lead to Documents required to export and import extra costs and delays for exporters and importers, (number) stifling trade potential. Research shows that Bank documents exporters in developing countries gain more from a Customs clearance documents 10% drop in their trading costs than from a similar reduction in the tariffs applied to their products in Port and terminal handling documents global markets. Transport documents What do the indicators cover? Time required to export and import (days) Doing Business measures the time and cost Obtaining, filling out and submitting all the (excluding tariffs and the time and cost for sea documents transport) associated with exporting and importing a Inland transport and handling standard shipment of goods by sea transport, and the number of documents necessary to complete the Customs clearance and inspections transaction. The indicators cover predefined stages Port and terminal handling such as documentation requirements and procedures Does not include sea transport time at customs and other regulatory agencies as well as at the port. They also cover trade logistics, including Cost required to export and import (US$ per the time and cost of inland transport to the largest container) business city. The ranking of economies on the ease All documentation of trading across borders is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for trading across Inland transport and handling borders. These scores are the simple average of the Customs clearance and inspections distance to frontier scores for each of the component Port and terminal handling indicators. To make the data comparable across economies, Doing Business uses several assumptions Official costs only, no bribes about the business and the traded goods. The business:  Is located in the economy’s largest The traded product: business city. For the 11 economies with a population of more than 100 million, data  Is not hazardous nor includes military items. for a second city have been added.  Does not require refrigeration or any other  Is a private, limited liability company, special environment. domestically owned and does not operate  Do not require any special phytosanitary or with special export or import privileges. environmental safety standards other than  Conducts export and import activities, but accepted international standards. does not have any special accreditation  Is one of the economy’s leading export or such as an authorized economic operator import products. status.  Is transported in a dry-cargo, 20-foot full container load. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 66 TRADING ACROSS BORDERS Where does the economy stand today? What does it take to export or import in Honduras? population-weighted average of the 2 largest business According to data collected by Doing Business, exporting cities. See the chapter on distance to frontier and ease of a standard container of goods requires 5 documents, doing business ranking at the end of this profile for more takes 12.0 days and costs $1450.0. Importing the same details. container of goods requires 6 documents, takes 16.0 Globally, Honduras stands at 70 in the ranking of 189 days and costs $1630.0 (see the summary of four economies on the ease of trading across borders (figure predefined stages and documents at the end of this 9.1). The rankings for comparator economies and the chapter for details). Most indicator sets refer to a case regional average ranking provide other useful scenario in the largest business city of an economy, information for assessing how easy it is for a business in except for 11 economies for which the data are a Honduras to export and import goods. Figure 9.1 How Honduras and comparator economies rank on the ease of trading across borders Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 67 TRADING ACROSS BORDERS In economies around the world, trading across borders systems. These changes help improve the trading as measured by Doing Business has become faster and environment and boost firms’ international easier over the years. Governments have introduced competitiveness. What trade reforms has Doing Business tools to facilitate trade—including single windows, risk- recorded in Honduras (table 9.1)? based inspections and electronic data interchange Table 9.1 How has Honduras made trading across borders easier—or not? By Doing Business report year from DB2010 to DB2015 DB year Reform Honduras made trading across borders faster by implementing DB2012 a web-based electronic data interchange system and X-ray machines at the port of Puerto Cortes. Note: For information on reforms in earlier years (back to DB2006), see the Doing Business reports for these years, available at http://www.doingbusiness.org. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 68 TRADING ACROSS BORDERS What are the details? The indicators reported here for Honduras are based LOCATION OF STANDARDIZED COMPANY on a set of specific predefined stages for trading a standard shipment of goods by ocean transport (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators Port Name: Puerto Cortes cover). Information on the required documents and the time and cost to complete export and import is City: Tegucigalpa collected from local freight forwarders, shipping lines, The predefined stages, and the associated time and cost, customs brokers, port officials and banks. for exporting and importing a standard shipment of goods are listed in the summary below, along with the required documents. Table 9.2 Summary of predefined stages and documents for trading across borders in Honduras Stages to export Time (days) Cost (US$) Customs clearance and inspections 2 155 Documents preparation 8 260 Inland transportation and handling 1 900 Ports and terminal handling 1 135 Totals 12 1,450 Stages to import Time (days) Cost (US$) Customs clearance and inspections 4 215 Documents preparation 8 255 Inland transportation and handling 2 900 Ports and terminal handling 2 260 Totals 16 1,630 Doing Business 2015 Honduras 69 Documents to export Bill of lading Commercial Invoice Customs export declaration Foreign exchange authorization Packing List Documents to import Bill of lading Cargo release order Commercial invoice Customs import declaration Packing list Terminal handling receipts Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 70 ENFORCING CONTRACTS Effective commercial dispute resolution has many WHAT THE ENFORCING CONTRACTS benefits. Courts are essential for entrepreneurs INDICATORS MEASURE because they interpret the rules of the market and protect economic rights. Efficient and transparent courts encourage new business relationships because Procedures to enforce a contract through businesses know they can rely on the courts if a new the courts (number) customer fails to pay. Speedy trials are essential for Steps to file and serve the case small enterprises, which may lack the resources to Steps for trial and judgment stay in business while awaiting the outcome of a long court dispute. Steps to enforce the judgment What do the indicators cover? Time required to complete procedures (calendar days) Doing Business measures the efficiency of the judicial system in resolving a commercial dispute before Time to file and serve the case local courts. Following the step-by-step evolution of Time for trial and obtaining judgment a standardized case study, it collects data relating to Time to enforce the judgment the time, cost and procedural complexity of resolving a commercial lawsuit. The ranking on the ease of Cost required to complete procedures (% of enforcing contracts is the simple average of the claim) percentile rankings on its component indicators: Average attorney fees procedures, time and cost. Court costs The dispute in the case study involves the breach of a sales contract between 2 domestic businesses. The Enforcement costs case study assumes that the court hears an expert on the quality of the goods in dispute. This distinguishes the case from simple debt enforcement. To make the data comparable across economies, Doing Business uses several assumptions about the case:  The seller and buyer are located in the economy’s largest business city. For the 11 economies with a population of more than  The seller requests a pretrial attachment to 100 million, data for a second city have secure the claim. been added.  The dispute on the quality of the goods  The buyer orders custom-made goods, requires an expert opinion. then fails to pay.  The judge decides in favor of the seller; there  The seller sues the buyer before a is no appeal. competent court.  The seller enforces the judgment through a  The value of the claim is 200% of the public sale of the buyer’s movable assets. income per capita or the equivalent in local currency of USD 5,000, whichever is greater. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 71 ENFORCING CONTRACTS Where does the economy stand today? How efficient is the process of resolving a commercial business cities. See the chapter on distance to frontier dispute through the courts in Honduras? According to and ease of doing business ranking at the end of this data collected by Doing Business, contract enforcement profile for more details. takes 920.0 days, costs 35.2% of the value of the claim Globally, Honduras stands at 166 in the ranking of 189 and requires 47.0 procedures (see the summary at the economies on the ease of enforcing contracts (figure end of this chapter for details). Most indicator sets refer 10.1). The rankings for comparator economies and the to a case scenario in the largest business city of an regional average ranking provide other useful economy, except for 11 economies for which the data benchmarks for assessing the efficiency of contract are a population-weighted average of the 2 largest enforcement in Honduras. Figure 10.1 How Honduras and comparator economies rank on the ease of enforcing contracts Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 72 ENFORCING CONTRACTS Economies in all regions have improved contract reducing backlogs by introducing periodic reviews to enforcement in recent years. A judiciary can be improved clear inactive cases from the docket and by making in different ways. Higher-income economies tend to look procedures faster. What reforms making it easier (or for ways to enhance efficiency by introducing new more difficult) to enforce contracts has Doing Business technology. Lower-income economies often work on recorded in Honduras (table 10.1)? Table 10.1 How has Honduras made enforcing contracts easier—or not? By Doing Business report year from DB2010 to DB2015 DB year Reform Honduras adopted a new civil procedure code that modified DB2012 litigation procedures for enforcing a contract. Note: For information on reforms in earlier years (back to DB2005), see the Doing Business reports for these years, available at http://www.doingbusiness.org. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 73 ENFORCING CONTRACTS What are the details? The indicators reported here for Honduras are based COURT NAME on a set of specific procedural steps required to resolve a standardized commercial dispute through the courts (see the section in this chapter on what Claim value: HNL 99,124 the indicators cover). These procedures, and the time and cost of completing them, are identified through Unified Civil District study of the codes of civil procedure and other court Court name: Court of Francisco regulations, as well as through questionnaires Morazán completed by local litigation lawyers (and, in a quarter of the economies covered by Doing Business, City: Tegucigalpa by judges as well). Table 10.2 Summary of time, cost and procedures for enforcing a contract in Honduras Latin America & Indicator Honduras Caribbean average Time (days) 920 737 Filing and service 60 Trial and judgment 680 Enforcement of judgment 180 Cost (% of claim) 35.2 30.6 Attorney cost (% of claim) 25.0 Court cost (% of claim) 2.1 Enforcement Cost (% of claim) 8.1 Procedures (number) 47 40 Number of procedures (without bonus points) 47 Total number of procedures (including bonus points) 47 Doing Business 2015 Honduras 74 No. Procedures Filing and service: Plaintiff requests payment: Plaintiff or his lawyer asks Defendant orally or in writing to comply with the 1 contract. A third person formally notifies Defendant: A third person formally notifies Defendant. A person other 2 than the Plaintiff or his lawyer, such as a notary public, formally notifies Defendant of Plaintiff’s request for payment. 3 Plaintiff hires a lawyer: Plaintiff hires a lawyer. Plaintiff files a summons and complaint: Plaintiff files a summons and complaint with the court (orally or * in writing). Registration of court case: Registration of court case by the court administration (this can include 4 assigning a reference number to the case). Assignment of court case to a judge: Assignment of court case to a judge (through a random procedure, * automated system, ruling of an administrative judge, court officer, etc). Judicial scrutiny of summons and complaint: Judge examines Plaintiff's summons and complaint for 5 formal requirements as a matter of law or standard practice. Judge admits summons and complaint: Judge admits summons and complaint (after verifying the formal * requirements). Plaintiff requests service of process on Defendant: Plaintiff requests in writing to the court for an order 6 that process be served on Defendant. 7 Court order for service: Upon Plaintiff’s request, judge orders process be served on Defendant. Delivery of summons and complaint to person authorized to perform service of process on Defendant: 8 The judge or a court officer delivers the summons to a summoning office, officer, or authorized person (including Plaintiff), for service of process on Defendant. Attempt at physical delivery: An attempt to physically deliver summons and complaint to Defendant is 9 made. Second attempt at physical delivery: If a first attempt is not ordinarily successful, a second attempt to 10 physically deliver the summons and complaint to Defendant is required by law or standard practice. (Check ‘yes’ only if a first attempt at physical delivery is not ordinarily successful) Application for substituted service: Because physical delivery is NOT successful, Plaintiff has recourse to 11 substituted service. Substituted service can include, but is not limited to, service by publication in newspapers or affixing of a notice in court or on public bulletin boards. Only ch Court order regarding substituted service: Judge in a court order sets out acceptable means for 12 substituted service in a particular case. Substituted service: Substituted service is completed by publication in newspapers, by affixing a notice in 13 court or on public bulletin boards, etc. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 75 No. Procedures * Proof of service: Plaintiff submits proof of service to court, as required by law or standard practice. Application for pre-judgment attachment: Plaintiff submits an application in writing for the attachment of * Defendant's property prior to judgment. Decision on pre-judgment attachment: Judge decides whether to grant Plaintiff’s request for pre- * judgment attachment of Defendant’s property and notifies Plaintiff and Defendant of the decision. Guarantees securing attached property: Plaintiff submits guarantees or bonds to secure Defendant 14 against possible damages to attached property. Pre-judgment attachment order: Defendant's property is attached prior to judgment. Attachment order 15 either involves physical attachment, or is achieved by freezing, registering, marking, or otherwise separating and restricting Defendant’s movement of specific moveable assets. Custody of assets attached prior to judgment: If physical attachment is ordered, Defendant's attached 16 assets are placed in the custody or control of an enforcement officer or private bailiff. Report on pre-judgment attachment: Court enforcement officer or private bailiff issues and delivers a 17 report on the attachment of Defendant’s property to the judge. Hearing on pre-judgment attachment: A hearing takes place as a matter of law or standard practice to 18 resolve the question of whether Defendant’s assets can be attached prior to judgment. This process may include the submission of separate summons and petitions. Trial and judgment: Defendant files preliminary objections.: Defendant presents preliminary objections to the court. * (Preliminary exemptions differ from answers on the merits. Examples of preliminary motions are motions to dismiss on the basis of the statute of limitations or jurisdictional objections, etc.) Checke Plaintiff’s answer to preliminary motions: Plaintiff responds to preliminary motions raised by Defendant. * Checked as ‘yes’ if preliminary motions are commonly raised (step 30) and if Plaintiff responds to them immediately. Judge’s resolution on preliminary objections: Judge decides on preliminary objections separate ly from the 19 merits of the case. Checked as ‘yes’ if preliminary objections are commonly made (step 30) and if judge resolves the question before rendering his decision. Defendant files an answer to Plaintiff’s claim: Defendant files a written pleading which includes his answer 20 or defense on the merits of the case (see assumption 4). Deadline for Plaintiff to reply to Defendant's defense or answer: Judge sets a deadline for Plaintiff’s 21 submission of a reply to the Defendant's defense or answer. Plaintiff’s written reply to Defendant's answer: Plaintiff responds to Defendant’s answer with a written 22 pleading, which may or may not include witness statements or expert (witness) statements. Filing of written submissions: Plaintiff and Defendant file written pleadings and submissions with the court 23 and transmit copies of the written pleadings or submissions to one another. The pleadings may or may not include witness statements or expert (witness) statements. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 76 No. Procedures Court appointment of independent expert: Judge appoints, either at the parties' request or at his own * initiative, an independent expert to decide whether the quality of the goods Plaintiff delivered to Defendant is adequate. (see assumption 5-b). Notification of court-appointment of independent expert: The court notifies both parties that the court is 24 appointing an independent expert (see assumption 5-b). Delivery of expert report by court-appointed expert: The independent expert, appointed by the court, * delivers his or her expert report to the court (see assumption 5-b). Setting of date for mediation hearing: The judge sets a date for a mediation hearing, sometimes also * called a 'pre-trial conference,' and notifies the parties of the hearing date. Mediation hearing: The judge, during this informal meeting with the parties, encourages them to settle 25 the case (acting as mediator). The case cannot be settled, the judge may draft a pre-trial conference report, after which the case may be allocated to another judge for tr * Setting of date(s) for oral hearing or trial: Judge sets the date(s) for the oral hearing or trial. * List of (expert) witnesses: The parties file a list of (expert) witnesses with the court (see assumption 5-a). Summoning of (expert) witnesses: The court summons (expert) witnesses to appear in court for the oral 26 hearing or trial (see assumption 5-a). Oral hearing (prevalent in civil law): The parties argue the merits of the case at an oral hearing before the 27 judge. Witnesses and a court-appointed independent expert may be heard and questioned at the oral hearing. Request for closing of the evidence period: Plaintiff or Defendant requests the judge to close the evidence * period. 28 Closing of the evidence period: The court makes the formal decision to close the evidence period. Final arguments: The parties present their final factual and legal arguments to the court either by oral * presentation or by a written submission. 29 Judgment date: The judge sets a date for delivery of the judgment. 30 Writing of judgment: The judge produces a written copy of the judgment. Registration of judgment: The court office registers the judgment after receiving a written copy of the 31 judgment. Plaintiff receives a copy of the judgment: Plaintiff receives a copy of the written judgment which is 100% 32 in favor of Plaintiff (see assumption 6). Defendant is formally notified of the judgment: Plaintiff or court formally notifies the Defendant of the 33 judgment. The appeal period starts to run from the day the Defendant is formally notified of the judgment. Appeal period: By law Defendant has the opportunity to appeal the judgment during a specified period. 34 Defendant decides not to appeal. Seller decides to start enforcing the judgment when the appeal period ends (see assumption 8). Enforcement of judgment: Doing Business 2015 Honduras 77 No. Procedures Plaintiff hires a lawyer: Plaintiff hires a lawyer to enforce the judgment or continues to be represented by * a lawyer during the enforcement of judgment phase. Plaintiff retains an enforcement agent to enforce the judgment.: Plaintiff retains the services of a court 35 enforcement officer such as a court bailiff or sheriff, or a private bailiff. Plaintiff requests an enforcement order: Plaintiff applies to the court to obtain the enforcement order * ('seal' on judgment). Attachment of enforcement order to judgment: The judge attaches the enforcement order (‘seal’) to the 36 judgment. Plaintiff’s request for physical enforcement: As Plaintiff commonly fears that Defendant might physically * resist the taking into custody of its previously attached movable assets, Plaintiff requests the judge or the police authorities to obtain police assistance during the physical enforcement of the Judge's order for physical enforcement: Judge orders the police to assist with the physical enforcement of 37 the attachment of Defendant's movable assets. Check as “yes” only if the pretrial order of attachment for Defendant’s moveable assets does not ordinarily involve physical seizure of the as Request to Defendant to comply voluntarily with judgment: Plaintiff, a court enforcement officer or a 38 private bailiff requests Defendant to voluntarily comply with the judgment. 39 Plaintiff identifies Defendant's assets for attachment: Plaintiff identifies Defendant's assets for attachment. Attachment: Defendant’s movable goods are attached (physically or by registering, marking or separating 40 assets). Report on execution of attachment: A court enforcement officer or private bailiff delivers a report on the 41 attachment of Defendant's movable goods to the judge. Valuation or appraisal of attached movable goods: The court or court-appointed valuation expert 42 evaluates the attached goods. Call for public auction: Judge calls a public auction by, for example, advertising or publication in the 43 newspapers. 44 Sale through public auction: The Defendant’s movable property is sold at public auction. 45 Judge's decision on bids: Judge determines the adequacy of the bids presented at public auction. Distribution of proceeds: The proceeds of the public auction are distributed to Plaintiff (and, where 46 applicable, to other creditors, according to the rules of priority). 47 Payment: Court orders that the proceeds of the public auction or the direct sale be delivered to Plaintiff. * Not counted in the total number of procedures. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 78 RESOLVING INSOLVENCY A robust bankruptcy system functions as a filter, WHAT THE RESOLVING INSOLVENCY ensuring the survival of economically efficient INDICATORS MEASURE companies and reallocating the resources of inefficient ones. Fast and cheap insolvency proceedings result in the speedy return of businesses Time required to recover debt (years) to normal operation and increase returns to Measured in calendar years creditors. By improving the expectations of creditors Appeals and requests for extension are and debtors about the outcome of insolvency included proceedings, well-functioning insolvency systems can facilitate access to finance, save more viable Cost required to recover debt (% of debtor’s businesses and thereby improve growth and estate) sustainability in the economy overall. Measured as percentage of estate value What do the indicators cover? Court fees Doing Business studies the time, cost and outcome of Fees of insolvency administrators insolvency proceedings involving domestic legal Lawyers’ fees entities. These variables are used to calculate the recovery rate, which is recorded as cents on the Assessors’ and auctioneers’ fees dollar recouped by secured creditors through Other related fees reorganization, liquidation or debt enforcement (foreclosure) proceedings. To determine the present Outcome value of the amount recovered by creditors, Doing Whether business continues operating as a Business uses the lending rates from the International going concern or business assets are sold Monetary Fund, supplemented with data from piecemeal central banks and the Economist Intelligence Unit. Recovery rate for creditors In addition, Doing Business evaluates the adequacy Measures the cents on the dollar recovered and integrity of the existing legal framework by secured creditors applicable to liquidation and reorganization proceedings through the strength of insolvency Outcome for the business (survival or not) determines the maximum value that can be framework index. The index tests whether economies recovered adopted internationally accepted good practices in four areas: commencement of proceedings, Official costs of the insolvency proceedings management of debtor’s assets, reorganization are deducted proceedings and creditor participation. Depreciation of furniture is taken into The ranking of the Resolving Insolvency indicator is account based on the recovery rate and the total score of the Present value of debt recovered strength of insolvency framework index. The Strength of insolvency framework index (0- Resolving Insolvency indicator does not measure 16) insolvency proceedings of individuals and financial institutions. The data are derived from survey Sum of the scores of four component indices: responses by local insolvency practitioners and Commencement of proceedings index (0-3) verified through a study of laws and regulations as well as public information on bankruptcy systems. Management of debtor’s assets index (0-6) Reorganization proceedings index (0-3) Creditor participation index (0-4) Doing Business 2015 Honduras 79 RESOLVING INSOLVENCY Where does the economy stand today? Combination of quality regulations and efficient practice According to data collected by Doing Business, Honduras characterize the top-performing economies. How scores 2.0 out of 3 points on the commencement of efficient are insolvency proceedings in Honduras? proceedings index, 4.0 out of 6 points on the According to data collected by Doing Business, resolving management of debtor’s assets index, 0.0 out of 3 points insolvency takes 3.8 years on average and costs 14.5% of on the reorganization proceedings index, and 1.0 out of the debtor’s estate, with the most likely outcome being 4 points on the creditor participation index. Honduras’s that the company will be sold as piecemeal sale. The total score on the strength of insolvency framework average recovery rate is 18.5 cents on the dollar. Most index is 7.0 out of 16. indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest Globally, Honduras stands at 140 in the ranking of 189 business city of an economy, except for 11 economies for economies on the ease of resolving insolvency (figure which the data are a population-weighted average of the 11.1). The rankings for comparator economies and the 2 largest business cities. See the chapter on distance to regional average ranking provide other useful frontier and ease of doing business ranking at the end of benchmarks for assessing the efficiency of insolvency this profile for more details. proceedings in Honduras. Figure 11.1 How Honduras and comparator economies rank on the ease of resolving insolvency Doing Business 2015 Honduras 80 Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 81 Figure 11.2 Recovery Rate (0-100) - Honduras Source: Doing Business database. Figure 11.3 Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16) - Honduras Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 82 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Doing Business measures flexibility in the regulation of Doing Business 2015 presents the data for the labor employment, specifically as it affects the hiring and market regulation indicators in an annex. The report redundancy of workers and the rigidity of working hours. does not present rankings of economies on these This year, for the first time, the indicators measuring indicators nor include the topic in the aggregate distance flexibility in labor market regulations focus on those to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing affecting the food retail industry, using a standardized business. Detailed data collected on labor market case study of a cashier in a supermarket. Also new is that regulations are available on the Doing Business website Doing Business collects data on regulations applying to (http://www.doingbusiness.org). The data on labor employees hired through temporary-work agencies as market regulations are based on a detailed survey of well as on those applying to permanent employees or employment regulations that is completed by local employees hired on fixed-term contracts. The indicators lawyers and public officials. Employment laws and also cover additional areas of labor market regulation, regulations as well as secondary sources are reviewed to including social protection schemes and benefits as well ensure accuracy. To make the data comparable across as labor disputes. economies, several assumptions about the worker and the business are used. Over the period from 2007 to 2011 improvements were made to align the methodology for the labor market The worker: regulation indicators (formerly the employing workers  Is a cashier in a supermarket or a grocery store indicators) with the letter and spirit of the International  Is a full-time employee Labour Organization (ILO) conventions. Only 6 of the 188  Is not a member of the labor union, unless ILO conventions cover areas measured by Doing membership is mandatory Business: employee termination, weekend work, holiday The business: with pay, night work, protection against unemployment  Is a limited liability company (or the equivalent and medical care and sickness benefits. The Doing in the economy) with 60 employees. Business methodology is fully consistent with these 6  Operates a supermarket or grocery store in the conventions. The ILO conventions covering areas related economy’s largest business city. For 11 to the labor market regulation indicators do not include economies the data are also collected for the the ILO core labor standards—8 conventions covering second largest business city. the right to collective bargaining, the elimination of  Is subject to collective bargaining agreements if forced labor, the abolition of child labor and equitable such agreements cover more than 50% of the treatment in employment practices. food retail sector and they apply even to firms that are not party to them. Between 2009 and 2011 the World Bank Group worked  Abides by every law and regulation but does not with a consultative group—including labor lawyers, grant workers more benefits than those employer and employee representatives, and experts mandated by law, regulation or (if applicable) from the ILO, the Organisation for Economic Co- collective bargaining agreements. operation and Development (OECD), civil society and the private sector—to review the methodology for the labor market regulation indicators and explore future areas of research. A full report with the conclusions of the consultative group is available at: http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology/employing-workers. Doing Business 2015 Honduras LABOR MARKET REGULATION Employment laws are needed to protect workers from the past 5 years did so in ways that increased labor arbitrary or unfair treatment and to ensure efficient market flexibility. What changes did Honduras adopt that contracting between employers and workers. Many affected the Doing Business indicators on labor market economies that changed their labor market regulation in regulation (table 12.1)? Table 12.1 What changes did Honduras make in terms of labor market regulation? DB year Reform Honduras increased the severance payments applicable in DB2010 redundancy dismissals. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 84 LABOR MARKET REGULATION What are the details? The data reported here for Honduras are based on a Employment laws and regulations as well as secondary detailed survey of labor market regulation that is sources are reviewed to ensure accuracy. completed by local lawyers and public officials. Difficulty of hiring index Difficulty of hiring covers 4 areas: (i) whether fixed-term wage to the average value added per worker. The contracts are prohibited for permanent tasks; (ii) the average value added per worker is the ratio of an maximum cumulative duration of fixed-term contracts; economy’s GNI per capita to the working-age population (iii) the minimum wage for a cashier, age 19, with 1 year as a percentage of the total population. of work experience; and (iv) the ratio of the minimum Difficulty of hiring index Data Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? Yes 12 months in general; 60 months for work requiring special technical preparation; however, a longer term can only be found Maximum length of a single fixed-term contract (months) to be in violation of the law on the express request of the worker (Art. 47 and 48) Maximum length of fixed-term contracts, including renewals (months) 24 Minimum wage applicable to the worker assumed in the case study 455.04 (US$/month) Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 1.51 Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 85 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Rigidity of hours index Rigidity of hours covers 7 areas: (i) whether the premium for work on a weekly rest day (as a percentage workweek can extend to 50 hours or more (including of hourly pay); (v) whether there are restrictions on night overtime) for 2 months in a year to respond to a work; (vi) whether there are restrictions on weekly seasonal increase in workload; (ii) the maximum number holiday work; and (vii) the average paid annual leave for of days allowed in the workweek; (iii) the premium for workers with 1 year of tenure, 5 years of tenure and 10 night work (as a percentage of hourly pay); (iv) the years of tenure. Rigidity of hours index Data 50-hour workweek allowed for 2 months a year in case of a seasonal Yes increase in workload? Maximum working days per week 6.0 Premium for night work (% of hourly pay) 25% Premium for work on weekly rest day (% of hourly pay) 100% Major restrictions on night work? Yes Major restrictions on weekly holiday? No Paid annual leave for a worker with 1 year of tenure (in working days) 10.0 Paid annual leave for a worker with 5 years of tenure (in working days) 20.0 Paid annual leave for a worker with 10 years of tenure (in working days) 20.0 Paid annual leave (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure, in 16.7 working days) Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 86 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Difficulty of redundancy index Difficulty of redundancy index looks at 9 questions: (i) whether the employer needs approval from a third party what the length is in months of the maximum to terminate 1 redundant worker; (vi) whether the probationary period; (ii) whether redundancy is employer needs approval from a third party to terminate disallowed as a basis for terminating workers; (iii) a group of 9 redundant workers; (vii) whether the law whether the employer needs to notify a third party (such requires the employer to reassign or retrain a worker as a government agency) to terminate 1 redundant before making the worker redundant; (viii) whether worker; (iv) whether the employer needs to notify a third priority rules apply for redundancies; and (ix) whether party to terminate a group of 9 redundant workers; (v) priority rules apply for reemployment. Difficulty of redundancy index Data Maximum length of probationary period (months) 2.0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed? Yes Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed? Yes Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed? Yes Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed? Yes Retraining or reassignment obligation before redundancy? No Priority rules for redundancies? Yes Priority rules for reemployment? No Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 87 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Redundancy cost Redundancy cost measures the cost of advance notice requirements and severance payments applicable to a requirements, severance payments and penalties due worker with 1 year of tenure, a worker with 5 years and when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in a worker with 10 years is considered. One month is weeks of salary. The average value of notice recorded as 4 and 1/3 weeks. Redundancy cost indicator (in salary weeks) Data Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 4.3 Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 5 years of tenure 8.7 Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 8.7 Notice period for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years 7.2 of tenure) Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 4.3 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 5 years of tenure 21.7 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 43.3 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years 23.1 of tenure) Source: Doing Business database. Social protection schemes and benefits & Labor disputes Doing Business collects data on the existence of Doing Business also assesses the mechanisms available unemployment protection schemes as well as data on to resolve labor disputes. More specifically, it collects whether employers are legally required to provide data on what courts would be competent to hear labor health insurance for employees with permanent disputes and whether the competent court is contracts. specialized in resolving labor disputes. Social protection schemes and benefits & Labor disputes indicator Data Availability of unemployment protection scheme? No Health insurance existing for permanent employees? Yes Availability of courts or court sections specializing in labor disputes? No Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 88 Doing Business 2015 Honduras 89 DISTANCE TO FRONTIER AND EASE OF DOING BUSINESS RANKING This year’s report presents results for 2 aggregate defined as the total tax rate at the 15th percentile of the measures: the distance to frontier score and the ease of overall distribution for all years included in the analysis. doing business ranking, which for the first time this year For the time to pay taxes the frontier is defined as the is based on the distance to frontier score. The ease of lowest time recorded among all economies that levy the doing business ranking compares economies with one 3 major taxes: profit tax, labor taxes and mandatory another; the distance to frontier score benchmarks contributions, and value added tax (VAT) or sales tax. In economies with respect to regulatory best practice, addition, the cost to export and cost to import for each showing the absolute distance to the best performance year are divided by the GDP deflator, to take the general on each Doing Business indicator. When compared price level into account when benchmarking these across years, the distance to frontier score shows how absolute-cost indicators across economies with different much the regulatory environment for local entrepreneurs inflation trends. The base year for the deflator is 2013 for in an economy has changed over time in absolute terms, all economies. while the ease of doing business ranking can show only In the same formulation, to mitigate the effects of how much the regulatory environment has changed extreme outliers in the distributions of the rescaled data relative to that in other economies. for most component indicators (very few economies Distance to Frontier need 700 days to complete the procedures to start a business, but many need 9 days), the worst performance The distance to frontier score captures the gap between is calculated after the removal of outliers. The definition an economy’s performance and a measure of best of outliers is based on the distribution for each practice across the entire sample of 31 indicators for 10 component indicator. To simplify the process, 2 rules Doing Business topics (the labor market regulation were defined: the 95th percentile is used for the indicators are excluded). For starting a business, for indicators with the most dispersed distributions example, Canada and New Zealand have the smallest (including time, cost, minimum capital and number of number of procedures required (1), and New Zealand the payments to pay taxes), and the 99th percentile is used shortest time to fulfill them (0.5 days). Slovenia has the for number of procedures and number of documents to lowest cost (0.0), and Australia, Colombia and 110 other trade. No outlier was removed for component indicators economies have no paid-in minimum capital bound by definition or construction, including legal requirement (table 15.1 in the Doing Business 2015 index scores (such as the depth of credit information report). index, extent of conflict of interest regulation index and strength of insolvency framework index) and the Calculation of the distance to frontier score recovery rate (figure 15.1 in the Doing Business 2015 Calculating the distance to frontier score for each report). economy involves 2 main steps. First, individual Second, for each economy the scores obtained for component indicators are normalized to a common unit individual indicators are aggregated through simple where each of the 31 component indicators y (except for averaging into one distance to frontier score, first for the total tax rate) is rescaled using the linear each topic and then across all 10 topics: starting a transformation (worst − y)/(worst − frontier). In this business, dealing with construction permits, getting formulation the frontier represents the best performance electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting on the indicator across all economies since 2005 or the minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, third year after data for the indicator were collected for enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. More the first time. For legal indicators such as those on complex aggregation methods—such as principal getting credit or protecting minority investors, the components and unobserved components —yield a frontier is set at the highest possible value. For the total ranking nearly identical to the simple average used by tax rate, consistent with the use of a threshold in Doing Business . Thus Doing Business uses the simplest 6 calculating the rankings on this indicator, the frontier is 6 See Djankov, Manraj and others (2005). Principal components and unobserved components methods yield a ranking nearly identical to Doing Business 2015 Honduras 90 method: weighting all topics equally and, within each overall tax system. Instead, it is mainly empirical in topic, giving equal weight to each of the topic nature. The nonlinear transformation along with the components . threshold reduces the bias in the indicator toward 7 economies that do not need to levy significant taxes on An economy’s distance to frontier score is indicated on a companies like the Doing Business standardized case scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst study company because they raise public revenue in performance and 100 the frontier. All distance to frontier other ways—for example, through taxes on foreign calculations are based on a maximum of 5 decimals. companies, through taxes on sectors other than However, indicator ranking calculations and the ease of manufacturing or from natural resources (all of which are doing business ranking calculations are based on 2 outside the scope of the methodology). In addition, it decimals. The difference between an economy’s distance acknowledges the need of economies to collect taxes to frontier score in any previous year and its score in from firms. 2014 illustrates the extent to which the economy has closed the gap to the regulatory frontier over time. And Calculation of scores for economies with 2 cities in any given year the score measures how far an covered economy is from the best performance at that time. For each of the 11 economies for which a second city Treatment of the total tax rate was added in this year’s report, the distance to frontier score is calculated as the population-weighted average This year, for the first time, the total tax rate component of the distance to frontier scores for the 2 cities covered of the paying taxes indicator set enters the distance to (table 12.1). This is done for the aggregate score, the frontier calculation in a different way than any other scores for each topic and the scores for all the indicator. The distance to frontier score obtained for the component indicators for each topic. total tax rate is transformed in a nonlinear fashion before it enters the distance to frontier score for paying taxes. Table 12.1 Weights used in calculating the distance to As a result of the nonlinear transformation, an increase in frontier scores for economies with 2 cities covered the total tax rate has a smaller impact on the distance to Economy City Weight (%) frontier score for the total tax rate—and therefore on the Dhaka 78 distance to frontier score for paying taxes—for Bangladesh Chittagong 22 economies with a below-average total tax rate than it São Paulo 61 would have in the calculation done in previous years (line Brazil Rio de Janeiro 39 B is smaller than line A in figure 15.2 of the Doing Shanghai 55 China Business 2015 report). And for economies with an Beijing 45 extreme total tax rate (a rate that is very high relative to Mumbai 47 India the average), an increase has a greater impact on both Delhi 53 these distance to frontier scores than before (line D is Jakarta 78 Indonesia bigger than line C in figure 15.2 of the Doing Business Surabaya 22 Tokyo 65 2015 report). Japan Osaka 35 The nonlinear transformation is not based on any Mexico City 83 Mexico economic theory of an “optimal tax rate” that minimizes Monterrey 17 distortions or maximizes efficiency in an economy’s Lagos 77 Nigeria Kano 23 Karachi 65 Pakistan that from the simple average method because both these methods Lahore 35 assign roughly equal weights to the topics, since the pairwise Moscow 70 Russian Federation correlations among indicators do not differ much. An alternative to the St. Petersburg 30 simple average method is to give different weights to the topics, New York 60 depending on which are considered of more or less importance in the United States Los Angeles 40 context of a specific economy. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social 7 For getting credit, indicators are weighted proportionally, according to their contribution to the total score, with a weight of 60% assigned Affairs, Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects, to the strength of legal rights index and 40% to the depth of credit 2014 Revision. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD- information index. Indicators for all other topics are assigned equal ROM/Default.aspx. weights Doing Business 2015 Honduras 91 Economies that improved the most across 3 or more Selecting the economies that implemented regulatory Doing Business topics in 2013/14 reforms in at least 3 topics and had the biggest improvements in their distance to frontier scores is Doing Business 2015 uses a simple method to calculate intended to highlight economies with ongoing, broad- which economies improved the ease of doing business based reform programs. The improvement in the the most. First, it selects the economies that in 2013/14 distance to frontier score is used to identify the top implemented regulatory reforms making it easier to do improvers because this allows a focus on the absolute business in 3 or more of the 10 topics included in this improvement—in contrast with the relative improvement year’s aggregate distance to frontier score. Twenty-one shown by a change in rankings—that economies have economies meet this criterion: Azerbaijan; Benin; the made in their regulatory environment for business. Democratic Republic of Congo; Côte d’Ivoire; the Czech Republic; Greece; India; Ireland; Kazakhstan; Lithuania; the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; Poland; Ease of Doing Business ranking Senegal; the Seychelles; Spain; Switzerland; Taiwan, China; Tajikistan; Togo; Trinidad and Tobago; and the The ease of doing business ranking ranges from 1 to 189. United Arab Emirates. Second, Doing Business sorts these The ranking of economies is determined by sorting the economies on the increase in their distance to frontier aggregate distance to frontier scores, rounded to 2 score from the previous year using comparable data. decimals. Doing Business 2015 Honduras 92 RESOURCES ON THE DOING BUSINESS WEBSITE Current features Law library News on the Doing Business project Online collection of business laws and regulations http://www.doingbusiness.org relating to business http://www.doingbusiness.org/law-library Rankings How economies rank—from 1 to 189 Contributors http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings More than 10,700 specialists in 189 economies who participate in Doing Business Data http://www.doingbusiness.org/contributors/doing- All the data for 189 economies—topic rankings, business indicator values, lists of regulatory procedures and details underlying indicators Entrepreneurship data http://www.doingbusiness.org/data Data on business density (number of newly registered companies per 1,000 working-age Reports people) for 139 economies Access to Doing Business reports as well as http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/ent subnational and regional reports, reform case repreneurship studies and customized economy and regional profiles Distance to frontier http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports Data benchmarking 189 economies to the frontier in regulatory practice Methodology http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/distance-to- The methodologies and research papers underlying frontier Doing Business http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology Information on good practices Showing where the many good practices identified Research by Doing Business have been adopted Abstracts of papers on Doing Business topics and http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/good-practice related policy issues http://www.doingbusiness.org/research Doing Business iPhone App Doing Business at a Glance—presenting the full Doing Business reforms report, rankings and highlights for each topic for Short summaries of DB2015 business regulation the iPhone, iPad and iPod touch reforms, lists of reforms since DB2008 and a ranking http://www.doingbusiness.org/specialfeatures/ simulation tool iphone http://www.doingbusiness.org/reforms Historical data Customized data sets since DB2004 http://www.doingbusiness.org/custom-query Doing Business 2015 Honduras 93