Tanzania: Zanzibar   EARLY CHILDHOOD SABER Country Report 2013 DEVELOPMENT            Policy Goals Status 1. Establishing an Enabling Environment Zanzibar does not have a strong legal framework to promote access to health  care services and appropriate dietary consumption for pregnant women and young children. The establishment of an institutional anchor will help coordinate ECD across sectors; regular meetings and strong communication will be critical to success. Establishing clearer financial allocations for ECD within sectors may allow more efficient spending and implementation. 2. Implementing Widely The scope of health and nutrition programs is adequate in Zanzibar; however,  these programs do not cover all regions. Caregiver and parental education on child health development, domestic abuse prevention, and early stimulation could be promoted further and scaled up. Enrollment in preschool is higher in urban areas and among wealthier families. 3. Monitoring and Assuring Quality Administrative and survey data are not collected for all important ECD  indicators in Zanzibar. Standards for early learning are lacking. No system is in place to monitor children’s development and the quality of ECD service delivery.      ZANZIBARۣEARLYCHILDHOODDEVELOPMENT SABERCOUNTRYREPORT|2013   This report presents an analysis of the Early Childhood ECDͲaged children (83 months and less) make up 24.6 Development (ECD) programs and policies that affect percent of the total population. Maternal and child young children in Zanzibar and recommendations mortalityarehighinZanzibar,withanunderͲfivemortality to move forward. This report is part of a series of reports rateof101per1,000livebirthsin2010(seeTable1). prepared by the World Bank using the SABERͲECD  framework1 and includes analysis of early learning, Enrollment in early childhood education is low, with only health, nutrition, and social and child protection policies 14 percent of children under the age of six attending and interventions in Zanzibar, along with regional and preprimary school (see Table 1). The Ministry of Social internationalcomparisons. Welfare, Youth, Women, and Children Development (MSWYWCD), established in 2010, was assigned to lead ZanzibarandEarlyChildhoodDevelopment ECDefforts. ZanzibarisasemiautonomouspartoftheUnitedRepublic SABER–EarlyChildhoodDevelopment of Tanzania. It consists of two main islands: Unguja and Pemba. Zanzibar has the autonomy to administer and SABER–ECD collects, analyzes, and disseminates manage its own internal affairs including the provision comprehensive information on ECD policies around the and financing of social services, such as education and world. In each participating country, extensive health. multisectoral information is collected on ECD policies and programs through a desk review of available government Zanzibarhasapopulationof1.3millioninhabitants(2012) documents, data and literature, and interviews with a withagrowthrateof3.1percentperyear,and49percent rangeofECDstakeholders,includinggovernmentofficials, ofthepopulationlivesunderthebasicneedspovertyline serviceproviders,civilsociety,developmentpartners,and (less than one dollar per day). FortyͲsix percent of the scholars. The SABERͲECD framework presents a holistic population lives in Zanzibar City (including the extended and integrated assessment of how the overall policy Zanzibar Urban/West Region), while the remainder lives environment in a country affects young children’s in rural areas. Agriculture contributes significantly to the development.Thisassessmentcanbeusedtoidentifyhow island’s economy (MSWYWCD Strategic Plan 2011–15). countries address the same policy challenges related to The population of Zanzibar is very young, with children ECD, with the ultimate goal of designing effective policies under 15 years of age making up 45 percent of the foryoungchildrenandtheirfamilies. population.       1 SABERͲECDisonedomainwithintheWorldBankinitiative,SystemsApproachtoBetterEducationResults(SABER),whichisdesignedtoprovidecomparableand comprehensiveassessmentsofcountrypolicies. SYSTEMSAPPROACHFORBETTEREDUCATIONRESULTS  2 ZANZIBARۣEARLYCHILDHOODDEVELOPMENT SABERCOUNTRYREPORT|2013  Table1:SnapshotofECDIndicatorsinZanzibarwithRegionalComparison  Zanzibar Ethiopia Kenya Tanzania Uganda Infantmortality(deathsper1,000livebirths,2010) 61 68 55 50 63 BelowͲfivemortality(deathsper1,000livebirths,2010) 101 106 85 76 99 24.4% Moderateandseverestunting(belowͲfive,2006–10) 51% 35% 42% 38% (2014) Netpreprimaryenrollmentrate(threetosixyearsof 13.8% 4% 29% 33% 14% age,2010) Birthregistration2000–2010 79% 7% 60% 16% 21% Source:Roadmaptoacceleratethereductionofmaternal,newborn,andchildmortalityinZanzibar(2008–2015), EducationPolicy(2006).  ThreeKeyPolicyGoalsforEarlyChildhood Development SABERͲECD identifies three core policy goals that each policy goal, a series of policy levers are identified, countries should address to ensure optimal ECD throughwhichdecisionmakerscanstrengthenECD. outcomes: Establishing an Enabling Environment, Strengthening ECD policies can be viewed as a Implementing Widely and Monitoring, and Assuring continuum; as described in Table 2, countries can range Quality.ImprovingECDrequiresanintegratedapproach from a latent to advanced level of development within to address all three goals. As described in Figure 1, for thedifferentpolicyleversandgoals.   Figure1:ThreeCoreECDPolicyGoals   SYSTEMSAPPROACHFORBETTEREDUCATIONRESULTS  3 ZANZIBARۣEARLYCHILDHOODDEVELOPMENT SABERCOUNTRYREPORT|2013  Table2:ECDPolicyGoalsandLevelsofDevelopment  Levelofdevelopment ECDpolicygoal     Regulationsinsome Developedlegal Nonexistentlegal Minimallegalframework; Establishingan sectors;functioning framework;robust framework;adhoc someprogramswith Enabling intersectoral interinstitutional financing;low sustainedfinancing;some Environment coordination;sustained coordination;sustained intersectoralcoordination intersectoralcoordination financing financing Coverageexpandingbut NearͲuniversalcoverage Universalcoverage; Lowcoverage;pilot gapsremain;programs insomesectors; comprehensivestrategies Implementing programsinsomesectors; establishedinafew establishedprogramsin acrosssectors;integrated Widely highinequalityinaccess sectors;inequalityin mostsectors;low servicesforall,some andoutcomes accessandoutcomes inequalityinaccess tailoredandtargeted Informationonoutcomes Informationonoutcomes Informationonoutcomes Minimalsurveydata atnational,regional,and atnationallevel; fromnationaltoindividual Monitoringand available;limited locallevels;standardsfor standardsforservices levels;standardsexistfor Assuring standardsforprovisionof servicesexistformost existinsomesectors;no allsectors;systeminplace Quality ECDservices;no sectors;systeminplaceto systemtomonitor toregularlymonitorand enforcement regularlymonitor compliance enforcecompliance compliance   PolicyandPractice:WhatShouldbeinplacein  anEffectiveECDSystem?   Box 1 presents an abbreviated list of interventions and development.Thislist isnotexhaustive,but is meant to policies that the SABERͲECD approach looks for in provide an initial checklist for countries to consider the countries when assessing the level of ECD policy keypoliciesandinterventionsneededacrosssectors.  Box1:ChecklisttoConsiderHowWellECDIsPromotedattheCountryLevel Whatshouldbeinplaceinaneffective Zanzibar: Zanzibar: ECDsystem? Inpolicy Inpractice Standard health screenings for Guidelines guarantee free 49%ofpregnantwomenreceiveantenatalcareatleastfourtimes pregnantwomen antenatalcarevisits Skilledattendantsatdelivery Nopolicy 54%ofbirthsareattendedbyskilledattendants Nurses are trained, and more than 90% of health centers have Healthcare qualifiednursesormidwives Childhoodimmunizations ExpandedProgramof 95%ofoneͲyearͲoldchildrenareimmunizedagainstDPT Immunization RequiredwellͲchildvisits Nopolicy 36%ofchildrenbelowfivewithdiarrheareceiveoralrehydration 66%withsuspectedpneumoniaaretakentohealthcareprovider MonthlywellͲchildvisitsarerequired Breastfeedingpromotion Nopolicy 19.7%ofnewbornsareexclusivelybreastfeduntilsixmonthsofage Nutrition Saltiodization Nopolicy 64%ofhouseholdsconsumeiodizedsalt Ironfortification Nopolicy Specificdataunknown Parenting programs (during Nopolicy Madrasas have piloted this in some rural communities (Unguja and learning pregnancy, after delivery, and Pemba) Early throughoutearlychildhood) Child care for working parents (of Nopolicy Specificdataunknown highquality) SYSTEMSAPPROACHFORBETTEREDUCATIONRESULTS  4 ZANZIBARۣEARLYCHILDHOODDEVELOPMENT SABERCOUNTRYREPORT|2013  Free initial education (preferably at EducationPolicy(2006) 14%enrollmentrateinpreprimary least two years with developmentally appropriate curriculum and classrooms, and qualityassurancemechanisms) Services for orphans and vulnerable ChildAct(2010) Thereare336childrenshelteredinresidentialhomes children Socialprotection Policies to protect rights of children Inclusiveeducation In2004,only2,000childrenwithspecialneedswereofferedseatsin with special needs and promote fiveprimaryschools theirparticipationandaccesstoECD services Financial transfer mechanisms or Nopolicy Specificdataunknown income supports to reach the most vulnerable families (could include cashtransfers,socialwelfare,etc.) Mandatedbirthregistration Births and Deaths 79%birthregistrationrate RegistrationAct(2006) Job protection and breastfeeding LaborLaw Newmothersareguaranteedbreastfeedingbreaks breaksfornewmothers Childprotection Specific provisions in judicial system Nopolicy FriendlyChildCourtestablished foryoungchildren Guaranteedpaidparentalleaveofat Nopolicy Nopaidpaternalormaternalleave leastsixmonths Domestic violence laws and Nopolicy Specificdataunknown enforcement Trackingofchildabuse(especiallyfor Nopolicy 19%ofgirlsand11%ofboysreportchildabuse youngchildren) Note:Red:Requiresurgentattention,nopolicyexists;orange:inplace,butlimitationsinpractice;green:adequatelyaddressed.  that ECD policy can and should target, including pregnant Policy Goal 1: Establishing an Enabling women,youngchildren,parents,andcaregivers. Environment  Nationallawsandregulationscouldbestrengthenedto ¾Policy Levers: Legal Framework • better promote health care for pregnant women and IntersectoralCoordination•Finance young children. No policy guarantees free antenatal Anenablingenvironmentisthefoundationforthedesign visits and skilled delivery; however, guidelines are in and implementation of effective ECD policies2 and place that exempt women from paying for those consists of the following: the existence of an adequate services. Even though 90 percent of pregnant women legal and regulatory framework to support ECD, makeatleastoneantenatalcarevisit,only12percentof coordination within sectors and across institutions to women start attending antenatal care visits in the first deliverserviceseffectively,andsufficientfiscalresources trimester of pregnancy as required by the national withtransparentandefficientallocationmechanisms. guidelines. The quality of antenatal care could be improved:Notallpregnantwomenreceiveallnecessary Policy Lever 1.1: laboratory tests and necessary medical examinations. LegalFramework Only 51 percent of deliveries are performed by skilled The legal framework comprises all of the laws and attendants. Standard health screening for sexually regulations that can affect the development of young transmitted diseases and HIV are provided for pregnant childreninacountry.Thelawsandregulationsthatimpact women,and71percentaretestedeveryyear.Effortsare ECD are diverse because of the array of sectors that ongoing in Zanzibar for the prevention of motherͲtoͲ influence ECD, and because of the different constituencies childtransmission(PMTCT)ofHIVthroughavailabilityof PMTCTprogramsinvarioushealthfacilities.Childrenare  2 Britto,Yoshikawa,andBoller(2011);VargasͲBarón(2005). SYSTEMSAPPROACHFORBETTEREDUCATIONRESULTS  5 ZANZIBARۣEARLYCHILDHOODDEVELOPMENT SABERCOUNTRYREPORT|2013  required to receive all necessary immunizations free of during their first year of life. In Zanzibar following charge.Almostallhealthcarefacilities(96percent)offer childbirth,mothersandfathersareentitledtomaternity immunizationservices.Amongchildrenundertheageof and paternity leave. Women are guaranteed five, 85 percent are fully immunized, and monthly wellͲ breastfeeding breaks while at work; however, no childvisitsarerequired. assurance is given of breastfeeding facilities, laws to protect from employment discrimination, or maternity National laws and regulations do not promote leave guarantees. The Ministry of Finance is still appropriate dietary consumption for pregnant women discussingthepossibilityofstartingtopaymaternityand andyoungchildren.Currentlynonationallawpromotes paternity leaves. Table 3 compares parental leave compliance with the International Code of Marketing of policiesinEastAfrica. BreastMilk.Atanygiventime,98percentofchildrenare beingbreastfed,and54percentarebreastfedwithinthe Table3:RegionalComparisonofMaternityandPaternity firsthouroflife.Only20percentofbabiesinZanzibarare LeavePolicies exclusively breastfed until six months of age (National  NutritionSurvey2014).Guidelinesontheimportanceof Zanzibar Kenya Ethiopia Uganda exclusivebreastfeedingarenotyetfinalized.Nonational Thereis100% 90dayspaid Minimum 60daysof policy is in place that encourages salt iodization, and paidmaternity maternity of90 maternity fortification of staples with iron is not mandatory. The forthree leaveat dayspaid leaveat months,and 100%salary maternity 100% NationalNutritionSurvey(2014)foundthat64.4percent paternityleaveis forwomen; leaveat salary;four of households consume iodized salt. OneͲquarter of allowedinsome twoweeksof 100% daysof school children suffer from goiter (TFNC 2001/02). Lack institutions paternity salary;no paternity of iodide may lead to poor educational outcomes and leave paternity leaveat productivity in children born from iodineͲdeficient leave 100%salary mothers. Undernutrition is also a predominant problem Source:ILO2012. in Zanzibar, with high levels of stunting, wasting, and  mostimportantly,nutritionalanemia(TDHS2004/05). Nationalregulationspromotechildprotectionandcare  for all ECDͲaged children. According to the Birth and Nationallawsandregulations to someextentpromote Registry Act (2006), each newborn should be registered early childhood learning. According to the Education within 42 days of birth. Table 4 compares birth Policy(2006),thegovernmentofZanzibar(GoZ)provides registrationratesofseveralneighboringcountries.With two years of early childhood education (baby class, 79 percent rate of birth registration, Zanzibar has the kindergarten [KG] 1, KG2) free of charge. Parents are highestrateintheregion. required to pay for uniforms and meals. There is a high concentration of preprimary schools in the less Table4:RegionalComparisonofLevelofAccesstoBirth populated urban areas compared to rural areas, where Registration 69 percent of the population resides. In the country are Zanzibar Tanzania Ethiopia Kenya Uganda found 24 government schools, 157 privately owned Birthregistration 79% 16% 7% 60% 30% schools, and 84 communityͲbased madrasa schools initiated by the Aga Khan Foundation and supported by Source:UNICEFCountryStatistics2010. MadrasaEarlyChildhoodProgrammeZanzibar.Boththe  financial burden on parents and unequal distribution of preprimary schools in urban/rural areas cause Most vulnerable children and orphans are offered free enrollmenttobeverylow(13.8percent).Earlychildhood temporary and longͲterm housing by the GoZ. The first educationinZanzibarispartofbasiceducation.Including children’s homes were established in 1965, and today preprimary education in the basic education system eightresidentialhomesshelterroughly 336children (88 demonstrated a stronger commitment from the GoZ girls and 248 boys). A better data management system regardingECDandledtoincreasedenrollment. couldbeinitiatedtokeeptrackofallthechildrenwhogo in and out of residential homes. According to the Child Nationallawsandregulationscouldbestrengthenedto BillAct(2010),residentialhomesshouldprovidechildren better promote opportunities for parents and with quality health care, nutrition, and education. The caregivers to provide care to newborn and infants Zanzibar Guidelines for Residential Care developed by the Department of Social Welfare in collaboration with SYSTEMSAPPROACHFORBETTEREDUCATIONRESULTS  6 ZANZIBARۣEARLYCHILDHOODDEVELOPMENT SABERCOUNTRYREPORT|2013  FamilyHealthInternationalaimtoguaranteequalityECD violence prevention.  There is no training for Early services, harmonization across all shelters, and Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) teachers on development of strategies to move children from identification of abuse and neglect. Prevention of child residentialhomesbackintothecommunity.Childrendo abusethroughhomevisitsisalsolacking. not receive adequate early childhood development services mainly because of the large number of children PolicyLever1.2: for the small number of social workers, limited IntersectoralCoordination communication with children from outside the orphanage, lack of ageͲappropriate tools in the Development in early childhood is a multidimensional classrooms,andalowbudget,whichlimitsavailabilityof process.4 To meet children’s diverse needs during the foodcontainingnutrientsforproperchildgrowth. early years, government coordination is essential, both horizontally across different sectors as well as vertically According to the Education Policy (2006), children with from the local to national levels. In many countries, special needs are assured access to inclusive education. nonstate actors (either domestic or international) Thereisnopolicydirectedtowardchildrenwithneedsin participate in ECD service delivery; for this reason, regard to other ECD services. In 2004 the only five mechanisms to coordinatewith nonstate actors are also primaryschoolsofferingplacesforstudentswithspecial essential. needscouldaccommodateonly2,000students.Inclusive education has not been fully implemented yet, but Zanzibarhasestablishedaninstitutionalanchortolead inclusive education curriculum in teacher training has ECDpolicyandcoordinateacrosssectors.However,the been incorporated. A higher awareness by the country lacks a multisectoral ECD strategy. Various community of the importance of specialized education ministries in different sectors are responsible for the for children with special needs could accelerate planning, implementation, and monitoring of ECD implementationofotherservices. services. ECD education services are under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education and In2009anationalsurveyonviolenceagainstchildrenin Vocational Training (MoEVT) at the central level and Zanzibar was conducted. The results of the survey nongovernmentalorganizations(NGOs)atthelocallevel. showed that violence against children is a notable ECD health and nutrition services have an entity only at problem in Zanzibar. From 2010 to 2012, 77 abused thecentrallevel,theMinistryofHealth(MoH).Basedon childrenreportedattheChildProtectionUnitforvarious the current GoZ structure, local government does not physical abuses. More than one in 20 girls and roughly havethemandatetoimplementECDhealthservicesyet. one in 10 boys reported experiencing sexual violence.3 ECDchildprotectionfallsunder theresponsibilityofthe Only a small percentage of children who experienced MSWYWCD at the central level, which is responsible for sexual abuse would report it (19 percent of girls and 11 the setting and delivery of ECD services, establishing percent of boys). Only 10 percent of children who standards for ECD providers, and monitoring access to experience sexual abuse will receive service. The ECD services and quality, as well as coordinating national judiciary system has made interventions to between different ECDͲresponsible agencies and protectchildrenthroughtheintroductionoftheFriendly entities. Figure 2 depicts the main departments within Children’sCourtputinplacein2013attheHighCourtof MSWYWCD along with its strategic functions, as well as Zanzibar. Law enforcement officers are trained on the different target groups. The GoZ through the genderͲbased violence issues. Training for lawyers, MSWYWCDisconsideringdevelopinganintegratedECD judges, and law enforcement officials in dealing with policy to complement the new Children Policy (2012), children,aswellasthecreationofachildadvocacybody, whichincludesanECDcomponent. couldfurtherstrengthentheseinterventions. The GoZ somewhat promotes reduction of family violence by training health workers to identify child abuse and neglect, tracking child abuse, and reporting activities as well as providing a taskforce for domestic  3 MinistryofWelfare,Youth,Women,andChildrenDepartmentStrategicPlan  2011–15. 4 Naudeauetal.(2011);Neuman(2007);UNESCOͲOREALC(2004). SYSTEMSAPPROACHFORBETTEREDUCATIONRESULTS  7 ZANZIBARۣEARLYCHILDHOODDEVELOPMENT SABERCOUNTRYREPORT|2013  The Department of Social Welfare and Agency and the Figure2:The Frameworkforthe2011–15StrategicPlan Zanzibar Madrasa Resource Center (ZMRC, 1988) within the MSWYWCD (established in 2011) is the institutional anchorforECD.IntheDepartmentofSocialWelfaretwo staff members are dedicated to ECD. ZMRC has several appointed staff members, including ECD practitioners and trainers, monitoring & evaluation officers, and financeofficers.AnationalECDworkinggroupwithinthe MoEVT is made up of key members from ministries and NGOs. ECD interventions are not coordinated at the point of delivery to ensure that children receive integrated services. In Zanzibar, ECD implementers do not meet regularly, and no progress reports are created, which hinders successful intersectoral coordination. No ECD healthfunding.ECDfundingforsocialprotectionisbased goals are established for ECD service delivery in on the number of children and the characteristics of education, health, nutrition, and social protection these children. No formulas are associated with these sectors. The MSWYWCD through the Department of criteriainbothsectors,andnocriteriaarebeingusedfor SocialWelfareincollaborationwithUNICEFisnowinthe nutritionandchildprotectionfunding. process of conducting an ECD assessment on the status provisionofECDservicesinZanzibar. Noprocessisinplacetocoordinatefinancialallocations for ECD across sectors.  The government can accurately PolicyLever1.3: report public ECD expenditures in the education sector. Finance A large proportion of the financing in health, education, and child protection is provided by external sources. Although legal frameworks and intersectoral Table 5 gives the available data regarding total GoZ coordination are crucial to establishing an enabling budget expenditure and external donors in all ECD environment for ECD, adequate financial investment is sectors.TheGoZcontributed42percentintheExpanded key to ensure that resources are available to implement Program on Immunization (EPI) program from 2008 to policiesandachieveserviceprovisiongoals.Investments 2011 (EPI comprehensive multiyear plan). The in ECD can yield high public returns but are often government will continue to provide all traditional undersuppliedwithoutgovernmentsupport.Investments vaccinesandinjectionmaterialsforthenextfiveyears. during the early years can yield greater returns than equivalent investments made later in a child’s life cycle Table5:TotalBudgetDistributedacrossSectorsinZanzibar GovernmentTotal ExternalDonors and can lead to longͲlasting intergenerational benefits.5  Expenditure Contribution Not only do investments in ECD generate high and Education(year2011) $257,791 $175,000(UNICEF) persistent returns, they can also enhance the effectiveness of other social investments and help Health(year2012) Notavailable $2.8billion(GAVI, UNFPA,WHO) governments address multiple priorities with single investments. Nutrition(year2012) $9,300 $66,910(UNICEF)  ChildProtectionandSocial ThebudgetprocessforECDallocationistransparentin ProtectionServices(year $34,354 Notavailable Zanzibar. The amount spent on ECD is based on 2012) different criteria within ministries. No national law or Sources: MTEFͲDepartment of Social Welfare, Nutrition Unit, Ministry of Finance,EMISDepartment,BudgetSpeechofMoEVT. policy mandates a minimum level of funding for ECD  across ministries. Explicit criteria such as number of TheburdenoffinanceforECDservicesisnotdistributed children in subnational level and geographical location evenlyacrossvarioussegmentsofsociety,andthecost are being used for the allocation of early childhood of services remains a barrier to access. Although  5 HanushekandKimko(2000);Hanushek(2003);ValerioandGarcia(2012).  SYSTEMSAPPROACHFORBETTEREDUCATIONRESULTS  8 ZANZIBARۣEARLYCHILDHOODDEVELOPMENT SABERCOUNTRYREPORT|2013  preprimaryeducationissupposedlyfree,parentsarestill children to testify via television link in a room where askedtopayforstationery,uniforms,transport,andthe trained judges, social workers, and few family members costofminorrepairsonschoolbuildingswhennecessary can be present. Training of lawyers, judges, and law (Education Policy 2006). Poverty is still a contributing enforcement officers on recognizing child abuse could factor for the low enrollment observed in preprimary also be beneficial. Training of ECE teachers is necessary schools. Official data on the cost of these fees or because children spend more hours in the day variations between schools are not available. In the communicatingwiththeteachersthantheydowiththeir period 1996–99, the government contributed 25.5 parents. If teachers learn how to detect child abuse percent of the total education expenditure. Additional throughidentificationofkeybehaviors,theycanaddress fundingcamefromparents(3percent)andfromexternal abuseimmediately. donors(70percent).  IntersectoralCoordination Accordingtopolicy,pregnantwomenandyoungchildren should receive comprehensive free medical treatment. ¾ Mandate regular meetings of the national ECD Because of budget constraints, many pay for working group and ECD practitioners. Zanzibar has consultation and treatment. The Household Budget established an Institutional anchor to coordinate ECD Survey (HBS) 2009/2010 revealed that many patients across sectors. ECD implementers at the subnational complained about unavailability of drugs at the health levelandthenationalECDworkinggroup,whichincludes centers (9 percent) in rural areas as well as long waiting state and nonstate stakeholders, do not meet regularly. timesintheurbanfacilities. Organizingregularmeetingscouldimproveintersectoral coordinationandhelpmovetheECDagendaforward. PolicyOptionstoStrengthentheEnabling  ¾ Establish ECD goals and a system to monitor quality EnvironmentforECDinZanzibar at service delivery. Zanzibar has ECD guidelines LegalFramework integrated in sector plans such as education and health. NoECDgoalshavebeensetwithineachministry,andno ¾ Create a national ECD policy to strengthen already coordinatedsystemisinplaceatthepointofdeliveryto available guidelines to ensure adequate health care ensure that children receive integrated services. Once services for pregnant women and young children. A implementers start meeting regularly, preset objectives large percentage of pregnant women do not receive and regular quality monitoring and impact evaluation quality antenatal care and assistance of delivery by a could ensure broader delivery of ECD services to young skilled attendant. Young children and pregnant women children. are constrained to pay for medical services that should normally be free according to national guidelines. Finance Developinganationalpolicycouldputmorepressureon health centers to both provide regular ECD training for ¾ ClarifyallocationofECDwithinsectoralbudgets health professionals and better quality of service. The and coordinate budget procedures. Determining the GoZ could establish minimum standards for service ECD budget as a coordinated effort across ministries delivery and penalties for health centers that do not couldprovideincreasedandmoreefficientfinancingfor meettherequirements. ECD services. At present, only the Education Ministry can accurately report ECD expenditures. If other ¾ Expand child protection interventions through ministries also started tracking ECD spending, the training of lawyers, judges, law enforcement officers, government would be in a better position to make and ECE teachers to recognize and deal with child decisions on the types of programs to support in the abuse.Theproportionofchildrenwhoreportchildabuse shortandlongterm. is much lower than that which experiences it. It is important for professionals dealing with children to be ¾ Put in place a conditional cash transfer system to abletorecognizesignsofabuse.ManychildͲabusecases increaseenrollmentinpreprimaryschool.Childrenfrom are not prosecuted because children are afraid of poor families do not attend preprimary school because testifyingincourtinfrontoftheirpresumedperpetrator. theirparentscannotaffordtopayfortheiruniformsand Zanzibar launched its first Friendly Children’s Court on meals. Box 2 presents the Conditional Cash Transfer February 5, 2013. The Friendly Children’s Court allows system put in place in Mauritius to promote ECE SYSTEMSAPPROACHFORBETTEREDUCATIONRESULTS  9 ZANZIBARۣEARLYCHILDHOODDEVELOPMENT SABERCOUNTRYREPORT|2013  enrollment. The government there gives financial type of system could be put in place in Zanzibar support to families to incite parents to send their especiallytargetingchildrenfromthepoorestfamilies. children to preschool. Mauritius was able to achieve an  85percentenrollmentratewiththisprogram.Thissame    Box2:RelevantLessonsLearnedfromInternationalExperienceonFinancing  ECD  ExamplefromMauritius:ConditionalCashTransfers(CCTs)to  PromoteECEEnrollment  Summary :  The  government  of  Mauritius  has  focused  policy  efforts  on increasing preprimary school enrollment in  thelastdecade.Toencourageparentstoenrolltheirchildren,thegovernmentprovidesallfamilieswithfinancial  supportcontingentuponthechildattendingthefinalyearofpreprimary  school(agefourinMauritius).Thetransfer  amountsto$6permonthandhashelpedachievean85percent  enrollmentrateinpreprimaryschoolforchildren  aged three through five in Mauritius. Provision is largely through   nonͲstate centers (17 percent of all preschools  are state  managed),  but  the  design  and  enforcement  of  quality  control mechanisms has remained central to governmentpolicyefforts.   KeyconsiderationsforZanzibar:   9 Itwillbeimportanttodeterminetheappropriatefunding leveltomaximizeeffectivenessofpolicy.  9 Incentivizing  on Ͳtime enrollment for preprimary school   helpaddressthesignificantproblemoflow could  preprimaryenrollmentrates(asdiscussedinSection2.1)    PolicyGoal2:ImplementingWidely families via different sectors at different stages in a ¾PolicyLevers:ScopeofPrograms• child’slife. Coverage•Equity   ECDprogramsareestablishedtotargetalargenumber Implementing Widely refers to the scope of ECD of beneficiary groups in Zanzibar, but interventions to programsavailable,theextentofcoverage(asashareof reach parents could be improved. Zanzibar has many the eligible population), and the degree of equity within established ECD programs in various sectors including ECD service provision. By definition, a focus on ECD education, health, nutrition, and child and social involves (at a minimum) interventions in health, protection. These interventions are geared toward the nutrition, education, and social and child protection and following beneficiary groups: young children, pregnant shouldtargetpregnantwomen,youngchildren,andtheir women,andparentsandcaregivers.TheGoZhasnotput parents and caregivers. A robust ECD policy should together a list of integrated ECD services that young include programs in all essential sectors and provide children should receive. As presented in table 6, comparable coverage and equitable access across interventions targeting parents and caregivers are regions and socioeconomic status—especially reaching almost nonexistent. In the education sector, parent the most disadvantaged young children and their committees are established at ECD centers, but there is families. a piloted home visiting to provide parenting messages  throughMadrasaEarlyChildhoodProgramme,Zanzibar. PolicyLever2.1: ECD programs are established in all essential areas of ScopeofPrograms focus. A variety of interventions are established in all essential areas of ECD service provision including in Effective ECD systems have programs established in all health, education, nutrition, and social and child essential sectors and ensure that every child and protection. Coverage is essentially limited to only five expecting mothers have guaranteed access to the subnational divisions (Urban West, North and South essential services and interventions they need to live Unguja,andNorthandSouthPemba).Adisparityisseen healthfully.Thescopeofprogramsassessestheextentto inECDinterventionsacrosssectors,withmoreprograms which ECD programs across key sectors reach all available in the health sector and the education sector beneficiaries. Figure 3 presents a summary of the key beingtheleastcovered. interventionsneededtosupportyoungchildrenandtheir  SYSTEMSAPPROACHFORBETTEREDUCATIONRESULTS  10 ZANZIBARۣEARLYCHILDHOODDEVELOPMENT SABERCOUNTRYREPORT|2013   Figure3:EssentialInterventionsduringDifferentPeriodsofYoungChildren’sDevelopment  Table6:ECDProgramandCoverageinZanzibar Scale ECDintervention Pilot Numberof Universal programs regionscovered coverage Education StateͲsponsoredpreprimary/kindergarteneducation — 5 — StateͲsponsoredECCE Morethan50 5 — schools CommunityͲbasedECCE 84 5 — Health Antenatalandnewborncare — 5 — Integratedmanagementofchildhoodillnessesandcarefordevelopment  10 — Childhoodwellnessandgrowthmonitoring — 5 — Nationalimmunizationprogram — 5 — Nutrition Micronutrientsupportforpregnantwomen — 5 — Foodsupplementsforpregnantwomen — — — Micronutrientsupportforyoungchildren — 5 — Foodsupplementsforyoungchildren — — — Foodfortification — — — Breastfeedingpromotionprograms — — — AntiͲobesityprogramsencouraginghealthyeating/exercise — — — Feedingprogramsinpreprimary/kindergartenschools — — — Parenting Parentingintegratedintohealth/communityprograms 2 2 — Homevisitingprogramstoprovideparentingmessages — 5 — Specialneeds ProgramsforOVCs(boardingschoolsandchildren’shomes) — — — Interventionsforchildrenwithspecial(emotionalandphysical)needs — — — AntiͲpoverty CashtransfersconditionalonECDservicesorenrollment — 63households — Comprehensive Acomprehensivesystemthattracksindividualchildren’sneeds — — — SYSTEMSAPPROACHFORBETTEREDUCATIONRESULTS  11 ZANZIBARۣEARLYCHILDHOODDEVELOPMENT SABERCOUNTRYREPORT|2013  PolicyLever2.2: all. The rate of illiteracy in that age group has seen a Coverage significantdeclinesinceHBS2004/2005,butthereisstill roomforimprovementtoallowchildrenmoreaccessto A robust ECD policy should establish programs in all early childhood care and education. Late access to essential sectors, ensure high degrees of coverage, and preprimary education may lead to the high number of reach the entire population equitably—especially the overaged children in primary schools. The rate of most disadvantaged young children—so that every child preprimaryattendanceisalsocorrelatedwiththeareain and expecting mother have guaranteed access to which the child lives, with a higher attendance rate in essentialECDservices. urbanversusruralareas.Nosignificantdifferenceisseen in enrollment based on gender, which suggests equal Access to essential ECD health interventions for accesstobasiceducationforbothgirlsandboys.TheGoZ pregnant women and young children could be has made significant progress in reducing the distance improved. According to the Demographic and Health between householdsandschools;thischangehashada Survey (DHS 2010), in Zanzibar, 99 percent of pregnant positiveimpactonschoolattendancerates. womenreceiveantenatalcareatleastonce,butonly49 percent attend more than four antenatal care visits. Table6:RegionalComparisonofLevelofAccesstoEssential According to the RollͲBack Malaria survey of 2007, 74 HealthServicesforYoungChildrenandPregnantWomen percent of children slept under an insecticideͲtreated  Tanzani Zanzibar Ethiopia Kenya Uganda mosquitonet(ITN).DHS2010showedthat55percentof a OneͲyearͲoldchildren children under five years of age in Zanzibar in atͲrisk immunizedagainstDPT areassleptunderanITN.DHS2004–5revealedthatonly 94.6% 91% 90% 93% 60% (corresponding 36 percent of children below five years of age with vaccines:DPT3ß) Childrenbelowfive diarrhea received oral rehydration and continued withdiarrheareceive 36% feeding. The EPI intervention in Zanzibar is oralrehydration/ (year 53% 15% 43% 39% commendable, resulting in 95 percent of oneͲyearͲold continuedfeeding 2005) (2010) childrenimmunizedagainstdiphtheriaͲpertussisͲtetanus Childrenbelowfive (DPT)—the highest rate compared to neighboring withsuspected 66% No countries(Table7). pneumoniatakento (year 5% 50% 47% data healthcareprovider 2005)  (2010) AccesstoessentialECDnutritioninterventionscouldbe Pregnantwomen receivingantenatal improved.Nutritionisan important componentofchild 49% 43% 19% 47% 48% care(atleastfour health, and undernutrition is a notable problem in times) Zanzibar. Nutrition interventions should begin at the Source: UNICEFCountryStatistics2010. prenatalstagebecausenewbornhealthisdirectlylinked  tomaternalhealth.InZanzibar,78.7percentofchildren  six to fifty nine months of age have access to vitamin A Table7:RegionalComparisonofLevelofAccesstoEssential supplementation, according to the 2014 National NutritionServicesforYoungChildrenandPregnantWomen Nutrition Survey. According to the same survey, 49.3  Zanzibar Tanzania Ethiopia Kenya Uganda Childrenbelowfive percentofhouseholdsinZanzibarconsumeiodizedsalt. withmoderate/severe 24.4% 42% 51% 35% 38% Iodine deficiency has deleterious consequences on the (2014) stunting(2006–10) child’s mental and physical development. The Infantsexclusively 19.7% breastfeduntilsix 50% 52% 32% 62% consumption of iodized salt in homes could be better monthsofage(2010) (2014) promoted in Zanzibar. Table 8 gives a regional Infantswithlowbirth 6.9% 10% 20% 8% 14% comparison of access to essential nutrition services. weight Zanzibar has the lowest rates of both stunting and Prevalenceofanemia No inpregnantwomen 58% 62.7% 55.1% 41.2% prevalence of anemia among children below the age of (2010) data five(24percentand75percent,respectively). Prevalenceofanemia 24% 75% 70.6% 84.2% 70.5% inpreschoolͲaged (2014) (2005) (2005) (1999) (2001) children Access to preprimary education in Zanzibar is limited. Source: UNICEFCountryStatistics2010;WHOGlobalDatabaseonAnemia. According to the HBS 2009/2010, among the total population five to 14 years of age, only 14 percent have attendedpreschool,and28percentarenoteducatedat SYSTEMSAPPROACHFORBETTEREDUCATIONRESULTS  12 ZANZIBARۣEARLYCHILDHOODDEVELOPMENT SABERCOUNTRYREPORT|2013  PolicyLever2.3: understand how to provide an adequate healthy Equity environment for proper early childhood development. Thiscouldbedonebybuildinguponthealreadyexisting Based on the robust evidence of the positive effects ECD parentcommitteesatECDcenters. interventions can have for children from disadvantaged backgrounds, every government should pay special All essential ECD programs are available only in certain attention to equitable provision of ECD services.6 One of regionsofthecountry(seeTable6).Bettercoordination the fundamental goals of any ECD policy should be to between sectors could allow sharing of ideas on how to provideequitableopportunitiestoallyoungchildrenand expandtheprogramstoachieveuniversalcoverage. theirfamilies. ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ There is equity in access to ECCE based on gender. The ¾ Monitor ECD services at the point of delivery. Many genderparityindexforbothgrossandnetenrollmentin pregnantwomenandyoungchildrenstillpayformedical preprimary education in Zanzibar was 1.0 in 2013 (EFA services that should be free. This discourages some Assessment2001–13).AccordingtotheEducationPolicy people from seeking medical care when they are sick, (2006),duringthebasiceducationstage,boys’andgirls’ and consequently some pregnant women and young dropoutratesareessentiallyequal.Ahigherenrollment childrendonotreceivethenecessaryECDhealthservices rateisseeninprivateschoolscomparedtopublicschools they need. Better monitoring at service delivery could forchildrenagesfourtosixyearsold. helpidentifythesegapsinservices. ECCEservicescouldbebettertailoredtoaccommodate ¾ Scale up nutrition programs. Undernutrition is still a children with special needs. In Zanzibar the Inclusive majorproblemamongchildrenbecauseofalackoffood Education policy (2006) gives special needs children supplementation programs or feeding programs in access to ECE. Current preprimary schools do not have preprimary schools. Box 3 illustrates the Nutrition the means to meet the special needs of these children. EnhancementProgram(NEP)launchedinSenegal,which The Inclusive Education unit is still collecting data that managed to scale up nutrition interventions through will reveal the number of children with special needs utilization of resources provided by the health sector. currently enrolled in ECD centers. The ECD curriculum Thisshowsthatcoordinationbetweensectorsiscrucial. and teaching materials are translated into the major language, Kiswahili. Mother tongue instruction is  encouragedinECDeducation,butitisnotmandatory. PolicyOptionstoImplementECDWidelyin Zanzibar ScopeofPrograms ¾ Promote parent and caregiver education on ECDͲ related services and provide wider coverage of ECD programs. Most essential health (childhood vaccinations,antenatalcarevisitsforpregnantwomen), education (access to preprimary school), and social protection (child welfare system) ECDͲrelated services are available to young children, but what seems to be lacking is the parents’ and caregivers’ education. Young children’s development requires continued followͲup bothatschoolandinthehousehold.Betterpromotionof home visiting to provide parenting messages and parenting education on domestic abuse prevention could be beneficial. The child’s caretaker will learn and  6 Engleetal.(2011);Naudeauetal.(2011). SYSTEMSAPPROACHFORBETTEREDUCATIONRESULTS  13 ZANZIBARۣEARLYCHILDHOODDEVELOPMENT SABERCOUNTRYREPORT|2013  Box 3: Relevant Lessons Senegal: Improving Access to Policy Goal 3: Monitoring and Ensuring NutritionInterventionsinHardͲtoͲReachPopulations Quality Example from Senegal: Coordinatin Service Delivery acrossSectors ¾PolicyLevers:DataAvailability•Quality In 2002 the Nutrition Enhancement Program (NEP) was Standards•CompliancewithStandards launched by the government of Senegal to provide Monitoring and Assuring Quality refers to the existence multisectoral support for nutrition and enhance nutritionalconditionsforchildrenbelowfiveandpregnant ofinformationsystemstomonitoraccesstoECDservices and lactating women.  It includes a communityͲbased and outcomes across children, standards for ECD growth monitoring and promotion and community services,andsystemstomonitorandenforcecompliance Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) with with those standards. Ensuring the quality of ECD maternal counseling, home visits, and cooking interventions is vital because evidence has shown that demonstrations. The project integrated nutrition unless programs are of high quality, the impact on interventions (e.g., growth monitoring and promotion) childrencanbenegligible,orevendetrimental. with existing health sector interventions (e.g., IMCI). The MinistryofHealthandlocaldevelopmentagenciesalready PolicyLever3.1: provided a relatively good scope of coverage of health DataAvailability interventions in local communities. Thus, the nutrition sectorleveragedexistingresourcesfordeliveringtheNEP Accurate,comprehensive,andtimelydatacollectioncan interventions.Becauseofthesynergeticeffectofbringing promote more effective policy making. WellͲdeveloped togetherthenutritionandhealthsectors,theNEPbecame information systems can improve decision making. In a mechanism for delivering other essential health and particular, data can inform policy choices regarding the nutritionservicesprovidedbyexistingprograms(including ITNsandvitaminAsupplements).By2012thegovernment volume and allocation of public financing, staff ofSenegalexpandedthecommunitynutritionprogramto recruitmentandtraining,programquality,adherenceto reachmorethan60percentofthetargetpopulation. standards,andeffortstotargetchildrenmostinneed.  Bothsurveydataandadministrativedataarecollected KeyLessonsforZanzibar: on access to ECD in Zanzibar, but only a few indicators 9 Given that the MoH in Zanzibar already provides relatively good access to health services, including are collected. The MoEVT along with the ZMRC collect expanded coverage for childhood immunizations, enrollment data for ECD. Currently 37,792 children are these health sector programs could be expanded to attending ECD in Zanzibar. They are divided into public, includenutritionalcomponents. privateͲforͲprofit,andprivateͲnotͲforͲprofitinstitutions, 9 Promoting feeding practices combined with the with the privateͲforͲprofit institutions leading in the delivery of essential health services can be an enrollment rate with 23,989 students. The child effective strategy to promote the holistic protectionunitcollectsadministrativedataregardingthe developmentofchildren. number of children registered in the child protection system. In 2012, there were 24 existing cases of young  childreninthesystemand24newcasesentering.Survey Equity data are collected for access to health ECD services for pregnant women and young children. According to DHS ¾ IncreaseaccesstoECDforpoorfamilies,especiallyin (2010), 68 percent of pregnant women attended more rural areas. In Zanzibar, the majority of ECD schools are than four antenatal care visits. The EPI intervention concentrated in the urban area, creating an urbanͲrural showed good results with 87 percent of children being disparity.PoorfamiliesstillcannotaffordECDeducation immunizedforDPTbytheageofone.Anemiaisamajor for their children because of the fees levied on parents. problem in Zanzibar, especially among children under TheGoZcouldputinplacemechanismstoexpandaccess the age of five: 69 percent of children under the age of toECDtopoorfamilies.Inadditiontothealreadyexisting five suffer from anemia (DHS 2010). This is an housing benefits given to some families with young improvement compared with the rate of 75 percent children, there could be a CCT system put in place to observedin2004–5(DHS).Table9givesasummaryofall relievethefinancialburdenonthepoorfamilies(seeBox the administrative and survey ECD data available in 2). Zanzibar.  SYSTEMSAPPROACHFORBETTEREDUCATIONRESULTS  14 ZANZIBARۣEARLYCHILDHOODDEVELOPMENT SABERCOUNTRYREPORT|2013  Data available on the differences in ECCE access and PolicyLever3.2: outcomes for special groups are limited to only two QualityStandards special groups, and tracking of child development is lacking. The EMIS unit in Zanzibar differentiates ECD EnsuringqualityECDserviceprovisionisessential.Afocus enrollment only by subnational divisions and gender. on access—without a commensurate focus on ensuring Data are not collected based on mother tongue, quality—jeopardizestheverybenefitsthatpolicymakers socioeconomic status, and special needs. The EMIS hope children will gain through ECD interventions. The department is still collecting data for the various quality of ECD programs is directly related to better indicators for young child development. This data cognitiveandsocialdevelopmentinchildren.7 collection system does not monitor level of service ECCE learning standards are somewhat clearly delivery and quality, as well as child development established in Zanzibar. The GoZ has two preprimary outcomes. curricula that have been approved and are available for Table8:AvailabilityofDatatoMonitorECDinZanzibar teachers to use: the madrasa preschool curriculum, Administrativedata issued in 2000, and the Zanzibar preschool curriculum, Indicator Tracked issued in 2012. Both curricula are endorsed by the Institute of Education. The MoEVT ensures that the ECCEenrollmentratesbyregion X primary curriculum is a continuation of the preprimary SpecialneedschildrenenrolledinECCE curriculum.Itisstillintheprocessofdevelopinglearning X standardsforECCEcenters. (numberof) ChildrenattendingwellͲchildvisits(numberof) X Requirements for ECCE professionals have been established, but training for health workers regarding Childrenbenefitingfrompublicnutrition ECD services is lacking. ECE teachers for children up to  interventions(numberof) 83monthsofagearerequiredtohavecompletedupper Womenreceivingprenatalnutrition X secondary school, obtained a certificate in ECD or interventions(numberof) ChildrenenrolledinECCEbysubnational specialized course, and participated in specialized  training for ECD. Private education institutions and region(numberof) AverageperstudentͲtoͲteacherratioinpublic governmentͲsponsored institutions provide inͲservice  training for ECCE service delivery to ECE professionals. ECCE IsECCEspendingineducationsector Thisisrequiredonlywhenteachingchildrenages60–83  months.ECEprofessionalsarealsorequiredtocomplete differentiatedwithineducationbudget? IsECDspendinginhealthsectordifferentiated a preservice fieldwork practicum in ECCE. The MoEVT X withinhealthbudget? regulates this training. In 2013 the Madrasa Early Surveydata Childhood Teacher Training Centre (MECTTC) was Indicator Tracked officiallyregisteredbytheZanzibarVocationalAuthority. Both shortͲterm (six months) and longͲterm (two years) Populationconsumingiodizedsalt(%)  certificatecoursesareofferedbyMECTTCortheMinistry VitaminAsupplementationrateforchildren ofEducation’sICTdepartment.  sixto59months(%) Anemiaprevalenceamongpregnantwomen Health workers in Zanzibar are not required to receive X traininginECDmessagedeliverysuchasdevelopmental (%) Childrenbelowtheageoffiveregisteredat milestones, childcare parenting, and early stimulation. X With this training, health workers could be able to birth(%) ChildrenimmunizedagainstDPT3atage12 accurately assess how a child is developing and provide  months(%) parents with other healthͲrelated ECD requirements to Pregnantwomenwhoattendfourantenatal ensureproperchilddevelopment.  visits(%) ChildrenenrolledinECCEbysocioeconomic EstablishedinfrastructuresstandardsforECCEfacilities X exist in Zanzibar. Service delivery standards could be status(%) improved. No policy states a specific childͲtoͲteacher  7 Bryceetal.(2003);Naudeauetal.(2011);TaylorandBennett(2008); Victoriaetal.(2008). SYSTEMSAPPROACHFORBETTEREDUCATIONRESULTS  15 ZANZIBARۣEARLYCHILDHOODDEVELOPMENT SABERCOUNTRYREPORT|2013  ratio required in ECCE centers. The madrasa preferred 438 preprimary teachers for children ages 60 to 83 ratio is 1:15. The average childͲtoͲteacher ratio for months as well as 360 paraprofessionals or community children ages four to six years is 20:1 in public schools ECCEvolunteershavereceivedthetraining and 12:1 in private schools. No minimum number of Box 4:  Relevant Lessons from International Experiences in hours of preprimary education per week is required. MonitoringandEnsuringQuality Both public and private preprimary schools are open 25 hoursperweek. ExamplefromJamaica:EnsuringQualityinECCEProvision  Construction standards exist for ECCE facilities, and all TheEarlyChildhoodCommission(ECC)wasestablishedbyanactof institutionsneedtomeetalltherequirementstoobtain parliament, the Early Childhood Commission Act, in 2003. The commission has the responsibility to ensure the integrated and their permit. No specific policy mandates access to coordinated delivery of early childhood programs and services. potablewaterandhygienicfacilities,butitismentioned Through its varying activities, the ECC will guide the holistic intheconstructionstandardsaswellasintheEducation development of children, including physical, cognitive, social and Policy (2006). No policy or requirement specifies emotional development. The commission has a range of legislated minimumphysicalspaceperchild. functions, one of which indicates direct responsibility to supervise andregulateearlychildhoodinstitutions(ECIs). Specific registration and accreditation procedures are  requiredforallECCEfacilitiesandsomehealthfacilities. Standards for the operation, management, andadministrationof ECIs:UnderJamaicanlaw,therearetwotypesofstandards:Those Preprimary centers cannot be registered if they do not transmitted by an act or regulations and that therefore carry legal meetalltheconstructionstandards,andmechanismsare consequences,andthosethatservetoimprovepracticevoluntarily in place to identify quality improvement of the centers. andarenotlegallybinding.Forpracticalpurposes,qualitystandards ECCE facilities receive announced inspection visits at for ECIs include both sets of standards, with clear indications of thosestandardsthatarelegallybinding. unspecific times from the registrar and the inspectorate  officeoftheDepartmentofPreprimaryEducationwithin Standard statements for ECI: To improve the quality of services theMoEVT. provided by ECIs, the ECC has developed a range of robust operational quality standards for ECIs. The act and regulations, Rigorous registration procedures exist only for hospitals which together comprise the legal requirements, specify the and health centers. No construction standards are in minimum levels of practice below which institutions will not be placeforhealthposts. registeredorallowedtooperate.Thestandardsthatarenotlegally binding define best practices for early childhood institutions and PolicyLever3.3: servetoencourageinstitutionstoraisetheirlevelofpracticeabove minimum requirements. Although ECIs are encouraged to achieve CompliancewithStandards the highest possible standards to ensure the best outcomes for children, the legally binding standards guarantee that minimum Establishing standards is essential to providing quality standardsaremet. ECD services and to promoting the healthy development  of children. Once standards have been established, it is Inspection and registration: Inspection of ECIs is the procedure critical that mechanisms are put in place to ensure designated under the Early Childhood Act for ensuring that operators comply with the minimum acceptable standards of compliancewithstandards. practice.TheECCisrequiredtoinspecteachECItwiceannually.Itis State and nonstate ECCE facilities are required to a requirement of registration that the registered operator cooperates with the ECC’s inspection process. The “registered comply with established infrastructure standards, but operator”isdefinedasthepersonrequiredtoapplyforregistration noservicedeliverystandardshavebeensetforthemto ofanECIandmaybeanindividualoragroup. follow. All preprimary facilities respect all the  infrastructure standards. There is no way to measure In deciding on the suitability of an ECI for registration under the compliancewithservicedeliverysuchaschildͲtoͲteacher EarlyChildhoodAct,theECCwill,basedoninformationobtainedat inspection visits, determine whether or not an ECI meets and ratio or number of opening hours because no standards complieswiththeactandregulations.Whereexistingprovisionfalls areestablishedforthoseindicatorsinZanzibar. shortofthelegalrequirements,andtheshortfalldoesnotpresent arealandpresentdangertochildren,apermittooperateuntilfull ECCE professionals comply with established inͲservice requirements are met will be granted, with time scales for training standards/professional qualifications, but no institutions to meet requirements. The ECC encourages the trackingisdoneofcompliancewithpreͲservicetraining. promotion of the highest standards of practice by monitoring not The EMIS department and the ZMRC office collect data only the minimum requirements at inspection visits, but also by monitoringthosestandardsthatarenotlegallybinding. for the number of ECD professionals who have completed their inͲservice training. Records show that  SYSTEMSAPPROACHFORBETTEREDUCATIONRESULTS  16 ZANZIBARۣEARLYCHILDHOODDEVELOPMENT SABERCOUNTRYREPORT|2013  with all the different standards (not just infrastructure KeyLessonsforZanzibar standards)couldbemorebeneficial.Eachministrycould 9 Consider establishing legally binding requirements for ECCE have a specific set of information that should be service provision to guarantee that acceptable minimum standardsaremet. gathered during an inspection so that all data can be 9 Consider assigning a special entity with a delineated role to collectedinastandardizedandtimelymanner. monitor and regulate ECCE service providers. An improved quality monitoring system will ensure that best outcomes are achieved. ComparingOfficialPolicieswithOutcomes Theexistenceoflawsandpoliciesalonedoesnotalways guarantee a correlation with desired ECD outcomes. In  many countries, policies on paper and the reality of access and service delivery on the ground are not PolicyOptionstoMonitorandEnsureECD aligned. Table 9 compares ECD policies in Zanzibar with QualityinZanzibar ECDoutcomes. DataAvailability  Table9:ComparingECDPolicieswithOutcomesinZanzibar ¾ A standardized dataͲtracking system should be put ECDpolicies  Outcomes in place to better evaluate the impact of ECD services. Guidelinesencouragewomento ANCvisitrate(Fouror Administrative and survey data are collected for only a attendatleastfourantenatalcare  more): few ECD indicators. A computerized and standardized visits 48.9% dataͲcollectingsystemcouldbeputinplacetoallowdata  Preprimaryschool harmonization across all ECD sectors. In this way data Preprimaryschoolisfreebutnot enrollment: wouldbemoreusefulforevaluationoftheimpactofthe compulsoryinZanzibar 13.8% programs, child development outcomes, and planning   for future allocation of funds and other necessary Youngchildrenarerequiredtoreceive ChildrenwithDPT(12–23 acompletecourseofchildhood months): resourcestothevariousECDservices. immunizations 94.6%  VitaminA QualityStandards Nutritioninterventionsreinforce supplementation(6–59 vitaminAsupplementationfor monthsofage): ¾ ECD institutions should have standards and children 72.2% guidelines to follow to ensure quality service delivery.  Currently there are only infrastructure standards but no standards on what should be taught in preprimary PreliminaryBenchmarkingandInternational schools.Toguaranteequalityofservice,standardsneed ComparisonofECDinZanzibar to be put in place to have a baseline for quality Table 11 presents the classification of ECD policy in monitoring.Institutionscouldbeboundbylawtofollow Zanzibar within each of the nine policy levers and three allminimumstandardsandcouldbegivenincentivesfor policy goals. The SABERͲECD classification system does impeccableservicedeliverytoincitethemtoachievethe not rank countries according to any overall scoring; highestpossiblestandards.Box4illustrateshowJamaica rather, it is intended to share information on how wasabletoensurequalityinECCEprovisionthroughthe different ECD systems address the same policy introduction of two types of standards: legally binding challenges. standardsandnonͲlegallybindingstandards. Table 12 presents the status of ECD policy development CompliancewithStandards in Zanzibar alongside a selection of OECD countries. Sweden is home to one of the world’s most ¾ Monitor and enforce compliance to the established comprehensiveanddevelopedECDpoliciesandachieves standards. Announced inspections are scheduled to abenchmarkingof“Advanced”inallninepolicylevers. verify compliance with infrastructure standards for all  ECEcenters.Nosettimeintervalisestablishedbetween each visit, and too much time may pass between two visits,whichdoesnotprovidepropermonitoring.Amore formalized and defined way of monitoring compliance SYSTEMSAPPROACHFORBETTEREDUCATIONRESULTS  17 ZANZIBARۣEARLYCHILDHOODDEVELOPMENT SABERCOUNTRYREPORT|2013  Table11:BenchmarkingEarlyChildhoodDevelopmentPolicyinZanzibar Levelof Levelof ECDpolicygoal Policylever development development LegalFramework  EstablishinganEnabling Environment  IntersectoralCoordination  Finance ScopeofPrograms  ImplementingWidely  Coverage Equity  DataAvailability  MonitoringandAssuring Quality  QualityStandards  CompliancewithStandards  Latent Emerging Established Advanced Legend      Table12:InternationalClassificationandComparisonofECDSystems Levelofdevelopment ECDpolicygoal Policylever Zanzibar Australia Chile Sweden Turkey LegalFramework      Establishingan Enabling Coordination      Environment Finance      ScopeofPrograms      Implementing Coverage  Widely     Equity      DataAvailability      Monitoringand QualityStandards  AssuringQuality     Compliancewith Standards      Latent Emerging Established Advanced Legend    SYSTEMSAPPROACHFORBETTEREDUCATIONRESULTS  18 ZANZIBARۣEARLYCHILDHOODDEVELOPMENT SABERCOUNTRYREPORT|2013  Conclusion existingguidelinescouldshowastrongercommitmentof the government. Also, the MSWYWCD could prioritize TheSABERͲECDinitiativeisdesignedtoenableECDpolicy the development of intersectoral coordination between makers and development partners to identify all ECDͲrelated ministries and designate entities opportunities for further development of effective ECD responsible for establishing standards and monitoring systems. This Country Report presents a framework to service outcomes. As ECD access increases, better compare Zanzibar’s ECD system with other countries in financial management and strict quality control will be the region and internationally. Each of the nine policy necessary to avoid a decrease in the level of service levers are examined in detail, and some policy options provided. Establishment and compliance with the areidentifiedtostrengthenECDareoffered. infrastructure standards is commendable, but learning  standardsandservicedeliverystandardsarelacking. Table13summarizesthekeypolicyoptionsidentifiedto  inform policy dialogue and improve the provision of InZanzibarroomforimprovementstillexistswithineach essential ECD services in Zanzibar. Implementation of policy goal to better provide an adequate environment more ECDͲspecific policies geared toward pregnant for growth and development of children to their full women and young children to strengthen the already potential.   Table13:SummaryofPolicyOptionstoImproveECDinZanzibar Policy Policyoptionsandrecommendations dimension x FinalizeandapprovethenewChildrenPolicy,whichincludesECDcomponent x DevelopanIECDpolicytoreinforcetheECDcomponentinthenewChildrenPolicy x EstablishalawtocomplywiththeInternationalCodeofMarketingofBreastMilk Establishingan x Establishanationalpolicytoencouragesaltiodizationandpromotefortificationof Enabling cereals/stapleswithiron Environment x Establishapolicymandatingtheregistrationofchildrenatbirthforaccuracyofdata regardingECDͲagechildren x SetasideaspecificECDbudgetineachministrytobettertrackECDexpenditures x Considerreducingthefinancialburdenonpoorfamiliestogiveallchildrenaccessto ECD Implementing x Increaseaccesstoskilledattendantsatbirth Widely x IncreaseprogramsforeducationonECDforparentsandcaregivers x ConsiderreducingtheurbanͲruraldisparityforavailabilityofECDinstitutions x Enforcemonitoringofcompliancewithnewestablishedstandards Monitoringand x ProvidetrainingforECDhealthprofessionals EnsuringQuality x ConsidergivingbonusestoECDteacherstoincitemoreteacherstowardtheECDfield toreducethechildͲtoͲteacherratio   SYSTEMSAPPROACHFORBETTEREDUCATIONRESULTS  19 ZANZIBARۣEARLYCHILDHOODDEVELOPMENT SABERCOUNTRYREPORT|2013  Acknowledgments References This Country Report was prepared by the SABERͲECD Britto,P.,H.Yoshikawa,andK.Boller.2011.“Qualityof team at the World Bank headquarters in Washington, EarlyChildhoodDevelopmentPrograms:Rationale DC.Thereportpresentscountrydatacollectedusingthe forInvestment,ConceptualFrameworkand SABERͲECD policy and program data collection ImplicationsforEquity.”SocialPolicyReport25(2): instruments and data from external sources. 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Victoria,B.H.,L.Adair,C.Fall,P.C.Hallal,R.Martorell,  L.Richter,andH.S.Sachdev.2008.“Maternaland  ChildUndernutrition:ConsequencesforAdult HealthandHumanCapital.”TheLancet371(9609):  340–57.                   SYSTEMSAPPROACHFORBETTEREDUCATIONRESULTS  21 ZANZIBARۣEARLYCHILDHOODDEVELOPMENT SABERCOUNTRYREPORT|2013   www.worldbank.org/education/saber   The Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER) initiative produces comparative data and knowledge on education policies and institutions, with the aim of helping countries systematically strengthen their education systems. SABER evaluates the quality of education policies against evidence-based global standards, using new diagnostic tools and detailed policy data. The SABER country reports give all parties with a stake in educational results—from administrators, teachers, and parents to policy makers and business people—an accessible, objective snapshot showing how well the policies of their country’s education system are oriented toward ensuring that all children and youth learn. This report focuses specifically on policies in the area of Early Childhood Development. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in thisworkdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsofTheWorldBank,itsBoardofExecutiveDirectors,orthegovernmentstheyrepresent.TheWorld Bankdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthiswork.Theboundaries,colors,denominations,andotherinformationshown onanymapinthisworkdonotimplyanyjudgmentonthepartofTheWorldBankconcerningthelegalstatusofanyterritoryortheendorsement oracceptanceofsuchboundaries. SYSTEMSAPPROACHFORBETTEREDUCATIONRESULTS  22