2016/69 k nKonw A A weldegdeg e ol n oNtoet e s eSrei r e ise s f ofro r p r&a c t hteh e nEenregryg y Etx itcrea c t i v e s G l o b a l P r a c t i c e The bottom line Smartening the Grid in Developing Countries: Since fiscal year 2010 the World Bank has supported 20 smart grid Emerging Lessons from World Bank Lending projects in 19 countries and all six Bank regions. Valued at $960 million—a quarter of all Bank Why is this issue important? Energy systems in both developed and developing countries present numerous challenges that can be addressed by integrating support for transmission and Smart grids make the most of scarce resources specific smart grid technologies and smarter management pro- distribution during the period— The widespread deployment of smart metering, distribution automa- cesses (table 1). For example, a common issue faced by developing the projects have focused on tion, and advanced supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) countries is limited transmission capacity between power plants and advanced metering, distribution systems as components of larger energy and distribution manage- major load centers, causing overloaded lines to trip. In a non-smart automation, and supervisory ment systems has opened doors for significant improvements to the grid system, the line would trip and an operator would not know control and data acquisition reliability, flexibility, efficiency, and sustainability of power grids. To whether it was simply a circuit breaker tripping or whether the for energy and distribution ensure the success of projects that rely on these new technologies, line had overheated and sagged, touching an obstacle. Under the management systems. Some it is imperative to understand the local factors that can lead to circumstances, it might take several hours to visually confirm that of these projects are still under implementation delays and how those delays can be overcome by implementation, but task teams drawing on global expertise and building on are learning valuable lessons local knowledge. Table 1. Smart grid solutions to energy system challenges about how to implement smart World Bank energy projects help countries grid projects most effectively. modernize and expand their energy and power Challenges in existing Smart grid technology/ energy systems Smart grid solutions process examples systems in a reliable, sustainable, and affordable Varun Nangia is a Renewable and Balancing supply and load Remote substation control consultant with the World manner to meet growing demand—and smart distributed generation New business models Weather forecasting modules Bank’s Energy and grid technologies are often part of the solution. Limited generation and Load management Time-of-use tariffs Extractives Global Practice. “Smart grid” means different things to different grid capacity Demand shifting Samuel Oguah is an countries, operators, and projects. Definitions Aging or weak Automatic outage prevention and Automatic reclosers and switches energy specialist in the of the term range from mandating inclusion infrastructure restoration Synchrophasors same practice. of specific components to laying out general Enhanced SCADA principles for operations. For the purposes of Cost of and emissions Efficient generation, transmission, Renewable mandates this brief, a smart grid is any electric transmis- from energy supply distribution, and consumption Net metering Kwawu Gaba is a lead Variable tariffs energy specialist with the sion or distribution system that uses advanced Revenue losses Automated loss prevention Smart meters Energy and Extractives informational and operational technologies Transparency in system operations Feeder metering Global Practice and also and new operating processes to improve the leads the World Bank’s Power Systems reliability, flexibility, efficiency, and sustainability SCADA = supervisory control and data acquisition. Global Solutions Group. of the power grid. Source: Adapted from IEA (2015b). 2 S m a r t e n i n g t h e G r i d i n D e v e l o p i n g C o u n t r i e s : E m e r g i n g L e ss o n s f r o m W o r l d B a n k L e n d i n g the line was safe before manually restoring power. During this time smart meters, SCADA, and distribution automation are listed at the the system would still be facing high load on other transmission lines. end of this brief. A fourth category, prepaid meters, was not evalu- A smart grid approach, by contrast, might be to install phasor ated because such meters are not necessarily “smart,” though they measurement units and phasor data concentrators along the line to do represent an innovative approach to some challenges prevalent in sample local electricity conditions every cycle (50 times a second in developing countries. “Over the past decade, a 50Hz system, and 60 times in a 60Hz system) and detect imminent Advanced metering infrastructure. AMI refers to an the World Bank has overcapacity. These units use high-bandwidth, low-latency links to integrated system of smart meters and enabling communication notify the SCADA energy management system (EMS) that a fault is networks and data management systems that provide enhanced engaged in an extensive imminent and to take immediate corrective action to prevent a trip. capabilities over traditional analog or digital meters. AMI-enabled program to help client Depending on conditions elsewhere in the grid, the SCADA/EMS smart metering is a natural evolution from previous one-way meter- countries benefit from the system may reroute power flow around the bottleneck, shed load, or ing systems, such as traditional electromechanical metering and deployment of smart grid curtail generation. Once the risk of overcapacity on the transmission automated meter reading systems. The key differentiator for such lines has passed, the SCADA/EMS system can automatically restore AMI deployments is the development of two-way communication technologies. Interest has the line to full operating condition, confident there were no short between the meters and the utility (US Department of Energy 2015). continued to grow, with circuits or other disturbances. An AMI deployment allows, at a minimum, remote meter reading, the number of smart grid bidirectional communication, complex tariff systems, and utility projects accelerating over What has the World Bank done to make control of energy supply (Uribe-Pérez and others 2016). World Bank projects have supported the purchase and installation of such smart the past two fiscal years.” grids smarter? meters, as well as the back-end systems required to use them. The Bank has invested in advanced metering, Supervisory control and data acquisition systems. SCADA supervisory control and data acquisition, and systems help ensure that power grids supply electricity safely, automated distribution—with good results reliably, and efficiently. Combined in a larger EMS that oversees the entire grid, such systems mitigate against transient events that Over the past decade, the World Bank has engaged in an extensive would result in outages and pinpoint issues when they occur. Without program to help client countries benefit from the deployment of SCADA/EMS and SCADA/DMS systems, it is nearly impossible to smart grid technologies. Interest has continued to grow, with the control any but the smallest of power grids; in their absence larger number of smart grid projects accelerating over the past two fiscal grids are unstable and unreliable, frequently suffering severe faults years. This brief reviews projects that are now being implemented or that cannot be quickly repaired. SCADA systems are thus essential as have recently closed to determine whether they might hold lessons power systems are scaled up to provide universal access, increase for other projects, either ongoing or under development. In either efficiency, and integrate renewable energy sources. case, the goal is to bring the benefits of smart grids to client coun- New types of generation and load, along with sophisticated new tries expeditiously. measurement and control devices, have increased the amount of For this review, projects were broken down along three func- data that feeds into an EMS or DMS. At the same time, demands for tional lines: advanced metering infrastructure (AMI, or smart meters), such data have grown with vertical unbundling (that is, unbundling SCADA and energy/distribution management systems (EMS/DMS), of generation, transmission, and distribution), the establishment and distribution automation. A compelling argument could be made of markets for energy generation and sale, regulatory changes for combining the latter two into a larger category of grid automation, favoring renewables, and other major changes in the structure of the but the projects supported by the World Bank suggest that interven- marketplace. All of these have required fundamental changes in the tions in each category were designed through different processes architecture of EMSs (Wu, Moslehi, and Bose 2005). A modern EMS and consequently should be evaluated separately. Live Wires on consists of a set of interconnected systems that together govern the 3 S m a r t e n i n g t h e G r i d i n D e v e l o p i n g C o u n t r i e s : E m e r g i n g L e ss o n s f r o m W o r l d B a n k L e n d i n g operation of the power grid: generation, transmission, consumption, What do the projects look like? financial performance, and regulatory compliance (Bertsch and others 2005). Projects implemented to date have suggested Similarly, a SCADA/DMS system consists of a set of intercon- valuable lessons for future efforts nected systems that combine to operate the power distribution World Bank support for smart grids since FY2010 has totaled some “World Bank support grid. Its functions include managing medium- and low-voltage $961 million in 20 projects with a total value of $5.81 billion ($4.05 for smart grids since networks, integrating distributed renewable generation, and con- billion of which was from the World Bank). Of the $961 million, $421 tributing to network planning, technical and financial performance, million (44 percent) is for 14 AMI projects, $162 million (17 percent) FY2010 has totaled some and regulatory compliance. Owing to the large number of assets for 8 SCADA/EMS projects, and $378 million (39 percent) for 4 $961 million in 20 projects involved in distribution networks, the databases needed to manage distribution automation projects (table 2 and figure 1). The projects with a total value of medium- and low- voltage networks are significantly larger than their cover 19 countries (figure 2) in all six of the World Bank’s operating $5.81 billion. The projects EMS counterparts. SCADA is one key source of data, but running regions (figure 3). the power distribution grid also requires geographical information Among the 20 projects, there are wide variations in the size cover 19 countries in all systems and work force management tools. of the smart grid component. For example, in Brazil, $388 million six of the World Bank’s Three major drivers of World Bank support for such systems are: of the $495 million Eletrobras Distribution Rehabilitation project operating regions.” • The rapid shift from a central control room toward more localized supports smart grid-related activities—$94 million for an AMI rollout, controllers augmented by high-bandwidth, low-latency networks and $294 million for substation and distribution grid automation. that enable much greater insight into the functioning of the In Uzbekistan’s Advanced Energy Metering Project, $150 million of power grid and create new ways for utilities and operators to the $180 million total project size supports an AMI deployment. On optimize system operations (Wu, Moslehi, and Bose 2005) the other hand, just 1 percent of the $85 million Electricity Sector • New regulatory directives to increase the penetration of Support Project in Senegal funds the installation of remote terminal renewable energy as a share of generation, which mean that units in a handful of key substations. modern EMS systems must act on both sides of the supply and Profiles of nine of the Bank’s smart grid projects follow, with demand equation (Singh and Singh 2009) more detail provided in corresponding Live Wires listed at the end of this brief. • The development of regional power pools that are expected to India: Haryana Power Sector Improvement (FY2010). exploit scale efficiences even though they consist of supply- The Haryana Power Sector Improvement Project set a target to constrained power grids that are both relatively unsophisticated install about 80,000 meters for high-use domestic and commercial and complex to manage from the operational, legal, and customers in order to reduce commercial losses and to introduce regulatory perspectives. the benefits of demand-responsive and time-of-day usage billing and real-time monitoring to locate theft. Although the project was Distribution automation systems. These systems comprise focused on a small high-revenue segment, the utility now wants to rugged hardware, customizable logic, and services combined into a roll out AMI universally to its three million customers. system to perform fault detection, isolation, and network reconfigu- Interoperability was a serious concern and delayed the project ration. They usually include controllers, protective relays, reclosers, significantly. Bidders also expressed concern about integrating voltage regulator controls, faulted circuit indicators, and wired and systems from different vendors and establishing a reference point wireless communication. The controllers also collect large amounts against which future performance would be measured. To assuage of information about the grid, which is very important to operators concerns from both sides, the project team held joint meetings with and planners. the utility and potential bidders to determine what was technically feasible and commercially available, which eventually led the utility 4 S m a r t e n i n g t h e G r i d i n D e v e l o p i n g C o u n t r i e s : E m e r g i n g L e ss o n s f r o m W o r l d B a n k L e n d i n g Table 2. The World Bank’s smart grid portfolio, FY2010 to Q3 FY2016 (millions of U.S. dollars) Distribution Project ID Project name Country AMI SCADA / EMS automation Total FY 2010 P110051 Haryana Power System Improvement India 34.27 34.27 P114204 Eletrobras Distribution Rehabilitation Brazil 94.00 293.90 387.90 FY 2011 P094919 First Phase Inter-Zonal Transmission Africa 0.46 0.46 P114971 Energy Sector Strengthening Paraguay 4.00 16.00 20.00 FY 2012 P115464 Recovery and Reform of Electricity Sector Cabo Verde 5.50 5.50 P122141 Energy Loss Reduction Tajikistan 5.00 5.00 P122773 Advanced Electricity Metering Uzbekistan 150.10 150.10 FY 2013 P125565 Electricity Sector Support Senegal 1.00 1.00 P125996 Distribution Efficiency Vietnam 62.80 62.80 FY 2014 P144534 Renewable Energy Integration Turkey 32.50 32.50 FY 2015 P120014 Electricity Modernization Kenya 40.00 10.00 20.00 70.00 P131558 Transmission Efficiency Vietnam 55.00 55.00 P133288 Renewable Energy Argentina 5.70 5.70 P133446 Electricity Supply Accountability Kyrgyz Republic 4.00 4.00 P143689 Clean and Efficient Energy Morocco 12.68 5.00 17.68 P144029 Power Recovery Albania 20.00 20.00 P146788 Second Power Transmission Ukraine 41.50 41.50 P149599 Power Grid Improvement Lao PDR 19.00 19.00 FY 2016 P147277 Distribution Grid Modernization and Loss Reduction Dominican Rep. 22.95 22.95 P153743 Electricity Access Expansion Niger 4.00 1.50 5.50 Total 421.20 161.96 377.70 960.86 Source: World Bank. 5 S m a r t e n i n g t h e G r i d i n D e v e l o p i n g C o u n t r i e s : E m e r g i n g L e ss o n s f r o m W o r l d B a n k L e n d i n g Figure 1. IBRD/IDA smart grid commitments by type and year, FY2010 to Q3 FY2016 (millions of U.S. dollars) 500 450 AMI $422 SCADA/EMS “In Brazil, the AMI 400 Distribution automation procurement encountered 350 several country-specific 300 challenges, most notably 250 $233 local certification laws 200 that made international $161 150 companies wary of bidding 100 on the project, even $64 50 though they had more $20 $33 $28 sophisticated devices 0 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 available at lower prices Source: World Bank. than their domestic competitors.” to adopt a single AMI standard, thus simplifying the procurement be approved by the regulator, and then every single meter had to process and enabling it to move forward. To address concerns about be tested individually in a certified lab. Because domestic meter integration and baseline performance, the utility and the winning manufacturers had an ownership stake in the labs, international bidder agreed to a process that would take place immediately after bidders expressed reservations about liability for delays, which had to the installation was complete to establish the baseline performance be addressed through specific procurement clauses. Concerns about and assign responsibilities. cross-country prices, taxation, and road user fees also complicated Brazil: Eletrobras Distribution Rehabilitation (FY2010). procurement, but eventually a tender was issued and awarded. The The Eletrobras Distribution Rehabilitation Project sought to improve project will have notable co-benefits from the use of local labor in an the finances of six distribution companies located in Brazil’s poorer economically depressed part of Brazil. A recycling process was estab- provinces, the only companies not privatized a generation ago. lished for retired meters and other electrical equipment that earlier Shrinking federal subsidies, the cost of servicing remote and unpop- would have been discarded, creating an additional revenue stream. ulated areas, and the impossibility of doing long-term planning led to Uzbekistan: Advanced Electricity Metering (FY2012). The a comprehensive smart grid project that addressed revenue through Advanced Electricity Metering Project was designed to install AMI AMI and reliability through distribution automation. in Tashkent City and two neighboring oblasts. Driven by the need to The AMI procurement encountered several country-specific replace traditional electromechanical meters installed between 1960 challenges, most notably local certification laws that made interna- and 1990 that were past their useful life and rarely calibrated, the tional companies wary of bidding on the project, even though they project sought to replace about 1.2 million meters for low-voltage had more-sophisticated devices available at lower prices than their residential and institutional customers. However, the sheer scale domestic competitors. For example, each meter model needed to of a universal metering system rollout, which was both technically 6 S m a r t e n i n g t h e G r i d i n D e v e l o p i n g C o u n t r i e s : E m e r g i n g L e ss o n s f r o m W o r l d B a n k L e n d i n g Figure 2. Locations of IBRD/IDA–supported smart grid projects, FY2010 to Q3 FY2016 “In Uzbekistan, the sheer scale of a universal metering system rollout overwhelmed the utility. Cost concerns from the government, as well as the unusual contract structure, contributed to a delay that Intervention type is now four years long and AMI growing longer.” SCADA Distribution automation AMI = advanced metering infrastructure; SCADA = supervisory control and data acquisition. Source: World Bank. challenging and costly, overwhelmed the utility, presenting significant distribution sector by 60 percent, from an average of 15.2 percent to challenges to the bidding process. Cost concerns from the govern- 9.4 percent, and avoid 540 million tons of CO2 by 2018. ment, as well as the unusual contract structure that separated the Turkey: Renewable Energy Integration (FY2014). Turkey meters from the back-end systems contributed to a delay that is now has committed to increasing wind energy in the country from 2,700 four years long and growing longer. MW (4 percent of installed capacity) to 20,000 MW (20 percent) by Vietnam: Distribution Efficiency (FY2013). The Distribution 2023. The intermittent and variable nature of wind energy has meant Efficiency Project was designed to improve the performance of the Turkish transmission company needed a significant upgrade to Vietnam’s power corporations in providing quality and reliable its SCADA/EMS systems, as well as upgrades of its network, to cope electricity services through the introduction of SCADA/DMS systems with the additional renewable energy. The project provides for much- for distribution network operations and data collection. The project needed functional upgrades of the SCADA/EMS system, including also introduces AMI systems. The project will reduce losses in the a forecasting module that predicts supply from renewable sources. 7 S m a r t e n i n g t h e G r i d i n D e v e l o p i n g C o u n t r i e s : E m e r g i n g L e ss o n s f r o m W o r l d B a n k L e n d i n g Figure 3. IBRD/IDA smart grid commitments by region, producing outages averaging 12 hours a month. To improve reliability FY2010 to Q3 FY2016 (millions of U.S. dollars) and availability, the SCADA/EMS system is being upgraded, bringing monitoring and control capabilities to 60 key substations in addition South Asia: Middle East and North Africa: $34 (4%) Africa: to the 86 already managed by the SCADA system. To complement $18 (2%) $82 (9%) the SCADA system upgrade, a parallel automation component will “The World Bank upgrade 90 percent of Nairobi’s distribution network through the East Asia is supporting a and Pacific: installation of a thousand load-break switches in the 11, 33, and $137 (14%) 66 kV networks, with associated controllers and communication comprehensive program to systems. Upon completion, the SCADA upgrade and grid automation overhaul the Kenyan power are expected to contribute to a halving of the System Average Latin America sector. To support revenue and the Carribbean: Interruption Duration Index. $437 (45%) collection, about 45,000 Vietnam: Transmission Efficiency (FY2015). Demand for electricity in Vietnam has grown 10–15 percent a year since 2008. meters are expected to be Europe and Transmission investments are urgently needed to cut network over- deployed. The 2 percent of Central Asia load, reduce load shedding, and meet expected further growth in $253 (26%) customers that will receive demand. Incompatible standards, miscommunication, and decaying the 45,000 meters generate equipment have contributed to unreliability in the network, resulting Source: World Bank. in long and severe faults. For lack of computing equipment, most 72 percent of the utility’s records are kept on paper, increasing the error rate. revenues. The project will The World Bank will support the installation of a SCADA system halve commercial losses Additional financing supports upgrades of substations where wind to improve monitoring and management of key substations. The from the current rate of farms connect to the transmission system. changes will reduce faults and ensure that correct procedures are 6 percent.” The project also drew $50 million from the Clean Technology followed after an outage. When complete, the project will increase Fund, half of which went toward the EMS and SCADA system the transfer capacity of the system by 80 percent, cut the amount upgrades. Though staffing shortages led to a delay in the supply of of generation that needs to be shed each year by an average of 5 some remote control equipment for substations, installation of the GWh, and reduce faults by a quarter. Procurement is expected to be SCADA/EMS upgrades is underway. When the project is complete, complete by the middle of 2016. the EMS will predict wind at 15-minute increments, connect 600 MW Albania: Power Recovery (FY2015). Albania seeks to reduce its of new wind generation, generate 1730 GWh of power annually, and obligation to guarantee supply at regulated rates by moving medi- reduce power sector emissions by 0.7 million tons of CO2 each year. um-voltage commercial customers to the wholesale market, following Kenya: Electricity Modernization (FY2015). The World Bank a similar move for high-voltage customers in 2011. To support the is supporting a comprehensive program to overhaul the Kenyan move, the project will supply meters for medium-voltage customers power sector. To support revenue collection, about 45,000 meters and enable so-called feeder metering. The project is at an early stage are expected to be deployed. The 2 percent of customers that of implementation. The procurement process is about to begin. will receive the 45,000 meters generate 72 percent of the utility’s Ukraine: Second Power Transmission (FY2015). Ukraine revenues. The project will halve commercial losses from the current saw its energy demand and supply drop significantly over the 1990s. rate of 6 percent. Procurement is under way. Although demand has rebounded, Ukraine still has excess supply Past underinvestment, rapid load growth, and haphazard net- that it could sell to its neighbors. To facilitate this power trade, the work extensions to accommodate new customers have combined project will fund an EMS to allow Ukraine’s power grid to interact to overtax the Kenyan transmission and distribution backbones, with the neighboring European Internal Energy Market. The project 8 S m a r t e n i n g t h e G r i d i n D e v e l o p i n g C o u n t r i e s : E m e r g i n g L e ss o n s f r o m W o r l d B a n k L e n d i n g Table 3. Smart grid adoption drivers conditions as often as once a cycle, instead of the traditional 15–20 Make further refreshes a minute. Along with accurate timing signals available Emerging economies Developed economies from GPS and other Ethernet network–based time synchronization connections Reliability System efficiency protocols, these units can be synchronized, giving a grid operator Live Wire 2014/1. System efficiency Renewable power very detailed information that can allow much faster responses to “Transmitting Renewable Revenue collection and assurance New products, services, markets grid incidents, potentially preventing an outage (Schweitzer and Energy to the Grid,” by Renewable power Customer choice and participation others 2009). Marcelino Madrigal and Economic advantages Reliability improvements The World Bank can play a significant role in encouraging the Rhonda Lenai Jordan. uptake of smart grids where such interventions are useful and Generation adequacy Asset utilization appropriate. Aside from financial support, a key emerging focus for Live Wire 2015/38. “Integrating Source: IEA (2015a). the Bank is overcoming some of the challenges identified in existing Variable Renewable projects, using a combination of topical studies and country-specific Energy into Power System technical assistance. will refurbish key sections of the transmission infrastructure and Operations,” by Thomas For distribution automation, a continuing challenge is ensuring provide an EMS upgrade that will enable the transmission system Nikolakakis and Debabrata interoperability of components from various manufacturers. Quite operator to tie into the European power grid and dispatch excess Chattopadhyay. often, distribution grids grow organically; it can be challenging to power. After a short delay, during which regulators worked to clarify enabling laws, the project is now moving through the procurement integrate a system made up of components added over many years. Live Wire 2015/44. “Mapping process. In this direction, the Bank could help its clients formulate smart Smart-Grid Modernization in grid road maps that would clearly identify the desired policy goal Power Distribution Systems,” and chart out a pathway to meeting the objective (see, for example, by Samuel Oguah and What’s next for smart grids? Madrigal and Uluski 2015). Doing so would logically be combined Debabrata Chattopadhyay. Technical assistance is key to ensuring that smart with templates to facilitate the preparation of proper technical Live Wire 2015/48. grid solutions are sensitive to specific challenges specifications for projects. “Supporting Transmission Operating a highly automated grid calls for a different set of The World Bank is seeing accelerating interest in smart grids, and Distribution Projects: skills for system operators. Training is indeed necessary, but of accompanied by client demand for support. This is unsurprising, World Bank Investments since greater importance is changing the mindset of utilities accustomed considering findings from the International Energy Agency on smart 2010,” by Samuel Oguah, to long-standing protocols of operation. Capacity building programs grids. IEA research indicates that while interest in smart grids is high Debabrata Chattopadhyay, therefore need to go beyond conventional training. Extensive training everywhere, the factors that drive their adoption are different in and Morgan Bazilian. that allows operators to use simulators to get comfortable with the emerging economies than they are in developed ones (table 3). In automated system could help open up their thinking. Live Wire 2016/65. emerging economies, reliability, efficiency, and revenue collection This brief and its companions, which cover AMI, distribution “Improving Transmission top the list of concerns, whereas system efficiency, the integration of automation, and SCADA/EMS and SCADA/DMS systems, discuss Planning: Examples from renewable power, and value-added services top the list in developed the many challenges that existing projects have encountered during Andhra Pradesh and West countries. Meanwhile, AMI installations are likely to accelerate over implementation. The lessons learned can help inform the design of Bengal,” by Kavita Saraswat the next decade and reach about half of the total installed meter projects under development and enable the World Bank to continue and Amol Gupta. base by 2023 (IEA 2015a). to play a significant leadership role in deploying smart grid technolo- Continuing advances in computing and communication tech- gies in developing countries. (Continued) nologies are also having knock-on benefits in the energy sector. For example, phasor measurement units can measure local electricity 9 S m a r t e n i n g t h e G r i d i n D e v e l o p i n g C o u n t r i e s : E m e r g i n g L e ss o n s f r o m W o r l d B a n k L e n d i n g References Singh, Bharat, and S.N. Singh. 2009. “Wind Power Interconnection to Make further Bertsch, Joachim, Cédric Carnal, Daniel Karlsson, John McDaniel, the Power System: A Review of Grid Code Requirements.” The connections (cont’d) Electricity Journal (Elsevier) 22 (5): 54–63. and Khoi Vu. 2005. “Wide-Area Protection and Power System Uribe-Pérez, Noelia, Luis Hernández, David de la Vega, and Itziar Utilization.” Proceedings of the IEEE 93 (5): 997–1003. Live Wire 2016/66. Angulo. 2016. “State of the Art and Trends Review of Smart IEA. 2015a. Energy Technology Perspectives 2015: Mobilising “Can Utilities Realize the Metering in Electricity Grids.” Applied Sciences 6 (3): 68. Innovation to Accelerate Climate Action. Paris: IEA Publications. Benefits of Advanced doi:10.3390/app6030068. ———. 2015b. How2Guide for Smart Grids in Distribution Networks: Metering Infrastructure? US Department of Energy. 2015. Advanced Metering Infrastructure Roadmap Development and Implementation. Paris: IEA Lessons from the Bank and Customer Systems. Accessed 03 08, 2016. https://www. Publications. Portfolio,” by Varun Nangia, smartgrid.gov/recovery_act/deployment_status/sdgp_ami_sys- Madrigal, Marcelino, and Robert Uluski. 2015. Practical Guidance Samuel Oguah, and Kwawu tems.html. for Defining a Smart Grid Modernization Strategy: The Case of Gaba. Wu, Felix F., Khosrow Moslehi, and Anjan Bose. 2005. “Power System Distribution. Washington DC: World Bank. Control Centers: Past, Present, and Future.” Proceedings of the Live Wire 2016/67. “Managing Schweitzer III, E.O., A. Guzman, H.J. Altuve, and D.A. Tziouvaras. 2009. IEEE 93 (11): 1890–1907. the Grids of the Future in “Real-Time Synchrophasor Applications for Wide-Area Protection, Developing Countries: Recent Control and Monitoring.” 3rd International Conference on Reynold Duncan kindly agreed to peer review this brief. The authors also wish World Bank Support for Advanced Power System Automation and Protection. Jeju, South to thank the many staff and consultants of the World Bank who took time to SCADA/EMS and SCADA/DMS Korea: Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories. 1–6. discuss their projects. Dave Dolezilek, Amandeep Kalra, and André du Plessis Systems,” by Varun Nangia, of Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories; Regis Vautrin of Schneider Electric; and Morgan Bazilian from the World Bank’s Energy and Extractives Global Samuel Oguah, and Kwawu Practice provided much-appreciated assistance and support. Gaba. Live Wire 2016/68. “Automating Power Distribution for Improved Reliability and Quality,” by Samuel Oguah, Varun Nangia, and Kwawu Gaba. 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Once a year, the Energy and Extractives Global Practice takes stock of all notes that appeared, reviewing their quality and identifying priority areas to be covered in the following year’s pipeline. Please visit our Live Wire web page for updates: http://www.worldbank.org/energy/livewire e Pa c i f i c 2014/28 ainable energy for all in easT asia and Th 1 Tracking Progress Toward Providing susT TIVES GLOBAL PRACTICE A KNOWLEDGE NOTE SERIES FOR THE ENERGY & EXTRAC THE BOTTOM LINE Tracking Progress Toward Providing Sustainable Energy where does the region stand on the quest for sustainable for All in East Asia and the Pacific 2014/29 and cenTral asia energy for all? in 2010, eaP easTern euroPe sT ainable en ergy for all in databases—technical measures. This note is based on that frame- g su v i d i n had an electrification rate of Why is this important? ess Toward Pro work (World Bank 2014). SE4ALL will publish an updated version of 1 Tracking Progr 95 percent, and 52 percent of the population had access Tracking regional trends is critical to monitoring the GTF in 2015. to nonsolid fuel for cooking. the progress of the Sustainable Energy for All The primary indicators and data sources that the GTF uses to track progress toward the three SE4ALL goals are summarized below. consumption of renewable (SE4ALL) initiative C T I V E S G L O B A L P R A C T I C E ENERGY & EXTRA • Energy access. Access to modern energy services is measured T E S E R I E S F O R T H EIn declaring 2012 the “International Year of Sustainable Energy for energy decreased overall A KNO W L E D G E N Oand 2010, though by the percentage of the population with an electricity between 1990 All,” the UN General Assembly established three objectives to be connection and the percentage of the population with access Energy modern forms grew rapidly. d Providing Sustainable accomplished by 2030: to ensure universal access to modern energy energy intensity levels are high to nonsolid fuels.2 These data are collected using household Tracking Progress Towar services,1 to double the 2010 share of renewable energy in the global surveys and reported in the World Bank’s Global Electrification but declining rapidly. overall THE BOTTOM LINE energy mix, and to double the global rate of improvement in energy e and Central Asia trends are positive, but bold Database and the World Health Organization’s Household Energy for All in Eastern Europ efficiency relative to the period 1990–2010 (SE4ALL 2012). stand policy measures will be required where does the region setting Database. The SE4ALL objectives are global, with individual countries on that frame- on the quest for sustainable to sustain progress. is based share of renewable energy in the their own national targets databases— technical in a measures. way that is Thisconsistent with the overall of • Renewable energy. The note version energy for all? The region SE4ALL will publish an updated their ability energy mix is measured by the percentage of total final energy to Why is this important ? spirit of the work initiative. (World Bank Because2014). countries differ greatly in has near-universal access consumption that is derived from renewable energy resources. of trends is critical to monitoring to pursue thetheGTF in 2015. three objectives, some will make more rapid progress GTF uses to Data used to calculate this indicator are obtained from energy electricity, and 93 percent Tracking regional othersindicators primary will excel and data sources that elsewhere, depending on their the while the population has access le Energy for All in one areaThe goals are summarized below. balances published by the International Energy Agency and the the progress of the Sustainab respective track starting progress pointstowardand the three SE4ALL comparative advantages as well as on services is measured to nonsolid fuel for cooking. access. Accessthat they modern to are able to energy marshal. United Nations. despite relatively abundant (SE4ALL) initiative the resources and support Energy with an electricity connection Elisa Portale is an l Year of Sustainable Energy for To sustain percentage of by the momentum forthe the population achievement of the SE4ALL 2• Energy efficiency. The rate of improvement of energy efficiency hydropower, the share In declaring 2012 the “Internationa energy economist in with access to nonsolid fuels. three global objectives objectives, andathe means of charting percentage of the population global progress to 2030 is needed. is approximated by the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of renewables in energy All,” the UN General Assembly established the Energy Sector surveys and reported access to modern universalAssistance The World TheseBank and data are the collected International using household Energy Agency led a consor- of energy intensity, where energy intensity is the ratio of total consumption has remained to be accomplished by 2030: to ensure Management Database and the World of theenergy intium of 15 renewable international in the World Bank’s Global agencies toElectrification establish the SE4ALL Global primary energy consumption to gross domestic product (GDP) energy the 2010 share of Program (ESMAP) relatively low. very high energy services, to double Database. measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Data used to 1 t ’s Household provides Energy a system for regular World Bank’s Energy the global rate of improvemen and Extractives Tracking Framework Health (GTF), which Organization in the energy intensity levels have come and to double the global energy mix, Global Practice. (SE4ALL 2012). based on energy. of renewable The sharepractical, rigorous—yet energy given available calculate energy intensity are obtained from energy balances to the period 1990–2010 global reporting, Renewable down rapidly. The big questions in energy efficiency relative setting by the percentage of total final energy consumption published by the International Energy Agency and the United evolve Joeri withde Wit is an countries individual mix is measured Data used to are how renewables will The SE4ALL objectives are global, economist in with the overall from renewable energy when every resources. person on the planet has access Nations. picks up a way energy that is consistent 1 The universal derived that isaccess goal will be achieved balances published when energy demand in from energy their own national targets through electricity, clean cooking fuels, clean heating fuels, rates the Bank’s Energy and countries differ greatly in their ability calculate this indicator are obtained to modern energy services provided productive use and community services. The term “modern solutions” cookingNations. again and whether recent spirit of the initiative. Because Extractives Global rapid progress and energy for Energy Agency and the United liquefied petroleum gas), 2 Solid fuels are defined to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural will make more by the refers to solutions International that involve electricity or gaseous fuels (including is pellets and briquettes), and of decline in energy intensity some t of those of efficiency energy and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed biomass (such as to pursue the three objectives, Practice. depending on their or solid/liquid fuels paired with Energy efficiency. The rate stoves exhibiting of overall improvemen emissions rates at or near other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). will excel elsewhere, rate (CAGR) of energy will continue. in one area while others liquefied petroleum gas (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). annual growth as well as on approximated by the compound and comparative advantages is the ratio of total primary energy respective starting points marshal. where energy intensity that they are able to intensity, measured in purchas- the resources and support domestic product (GDP) for the achievement of the SE4ALL consumption to gross calculate energy intensity Elisa Portale is an To sustain momentum terms. Data used to charting global progress to 2030 is needed. ing power parity (PPP) the International energy economist in objectives, a means of balances published by the Energy Sector International Energy Agency led a consor- are obtained from energy The World Bank and the SE4ALL Global Energy Agency and the United Nations. Management Assistance agencies to establish the the GTF to provide a regional and tium of 15 international for regular This note uses data from Program (ESMAP) of the which provides a system for Eastern Tracking Framework (GTF), the three pillars of SE4ALL World Bank’s Energy and Extractives on rigorous—yet practical, given available country perspective on Global Practice. global reporting, based has access Joeri de Wit is an will be achieved when every person on the planet The universal access goal heating fuels, clean cooking fuels, clean energy economist in 1 agricultural provided through electricity, biomass (wood, charcoal, to modern energy services The term “modern cooking solutions” to include both traditional and briquettes), and Solid fuels are defined the Bank’s Energy and use and community services. biomass (such as pellets 2 and energy for productive petroleum gas), and so on), processed fuels (including liquefied and forest residues, dung, involve electricity or gaseous at or near those of Extractives Global refers to solutions that overall emissions rates other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). with stoves exhibiting Practice. or solid/liquid fuels paired (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). liquefied petroleum gas Contribute to If you can’t spare the time to contribute to Live Wire, but have an idea for a topic, or case we should cover, let us know! Do you have something to say? We welcome your ideas through any of the following Say it in Live Wire! channels: Via the Communities of Those working on the front lines of energy and extractives development in emerging economies Practice in which you are have a wealth of technical knowledge and case experience to share with their colleagues but active seldom have the time to write for publication. By participating in the Energy Live Wire offers prospective authors a support system to make sharing your knowledge as easy as and Extractives Global possible: Practice’s annual Live Wire • Trained writers among our staff will be assigned upon request to draft Live Wire stories with series review meeting staff active in operations. • A professional series editor ensures that the writing is punchy and accessible. By communicating directly • A professional graphic designer assures that the final product looks great—a feather in your cap! with the team (contact Morgan Bazilian, mbazilian@ Live Wire aims to raise the profile of operational staff wherever they are based; those with worldbank.org) hands-on knowledge to share. That’s your payoff! It’s a chance to model good “knowledge citizenship” and participate in the ongoing change process at the Bank, uroPe and cenT ral asia 2014/29 all in easTern e ble energy for v i d i n g s u s Ta i n a where knowledge management is becoming everybody’s business. ess Toward Pro 1 Tracking Progr TICE IVES GLOBAL PRAC ENERGY & EXTRACT E SERIES FOR THE A KNOWLEDGE NOT rgy Providing Sustainable Ene Tracking Progress Toward Or 2014/5 1 U n d e r s ta n d i n g C O 2 emissiOns frOm the glObal energy seCt THE BOTTOM LINE All in East ern Euro pe and Central Asia for stand where does the region on the quest for sustaina ble based on that frame- measures. This note is databases—technical updated version of energy for all? The region SE4ALL will publish an has near-universal access to WhyD is this important? ERGY PRACTICE work (World Bank 2014). E G E N O T E S E R I E S F O R T H E E N to of A K N O W L is critical monitoring the GTF in 2015. the GTF uses to Tracking regional trends electricity, and 93 percent and data sources that for All The primary indicators summarized below. n has access able Energy are the populatio the progress of the Sustain track progress toward the three SE4ALL goals Understanding CO Emissions from the Global Energy Sector nonsolid fuel for cooking. is measured to modern energy services THE BOTTOM LINE to Your Name Here t (SE4ALL) initiativ e Energy access. Access connection despite relatively abundan 2 populatio n with an electricity ional Year of Sustainab le Energy for by the percentage of the to nonsolid fuels. 2 hydropower, the share the energy sector contributes In declaring 2012 the “Internat objectives the populatio n with access established three global and the percentage of about 40 percent of global of renewables in energy All,” the UN General Assembly using househo ld surveys and reported access to modern These data are collected Why is this issue important? 2030: to ensure universal World Become an author emissions of CO2. three- consumption has remained to be accomplished by energy in Global Electrifica tion Database and the share of renewab le in the World Bank’s quarters of those emissionsrelatively low. very high energy Mitigating climate change energy requires services, to 1 double the 2010 knowledge of the improvem ent tion’s Househo ld Energy Database. rate of Organiza CO intensity levels have come and to double the global Figure 1. CO2 emissions Health Figure 2. energy-related The share of renewable 2 energy in the energy come from six major the global energy mix, sources of CO question s2 emissions to the period 1990–201 0 (SE4ALL 2012). by sector Renewab le energy. emissions by country consumption down rapidly. The big economies. although coal-fired in energy efficiency relative countries setting percenta ge of total final energy mix is measured by the of Live Wire and global, with individual LICs evolve les will opportunities to cut emissions of greenhouse aregases used to plants account for just are how renewab Identifying The SE4ALL objectives le energy resources. Data 0.5% picks up understanding of the main sources ofin those a way that is consistent with emis- the overall that is derived from renewab balances published 40 percent of world energy when energy demand requires a clear their own national targets in their ability Other this indicator are obtained from energy recent rates (CO ) accounts for more than 80 percent of countries differ greatly Residential calculate Other MICs Nations. sions. Carbon again and whether dioxide Because sectors Agency and the United spirit of the initiative. 6% production, they were 2 by the International Energy China will make more rapid progress 10% 15% intensity gas emissions globally, 1 primarily from the burning s, some efficiency is contribute to your responsible for more than of decline in energy total greenhouse to pursue the three objective on their Other HICs . The rate of improvement of energy energy sector—defined toexcel elsewhere, depending include Energy efficiency 30% growth rate (CAGR) of energy will continue. of fossil fuels (IFCC 2007). The will 8% in one area while others by the compound annual Energy 70 percent of energy-sector as well as on 41% approxim and heat generation—contributed and compara 41tive advantages ated Japan 4% energy the ratio of total primary Industry emissions in 2010. despite fuels consumed for electricity respective starting points 20% Russia energy intensity is that they are able to marshal. in 2010 (figure 1). Energy-related intensity, where USA product (GDP) measured in purchas- improvements in some percent of global CO2 emissions the resources and support 7% domestic practice and career! such of achievem ent of the SE4ALL Other consumption to gross calculate energy intensity bulk 19% is an at the point of combustion make up the for the India countries, the global CO2 Elisa 2 emissions COPortale To sustain momentum transport Road is needed. 7% (PPP) EU terms. Data used to andinare generated by the burning of fossil global progress to 2030 6% transport fuels, industrial ing power parity the International economist objectives, a means of charting balances published by emissions 11% emission factor for energy energy 16% EnergyandSector nonrenewable municipal waste to generate nal Energy Agency led electricity Internatio a consor- are obtained from energy The World Bank and the the waste, generation has hardly changed United Nations. ent Assistance venting and leakage to establish the emissions SE4ALL Global Energy Agency and the sector at the point and over the last 20 years. and heat. Black carbon and methane Managem tium of 15 international agencies Notes: Energy-related CO2 emissions are CO2 emissions from the energy from the GTF to provide a regional of the for regular This note usesanddata domestic presented in this note. which provides a system bunkers, Program (ESMAP) of combustion. Other Transport includes international marine aviation for Eastern are not included in the analysis Tracking Framework (GTF), Other Sectors on the include three pillars of SE4ALL commercial/public Extractives given available rail and pipeline transport; perspect ive World Bank’s Energy and aviation and navigation, on rigorous— yet practical, country and heat genera- global reporting, based services, agriculture/forestry, fishing, energy industries other than electricity Global Practice. not specified elsewhere; Energy = fuels consumed for electricity and Where do emissions come from? tion, and other emissions as has in the opening paragraph. HIC, MIC, and LIC refer to high-, middle-, access Joeri de Wit is an will be achieved when on the planet heat generation, every person defined The universal access goal of countries heating fuels, energy economistare Emissions concentrated in 1 in a handful to modern energy services provided through electricity, fuels, clean and low-income clean cooking countries. cooking solutions” to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural The term “modern Source: IEA 2012a. Solid fuels are defined and briquettes), and the Bank’s Energy and use and community services. biomass (such as pellets 2 and come primarily from burning and energy coal for productive that involve electricity or gaseous fuels (including liquefied petroleum gas), near those of and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed Vivien Foster is sector Extractives Global refers to solutions overall emissions rates at or other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). with stoves exhibiting manager for the Sus- or solid/liquid fuels paired energy-related CO2 emissions closely The geographical pattern of Practice. (www.sustainableenergy forall.org). liquefied petroleum gas middle-income countries, and only 0.5 percent by all low-income tainable Energy Depart- mirrors the distribution of energy consumption (figure 2). In 2010, ment at the World Bank countries put together. almost half of all such emissions were associated with the two (vfoster@worldbank.org). Coal is, by far, the largest source of energy-related CO2 emissions largest global energy consumers, and more than three-quarters globally, accounting for more than 70 percent of the total (figure 3). Daron Bedrosyan were associated with the top six emitting countries. Of the remaining works for London This reflects both the widespread use of coal to generate electrical energy-related CO2 emissions, about 8 percent were contributed Economics in Toronto. power, as well as the exceptionally high CO2 intensity of coal-fired by other high-income countries, another 15 percent by other Previously, he was an power (figure 4). Per unit of energy produced, coal emits significantly energy analyst with the more CO emissions than oil and more than twice as much as natural 2 World Bank’s Energy Practice. Gas Inventory 1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Greenhouse 0.php gas. Data—Comparisons By Gas (database). http://unfccc.int/ghg_data/items/380