LSMS GUIDEBOOK August 2021 Employment and Own-Use Production in Household Surveys A Practical Guide For Measuring Labor Josefine Durazo, Valentina Costa, Amparo Palacios-Lopez, and Isis Gaddis LSMS GUIDEBOOK August 2021 Employment and Own-Use Production in Household Surveys A Practical Guide For Measuring Labor Josefine Durazo, Valentina Costa, Amparo Palacios-Lopez, and Isis Gaddis World Bank ABOUT LSMS The Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS), a survey program housed within the World Bank’s Develop- ment Data Group, provides technical assistance to national statistical offices in the design and implementation of multi-topic household surveys. Since its inception in the early 1980s, the LSMS program has worked with dozens of statistical offices around the world, generating high-quality data, developing innovative technologies and improved survey methodologies, and building technical capacity. The LSMS team also provides technical support across the World Bank in the design and implementation of household surveys and in the measure- ment and monitoring of poverty. ABOUT THIS SERIES The LSMS Guidebook series offers information on best practices related to survey design and implemen- tation. While the guidebooks differ in scope, length, and style, they share a common objective: to provide statistical agencies, researchers, and practitioners with rigorous yet practical guidance on a range of issues related to designing and fielding high-quality household surveys. The series aims to achieve this goal by draw- ing on the experience accumulated from decades of LSMS survey implementation, the expertise of LSMS staff and other survey experts, and new research using LSMS data and methodological validation studies. Copyright © 2021 The World Bank. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following condition: Attribution Please cite the work as follows: Durazo, J., Costa,V., Palacios-Lopez, A., Gaddis, I. (2021) Employment and Own-Use Production in Household Surveys: A practical guide for measuring labor. Washington DC: World Bank. Disclaimer The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this Guidebook are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) World Bank Development Data Group (DECDG) lsms@worldbank.org https://www.worldbank.org/lsms data.worldbank.org Cover images: ©The World Bank EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS.................................................................................................................... v GLOSSARY.............................................................................................................................................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS....................................................................................................................................... vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...................................................................................................................................... viii 1. BACKGROUND...................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Key changes introduced by the 19th ICLS.................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 The revised ICLS labor standards and the UN system of national accounts......................................................................4 1.3 The revised ICLS standards: application in household surveys............................................................................................... 6 2. MODEL LABOR MODULE IN DETAIL.............................................................................................................8 2.1 Work..................................................................................................................................................................................................10 2.1.1 Capturing all work activities.........................................................................................................................................................................10 2.1.2 Actual hours worked......................................................................................................................................................................................10 2.1.3 Recovery questions........................................................................................................................................................................................10 2.2 Employment.....................................................................................................................................................................................12 2.2.1 Employment categories.................................................................................................................................................................................12 2.2.2 Characteristics of main job..........................................................................................................................................................................14 2.2.3 Additional employment information...........................................................................................................................................................16 2.3 Own-use production and provision............................................................................................................................................17 2.3.1 Capturing own-use production of goods..................................................................................................................................................18 2.4 Labor force and underutilization.................................................................................................................................................18 2.4.1 Types of labor underutilization.....................................................................................................................................................................18 2.4.2 Indicators..........................................................................................................................................................................................................20 3. METHODOLOGY CONSIDERATIONS: LABOR IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS..........................................22 3.1 Respondents.....................................................................................................................................................................................22 3.2 Reference period.............................................................................................................................................................................22 3.3 The timing of data collection........................................................................................................................................................24 3.4 Integration with other survey modules.....................................................................................................................................24 3.5 Mode of interviews.........................................................................................................................................................................24 3.6 Terminology and translation.........................................................................................................................................................25 REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................................................26 ANNEX 1. MODEL LABOR QUESTIONNAIRE MODULE................................................................................30 ANNEX 2. INTERVIEWER TRAINING MANUAL..............................................................................................44 ANNEX 3. SUBPOPULATIONS OF SPECIAL INTEREST.................................................................................58 iv EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS List of Figures FIGURE 1. WORK AND EMPLOYMENT........................................................................................................................................... 3 FIGURE 2. 19th ICLS STANDARDS VS. SNA PRODUCTION BOUNDARY........................................................................... 5 FIGURE 3. FLOW CHART FOR THE LABOR MODULE.............................................................................................................. 9 FIGURE B3. SHARE OF EMPLOYED MEN AND WOMEN IDENTIFIED THROUGH RECOVERY QUESTIONS, BY QUESTION.............................................................................................................11 FIGURE 4. COMPONENTS OF LABOR UNDERUTILIZATION RELATING TO INSUFFICIENT LABOR ABSORPTION....................................................................................................................................21 FIGURE B8. THE SHARE OF MALAWI’S WORKING-AGE POPULATION (AGES 15–64) ENGAGING IN A SPECIFIC ACTIVITY, BY REFERENCE PERIOD AND SEX, 2016............................................................23 List of Boxes BOX 1. THE 19th ICLS STANDARDS AND GENDER LABOR STATISTICS............................................................................ 3 BOX 2. LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE METHODOLOGICAL STUDY IN SRI LANKA..................................................7 BOX 3. CAPTURING MORE WORKERS WITH RECOVERY QUESTIONS: LESSONS FROM PILOT STUDIES..........11 BOX 4. 20th ICLS RESOLUTION I, CONCERNING STATISTICS ON WORK RELATIONSHIPS...................................13 BOX 5. INFORMALITY........................................................................................................................................................................16 BOX 6. DECENT WORK AND THE SDGs.....................................................................................................................................17 BOX 7. THE 19th ICLS STANDARDS: OWN-USE PRODUCTION VS. EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE.................19 BOX 8. COGNITIVE BURDEN AND RECALL PERIODS IN LABOR REPORTING............................................................23 List of Tables TABLE 1. LABOR MARKET: HEADLINE INDICATORS..............................................................................................................20 TABLE 2. LABOR MARKET: KEY LABOR UNDERUTILIZATION INDICATORS................................................................21 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS v ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS CAPI computer-assisted personal interviewing DCS Department of Census and Statistics FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GDP gross domestic product ICLS International Conference of Labor Statisticians ILO International Labour Organization ISCO-08 International Standard Classification of Occupations 2008 LFS labor force survey LSMS Living Standards Measurement Study LSMS-ISA Living Standards Measurement Study – Integrated Surveys on Agriculture MLSS multi-topic living standards survey NFE non-farm household enterprise NSO national statistical office PAPI pen-and-paper personal interview SDG Sustainable Development Goal SNA system of national accounts WWEP Women’s Work and Employment Partnership vi EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS GLOSSARY HOUSEHOLD SURVEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS Household: Composed of one person or multiple people, a household is often defined using a combination of criteria, such as time spent in the household, the pooling of resources, and communal eating habits. Household members may be related or unrelated or a combination of both. It is important to note that the concepts of family and household, though they overlap, are not the same. Clearly defined criteria for household membership must be established and should follow the definitions and protocols of the partic- ular country or survey context. For guidance on defining a household, see Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses (UN DESA 2017). Working-age population: The respondents who are eligible to answer the labor module. The age limits are defined according to national contexts. If the measurement objectives of the survey suggest that interviewing a wider age range would be useful (for example, to gather information on labor market par- ticipation among children or the elderly), only the population defined as working age should be included in core labor market indicators and analysis. Reference period: The span of time during which respondents are expected to report the information solic- ited. Examples include last 7 days, last 12 months, a school year, an agricultural season, and so on (see chapter 3). Recall period: The time lag between the reference period and the date of the interview. For instance, if the reference period is the first quarter of the year and the household is interviewed in July, then the recall period is the duration between January 1 and the day of the interview, that is, about 6–7 months. The reference period and the recall period may be used interchangeably if there is no time lag between the reference period and the date of the interview, for example, in the case of questions about the last 7 days, the last 30 days, and so on. Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS): The LSMS Program provides technical assistance to national statistical offices (NSOs) in the design and implementation of multi-topic household surveys. Since its inception in the early 1980s, the LSMS Program has worked with dozens of statistical offices around the world in generating high-quality data, incorporating innovative technologies, improving survey meth- odologies, and building technical capacity. The LSMS surveys are generally subnationally and nationally representative and follow similar standards across countries, notwithstanding country-specific data needs and customization. Women’s Work and Employment Partnership (WWEP):The partnership is a collaborative initiative of the World Bank, the International Labour Organization (ILO) and Data2X, which received financial support from the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.1 Its objectives are to facilitate a more comprehensive measurement of women’s participation in different forms of work, paid and unpaid, which is important in guiding policy and program development and to scale up lessons learned into practical recommendations and tools to support NSOs in designing and performing household surveys. 1 See Data2X (dashboard), United Nations Foundation, Washington, DC, https://data2x.org/; “The Women’s Work and Employment Partnership (WWEP),” World Bank, Washington, DC, https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/lsms/work-and-employment. EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This document was made possible by funding from The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation under the Women’s Work and Employment – Phase 2 Externally Financed Output agreement (Hewlett Foundation Grant No. 2017-5949). The authors would like to thank Antonio Rinaldo Discenza, Yeon Soo Kim, Kieran Walsh, and Michael Weber for useful comments on earlier drafts and Akuffo Amankwah and Theophiline Bose-Duker for contributions to the methodological study in Sri Lanka. Special thanks are due to the Sri Lanka Department of Census and Statistics and the field team that tested the labor module in Sri Lanka and to Caren Grown and Gero Carletto for encouraging this project. The authors are also grateful to Maryam Gul for contributing graphics. This guidebook was edited by Robert Zimmermann, and layout design was by Pietro Bartoleschi and Elisabetta Cremona. viii EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Labor statistics provide essential information for macroeconomic planning and policy formulation on employment creation, vocational training, income generation, and poverty reduction. A clear understanding and accurate comparability of labor indicators are therefore crucial for promoting efficient policies across countries and require the consistent application of international standards in collecting employment data in multi-topic household surveys. This Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) guidebook provides informed advice to statisticians and survey practitioners (especially in national statistical offices [NSOs]) on the accurate measurement of employment and work in accordance with standards of the 19th International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) and in the context of multi-topic household surveys. The 19th ICLS, held in 2013, presented a new framework for work statistics (ILO 2013b). Superseding labor statistics standards established some 30 years earlier, the key changes included a revised definition of employ- ment (narrowed to work performed for pay or profit) and the addition of work as a new statistical concept and measurement area that encompasses all productive activities, paid and unpaid (13th ICLS, ILO 1982). Under the 19th ICLS standards, own-use production of goods is now captured as work (not employment), and own-use provision of services is, for the first time, formally included in the framework (as work). Because the labor force continues to be defined as the sum of people in employment or unemployment, work on own-use production of goods no longer counts toward labor force participation (though own-use produc- tion workers could potentially be classified as unemployed, conditional on whether they are available and actively searching for employment). The new framework of work allows for greater gender balance in the way own-use work is categorized in official labor statistics because own-use services (domestic housework and childcare, as examples), which are disproportionately performed by women and children, are no longer treated differently from own-use goods (such as growing food crops for household use). However, the revised standards also introduce a divergence between labor statistics and the production boundary of the system of national accounts (SNA). Relative to the SNA production boundary, the activity scope of the revised concept of employment is narrower and the activity scope of the new concept of work is wider. This is an important consequence of the new standards that needs to be considered by any analysis that seeks to combine production and labor statistics as is the common practice in the context of measuring labor productivity. The revised standards also propose more nuanced measures of labor underutilization (time-related underemployment and the potential labor force), in addition to unemployment and other existing headline indicators. As part of ongoing efforts to operationalize the revised ICLS standards, this guidebook is offered as a tool for survey practitioners wanting to collect labor data in accordance with current international standards and best practices. The methods and recommendations presented herein are relevant for multi-topic household surveys (including household budget or income and expenditure surveys, LSMS-style surveys), and small- er-scale or specialized household surveys, which require the collection of labor data (typically alongside other topics). They are not intended to guide the design of labor force surveys, censuses or similar types of data collection efforts, on which separate guidance exists (for example see ILO 2020a). If in doubt, data producers are encouraged to consult the various available sources of guidance and decide which one is most appropri- ate given the specific objectives of their survey. In surveys that fall within the scope of these guidelines, the labor module should be used, at a minimum, to collect sufficient data to determine a comprehensive measurement of the participation of the work- ing-age population in various forms of work. It collects the information that are needed to produce headline labor market and labor underutilization indicators, as well as more recent indicators on own-use produc- tion of goods, provided other principles of good survey practice are in place (e.g., a representative sampling EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ix approach). This guidebook does not yet include recommendations or sample questions for the measurement of own-use provision of services. Though extremely important, especially from a gender perspective, such work is difficult to capture with stylized recall questions for a number of reasons, but primarily because the activities are often conducted simultaneously. The ILO and the World Bank are currently testing potential modules and once this additional work is completed, this guidebook will be updated to address own-use pro- vision of services as an additional measurement area. To produce statistics and indicators that conform to the 19th ICLS standards, the labor module questionnaire should include the following: • A set of core questions covering work for pay (including paid training or apprenticeship), work for profit (self-employed or work in a non-farm household enterprise), and agricultural and related activities (farming, livestock, fishing, foraging) whether for own-use or for sale. • Specific recovery questions to capture work and employment information on individuals who may not identify their activities as such although they fall within the 19th ICLS classifications. This underreporting is more likely to occur among persons engaged in small-scale or occasional work. It has a greater impact on outcomes among women and youth because of the disproportionate engagement of these groups in such activities, as well as social norms and gender biases on what constitutes work. • Detailed information on primary employment, including characteristics by industry, sector, working time, earnings, job attachment, and level of informality. Employment includes wage and salaried work and any for-profit work in household enterprises or self-employment. For agricultural work, surveys should be designed to distinguish between production for own use (work) or for sale (employment) to determine the activity classification. • Information on second jobs and any potential desire for additional hours of work, which is required to cal- culate time-related underemployment. • Determine which persons currently absent from their job qualify, for labor statistics purposes, as temporar- ily absent. The duration of and reason for absence, as well as the type of work, impact the determination. • Job search information that helps classify individuals who are unemployed or outside the labor force, such as questions on whether the person is looking or available for work or desires additional work. • Optional questions on difficulties experienced at work are useful for capturing problems related to promotions, overqualification for work, pay increases, harassment, and so on, which may provide insights for gender analysis. During the integration of this labor module into multi-topic household surveys, protocols will need to be established on the interaction and complementarity across modules. This includes the following: • Respondent level: Labor data are generally collected at the individual level, preferably administered directly to each household member, while avoiding proxy reporting as much as possible. • Respondent age: Labor data must be collected for all working-age household members. The working age is defined at the survey or country level. • Reference period: Although “the last 7 days” has been widely used in the past, “the last week, that is, from Monday [DATE] up to Sunday [DATE]” is now used in an effort to further reduce memory bias and mini- mize telescoping errors. • Timing of data collection: Major holidays, harvest periods, and seasonality in general can affect a wide range of jobs and industries; moreover, the timing of data collection may impact the reporting of the intended use of agricultural output, which determines whether the activity is categorized as employment or work. • Integration with other survey modules: Survey designers will need to ensure that all necessary data are captured, double counting is avoided, and interview burden is minimized. • Mode of interview: Each possible mode—face-to-face interviews (pen-and-paper personal interviews or computer-assisted personal interviews) or phone interviews—is associated with special considerations that must be taken into account. x EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS As countries adopt the revised ICLS standards, indicators and statistics on employment and labor force par- ticipation will change, particularly in rural areas, because of the introduction of revised statistical concepts and definitions. This requires that NSOs take great care in the implementation of the revised standards. NSOs will need to ensure that household surveys collect sufficient information to apply the revised standards and proceed cautiously in implementing and communicating the changes in statistical standards. 1 1. Background Statistics on the economically active population, unem- tunities (Grantham 2020). Moreover, there is increasing ployment, and underemployment provide measures of demand for better data on informal employment, with labor inputs, labor supply, and time use in economic measurement gaps among low- and lower-middle-income activities. Collecting such data over time allows the mon- countries, although informal employment accounts for itoring of trends and changes in employment and the the majority of global employment (as much as 85 per- labor market. These data, together with data on other cent of labor in Africa, for instance) (ILO 2018d). socioeconomic phenomena, can be analyzed to produce essential information for macroeconomic planning and Beyond these data gaps, there are also issues of data qual- policy formulation on employment creation, vocational ity and data comparability. Seemingly minor differences training, income generation, poverty reduction, and simi- in survey features—questionnaire design and length, lar uses. For example, the labor force participation rate is question wording, sampling, coverage, and field implemen- widely used to measure labor market participation among tation protocols—can have substantial effects on national different groups (men versus women, urban versus rural labor market statistics and the cross-country compa- populations, and so on). The unemployment rate, comple- rability of gender and informality indicators (Comblon, mented by labor underutilization indicators that spotlight Robilliard, and Roubaud 2017; Desiere and Costa 2019; various degrees of attachment to the labor market, is Gaddis et al. 2020b; Heath et al. 2020; ILO 2018e). Sur- often used as an overall indicator of the current perfor- veys measuring labor should aim to be as consistent as mance of an economy. possible in their methodologies and in the classification of respondents, their working activities, and their engage- A clear understanding and accurate comparability of ment with the labor market. labor statistics require consistent application of the defi- nitions of work, employment, and unemployment in labor In an effort to address these data gaps, this guidebook is force surveys (LFSs) and other household surveys that offered as a tool for survey practitioners wanting to col- collect labor data. The 19th International Conference of lect labor data in accordance with current international Labor Statisticians (ICLS), in 2013, revised international standards, as adopted at the 19th ICLS, and best practices standards and presented a new framework for work and to ensure that women’s and men’s participation in all labor market statistics, including updated definitions of forms of work, paid and unpaid, is adequately captured by work, employment, and labor underutilization (the 19th household surveys. It builds on four decades of extensive ICLS standards or the revised standards) (ILO 2013c). field experience and survey methodology research of the Operationalizing the revised standards is an ongoing Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) team at the process. Many national statistical systems are still in the World Bank as well as recent intensive work conducted process of transitioning to the 19th ICLS standards; by the World Bank and the International Labour Organi- some are further along than others. Moreover, national zation (ILO) in Sri Lanka through the Women’s Work and statistical systems often do not collect sufficient data Employment Partnership (WWEP). to address all the updated specifications. This may lead to deficiencies not only in the measurement of national This guidebook presents a model labor module designed labor market indicators, but also in achieving progress for the collection of labor data in accordance with best toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). For practice standards (annex 1). The model is appropriate for example, recent research identifies the shortage of data the collection of data in multi-topic household surveys (for on women’s unpaid work as one of the most pressing example, household budget or income and expenditure data gaps in information on women’s economic oppor- surveys, living conditions monitoring surveys, integrated 2 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS surveys), other smaller-scale or specialized household standards aim to provide policy makers with more nuanced surveys, and any other surveys focused on collecting data labor market information for policy design and evaluation. on employment, labor, and related indicators, typically alongside other topics. These guidelines are, however, Revised definition of employment. The previous not intended for use in the design of LFSs, the primary definition included employment for pay as well as the objective of which is to produce labor market indicators production of goods, whether the goods were for profit and which typically contain more exhaustive questions or for own use (that is, for own or household consump- on supplementary labor-related factors, such as detailed tion). Under the revised definition, own-use production characteristics of jobs. Nor does this module represent a of goods is now excluded, and employment is narrowed minimum burden implementation of the 19th ICLS stan- to work performed for pay or profit (see Figure 1 for dards for population censuses, the focus of which is to a schematic overview). Because own-use production provide the most basic information on the labor market of goods is most common in the context of develop- situation of an entire population. Guidance for LFSs and ing-country agriculture, the revised definition has large population censuses is available through the ILO.2 Depend- implications for the measurement of employment in rural ing on the objectives of the measurement, survey designers areas in developing countries (Gaddis et al. 2020b). Under should refer to the various guides available to identify the this narrower definition of employment, farmers who approach most suited to their goals and balance detail, produce mainly or only for their own consumption are respondent burden, and the approach to data collection no longer counted as employed and are thus not part of given the socioeconomic context of the survey. the labor force (barring other qualifying work). This chapter provides an overview of the importance Work is added as a new measurement area. The of measuring labor statistics, including updates to the revised standards include the first internationally agreed international labor statistics standards. The next chapter statistical definition of work. The definition identifies provides detailed explanations of the various components different forms of paid and unpaid work. This includes of labor statistics and advice for designing labor question- employment, unpaid trainee and voluntary work, own-use naire modules that adequately capture the data required production of goods (previously, but no longer, captured to calculate these statistics. Chapter 3 is an overview of under employment), and own-use provision of services, issues to consider in incorporating labor modules into which was not captured under the previous employment multi-topic household surveys. An example question- definition (nor under any other component of the previ- naire module and accompanying interviewer manual are ous ICLS standards). Services provided for own final use included as annexes. This guidebook is designed as a may include childcare, eldercare, food and meal prepa- living document. It will be updated periodically to reflect ration, and other household chores. Because the labor the latest statistical standards, additional methodological force continues to be defined as the sum of persons work to incorporate measurement areas not yet covered in employment and unemployment, engagement in any by the guidelines (for instance, work in own-use provi- form of work other than employment does not count sion of services), and the findings of new research. toward labor force participation. This new definition of work allows, for the first time, people to be classified into 1.1 KEY CHANGES INTRODUCED more than one form of work simultaneously (for exam- BY THE 19th ICLS ple, one person may be both employed and a subsistence farmer), whereas, under the old standards, the classifica- The 19th ICLS, in 2013, established new standards for offi- tions of labor force status were mutually exclusive. cial labor market statistics(ILO 2013b). These superseded standards established some 30 years earlier, at the 13th Greater gender balance in own-use work. The new ICLS in 1982 (Gaddis et al. 2020b). Key changes include definition of work addresses a long-standing critique that revised definitions of employment and work as well as own-use services, disproportionately provided by women new measures of labor underutilization. These revised ICLS and children, were treated differently from own-use goods (such as growing food crops for household use) in official labor statistics (Gaddis et al. 2020b). A full and separate 2 See Labour Force Survey (LFS) Resources (dashboard), ILOSTAT, International Labour Organization, Geneva, https://ilostat.ilo.org/ measurement of participation in these unpaid activities resources/lfs-resources/; and guidance on the 2020 round of population will also allow for a more comprehensive assessment of and housing censuses, at Population Census Resources (dashboard), women’s overall workload. (For more discussion on wom- ILOSTAT, International Labour Organization, Geneva, https://ilostat. ilo.org/resources/population-census-resources/. en’s work and the revised ICLS standards, see Box 1.) 1. Background 3 Figure 1. Work and Employment WORK Paid and unpaid activities to produce goods and provide services For own use For use by others For pay or profit Not for pay or profit Own-use Unpaid Other Unpaid Volunteer Employment Work Trainee Work Work activities Work Services Goods Services Goods Services Goods Services Goods Goods Services* Labeled Employment prior to 2013 * Direct volunteering (i.e., not through an organization) to provide services was outside the prior definition of employment. Source: Adapted from ILO (2018c) BOX 1. THE 19th ICLS STANDARDS AND GENDER LABOR STATISTICS In many countries, there are large gender differences in on marketable agricultural products (Darity 1995; employment and labor force participation (Gaddis and Warner and Campbell 2000; Doss 2002; Carr 2008; Klasen 2014; Klasen 2019). So far, given that most time Arora and Rada 2017; Gaddis et al . 2020b). Moreover, series data on employment-to-population ratios and gender gaps in employment under the 19th ICLS defi- labor force participation rates are based on the 1982 nition may to some degree reflect differences in how labor statistics standards, academic studies of these gaps men and women perceive the intended use of pro- are still mostly based on the previous employment defi- duction from household agriculture. nition. Gender differences in employment, under the Another important concern is that women who work 1982 definition, are consistent with the widely documen- in household enterprises producing for sale – i.e. pur- ted pattern that, because of social norms and cultural suing an activity that would be classified as employment customs about men and women’s roles in society, women by the 19th ICLS standards—may identify themselves at are disproportionately engaged in own-use provision of first as engaged only in domestic work both because of services, especially care work, while men are dispro- social and cultural norms that diminish the economic portionately engaged in market activities and own-use value of such work and because this work is often con- production of goods. ducted inside the household and simultaneously along Under the revised definition of employment, gender with domestic activities (Koolwal 2019; Muller and Sousa differences in labor allocation across own-use pro- 2020). As a result, women are not only engaged dispro- duction of goods and own-use provision of services portionately in unpaid work and own-use production, no longer affect employment and labor force participa- but are also more likely to underreport any engagement tion rates. This is because the revised standards classify in self-employment activities, especially if this is perfor- both own-use production of goods and own-use pro- med simultaneously with unpaid work. vision of services under a separate form of work, not The methodological work conducted to support the under employment. However, new gender gaps may implementation of the 19th ICLS standards can thus emerge if women disproportionately participate in have potentially large implications for the measurement own-use production of goods, while men work more >> 4 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS of women’s work, employment, and labor underutilization and small informal work activities. The study showed, for and, if successfully carried out, can lead to a better under- example, that the inclusion of questions for contributing standing of the extent of women and men’s productive family workers in agriculture and of recovery questions on work. In particular, the operationalization of the 19th small or casual jobs, can lead to a more accurate and consi- ICLS standards has provided an opportunity for enhanced stent capture of women’s participation in all forms of work methodological testing. This has led to a redesign of LFS and narrow the measurement gaps between a multi-topic and labor modules in multi-topic household survey que- household survey and a stand-alone LFS (ILO and World stionnaires, with an emphasis on the better measurement Bank 2021).The findings are broadly consistent with earlier of casual and informal activities, which are predominately ILO LFS pilot studies that were used to develop the LFS performed by women. questionnaire (Benes and Walsh 2018a). With the revised labor standards, it is crucial to ask que- The 19th ICLS standards also allow for measurement of stions that distinguish the boundaries between market and the mismatch between the desire of individuals to work own-use production. The latter includes multiple forms of and their ability to do so, known as underutilized labor. In unpaid work, such as unpaid domestic services for hou- the ILO LFS pilot studies, among household members who sehold and household members (housework), caregiving reported an interest in working or working more, women activities for household and household members (such cited domestic responsibilities more than five times as as childcare and eldercare), unpaid work to produce often as men as a reason for not searching for employ- goods for own use, and so on. Unlike the old standards, ment and almost four times as often as a reason for not which allowed only a single labor force status, the new being available to accept employment (Benes and Walsh standards recognize that individuals may be engaged in dif- 2018b). If women are employed, they are significantly ferent forms of work simultaneously during a particular more likely than men to cite domestic responsibilities as a reference period and that these different work activities reason for working fewer hours than a typical workweek. should be measured and reported. The study also highlighted the importance of question wording: more women identified as job-seekers if the job Between September 2018 and December 2019, the ILO, search was the subject of one question on seeking a job the World Bank, and the Sri Lanka Department of Census as well as another question on seeking to start their own and Statistics (DCS) conducted a methodological study business rather than the subject of only one question on in Sri Lanka to improve the data capture of own-use pro- seeking work for pay or profit (Benes and Walsh 2018b). duction and employment with a specific focus on casual More nuanced measurements of labor underutiliza- 1.2 THE REVISED ICLS LABOR tion. Previous ICLS standards focused on unemployment STANDARDS AND THE UN SYSTEM (that is, not being in employment, but being available OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS and actively searching for employment) as the primary measurement of labor underutilization. However, in Under the revised ICLS standards labor force statis- most countries, but especially in developing countries, tics and national accounts differ for the first time in unemployment does not capture the full extent of labor regard to the statistical treatment of non-market (own- underutilization (ILO 2013b). In addition to unemploy- use) production. Under the former ICLS standards, the ment and other headline indicators, the revised standards economically active population and, by extension, the propose also the measurement of time-related under- definition of what constitutes employment were rec- employment (that is, employed individuals who want to ognized “as defined by the United Nations systems of work additional hours) and the potential labor force (that national accounts and balances,” explicitly including own- is, individuals who are outside the labor force, but main- use production of goods (ILO 1982). National practices, tain a degree of attachment to the labor market). however, were rather inconsistent, and many countries excluded from employment specific subgroups of own- use producers of goods (ILO 2013a). Under the 19th ICLS standards, the employment concept is no longer aligned with the system of national accounts (SNA) pro- 1. Background 5 duction boundary, though the new concept of work is Though differential treatment of goods and services aligned with the SNA general production boundary.3 for own use still exists in production statistics (that is, national accounts), it has now been eliminated from Though national income accounting usually emphasizes labor statistics. Own-use provision of services is neither the monetary economy, the United Nations SNA makes included in the 19th ICLS definition of employment nor an exception for producers of goods: the household in the SNA production boundary; it is, however, included production of own-use goods falls within the SNA pro- in both the broader SNA general production boundary duction boundary and, hence, ought to be included in and the 19th ICLS concept of work (Figure 2). gross domestic product (GDP), at least in countries in which it is thought to be quantitatively important.4 Con- This means that caution must be exercised when com- versely, own-use services are excluded from the SNA bining labor statistics under the 19th ICLS definition production boundary (and from GDP) with the justi- with national accounts production data because there fication that the consumption of these services within is no longer full congruence between employment the household is determined even before the service is and production. This is particularly relevant for the provided.5 This inconsistency in treatment of goods and macro measurement of labor productivity, in which it services for own use in the SNA is valid to date, despite is common practice to estimate aggregate labor pro- extensive criticism and debate on the productive value ductivity as the ratio of GDP to total employment and of unpaid services (Waring and Budlender 1988; Benería sectoral labor productivity as the ratio of a sector’s GDP 1999; Goldschmidt-Clermont and Pagnossin-Aligisakis to the sector’s employment. Under the 19th ICLS stan- 1999; Swiebel 1999; Goldschmidt-Clermont 2000; Young dards, agriculture for own consumption counts toward 2000; Anker 2011). production in national accounts (and is hence included Figure 2. 19th ICLS standards vs. SNA production boundary Intended destination For own For use of production final use by others Own-use Employment Other* Unpaid Volunteer Work (work for pay Trainee Work or profit) Work Forms of work in market & in household producing Services Goods non-market units Goods Services Within SNA production boundary Relation to 2008 SNA Inside SNA General production boundary * Includes compulsory work performed without pay for others, not covered in the draft resolution. Source: ILO (2013c) 3 The general production boundary in the SNA is between economic production and other activities that are not productive in an economic sense (EC et al. 2009). However, the more restrictive production boundary is generally applied in the actual compilation of national accounts. 4 This exception was recommended in 1953, formalized in 1993, and renewed in 2008. 5 The SNA encourages the measurement of own-use services under the general production boundary, which is sometimes compiled in satellite accounts as an annex to the national accounts (OECD 2002; Esquivel 2011). Illegal, informal, household production for own final use, or due to deficiencies in the basic data collection system are referred to as non- observed. They are said to comprise the non-observed economy (NOE). 6 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS in GDP), but the producing farmer is no longer consid- To support the implementation of the 19th ICLS stan- ered employed. As a result, estimates of aggregate and dards (focusing specifically on how to operationalize sectoral labor productivity computed as ratios of GDP the new definitions and standards in LFS and multi-topic to employment could be severely biased. Thus, labor household surveys), Data2X, the Food and Agriculture productivity overall and in agriculture might be overes- Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the ILO, and timated (because the employment estimate, that is, the the World Bank have been working together through the denominator, excludes some workers engaged in the Women’s Work and Employment Partnership since 2014. production of output in the numerator), while labor As part of this collaborative initiative to develop and test productivity in nonagricultural sectors might be under- alternative survey questions, the ILO conducted initial estimated (because the employment estimate includes pilot studies in Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Ecuador, the some workers who are disproportionately engaged in Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, Namibia, Peru, Philippines,Tuni- the production of agricultural output) (see Klasen 2019; sia, and Vietnam. This effort led to the ILO publication of Gaddis et al. 2020b). Consequently, in countries in which model questionnaires and supporting materials for LFSs.6 own-use production of goods is quantitatively important, employment statistics following the 19th ICLS standards Between 2017 and 2019, the World Bank also con- cannot be meaningfully linked to SNA production. How- ducted methodological survey experiments in Ghana, ever, because the household surveys used to collect Malawi, and Sri Lanka (the latter jointly with the ILO; see employment data under the 19th ICLS standards gener- Box 2) to clarify how to collect data that will accurately ally also collect information on own-use production of measure employment outcomes in low- and lower-mid- goods, this situation could be remedied by reconstructing dle-income countries through multi-topic household and disseminating a parallel series that is aligned with the surveys in line with the revised ICLS standards.7 This national accounts production boundary. work culminated in the release of a new labor module for multi-topic household surveys, along with an accom- 1.3 THE REVISED ICLS STANDARDS: panying interviewer manual. APPLICATION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS These ongoing efforts to operationalize the revised ICLS standards are the impetus for these guidelines. As countries adopt the revised ICLS standards, indicators The methodological work that informs the guidelines and statistics on employment and labor force participa- has highlighted the importance of ensuring that survey tion will change, sometimes drastically and particularly in instruments are capable of capturing data on groups rural areas. Given the large number of workers—espe- whose work is often missing from labor statistics, includ- cially women and children—in developing countries who ing women and youth. Advice on how to do so is also are involved in own-use production work (previously but addressed (as relevant) throughout. This LSMS guidebook no longer classified as employment), the revised stan- is intended to provide more well-informed guidance to dards are likely to result in significantly lower estimates statisticians and survey designers (especially NSOs) on of employment and labor force participation in the devel- how to measure employment and work accurately in oping world. This is especially relevant in Sub-Saharan accordance with the 19th ICLS standards and in the con- Africa because of the prevalence of subsistence agricul- text of multi-topic household surveys. ture in the region (see Gaddis et al. 2020b for some early quantitative estimates). These changes will derive purely or primarily from the effects in adapting the survey design to the new statistical concepts and definitions, requiring NSOs to take great care in the implementation of the revised standards. NSOs will need to ensure that household surveys collect sufficient information to apply 6 See Labour Force Survey (LFS) Resources (dashboard), ILOSTAT, the revised standards and tread carefully in implementing International Labour Organization, Geneva, https://ilostat.ilo.org/ and communicating the change in statistical standards to resources/lfs-resources/. 7 Detailed information on the LSMS experiments is available at “The ensure that the benefits of applying them are achieved Women’s Work and Employment Partnership (WWEP),” World Bank, and that own-use production of goods is measured and Washington, DC, https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/lsms/ reported in parallel with employment. work-and-employment. 1. Background 7 BOX 2. LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE METHODOLOGICAL STUDY IN SRI LANKA The ILO and the World Bank, in collaboration with the Sri groups often do not consider that they have jobs or are Lanka DCS conducted a pilot study in Sri Lanka with the employed, but believe rather that they are helping or sup- goal of developing guidance on good practices for measu- porting a household member. They are thus less likely to ring women’s and men’s work through household surveys respond affirmatively to questions about employment or (ILO and World Bank 2021). The study design enabled a jobs though they are classified under such categories. comparison of outcomes from two types of household Based on these findings, recovery questions are recom- surveys: the LFS, built on the model ILO LFS question- mended in household surveys. They should be carefully naires with a focus on labor market indicators; and the worded and translated into local languages to ensure that multi-topic living standards survey (MLSS), modeled after people with small-scale or informal jobs or who help in the multi-topic household surveys supported by the LSMS household businesses or on farms are captured by the team of the World Bank. surveys as employed (if the work is for pay or profit) or The survey questionnaires covered a mix of paid and engaged in the own production of goods (if the work is unpaid working activities, as defined in the 19th ICLS intended for own use). standards: employment, own-use production of goods, and own-use provision of services. Both questionnaires Lesson 2: capturing other unpaid activities included similar numbers of questions to identify the The LFS and MLSS questionnaires included questions on labor force status of individuals. The LFS questionnaire two types of unpaid work: own-use production of goods, contained more detailed questions on supplementary which includes, but is not limited to, subsistence farming, labor-related factors (detailed jobs characteristics), while and own-use provision of services, such as housework, the MLSS questionnaire contained questions on a range of childcare, and other activities predominantly carried out other living standards topics. by women. Other forms of unpaid work covered by the The lessons learned from this study will be described in a revised standards (unpaid trainee work, volunteer work) forthcoming ILO and World Bank report (ILO and World were not examined. Bank 2021).They have been used to design the model labor Measures of average weekly hours spent on own-use pro- module and inform the measurement practices reported in vision of services were significantly lower if the survey this guidebook. Two of these lessons are described below. relied on only one question (hours worked during the previous week) rather than two questions (days worked Lesson 1: the identification of employment during the previous week and average hours worked per The study shows that measures of employment are signi- day). In addition, average hours spent on care work, spe- ficantly higher if the related survey includes recovery cifically, were significantly lower if the survey emphasized questions for three particular groups, namely, (a) those active caregiving (for example, by including a descriptive with more casual, low-hour jobs; (b) helpers in household text that was read by the interviewers). Recommenda- businesses and farms; and (c) others involved in informal tions based on these findings are still under discussion work activities. Cognitive interviews indicated that these and are beyond the scope of this guidebook. 8 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS 2. Model Labor Module in Detail To produce statistics and indicators that conform to The questionnaire design reflects international best the 19th ICLS standards, this labor module collects data practices based on findings from extensive fieldwork on both employment and own-use production work. experiences and methodological studies. It seeks to main- This allows for the production of headline labor market tain consistency with the ILO recommendations and indicators (such as the employment rate, labor force questionnaires for LFSs and to enhance the comparability participation rate, and unemployment rate) and labor of labor market indicators derived from this instrument underutilization indicators, as well as additional indicators with those obtained from ILO-supported LFSs.9 Depend- on different forms of work, such as own-use production ing on the country context, survey designers may also of goods. This chapter provides operational concepts, wish to collect information on volunteer work, unpaid definitions, and guidelines for classifying the population trainee work, and other unpaid work activities, but this based on participation in various forms of work and pres- information is not captured in this module. The content ents recommendations for designing a household survey of this module should be adhered to as closely as possi- labor module that properly collects the data needed to ble. However, it should be adapted to the country context adhere to the revised ICLS standards.8 This model labor and to the objectives of the specific survey, taking into module (referred to hereafter as this module or the labor account the trade-offs in such design choices. module and presented in annex 1) has been designed with the objective of enhancing the proper capture of work and employment activities among the interviewed popula- tion. Figure 3 shows the interview flow for collecting data using this module, including the universe of respondents that will be asked about each work-related topic. 9 Achieving absolute consistency in labor market indicators obtained from multi-topic household surveys and dedicated LFSs is not a realistic goal because of differences in the primary objectives and various design aspects of the surveys. However, the joint ILO-World Bank study in Sri Lanka has shown that differences can be minimized with a careful 8 Own-use provision of services is not yet included in the labor module questionnaire design, which has informed the labor module described because this component is still in development. in these guidelines. 2. Model Labor Module in Detail 9 Figure 3. Flow chart for the Labor Module 10 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS 2.1 WORK 2.1.2 Actual hours worked Though the terms work and employment are often used To understand work-time arrangements, the 19th ICLS interchangeably, they each have distinct meanings within resolution suggests that the survey ask about both actual labor statistics.10 Work consists of any activity to produce and usual hours worked. This labor module collects the goods or to provide services, whether paid or unpaid actual hours worked during the reference period for each (ILO 2013b). Work is defined irrespective of its formal or of the work activities that are the subject of the core informal character or the legality of the activity.11 Employ- questions and recovery questions [Q1b, Q2b, Q3b, ment is a specific subset of work (see Section 2.2). Q4b, and Q6b]. These data can be used to understand work time use across multiple activities and are required 2.1.1 Capturing all work activities for underemployment calculations (see Section 2.4). In addition to actual hours collected on work activities, The initial set of questions in the labor module presented usual hours worked are collected for persons who are in in annex 1 is intended to capture different forms of work employment (see Section 2.2.2). conducted by working-age household members during the reference period.12 To meet the 19th ICLS opera- 2.1.3 Recovery questions tional concepts for forms of work, the labor module asks about the following (related question numbers from In addition to the core questions capturing different types the labor module are indicated in brackets):13 of work, recovery questions are included to capture work and employment that could otherwise be missed. • Working for someone else for pay [Q1a] The purpose of these questions is to recover persons • Working in a non-farm household business that the who were not classified as employed or as engaged in respondent operates [Q2a] own-use production work according to the initial set of • Working in a non-farm household business that is core questions although they were engaged in activities operated by a household member other than the that would qualify for such a classification. respondent (often referred to as a contributing house- hold worker) [Q3a] A common concern about labor statistics in low- and • Working on or helping with household farming, live- lower-middle-income countries is that some individu- stock, fishing, or forest-based activities [Q4a] als engaged in small-scale or occasional work may not consider these activities to fall within the scope of This set of questions will help the interviewer ensure that employment or even work itself (Hussmanns 2004; different forms of work are correctly captured; subsequent Langsten and Salen 2008; Sudarshan and Bhattacharya questions will determine the type of work done and which 2009; Mahmud and Tasneem 2011; Comblon, Robilliard, subsections of the labor module will be administered in and Roubaud 2017; Benes and Walsh 2018b; Finlay et each case. The required threshold for capturing work is al. 2019; Muller and Sousa 2020). This underreporting that the work was done for one hour or more during the has a greater impact on outcomes among women and reference period, where the latter is preferably defined as youth because of their disproportionate engagement in last week. The one-hour criterion for capturing work that such activities as well as social norms and gender biases was introduced in the 13th ICLS and has been maintained on what constitutes work. In the ILO LFS pilot studies in the 19th ICLS standards ensures the inclusion of per- and the joint ILO–World Bank study in Sri Lanka, some sons engaged in casual, atypical, or part-time work. household members, especially contributing family work- ers, only reported their work activity if they were asked the relevant recovery question. Moreover, in the Sri Lanka pilot study, only 2 percent of employed men were identi- 10 Another widely used term is labor, which, however, does not have a fied via recovery questions, compared with 9 percent of specific meaning or definition in labor statistics standards. 11 With employed women, which illustrates that these questions the exception of farming, livestock, fishing, and foraging, own-use production of other goods is not covered in this section; nor are own- are of greater importance for capturing women’s employ- use provision of services. For more details, see Section 2.3. ment than men’s employment (Box 3). 12 Section 3 includes a discussion on recommendations on age boundaries and reference periods. 13 Unpaid apprenticeship work is not included in the model questionnaire (annex 1) because it is uncommon in low-income countries. Where such activities are common, a question should be included on this type of work. 2. Model Labor Module in Detail 11 BOX 3. CAPTURING MORE WORKERS WITH RECOVERY QUESTIONS: LESSONS FROM PILOT STUDIES Recent methodological studies find that standard que- as childcare or housekeeping (Benes and Walsh 2018b). stions on work and employment do not capture all A similar conclusion was reached by Muller and Sousa persons engaged in qualifying activities. Individuals engaged (2020), who note that women working in household busi- in occasional work (paid or for profit) or in contributing nesses avoided reporting their activities if they were asked family work (that is, work done for a household enterprise about their jobs or businesses. operated by another household member) are classified as These findings are consistent with the results of the joint employed under the 19th ICLS standards, but often do not ILO–World Bank study in Sri Lanka (ILO and World identify themselves as such in the initial set of core que- Bank 2021), where introducing recovery questions in the stions (Benes and Walsh 2018b). For instance, in Moldova, a MLSS questionnaire significantly narrowed the gap to the woman answered “No” to the core question on work acti- LFS questionnaire. As shown in Figure B3, 98 percent of vity, but “Yes” to the small job recovery question because employed men, but only 91 percent of employed women she had engaged in occasional work during the reference were identified by the core question sequence used to week. In Peru, a young woman own-account worker identify the employed population. Two recovery questions answered “No” to the core question, but then reported on helping on a household farm in terms of crop farming that she sold beauty products to pay for her studies. (recovery question 1) and livestock production (reco- Cognitive interviews indicate that casual or own-account very question 2) identified an additional 4 and 2 percent workers often do not consider themselves as having a of employed women, while the final two recovery que- job or being employed and family workers perceive their stions (3 and 4 combined) identified slightly less than 3 work as help or support, but not as a job. These groups percent of employed women. Thus, without using the are thus less likely to respond affirmatively to questions recovery questions, 9 percent of employed women would that use the word employment or job. This is more not be captured as employed. For men, all four recovery common among women, especially if the qualifying work questions combined identified only slightly more than is conducted concurrently with domestic activities, such 2 percent of total employment. Figure B3. Share of employed men and women identified through recovery questions, by question 91,1% 4,4% 0,7% Female 1,8% 2,1% 97,9% Male 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Core questions to identify employed population Recovery question 1: …did [NAME] help on a household farm preparing or maintaining the land or to plant, grow or harvest any crops, vegetables, or fruits…? Recovery question 2: …did [NAME] help on a household farm raising or tending animals such as sheep, goats, pigs…? Recovery question 3: …did [NAME] run or do any kind of business, farming, or other activity to generate an income…? Recovery question 4: …did [NAME] help with the business, farm or paid jobs of a household member…? Source: Computation using Wave 2 of the Sri Lanka pilot survey, March–October 2019. Note: The core questions to identify the employed population are similar to Q1a–Q4a of the labor module in annex 1 and include: Did [NAME] do any work for someone else for pay? Did [NAME] work in a non-farm household business that [NAME] operates? Did [NAME] do any work on a household farm to prepare or maintain the land or to plant, grow, or harvest any crops, vegetables, or fruits? Did [NAME] spend any time on a household farm raising or tend- ing animals such as sheep, goats, pigs, chicken, or cattle? Did [NAME] spend any time in household fishing, pond fishing, or collecting shellfish? 12 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS When a respondent initially reports not working (in a 2.2 EMPLOYMENT household non-farm enterprise, on a household farm, or at all during the reference period), recovery questions Employment is a specific subset of work, defined as work are asked. Notice that the word “work” is not used in performed for pay or profit (ILO 2013b). This includes such questions (related question numbers in the labor all wage and salaried work. In addition, any work that module are indicated in brackets): contributes to a non-farm household enterprise should be classified as employment even if it is perceived as • Did you help in a non-farm household business that is unpaid by the respondent.15 In agriculture, surveys need operated by another household member for one or to distinguish whether a farmer mainly produces for own/ more hours? [Q3aa] This question is only asked of the household use or for sale to determine whether the activ- respondents who answered “No” at the core question ity is classified as employment or own-use production (Q3a) on work activity in a non-farm household busi- work (see Section 2.3). The following subsections detail ness that is operated by another household member. the information collected in the labor module, indicating • Did you help on a household farm, raising livestock, the related labor module question numbers in brackets. fishing, or foraging or hunting for one or more hours? [Q4aa] This question is only asked of the respondents A comprehensive measure of employment includes the who answered “No” to the core question (Q4a) on following: work activity in household farming, livestock, fishing, or forestry activities. • Persons working for a wage or salary (employees) for • Did you run or do any kind of business, farming, or one hour or more during the reference period other activity to generate income? [Q6a] This question • Persons working for profit for one hour or more is only asked of the respondents who answered “No” during the reference period to both of the previous recovery questions (Q3aa and • Persons not at work during the reference period, but Q4aa) and to all the core questions: work for some- who have a job or business to which they will return; one else for pay (Q1a), work in a non-farm household that is, those who are temporarily absent (vacation, business that the respondent operates (Q2a), work in sickness, maternity leave, and so on), but who still main- a non-farm household business operated by another tain a job attachment. household member (Q3a), and work in household farming, livestock, fishing, or forestry activities (Q4a). 2.2.1 Employment categories • Did you help with the business, farm, or paid job of a household member? [6aa]14 This question is only asked The employment categories captured in the labor of the respondents who answered “No” to the previ- module are broadly based on the status in employment ous recovery question (Q6a). categories in the International Classification of Status in Employment (ILO 1993). They distinguish between workers in employment for pay and workers in employ- ment for profit, as endorsed by the 19th ICLS (ILO 2013b). These employment categories have been revised and broadened by the 20th ICLS (ILO 2018c; see Box 4). However, because additional methodological work is needed to operationalize these measurements and stan- dardize interview questions, the 19th ICLS categories are still used here. 14 If a respondent helps another household member with their paid job, and 15 The phrase “work for pay or profit” in the 19th ICLS includes remuneration the respondent is not paid for this activity, this qualifies as employment. in cash or in kind, whether paid directly to the person performing the For example, if a daughter grades papers for her father, who is an work or indirectly to a household member. Consequently, contributing elementary school teacher, then the father is an employee of the school family workers who help in a household enterprise or market-oriented and the daughter works grading papers (unpaid, not affiliated with the farm operated by another household member continue to be counted as school), which falls under employment. employed (ILO 2013b; Benes and Walsh 2018c). 2. Model Labor Module in Detail 13 BOX 4. 20th ICLS RESOLUTION I, CONCERNING STATISTICS ON WORK RELATIONSHIPS The categorization of employment as work for pay or work supports other members engaged in self-employment, for profit has been revised and broadened by the 20th ICLS specifically in running a farm or non-farm enterprise. Con- to enable better statistical measurement of various aspects tributing family workers may not self-identify as having of the relationships between workers and the economic employment, but are considered to have employment units for which their work is performed (ILO 2018d). because their work implies indirect compensation in Resolution I, concerning statistics on work relationships, the form of household income, assuming that the enter- updates and expands the International Classification of prise they contribute to operates for profit. This form of Status in Employment by producing extra categories and a employment is particularly common among women. dual set of classifications, one based on authority, and the These subcategories can be classified into (a) independent other based on risk (ILO 2018d). According to Resolution vs. dependent workers, according to the type of authority I, the measurement of employment should not be limited or control that the workers have over the organization to the context of an employer-employee relationship, but for which they work, and (b) workers in employment for should also take into account other types of work rela- pay vs. workers in employment for profit, according to the tionships. It should thus cover all categories of workers, economic risks experienced (that is, financial loss, unre- including the following subcategories: liable remuneration, and so on). • Permanent employees are guaranteed a minimum These standards should guide countries in updating and number of hours of work, employed on an ongoing or harmonizing their statistical measurements to moni- indefinite basis tor changes in employment arrangements and forms of • Fixed term employees are guaranteed a minimum employment adequately and ensure international compa- number of hours of work, employed on a time-limited rability. The ongoing work of the ILO to operationalize basis for a period of three months or more the 20th ICLS is centered on the measurement of two • Short-term employees are guaranteed a minimum new concepts: type of authority or control that workers number of hours of work and employed on a time-limited have in the organization for which they work and eco- basis with an expected duration of less than three months nomic risk experienced (neither of which is measured in • Casual or occasional employees are not guaranteed a traditional LFS or multi-topic household surveys). Howe- minimum number of hours of work, but may have arran- ver, the methodological work to operationalize the new gements of an ongoing or recurring nature (that is, on a conceptual framework on a country basis still needs to day-to-day basis) be finalized. It entails developing and testing questions to • Paid apprentices, trainees, and interns are employed to assess how well they perform across languages, cultures, acquire professional experience or skills and socioeconomic contexts and to evaluate whether • Employers operate own-account business (alone or in various questionnaire options are equivalent in terms of partnership) that employs other persons classifying workers based on the above subcategories. • Independent workers operate own-account businesses This classification has not yet been incorporated into the (alone or in partnership) without employing other persons model labor module described in this guidebook. • Dependent contractors have commercial contract arrangements (but not employment contracts) to pro- In addition to the resolution concerning statistics on work vide goods or services to another company or business relationships, the 20th ICLS also adopted a resolution • Contributing family workers and members of producer concerning the methodology of SDG Indicator 8.b.1 on cooperatives that support production for the market youth employment, and it adopted guidelines concerning statistics on international labor migration (see ILO 2018d). Employees also include workers remunerated for each These areas of the standards have also not yet been fully task or piece of work done or for services provided operationalized. For more on these groups, that represent (that is, piece work or work by commission). Contribu- core agents in reducing poverty and fostering economic ting family workers are household members whose work growth, see annex 3. 14 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS Work for pay [Q1a]. An employee is a person who is their low or off-season, regardless of the length of the paid to work for another entity, such as a private com- absence. If they cease to perform the tasks and duties pany, another person, a different household, a government of the job, they are categorized as not employed. How- organization, and so on. Payment includes all forms of ever, if they continue to perform at least some tasks and remuneration—such as wage, salary, tips, and commis- duties, even if they are not the primary tasks or duties sions—paid in cash, in kind, or under a commitment of of the in-season work, then they are categorized as deferred payment. If a person working for another house- employed (not absent). hold member is paid a wage or salary for the work, then the activity is counted as employment; if not, that person 2.2.2 Characteristics of main job is considered a contributing family worker in a household enterprise. Examples of persons who work for pay may For each person identified in any type of employment, include teachers, salespersons, office workers, and hourly the labor module collects additional details on their main wage workers. job, such as occupation and industry, employment status, pay, and usual working hours. The main job is the one in Work for profit [Q2a, Q3a, Q4a, Q5]. A person who which the respondent usually works the highest number works in an activity where income is derived from the of hours even if they were absent from that job in the profits of that activity (and not paid by an employer) is previous week. If a respondent works the same number considered self-employed, which here includes employ- of hours at two or more jobs, then the one that gener- ers with employees and own-account workers. Examples ates the highest income is the main job. of self-employment activities include selling products, working for a household enterprise, offering accounting Occupation and industry sector [Q24a-Q25b]. Jobs services, driving a taxi, and so on, as long as the income is are classified by type of work performed by the individ- derived from profits. It also includes growing crops, tend- ual (occupation) and the main economic activities carried ing livestock, fishing, and foraging if the resulting goods out by the entity for which the individual works (indus- are only or mainly intended for sale or barter. try sector). The International Standard Classification of Occupations 2008 (ISCO-08) provides standardized Temporarily absent from work [Q8-Q12]. Individuals occupation classifications for the individual at various may report that they are absent from their employment levels of detail (ILO 2012). The International Standard for a variety of reasons, such as vacation, illness, maternity Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) leave, low season at work, natural disasters, or pandemics. is the internationally-accepted standard for classifying Not all persons absent from employment will meet the entities (establishments, enterprises, and so on) based qualifications needed for their employment status to be on their main economic activity (UN DESA 2008). In categorized as temporary absence in labor statistics. To both cases, activities are organized into a hierarchi- determine current employment status, a set of questions cal structure, each having four levels of detail. Thus, if must be asked of individuals who expect to return to a respondent reports being a teacher, the interviewer their employment (for example, is the person currently may need to probe to determine whether the occupa- on vacation, sick leave, or maternity leave or does the tion is teacher or associate teacher; primary, secondary, person have a business that is closed for maintenance or or university teacher; and so on. Likewise, the industry other reasons during the reference period). sector of a gas station with a convenience store could be classified as retail sale of automotive fuels or retail International guidelines allow for some flexibility in how sale in nonspecialized stores with food, beverages, or temporary absence is defined. This labor module (annex tobacco predominating, depending on which activity is 1) determines temporary absences based on the length the primary one. The occupation does not determine the of the absence. If the person has been or will be absent industry (nor vice versa). For instance, an accountant at a for less than or equal to three months in total, then the bank works in the finance sector, while an accountant at a individual is considered employed, not at work (absent). hotel works in the accommodation sector. If the absence is longer, the individual is classified as not employed based on the given activity. The exception The two classification systems facilitate adjustments in to this general rule is seasonal work, including farmers the level of detail collected, in accordance with the survey producing for sale, some tourism industry workers, and context. Each survey design team must decide the level of so on. Such workers are not considered absent during detail that will be collected. Field teams must be properly 2. Model Labor Module in Detail 15 trained to probe respondents for sufficient information Usual hours worked [Q27-Q30]. To better under- to classify occupations and sectors accurately at the stand employment time arrangements beyond the desired level. one-week reference period, data are collected on the amount of time respondents usually work in their main Status in employment [Q26] refers to the type of rela- and secondary jobs. To ease the cognitive burden on the tionship between the person and the entity for which respondents, estimates are disaggregated into months they work. The response categories used in this labor per year, weeks per month, days per week, and hours module are based on the model LFS, as follows: per day. Data on hours worked can be combined with pay received to compute standardized earnings, allowing • Own business or farming activity: The person works on for comparability of pay rates across different units of their own account or with partners. They are self-em- reporting (hour, day, week, month, or other pay periods). ployed in a farm or non-farm enterprise and may or may not have employees. Earnings [Q31a, Q31b] are the amount of money or • Business or farm operated by another household income in cash or in kind received for employment. What member living elsewhere: The person participates in is reported as earnings depends on the respondent’s any activity to support the operation of a household status in employment. Persons with employment for pay business activity (farm or non-farm enterprise). (wage and salary workers) report the amount they are • Employee for someone else: The person holds a job paid. Individuals who work for profit (who are self-em- with a written or oral contract where the pay is not ployed or who operate an enterprise) are instructed to directly dependent on the revenue of the entity where report earnings as the income of the enterprise (that they work. is, profit after cost deductions). Surveys that include a • Apprentice, trainee, or intern: The person is paid on separate, detailed module on non-farm household enter- a temporary basis to acquire workplace experience prises may choose to collect self-employment profits in or skills. that module. Individuals working in a non-farm enterprise • Helping a household member who is employed by or those helping a household member with wage work someone else: The person helps with any of the tasks would only report an income if they are paid routinely or duties of another household member’s paid employ- for such work; otherwise, if they are not directly paid for ment. For example, a daughter might help her father such work, the reported earnings should be zero. grade exams as part of his job as a teacher. Informal employment [Q32-Q38a]. The level of for- In multi-topic household surveys with separate modules mality of a person’s work is an indicator of employment for labor, non-farm household enterprises, and possibly and income stability. Contract type, including income time use, the question on status in employment may taxation, social protection, and entitlement to employ- also determine the relevant sections to be administered ment benefits, can help determine the level of informality to each respondent or the household. If the other mod- (Box 5). Other determinants include whether the firm ules are sufficiently detailed, the questionnaire design is incorporated and registered with civil authorities, the may redirect respondents to non-farm household formality of recordkeeping, whether taxes are deducted enterprise or farmwork modules for these categories from pay, the number of employees (if the employer is of work and employment. If all relevant information is a private firm), and the availability of various kinds of captured in these other modules, the main job section social protections (that is, whether the employer makes of the labor module may be limited to capturing details a contribution to pensions, paid annual or sick leave, and on paid employment. other benefits). 16 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS BOX 5. INFORMALITY Since the term informal sector was coined in the 1970s, • Place of work is without fixed premises [Q32b] the concept of informality has evolved. Formerly used to • The entity or enterprise has fewer than five employees refer to employment in the underground economy or in [Q36] a specific type of production unit, it has broadened into Informal employment is not limited to the informal sector. an economy-wide phenomenon. The next ICLS (in 2023) It can be carried out in formal sector enterprises, informal is expected to approve a resolution on informality; in the sector enterprises, or households (ILO 2003). This is deter- meantime, the ILO provides the following terminology mined based on the characteristics of the work relationship and definitions. or the status in employment (related question numbers Informal sector, as classified by the 15th ICLS in 1993, from the labor module are indicated in brackets). refers to a subset of enterprises owned by households that • Employers, own-account workers, and members of pro- include informal own-account enterprises and enterprises of ducer cooperatives are informal if they operate or own informal employers (ILO 1993).This definition is operationa- an informal household enterprise [Q32, Q33]. lized based on the following characteristics of the entity or • Employees are informal if their work is not subject to enterprise (production unit) or employer (related question national labor legislation, income taxation, social pro- numbers from the module are indicated in brackets): tection, or entitlement to certain employment benefits • Does not keep accounts or only keeps accounts for [Q37, Q38a]. personal use [Q35] • Contributing family workers are informal because of • Is not registered at the national level [Q34] the informality of this work relationship. • Is unincorporated (business and owner are not sepa- rate legal entities) [Q33] 2.2.3 Additional employment information Difficulties experienced at work [Q39a] may be related to promotions, overqualification for work, pay All surveys collecting household labor data should col- increases, harassment, and so on. Though such topics lect at least basic information on additional jobs. This will are not taken into consideration in calculating any of the enable more accurate calculations of underemployment, headline indicators for employment, they can be of use in household income, and time use and can also provide a achieving a better understanding of the barriers to career more complete picture of livelihoods and the quality of growth and professional recognition and how these life (for example, do people have to work multiple jobs to characteristics may differ by sex. These questions are meet their basic needs?). The decision about the amount optional and can provide insight into the prevalence of of information to collect should take into account the various types of institutional biases (such as gender, age, prevalence of multi-job employment in the context of the and race) that may exist across industries or professions. survey, and depends on the needs and interests of the survey team and policy stakeholders. Although some of the information collected through the labor module can be used to support the monitoring of Information on second jobs [Q40a–Q47b] should SDG 8, a comprehensive analysis of decent work would include at least occupation and industry, status in employ- require the collection of additional information (Box 6). ment, time worked, and earnings. If greater detail on second jobs (or additional jobs) is of interest, more or all of the information collected for the first or main job can also be collected for the second job. 2. Model Labor Module in Detail 17 BOX 6. DECENT WORK AND THE SDGs The four pillars of decent work are employment, social The SDG framework emphasizes decent work with a protection, social dialogue, and rights at work. They are dedicated goal (Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and measured (respectively) as opportunity and freedom to sustainable economic growth, full and productive employ- find a job, adequate earnings, and productive work; fair and ment and decent work for all), with 12 targets and 17 equitable treatment at work; safe work environment; and indicators covering topics such as labor productivity, per social protections such as security of work, safeguarding capita GDP growth, the labor market, and the labor con- health, pensions, and work stability (Anker et al. 2002; ILO ditions of migrant, youth, and child workers (ILO 2018b; 2018a). Some information on these indicators is collected 2018d). While decent work features most prominently in in this labor module, with the exception of safe work envi- SDG 8, its four pillars also feature in other goals within ronment because data on work-related fatal injuries and the SDG Agenda. diseases are not captured. 2.3 OWN-USE WORK • Cleaning, decorating, and maintaining the dwelling occupied by the household, durables and other goods, Own-use work refers to the production of goods and and gardening provision of services for own final use. To account for • Preparing and serving meals, household waste disposal, this, the 19th ICLS introduced the concept of work and and recycling distinguishes own-use from market-oriented production • Childcare and instruction, transporting and caring for on the basis of the intended destination of output. Per- the elderly, sick, infirm, dependent or other household sons in own-use work are therefore defined as all those members and domestic animals or pets who performed any activity for at least one hour to pro- duce goods or provide services for their own final use in Subsistence foodstuff producers are another subset the form of capital accumulation or for final consumption of own-use workers. These producers are defined as by household members (ILO 2013b). working-age persons who, during the reference period, “performed any activity to produce, and/or process for The production of goods covers the following: storage, goods from agriculture, fishing, hunting and gath- ering, as foodstuff that contribute to the livelihood of the • Producing or collecting goods from agricultural (cul- household or family” (ILO 2020b, 65). tivated crops), forestry (firewood, uncultivated crops, wild berries, nuts, herbs, mushrooms, roots), or animal The model labor module includes an own-use produc- products (fishing, aquaculture, livestock, bushmeat) tion of goods section but does not yet collect data on • Processing goods, such as manufactured products own-use provision of services, even though the ade- (furniture, pottery, baskets, clothing, charcoal, mats or quate capture of the time spent on these activities is other durables, including boats and canoes) or food extremely important from a gender perspective. Addi- and drink (flour, dried fish, meat, butter, cheese, marma- tional methodological work is needed to operationalize lade, spirits, alcoholic beverages) the measurement of own-use provision of services. Using • Building or effecting major repairs to one’s own dwell- interview recall questions—similar to the ones used ing, farm buildings, and so on here to capture employment and own-use production of • Water fetched from natural or public sources goods—is difficult for a number of reasons; most impor- tantly, such activities are often conducted simultaneously The provision of services covers the following: (such as preparing meals while also caring for children). Although internationally recognized guidelines do not • Household accounting and management, purchasing or currently exist for collecting data on this component of transporting goods work, the ILO and the World Bank are currently testing potential modules. 18 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS 2.3.1 Capturing own-use production ities included should be reviewed and revised for country of goods relevance. A subsection on own-use provision of services will be forthcoming. By the revised standards, own-use production of goods is no longer considered employment and, hence, does 2.4 LABOR FORCE AND not count toward labor force participation, but as a work UNDERUTILIZATION activity. Own-use production of goods is partly captured in the main labor module (own-use production in agri- The 19th ICLS standards provide operational concepts, culture) and partly in the separate own-use production definitions, and guidelines for classifying the working-age section (for example, fetching water or firewood, pro- population based on labor force status. The labor force cessing food stuffs, and so on). is the total number of working-age persons actively engaged in the labor market, which includes persons in Own-use production in agriculture is captured by dis- employment and persons in unemployment. To achieve a tinguishing whether any work in agriculture (farming, better understanding of labor market dynamics, data anal- livestock, fishing, or forestry) is intended for sale or for ysis should also consider some persons outside the labor own consumption. In the labor module, respondents are force, the potential labor force, which is comprised of asked about the intended use of the output obtained the following: from a household member’s activity in all types of agricul- tural work [Q5]: • Unavailable job-seekers: persons without employment who are seeking employment, but are not currently “Thinking about all the products [NAME] worked on, are available they intended 1. Only for sale; 2. Mainly for sale; 3. Mainly • Available potential job-seekers: persons without employ- for household use; 4 Only for household use.” ment who are not seeking employment, but are willing to work and currently available If products are intended mainly or only for own use (options 3 and 4), the person engaged in the activity is The extended labor force is the sum of the labor force, classified as an own-use production worker.16 The impli- plus the potential labor force.18 cations of the 19th ICLS standards on agricultural work are discussed in Box 7. 2.4.1 Types of labor underutilization To capture additional types of own-use production work, Labor underutilization refers to mismatches between the World Bank and ILO tested an own-use production labor supply and demand that result in unmet employ- section (part of the labor module in annex 1) as part of ment needs among the population (ILO 2013b). While their methodological work in Sri Lanka.17 This section unemployment is the most widely used indicator of labor captures time spent working in own-use production of underutilization, additional indicators allow for more other (nonagricultural) goods, such as manufacturing, comprehensive labor market monitoring (see subsection food and drink, construction, and fetching water, for a 2.4.2). Key among these are time-related underemploy- complete accounting of this type of work activities. ment and the potential labor force. Skill mismatches, slack work (that is, the temporary reduction of the Although this section can benefit from further method- work schedule because of a drop in productivity), and ology field testing, it remains highly recommended for income-related employment inadequacy are additional surveys or country contexts where own-use production indicators captured in this module. of goods is common and comprehensive measures of participation in such activities is desired. The set of activ- 16 The ICLS resolution does not clearly specify the market portion of output sufficiently large to separate subsistence from market production and to classify the activity as employment or own-use production. However, the emphasis on production mainly intended for sale suggests a threshold of at least 50 percent of total production (Gaddis et al. 2020b). 18 All other working-age adults (including persons who wish to be employed 17 See “The Women’s Work and Employment Partnership (WWEP),”, https:// but are not seeking or willing to work) are considered to be outside both www.worldbank.org/en/programs/lsms/work-and-employment#4. the labor force and the potential labor force. 2. Model Labor Module in Detail 19 BOX 7. THE 19th ICLS STANDARDS: OWN-USE PRODUCTION VS. EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE The 19th ICLS standards narrow the definition of The revised standards have significant implications for the employment to work performed for pay or profit (see characterization of rural employment in developing coun- Section 1.1). Own-use production of goods, such as crop tries. Gaddis et al. (2020b) illustrate this using data from cultivation mainly or only for household consumption, is Malawi and Nigeria, two countries that were among the no longer considered employment and, hence, does not first in Sub-Saharan Africa to collect nationally represen- count toward employment or labor force participation. tative multi-topic household survey data that can apply While own-use production of goods can take many forms the updated definitions. In both countries, measured rural (the collection of firewood or water, food preservation employment-to-population ratios drop by about 20 per- for household use, and so on), the revised standards have cent to 30 percent under the 19th ICLS standards. In the largest implications for the measurement of agricultu- Malawi, the decline in rural employment is larger among ral work, where surveys need to differentiate whether a women than among men, while the opposite pattern holds farmer produces for sale (employed) or for own or hou- in Nigeria. The extent of the decline in the rural employ- sehold use (working, but not employed). This distinction, ment-to-population ratio partly reflects the extent to as discussed in these guidelines, is based on the farmer’s which men and women farmers are engaged simultane- self-declared main intended use of the output from his ously in non-farm household enterprises or wage work. agricultural activity (only for sale, mainly for sale, mainly Thus, many farmers who produce only or mainly for hou- for household use, only for household use). sehold consumption remain employed under the revised standards because they are engaged in other, mostly nona- The revised standards have significant implications for offi- gricultural employment activities (for at least one hour cial labor statistics in developing countries. Pilot studies during the reference week). Under the revised standards, conducted by the World Bank in Sub-Saharan Africa to sup- the share of rural employment in agriculture is significantly port the operationalization of the 19th ICLS standards show smaller than under the previous standards. that, in parts of Malawi and Nigeria, 70 percent to 80 per- cent of smallholder farmers produce only or mainly for their This work shows that as the 19th ICLS standards are own consumption at the beginning of the agricultural season rolled out in developing countries, indicators and statistics (Gaddis et al. 2020b). In parts of Ghana, however, the share on employment and labor force participation will change was much lower; approximately 25 percent of farmers pro- for reasons that are purely or primarily related to the duce for own consumption. By the revised standards, their introduction of new statistical concepts and definitions. farmwork is no longer considered employment. There is Moreover, the revised standards create an imperative to further evidence that farmers are less likely to report that move away from employment and labor force participa- they produce only or mainly for sale at the beginning than at tion as the only headline indicators of labor supply and the end of the agricultural season and that women are less toward a full set of indicators outlined in the 19th ICLS likely than men to report that they produce only or mainly resolution (besides employment, especially indicators of for sale. In-depth analysis using the data from Malawi sug- own-use production work). A continued narrow focus gests that this primarily reflects differences between men on employment and labor force participation would risk and women farmers in the labor allocation across crop and, underestimating the importance of agriculture for rural particularly, livestock products, which differ in their intended livelihoods and undercount women’s work in agriculture. use of output. (See Box 1 for a discussion of the implications of the 19th ICLS standards for gender labor statistics.) Time-related underemployment. Persons in time-re- the current job(s), or increasing the hours of work in lated underemployment are defined as those in the current job(s) [Q48, Q49] employment who satisfy all three of the following criteria • Available to work additional hours within a specified (related question numbers from the module are indicated period of time (such as the next two weeks) [Q50] in brackets): • Work less than full time (where the threshold for working full time is specified according to national cir- • Willing to increase their total paid hours of work; this cumstances and definitions) [Q51–Q53] is indicated by the desire for an additional job, changing 20 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS To assess the pressure on the labor market exerted by farming inputs; seeking the assistance of friends, relatives, persons in time-related underemployment, it may be or other intermediaries to get a job; registering with useful to identify activities carried out by underemployed or contacting public or private employment services; people in seeking additional hours of work in the previ- applying to employers directly or checking for work at ous four weeks. worksites, farms, factory gates, markets, or other places of assembly; placing or answering newspaper or online Unemployment. People are in unemployment if they job advertisements; and placing or updating résumés on satisfy the following three criteria (related question num- professional or social networking sites online. bers from the module are indicated in brackets): Potential labor force. Persons are part of the potential • Currently not employed [No to all of Q1a, Q2a, labor force if, during the reference period, they are neither Q3a] or farming for own-use production [(Q5==3 | in employment nor in unemployment, but have an interest Q5==4) | (Q7==3 | Q7==4)] in employment. As noted above, this includes unavailable • Seeking paid employment or seeking to start a business job-seekers and available potential job-seekers. (in the previous four weeks or a month) [Q13–Q18] • Available to start employment within a specified time The potential labor force is calculated using the same fac- period, usually within the next two weeks [Q19–Q22] tors that are used to identify unemployment—job search activity, availability, and desire to work—and may thus Persons considered as currently not employed include also be calculated using the model labor module.19 future starters (meaning those who have already found a job and are scheduled to start within the next three 2.4.2 Indicators months, but have not yet started), even if they have begun unpaid skills training for the job or are in the process of To meet the need for information to monitor labor markets migrating for the job. and work patterns, countries should routinely report statis- tics on employment, work and the labor force, particularly Current availability and desire for work are indicators headline indicators of labor underutilization for the popula- of readiness to start a job. Activities for seeking employ- tion as a whole, by sex, by urban or rural areas, and, to the ment include, but are not limited to, arranging for financial extent possible, by broad levels of educational attainment resources and applying for permits and licenses to start and by standard age ranges. The headline indicators used to a business; looking for land, premises, machinery, supplies, monitor the labor market are summarized in Table 1. Table 1. Labor market: headline indicators INDICATOR CALCULATION SUMMARY Labor force persons in employment + persons in unemployment Labor force participation rate (labor force) (working-age population) Employment-to-population ratio (persons in employment) (working-age population) Subsistence foodstuff producers Persons who perform any activity to produce or process, for storage, goods from agriculture, fishing, hunting, and gathering, as foodstuffs that contribute to the livelihood of the household Subsistence foodstuff production rate (subsistence foodstuff producers ) (working-age population) Source: Based on ILO (2013c) 19 Questions to capture unemployment are aligned with the model ILO LFS questionnaires. 2. Model Labor Module in Detail 21 Labor force participation indicates the supply of labor as part of the subsistence foodstuff production rate, available to engage in the production of goods and provi- which provides information on the working-age population sion of services. The employment-to-population ratio engaged in all types of subsistence foodstuff production (see provides information on the capacity of an economy to Section 2.3). The international community is still working provide employment for the working-age population. toward operationalizing this indicator, which, together with Capturing data on persons outside the labor force (nei- similar indicators on own-use production of goods and ther in employment nor in unemployment during the provision of services, can provide a more nuanced under- reference period) can support additional socioeconomic standing of the working-age population. analysis, for example understanding how many of those outside the labor force are subsistence foodstuff produc- In addition to these headline indicators, measures of labor ers not engaged in any economic activities or own-use underutilization are also crucial to the design, implementa- production or provision workers (ILO 2020b). tion, and evaluation of policies and programs for employment creation, income generation, skills development, and related Because own-use agricultural production is no longer clas- decent work policies. Key labor underutilization indicators sified as employment, it can be measured on its own or are summarized in Table 2 and represented in Figure 4. Table 2. Labor market: key labor underutilization indicators INDICATOR CALCULATION SUMMARY Unemployment rate (LU1) (persons in unemployment) (labor force) Combined rate of time-related (persons in time-related underemployment + persons in unemployment) underemployment and unemployment (LU2) (labor force) Combined rate of unemployment and (persons in unemployment + potential labor force) potential labor force (LU3) (extended labor force) Composite measure of labor (persons in time-related underemployment + persons in unemployment + potential labor force) underutilization (LU4) (extended labor force) Source: Based on ILO (2013c) Figure 4. Components of labor underutilization relating to insufficient labor absorption WORKING AGE POPULATION Labor force Outside the labor force Employed Seeking Available not available not seeking Time-related Unemployed Potential labor force underemployed LU1 LU2 LU3 LU4 Source: Adapted from ILO (2013c) 22 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS 3. Methodology Considerations: Labor in Household Surveys Labor data serve a number of different purposes. The Information in the labor module should always be col- design of a module and the structuring of questions lected at the individual level, with questions administered aimed at capturing such data must be tailored accord- directly to each household member. For persons who ingly. In addition to the intended data uses, the design cannot respond on their own behalf, another household and implementation of the labor module must be consid- member may respond for them (a proxy respondent). ered within the greater context of the household survey However, proxy-reported data may not be as reliable as questionnaire in which it will be included.20 This section self-reported data (Bardasi et al. 2011; Serneels, Beegle, presents key issues to consider in the collection of data and Dillon 2017; Kilic et al. 2020). Every effort should on household labor. therefore be made to ensure each person responds for himself or herself. Nonetheless, information reported by Based on the measurement objectives of the data collec- a proxy respondent is greatly preferred to missing data. tion effort, survey designers should identify the approach In such cases, metadata should be collected indicating most well suited to their objectives—one that balances if a proxy respondent was used and which household the level of detail, respondent burden, and best path given member responded on behalf of the individual whose the socioeconomic context of the survey. The labor data were being collected. module that accompanies this guidebook is designed specifically to be integrated into multi-topic household 3.2 REFERENCE PERIOD surveys and can be revised as needed for use in other household survey or impact assessments that require For proper comparability and analysis, work and employ- labor data analysis. ment information must be time bound consistently across all households and household members in the 3.1 RESPONDENTS survey sample. Labor data must be collected for all working-age house- The 19th ICLS recommends collecting data on the var- hold members. Because working age can vary across ious forms of work using a short reference period. In countries, each survey will need to determine the min- this labor module, data on engagement in employment imum age threshold for the labor module based on and own-use production work are collected for the national laws and regulations that set the minimum age for previous week, which captures short-term changes in employment or else use the expected age at completion employment levels and minimizes reporting errors. The of compulsory schooling. While some surveys may reflect recommended reference period of the last week can be an interest in collecting data for a wider age range (such interpreted as the last 7 days or as the last full week as child labor), only data for the working-age population is before the interview date. Although the former has been included in the calculation of labor market indicators. widely used in the past, framing the time period as a familiar conceptual time construct with a clear start and end point should contribute to a reduction in memory bias and minimize telescoping errors (for example, 20 Formore detailed guidance on household survey design and counting less than or more than 7 days in the reporting). implementation, see Oseni et al. (2021). It allows respondents to think of all the work they did 3. Methodology Considerations: Labor in Household Surveys 23 last Monday through Friday instead of the work they did for the first time (for instance, in Q1a) and whenever the from an arbitrary mid-week day through the day before reference period has changed (as is the case for Q23), the interview. To avoid misinterpretation, the phrasing but the exact dates do not have to be repeated in every used in this module is, ‘Last week, that is, from Monday question utilizing this reference period. (See Box 8 for [DATE] up to Sunday [DATE], did . . . .” The framing of findings from Malawi on recall bias in labor reporting.) the week should coincide with how the calendar week is conceptualized in the country of the interview (Monday For data on job search efforts (Q13, Q48), the model through Sunday, or Sunday through Saturday, and so labor module follows longstanding practice in labor force on). The exact dates demarcating the reference period and other household surveys according to which a refer- should be included when the reference period is used ence period is used of four weeks before the interview. BOX 8. COGNITIVE BURDEN AND RECALL PERIODS IN LABOR REPORTING Collecting labor data through household surveys requires ter recall error (Beegle, Carletto, and Himelein 2012; balancing recall accuracy with the notion that longer time Kjellsson, Clarke, and Gerdtham 2014; Arthi et al. 2018; periods sometimes have a more meaningful economic Gaddis et al. 2020a). Using a longer time period, such interpretation. For example, longer reference periods may as the previous 12 months, could increase memory bias be preferred in settings where employment is highly casual, and requires a much more detailed questionnaire design to avoid a degree of arbitrariness that is introduced by to capture seasonality and multiple economic activities focusing exclusively on the last week, Findings from Malawi throughout the year. show that a longer reference period substantially increases Analysis problems can also arise from data collected using the number of activities performed by respondents rela- a one-month or a four-week recall, which are sometimes tive to a shorter reference period, which is consistent with interpreted the same, although the month recall is 6 per- the notion that some activities are highly seasonal and that cent–10 percent longer than a four-week recall.The model people move between different types of activities over the labor module uses the reference period of the last four course of a year (Figure B8). Surveys that are able to collect weeks to capture information on job search efforts. It is data at multiple times throughout the year will be able to important to emphasize during interviewer training that mitigate some of this potential recall bias and seasonality. this refers to the four calendar weeks before the inter- However, although stakeholders may sometimes favor view date and not the last calendar month. longer reference periods, this can also lead to grea- Figure B8. The share of Malawi’s working-age population (ages 15–64) engaging in a specific activity, by reference period and sex, 2016 Men Women 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 0 Agriculture Casual Livestock NFE Wage Help in Fishing Agriculture Casual Livestock NFE Wage Help in Fishing labor labor NFE Apprenticeship labor labor NFE Apprenticeship Last 12 months Last 7 days Last 12 months Last 7 days Source: Desiere and Costa (2019), based on data from the 2016/17 Malawi LSMS–Integrated Surveys on Agriculture. 24 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS 3.3 THE TIMING OF survey, some of the data required for labor analysis may DATA COLLECTION end up being collected in related modules. For question- naires that include a module on non-farm household As is true with nearly all modules in a household enterprises (NFE), survey designers will need to deter- survey questionnaire, the timing of data collection for mine which NFE details, including work and employment the labor module can impact respondent reporting on information, are collected in the NFE module versus the the types of work activities, actual hours worked, and labor module. Likewise, surveys that are able to include a so on. Major holidays, harvest periods, and seasonality module dedicated to agricultural labor may include addi- in general can affect a wide range of jobs and indus- tional in-depth information on farm labor in that module. tries—tourism, sale and service fluctuations around Depending on the scope of the survey, there may be special holiday seasons, agricultural work, and season- complementarities with other modules as well. ally available food sales, for example. In the determination of what cross-topic information to The timing of data collection also matters with regard collect in each module, the ease of responding should be to the intended use of agricultural output, which deter- given priority. Questions should be clearly worded and mines whether the agricultural activity is categorized as ordered in such a way as to ease the respondent burden as employment or own-use production work. Because infor- much as possible. Organizing the questions in a way that is mation on the intended use of output is collected with most logical for respondents may not always be the same as reference to those agricultural products the respondent how data users will want to organize the data for analysis. worked on over the previous 7 days (“Thinking about the products [NAME] worked on...”), there can be large fluc- Any changes made to this model labor module—to inte- tuations in the self-reported intended use of output over grate it with other topical modules or for any other the course of the agricultural growing season (see Box 4). reasons—should be tested before field implementation. The focus on the intended use of output under the 19th Likewise, if this module is used to revise existing labor ICLS standards thus introduces a new margin of variation modules, any changes should be weighed against their (that is, labor reallocations across crops with different impact on data comparability (DeWeerdt, Gibson, and self-reported intended uses of output), in addition to the Beegle 2020, who summarize numerous other papers on traditional margin of movements in and out of agricul- the same topic) affecting basic stylized facts of develop- ture. All this is expected to lead to larger fluctuations in ment (such as country rankings by poverty levels). When seasonal employment that require greater consideration the benefits warrant updating an existing module (for be given to the implications of seasonality. instance, to conform to the revised ICLS standards) there should be a clear plan for transitioning from the old to Household surveys that can be conducted over a the new standards to ensure comparability of data across 12-month interview cycle will avoid seasonality in the time and to communicate the impact of the new defini- reported data, at least in aggregate. If this is not possible, tions on labor market indicators. household surveys should, at least, be conducted during the same time period every year to allow for meaningful 3.5 MODE OF INTERVIEWS comparisons across survey rounds. Traditionally, multi-topic household surveys have been 3.4 INTEGRATION WITH OTHER implemented using face-to-face interviews, among the SURVEY MODULES methods of which, pen-and-paper personal interviews (PAPI) are increasingly being replaced by computer-as- Survey designers will need to ensure that the labor sisted personal interviews (CAPI). While face-to-face module is tailored to their survey context, taking interviewing has long been the standard for household into consideration the content and flow of the overall survey data collection, phone interviewing is another questionnaire to guarantee that all necessary data are alternative, the use of which has increased significantly captured, double counting is avoided, and the interview given the travel restrictions and social distancing mea- burden is minimized. sures of the global COVID-19 pandemic. Though the labor module is the primary module for mea- Although high-frequency phone interviews may be a less suring work and employment in a multi-topic household expensive or more accessible alternative to high-frequency 3. Methodology Considerations: Labor in Household Surveys 25 face-to-face interviews, methodological considerations 3.6 TERMINOLOGY AND should be evaluated in adopting questionnaires for phone TRANSLATION surveys. Studies have shown that estimates of labor inputs collected through phone interviews are, if implemented Cognitive tests and field experiences show that accurate correctly, similar to those collected through face-to-face translation of the questions into different languages is of interviews (Arthi et al. 2018). However, it is important to critical importance. Common words in some languages take into consideration levels of phone ownership and the may not translate easily to another language or may have infrastructure needs—network, airtime credit, and feasibility different cultural significance across countries. Translation of charging phones—while planning the survey (Dillon 2012). is especially important for key thematic terms, such as Additionally, answering complex questions over the phone household, job, profit, and payment in kind. The guidance may impose a higher cognitive burden on the respondent for framing recovery questions explicitly notes that terms and lead to lower interview completion rates. such as labor and work are not to be used in these ques- tions; this intent also applies to any translated terms for It is also important to consider that only one person may these words (see Section 2.1.2). Beyond translation, some be able to answer the phone, which may lead to higher phrasing and terminology will need to be revised (in any rates of proxy respondents or—in cases where phone languages used, including the English version) to suit local surveys collect data only for the primary respondent— contexts. This includes examples provided to respon- data that are biased toward those household members dents and answer response options for some questions. owning or using cell phones (often the household head or spouse), which may not be representative of The importance of translation and national adaptation the working-age population. One option might be to was reinforced during the Sri Lanka pilot study. For exam- implement a baseline face-to-face interview to establish ple, some of the difficulties in measuring farmwork during a relationship with a household and collect a baseline wave 1 data collection can be attributed to difficulties in roster of household members, explain how the high- identifying appropriate everyday terminology in Sinhalese frequency phone interviews will work, and randomly for some of the farming-related questions. Addressing select one respondent or several to the labor module these issues contributed to improvements in the consis- from the baseline household roster. It then needs to tency of the wave 2 results between the LFS and MLSS be ensured that the selected respondents have access instruments (ILO and World Bank 2021). to a working phone throughout the duration of the interviews. Further research should be conducted Careful translation must be ensured prior to the start of to provide guidelines on how to operationalize such fieldwork. Survey metadata should include the language an approach and how to combine it with nationally of interview and whether the translations were formal representative surveys. (interviewer reading a fully translated questionnaire) or informal (interviewer translated in situ, asking questions in a language different than the language provided in the questionnaire used). 26 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS References Anker, Richard. 2011. “Estimating a Living Wage : A Methodological Review.” Conditions of Work and Employment Series 29. International Labour Organization, Geneva. http://www.ilo.int/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/--- travail/documents/publication/wcms_162117.pdf. Anker, Richard, Igor Chernyshev, Philippe Egger, Mehran Farhad, and Ritter Joseph. 2002. “Measuring Decent Work with Statistical Indicators.” Integration Working Paper 2. 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[NAME] do any work for [NAME] operates for one someone else for pay for or more hours? one or more hours? INCLUDES PAID APPRENTICESHIPS AND PAID INTERNSHIPS. YES...... 1 YES...... 1 Q1a YES...... 1 YES...... 1 ID CODE NO...... 2 NEXT PERSON NO...... 2 NO...... 2 Q2a NO...... 2 Q3a ID CODE HOURS HOURS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Annex 1. Model Labor Questionnaire Module 31 SECTION X: LABOR NFE worker Recovery NFE Farm Recovery farm 3a 3aa 3b 4a 4aa 4b 5 Last week, did [NAME] Last week, did [NAME] How many hours did Last week, did [NAME] Last week, did [NAME] How many hours did Thinking about all the products work in a non-farm help in a non-farm [NAME] do this work work on household help growing crops in a [NAME] do this work [NAME] worked on, are they household business that is household business that is last week? farming, livestock, fishing household farm, raising in the last week? intended... operated by another HH operated by another HH or forestry activities for livestock, fishing or READ OPTIONS member for one or more member for one or more one or more hours? foraging/ hunting for one hours? hours? or more hours? YES...... 1 Q3b YES...... 1 YES...... 1 Q4b YES...... 1 Only for sale..................1 E3 NO...... 2 NO...... 2 Q4a NO...... 2 NO...... 2 E2 Mainly for sale...............2 E3 Mainly for household use............3 Only for ID CODE household use............4 HOURS HOURS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 32 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS SECTION X: LABOR Designer Note: E-numbers are auto-calculated Q6a-7: Optional but encouraged. If included, must include the whole set. in CAPI Not needed in contexts where most of work is formal employment. Filter Recovery question Recovery question E2 6a 6aa 6b 6c 7 E3 E4 ENUMERATOR: REVIEW Last week, did Or, did [NAME] help How many hours Was [NAME]’s Thinking about all the ENUMERATOR: IS CAPI/ENUMERATOR ENTER QUESTIONS Q1a, Q2a, [NAME] run or do with the business, did [NAME] do this work in HH products [NAME] (Q5==3 | Q5==4) APPROPRIATE CODE: Q3a, Q4a [AND Q3aa & any kind of business, farm or paid job of a work in the last farming, livestock, worked on, are they 1. NO TYPE OF WORK, Q4aa]: IS THERE ANY YES? farming or other household member? week? fishing, or forestry intended... | go to temporary absence activity to generate activities? (Q7==3 | Q7==4) Q1a=Q2a=Q3a=Q3aa=2 & income? Q4a=Q4aa=2 & READ OPTIONS READ ONLY IF Q6a=Q6aa=2 YES...... 1 E3 NEEDED: For YES...... 1 ENTER 1 Q8 if Q4a=1 or example: making NO...... 2 E3 YES...... 1 Only for sale........... 1 YES.....1 (FAM) if Q4aa=1 things for sale, NO...... 2 E3 Mainly for sale........ 2 NO.....2 (MARKET) E4 otherwise 2. HOUSEHOLD FARM ONLY, buying or reselling Mainly for go to job search NO...... 2 things, providing paid household use..... 3 E3==1 & services, growing Only for Q1a==Q2a==Q3a==2 products, raising household use..... 4 ENTER 2 Q13 animals, catching fish, hunting or foraging 3. WORKED ANY AGRIC FOR for sale. MARKET, ANY WAGE, OR ANY NFE, go to main occupation E3==2 | Q1a==1 | Q2a==1 | Q3a==1 | Q3aa==1 ID CODE YES...... 1 Q6b | Q6c==2 NO...... 2 ENTER 3 Q23 HOURS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Annex 1. Model Labor Questionnaire Module 33 SECTION X: LABOR Temporary Absence 8 9 10 11 12a 12 Does [NAME] have Why did [NAME] not work during the last week? Including the time that During the low or off- Was [NAME]’s work Thinking about all the a job, business or [NAME] has already season, does [NAME] in household farming, products [NAME] worked household farm from been absent, will continue to do some livestock, fishing or on, are they intended... which he/she was WAITING TO START NEW JOB OR BUSINESS.............. 1 [NAME] return to that work for that job, forestry activities? absent last week? LOW OR OFF-SEASON ....................................................... 2 Q11 same job, business or business, or household SHIFT WORK, FLEXI TIME, NATURE OF WORK............ 3 household farm in three farm? READ OPTIONS VACATION, HOLIDAYS ........................................................ 4 months or less? YES...... 1 YES...... 1 SICKNESS, ILLNESS, ACCIDENT ........................................ 5 NO...... 2 Q23 NO...... 2 Q13 MATERNITY, PATERNITY LEAVE ........................................ 6 YES...... 1 Only for sale..........1 Q23 EDUCATION LEAVE OR TRAINING ................................ 7 YES...... 1 Q12a NO...... 2 Q13 Mainly for sale.......2 Q23 OTHER PERSONAL LEAVE NO...... 2 Q13 Mainly for (CARE FOR HOUSEHOLD, CIVIC DUTIES…)............. 8 household use....3 TEMPORARY LAY OFF, NO CLIENTS OR Only for MATERIALS, WORK BREAK ............................................. 9 household use....4 BAD WEATHER, NATURAL DISASTER .......................... 10 STRIKE OR LABOUR DISPUTE ........................................ 11 ID CODE LONG-TERM DISABILITY .................................................. 12 OTHER (SPECIFY) ................................................................ 13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 34 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS SECTION X: LABOR Job Search 13 14 15 16 17 18 During the last Or did [NAME] What did [NAME] mainly do in the last four weeks to For how long has [NAME] At present does What is the main reason [NAME] did not try to find a four weeks, did try to start a find a paid job or start a business? been without work and [NAME] want to paid job or start a business in the last 4 weeks? [NAME] do business? SELECT UP TO TWO trying to find a job or start a work? anything to find business? a paid job? WAITING FOR RESULTS OF A PREVIOUS SEARCH ......... 1 YES...... 1 APPLY TO PROSPECTIVE EMPLOYERS FOR YES...... 1 AWAITING RECALL FROM A PREVIOUS JOB ..................... 2 NO...... 2 Q17 A PAID JOB OR INTERNSHIP................................................ 1 LESS THAN 1 MONTH........................1 NO...... 2 Q22 WAITING FOR THE SEASON TO START .............................. 3 YES...... 1 Q15 PLACE OR ANSWER JOB ADVERTISETMENTS.................... 2 1 MONTH TO < 3 MONTHS.............2 WAITING TO START NEW JOB OR BUSINESS .................. 4 3 MONTHS TO < 6 MONTHS...........3 NO...... 2 POST/UPDATE RESUME ON PROFESSIONAL/ TIRED OF LOOKING FOR JOBS, NO JOBS IN AREA ....... 5 SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES.............................................. 3 6 MONTHS TO < 12 MONTHS.........4 NO JOBS MATCHING SKILLS, LACKS EXPERIENCE ........ 6 REGISTER WITH PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT SERVICE............. 4 1 YEAR TO < 2 YEARS..........................5 CONSIDERED TOO YOUNG/OLD BY EMPLOYERS .......... 7 REGISTER WITH A PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT 2 YEARS OR MORE...............................6 IN STUDIES, TRAINING .............................................................. 8 CENTRE/AGENCY..................................................................... 5 HOUSEHOLD RESPONSIBILITIES ........................................... 9 TAKE PUBLIC SERVICE EXAM OR INTERVIEW................... 6 IN AGRICULTURE/FISHING FOR HOUSEHOLD USE .......10 TAKE PRIVATE COMPANY’S EXAM OR INTERVIEW......... 7 OWN DISABILITY, INJURY, ILLNESS ......................................11 SEEK HELP FROM RELATIVES, FRIENDS, OTHERS.............. 8 CHECK AT FACTORIES, WORK SITES..................................... 9 RETIRED, PENSIONER ...............................................................12 WAIT ON THE STREET TO BE RECRUITED.......................10 OTHER SOURCES OF INCOME ............................................13 ALL Q19 OLD AGE........................................................................................14 SEEK FINANCIAL HELP TO START A BUSINESS................11 LOOK FOR LAND, BUILDING, EQUIPMENT, OTHER (SPECIFY) ......................................................................15 MATERIALS TO START A BUSINESS...................................12 DEVELOPED A BUSINESS PLAN.............................................13 APPLY FOR A PERMIT OR LICENSE TO START A BUSINESS...........................................................14 NO SECOND ACTIVITY...........................................................15 ID CODE OTHER (SPECIFY)........................................................................16 Action 1 Action 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Annex 1. Model Labor Questionnaire Module 35 SECTION X: LABOR Designer Note: static text in CAPI Main Job Identification 19 20 21 22 23 E5 If a job or business Or could [NAME] Why is [NAME] not available to start working? Which of the following best describes what [NAME] Last week, that is from ENUMERATOR READ: opportunity had start working is mainly doing at present? Monday [DATE] up to I am now going to ask been available, within the next 2 PLEASE READ ALL OPTIONS Sunday [DATE], did you some questions could [NAME] have weeks? AWAITING RECALL FROM A PREVIOUS JOB ..................... 1 [NAME] have more about [NAME]’s main started working last WAITING FOR SEASON TO START........................................ 2 than one job or job. The main job is the week? IN STUDIES, TRAINING............................................................... 3 Studying or training ....................................................................... 1 business? one where [NAME] YES...... 1 Q22 HOUSEHOLD RESPONSIBILITIES ........................................... 4 Engaged in household responsibilities ....................................... 2 usually works the NO...... 2 IN HOUSEHOLD FARMING/LIVESTOCK/FISHING Household farming, livestock, fishing, highest number of YES...... 1 Q22 FOR HOUSEHOLD USE........................................................... 5 or forest activities for household use..................................... 3 YES...... 1 hours (even if [NAME] NO...... 2 RETIRED, PENSIONER.................................................................. 6 Retired or pensioner .................................................................... 4 NO...... 2 Q24a was temporarily absent OWN DISABILITY, INJURY, OR ILLNESS................................. 7 With a long term illness, injury or disability ............................ 5 last week). OLD AGE.......................................................................................... 8 Doing volunteering, community or charity work ................... 6 Engaged in cultural or leisure activities ..................................... 7 Old age.............................................................................................. 8 ID CODE ALL NEXT SECTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 36 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS SECTION X: LABOR Designer Note: determine IN ADVANCE who will code, or how it will be coded/incorporated into CAPI Main Job 24a 24b 25a 25b 26 27 28 29 30 What are [NAME]’s main tasks What is the main activity of this In [NAME]’s main job, does [NAME] work ... In the past 12 How many How many days How many hours and duties in [NAME]’s main job? business or organization where READ RESPONSES months, during weeks per month per week does per day does [NAME] works in this main job? how many does [NAME] [NAME] usually [NAME] usually months did usually work in work in this main work in this main In own business or farming activity ..................................1 [NAME] work this job? job? job? In a business or farm operated by a this job? household member ..............................................................2 As an employee for someone else ....................................3 As an apprentice, trainee, intern ........................................4 ID CODE Helping a household member who works for someone else................................................................5 WRITTEN ISCO WRITTEN ISIC MONTHS WEEKS DAYS HOURS PER DAY DESCRIPTION CODE DESCRIPTION CODE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Annex 1. Model Labor Questionnaire Module 37 SECTION X: LABOR Designer Note: 0 is a valid option if Q26=2or5 31a 31b 32 32b 33 34 35 E6 How much does What kind of enterprise/ establishment In what kind of place does [NAME] Is the business Is the What kind of accounts or ENUMERATOR: [NAME] usually earn does [NAME] work for in his/her main job? typically work? [NAME] works business records does this business IS Q26==3 OR in this main job? Over for incorporated, [NAME] keep? Q26==4? what time interval? for example as a works for READ ALL OPTIONS GOVERNMENT OR DO NOT READ OUT LOUD, CODE FOR HH BUSINESS STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISE [limited company registered in RESPONSE AS APPROPRIATE. REPORT PROFIT (IE. (FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL).............. 1 Q37 or partnership]? the [National Business Complete written accounts, NET INCOME AFTER PRIVATE AGRICULTURAL ENTITY..... 2 AT YOUR HOME Register]? for tax purposes ..................1 COST DEDUCTIONS) PRIVATE NON-AGRICULTURAL YES...............1 E6 (NO SPECIAL WORK SPACE)....................... 1 Simplified written accounts, YES.....1 ENTITY.............................................. 3 NO...............2 not for tax purposes ..........2 WORK SPACE INSIDE OR ATTACHED DON’T NO.....2 E7 TIME UNIT OTHER HOUSEHOLD(S)/INDIVIDUAL: Informal records of orders, TO YOUR HOME............................................... 2 HOUR....................1 (EX: DOMESTIC WORKER).............. 4 Q36 KNOW..... 98 YES...............1 sales, purchases.....................3 FACTORY, OFFICE, WORKSHOP, DAY.........................2 NGO, NON-PROFIT INSTITUTION, SHOP, KIOSK, ETC. NO...............2 No records kept.......................4 WEEK.....................3 OR CHURCH.................................... 5 (INDEPENDENT FROM HOME).................... 3 DON’T Don’t know ........................... 98 FORTNIGHT........4 INTERNATIONAL ORG. HOME OR WORKPLACE OF CLIENT KNOW..... 98 MONTH.................5 OR A FOREIGN EMBASSY............... 6 Q37 (EXCEPT CONSTRUCTION)......................... 4 QUARTER.............6 EMPLOYER’S HOME.............................................. 5 HALF YEAR...........7 CONSTRUCTION SITE ..................................... 6 YEAR.......................8 MARKET OR BAZAAR STALL ......................... 7 STREET STALL (SEPARATE FROM THE DWELLING)........... 8 NO FIXED LOCATION (MOBILE).................... 9 PLANTATION, FARMS, ESTATES, SHADES, ID CODE SEA ETC. (AGRICULTURAL RELATED).....10 CURRENCY TIME UNIT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 38 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS SECTION X: LABOR Designer Note: in CAPI, use Yes/No raidal buttens for each component. Employees & Interns only 36 37 37b 38a 38b 38c 38d 38e 38f 38g 38h 38i Including What is the status of Is [NAME]’s employer Does [NAME]’s main job employer pay/provide the following benefits? [NAME], how [NAME]’s contract/ agreement responsbile for deducting READ ALL THE OPTIONS TO THE RESPONDENT many people in his/her main job? any taxes on [NAME]’s work at his/her income, or is that [NAME]’s place of work? responsibility? CODE PERMANENT/ PENSIONABLE/JOB................. 1 YES...... 1 1................ 1 CONTRACT, EMLOYER RESPONSIBLE........... 1 NO...... 2 2-4............ 2 LESS THAN 1 YEAR.................. 2 [NAME] RESPONSIBLE............... 2 CONTRACT, 1-5 YEARS............. 3 NOT APPLICABLE....................... 3 5-9............ 3 CONTRACT, 10-19...... 4 MORE THAN 5 YEARS............ 4 20-49...... 5 WITHOUT ANY CONTRACT... 5 OTHER (SPECIFY)........................ 6 50+.......... 6 DON’T KNOW..........................98 ID CODE Paid Paid/ Paid annual Health maternity Paid medical/ Pension/ Disability subsidized Transport Other leave or insurace or paternity sick leave retirement pension meals at subsidy benefits vacation benefits leave work 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Annex 1. Model Labor Questionnaire Module 39 SECTION X: LABOR Designer Note: Designer Note: in CAPI, use Yes/No raidal buttens for each component. static text in CAPI Optional (gender-focus) Second job 39a b c d e E7 E8 40a b 41a b Has [NAME] experienced any of the following difficulties in [NAME]’s main job? ENUMERATOR: ENUMERATOR READ: I What are [NAME]’s main What is the main activity of READ ALL THE OPTIONS TO THE RESPONDENT IS Q23==1? am now going to ask you tasks and duties in his/her this business or organization some questions about secondary job? where [NAME] works in this [NAME]’s secondary job. secondary job? CODE YES.....1 The secondary job is the NO.....2 Q48 one where [NAME] usually YES...... 1 NO...... 2 works the second highest number of hours, even if [NAME] was temporarily absent last week. ID CODE Being assigned Difficulty getting a Difficulty getting a Being harassed at Difficulty traveling tasks below level WRITTEN ISCO WRITTEN ISIC promotion raise in salary work to/from work of education/ DESCRIPTION CODE DESCRIPTION CODE experience 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 40 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS SECTION X: LABOR Designer Note: 0 is a valid option if Q42=2or5 42 43 44 45 46 47a b In [NAME]’s second job, does [NAME] work ... In the past 12 How many weeks How many days per How many hours How much does [NAME] usually earn in READ RESPONSES months, during how per month does week does [NAME] per day does this second job? Over what time interval? many months did [NAME] usually usually work in this [NAME] usually FOR HH BUSINESS REPORT PROFIT [NAME] work this work in this job? job? work in this job? (IE. NET INCOME AFTER COST job? DEDUCTIONS) In own business or farming activity..............................................1 Q48 In a business or farm operated by a household member....................................................................... 2 Q48 TIME UNIT As an employee for someone else................................................3 HOUR....................1 As an apprentice, trainee, intern....................................................4 DAY.........................2 Helping a household member who works WEEK.....................3 for someone else.............................................................................. 5 Q48 FORTNIGHT........4 MONTH.................5 QUARTER.............6 HALF YEAR...........7 ID CODE YEAR.......................8 MONTHS WEEKS DAYS HOURS PER DAY CURRENCY TIME UNIT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Annex 1. Model Labor Questionnaire Module 41 SECTION X: LABOR Additional work desires 48 49 50 51 52 53 During the last four weeks, Would [NAME] want to If additional paid work How many additional Does [NAME] want to change What is the main reason [NAME] wants to change his/ did [NAME] look for work more hours per was available, could hours per week could his/her current employment her employment situation? additional or other paid week than usually worked, [NAME] start working [NAME] work? situation? work? provided the extra hours more hours within the PRESENT JOB IS TEMPORARY................................................... 1 are paid? next two weeks? YES.....1 TO HAVE A BETTER PAID JOB.................................................. 2 YES.....1 NO.....2 NEXT SECTION TO HAVE MORE CLIENTS/BUSINESS..................................... 3 NO.....2 YES.....1 YES.....1 TO WORK MORE HOURS......................................................... 4 NO.....2 Q52 NO.....2 Q52 TO WORK FEWER HOURS........................................................ 5 TO BETTER MATCH SKILLS....................................................... 6 TO WORK CLOSER TO HOME................................................. 7 TO IMPROVE OTHER WORKING CONDITIONS............... 8 ID CODE OTHER (SPECIFY).......................................................................... 9 HOURS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 42 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS SECTION XB: OWN USE PRODUCTION OF GOODS Survey Creator note: This section captures own-use production of other goods, for a complete accounting of these labor activities. Designer Note: Questions should be reviewed and selected based on their relevance for the survey/country context. Own-use prodcution of services will be forthcoming. static text in CAPI E1 0a 0b E2 1a 1b 2a 2b 3a IS THE RESPONDENT ENUMERATOR: ENUMERATOR: ENUMERATOR Last week, did How many hours Last week, did How many hours Last week, did 15 YERS OR OLDER? IS [NAME] WHO IS READ: The next [NAME] spend any did [NAME] do this [NAME] spend did [NAME] do this [NAME] spend any REPORTING FOR RESPONDING questions are about time gathering wild activity last week? any time hunting activity last week? time making goods HIM/HERSELF? ON BEHALF OF other activities food, such as wild animals (e.g., for for use by the [NAME]? that [NAME] may berries, nuts, herbs, bush meat) mainly household (such as have done last mushrooms, roots, for consumption by furniture, pottery, week, that is from etc., mainly for the household? baskets, clothing, COPY PID Monday [DATE] up consumption by the mats...)? YES...... 1 FROM ROSTER NO...... 2 NEXT YES..... 1 E2 to Sunday [DATE], household? SECTION 1 without pay, in YES...... 1 PERSON NO..... 2 NO...... 2 Q3a YES...... 1 addition to what NO...... 2 Q4a YES...... 1 ID CODE you already told me. NO...... 2 Q2a PID CODE HOURS HOURS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Annex 1. Model Labor Questionnaire Module 43 SECTION XB: OWN USE PRODUCTION OF GOODS 3b 4a 4b 5a 5b 6a 6b 7a 7b How many hours Last week, did How many hours Last week, did How many hours Last week, did How many hours Last week, did How many hours did [NAME] do this [NAME] fetch did [NAME] do this [NAME] collect any did [NAME] do this [NAME] spend did [NAME] do this [NAME] do any did [NAME] do this activity last week? water from natural activity last week? firewood or other activity last week? any time preparing activity last week? construction activity last week? or public sources natural products for food or drinks to work her/himself for use by the use as fuel by the preserve them for to renovate, household? household? the household? (for extend or build example: flour, dried the household’s fish/meat, butter, dwelling? YES...... 1 YES...... 1 cheese, marmalade, NO...... 2 Q5a NO...... 2 Q6a spirits, alcoholic beverages, etc.) YES...... 1 NO...... 2 Q12a ID CODE YES...... 1 NO...... 2 Q7a HOURS HOURS HOURS HOURS HOURS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 44 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS Annex 2. Interviewer Training Manual Enumerator Manual For The Model Labor Module Designed For Multitopic Household Surveys SURVEY DESIGN NOTE This example manual corresponds to the Model Labor Module for Multitopic Household Surveys. Users are reminded that the content of this manual must be modified in sync with any modification to the labor module (questions, responses, numbering) and local context (key definitions, protocols, working age, etc). Example manual language for the optional section on own-use production of goods is also included. For further guidance on the labor module, see the LSMS Guidebook, Employment and Own Use Production in Household Surveys: A practical guide for measuring labor (Durazo et al 2021). This manual section is designed to be incorporated into a training manual for a multi-topic household survey or other surveys as needed. To be a stand-alone manual, additional key topics may need to be addressed (enumerator protocols for approaching households and obtaining interview permission; roles of enumerators, supervisors, and field managers; etc.). LABOR MODULE Description: The Labor Module includes two sections – the main section on labor plus an additional section on own- use production of goods. This (main labor) section asks about employment of all household members of working age, defined in this survey as 15 years or older [working age is different across countries and should be adapted accordingly]. Respondent: Every effort should be made to allow household members to answer for themselves. When this is not possible, a proxy respondent is preferable to not being able to collect the data. Reference period: As per international standards, the reference period is last week – being the last full/completed week prior to the date of the interview. For example, if the interview is conducted on a Tuesday September 15th, the reference period is from Monday of the week prior through last Sunday, and would be explained as, “last week, that is from Monday September 7th up to Sunday September 13th.” If the interview is on a Thursday, or any other day of that same week, the refer- ence period remains the same. Although asking about “last week” is sufficient for most questions, the full reference period (with dates, as indicated above), should be used at the start of the interview and as needed throughout to help prompt the respondent in recalling information from the correct time frame. General conventions for administering the labor module: • Regular text: Indicates text to be read out loud to the respondent. • ALL CAPS: indicates response categories and filters that are NOT to be ready out loud. -- It is especially important to follow this guidance regarding response options, as in some such cases reading the options may bias the respondent’s answer. -- When responses are not read out loud, code the most appropriate answer based on the respondent’s answer. If there is any double about which code is appropriate, consult with your supervisor immediately after the interview. Annex 2. Interviewer Training Manual 45 • [PARENTHESIS]: Indicates that a choice or a substitution must be made. When using CAPI, substitutions should be automatically filled in. • Bold text: Should be emphasized when asking respondent. • Question numbers beginning with E (E1, E2, etc) are instructions or guidance for the enumerator, to ensure proper flow of the questionnaire. In CAPI interviews, most of these will be programmed directly into the flow of the questionnaire. • Skip instructions: Some questions are not asked of everyone but instead depend on the answer to previous questions. An arrow or the symbol “” instructs which question to skip to. Read through the entire questionnaire carefully to understand the flow of questions. Definitions: • Work is any paid or unpaid activity to produce goods and services (i.e., any productive activity). This includes employ- ment (see below) as well as time spent providing services or producing goods for own use. Own-use work includes both goods (e.g., farming, fishing, preserving foods for storage, sewing your own clothes) and services (e.g., childcare, eldercare, food and meal preparation for immediate consumption, other household chores). • Employment is a specific subset of work, defined as work done for pay or profit. The questions in this module will help you work with the respondent to determine which activities qualify as employment. Respondent ID Identification code of all household members E1 Is the respondent 15 years or older? 0a Enumerator: Is [NAME] reporting for him/herself? Every effort should be made to collect information directly from each household member regarding their own labor activities. Only when this is not possible, information can be collected from another adult household member. 0b Enumerator: Who is responding on behalf of [NAME]? Write or select the identification code of the proxy respondent. 46 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS Wage 1a Worked for someone else for pay Select ‘YES’ if last week the person did any form of paid work that was not for a household member, for one hour or more. The question is asked of everyone and intended to capture persons working for pay for someone else, for example as employees or paid apprentices, including casual, informal, and part-time employees. Paid agricultural work for others (not the respondent’s own household) is included. Payment covers all forms of remuneration – wage, salary, tips, commissions, etc – paid in cash or in-kind or under a commitment of deferred payment. This question excludes persons who worked as self-employed, for example in a business or market-oriented activity with the intention of earning a profit, or those helping in a household enterprise. These persons will be captured in subsequent questions. 1b Hours worked last week Record the total number of hours the person worked for a wage, salary or any other pay during the last week. Record the hours actually worked, not the number of hours they normally or usually work in a week. Include break times but exclude commute time (the time going to and from work). Non-Farm Household Enterprise (NFE) 2a Run a non-farm household enterprise Select ‘YES’ if last week the person worked in a NFE that they manage or operate, for one hour or more. NFEs are also commonly referred to as household businesses and include any kind of business activity to earn an income in the form of profits (in cash or in kind) such as craftsman, hairdresser, shopkeeper, making and selling of food, medical practice, and so on. Only include here business activities for which the person manages or operates the NFE, meaning they make decisions about running the business, such as the types of good and services offered, hours of operation, the hiring of employees (when applicable), etc. Include all businesses the person operated/managed last week, even if at the time any were not making a profit or were incurring a loss. This question excludes household farming, livestock, fishing, and forestry (hunting/foraging) activities; these persons should be captured in question 4a (see below). Exclude persons who worked last week in any kind of paid job (employees or paid apprentices); these persons should have been captured in question 1a. 2b Hours worked Record the total number of hours the person worked last week in any and all non-farm enterprises or household businesses that they manage or operate. Record the hours actually worked, not the number of hours they usually or normally would have worked. Include break times, but exclude commute time (the time going to and from work). 3a Worked in a non-farm household enterprise Select ‘YES’ if the person worked in a NFE operated by another household member last week, for one hour or more. Exclude enterprises in which the person makes decisions about running the business; these actvities should have been captured in question 2a. 3aa Recovery question for working in a non-farm household enterprise Select ‘YES’ if last week the person did any activities to help another household member in any NFE for one hour or more. This question is asked when the answer to Q3a is ‘NO’. Some respondents may spend time contributing to these NFEs but may not consider their input to qualify as a job or work. However, for the purpose of this survey, these activities are classified as work and additional information must be collected from the respondent. The question intentionally does not include the word “work”, and any translations or explanations should exclude the word as well. 3b Hours worked Record the total number of hours the person worked last week in any NFEs operated by another household member. Record the hours actually worked, not the number of hours they usually or normally would have worked. Include break times but exclude commute time (the time going to and from work). Annex 2. Interviewer Training Manual 47 Farming & Related Activities 4a Worked on household crops, livestock, fishing/fisheries, and forest-related activities Select ‘YES’ if the person did any of the following work last week, for one hour or more: • Any farming-related work on land owned, rented, or otherwise used by members of this household. Exclude paid farming work on non-household land, which should be captured in question 3a. • Any livestock-related work with animals owned or rented by members of this household. This includes breeding, raising, or caring for livestock (cattle, sheep, goats, etc) as well as any other animals raised for meat, goods, or services (donkeys, poultry, rabbits, bees, etc). Exclude employment looking after another household’s animals (e.g.,work for payment as a herder), which should be captured in 1a. • Any fishing-related work, such as fishing, aquaculture, shellfish collection, etc. Exclude employment in fishing and aquaculture activities (e.g., work for a non-household member for payment as a fisherman), which should be captured in 1a. • Any forestry-related work, such as collecting wood or plants, foraging for food or other goods, and hunting in forests or other uncultivated areas (grasslands, seashores, etc). Exclude employment in forestry activities (e.g., working for a non-household member for payment in any of these areas, receiving payments for forest services), which should be captured in 1a. 4aa Recovery question for household farming Select ‘YES’ if the person helped last week in any of the farming, livestock, fishing, or forestry activities listed above, for one hour or more. This question is asked when the answer to Q4a is ‘NO’. Some respondents may spend time contributing to these activities but may not consider their input to qualify as work. However, for the purpose of this survey, these activities are classified as work and additional information must be collected from the respondent. The question intentionally does not include the word “work” and any translations or explanations should exclude the word as well. 4b Hours worked Record the total number of hours the person worked in any of these household agricultural and related activities last week. Record the hours actually worked, not the number of hours they usually or normally would have worked. Include break times but exclude commute time (the time going to and from work). 5 Main intended destination of production The main intended destination of the products from the person’s work in household farming, fishing, livestock, or forestry activities. This question relates specifically to the output of each person’s own work in farming, fishing, livestock or forestry activity, not the total output of the household. Ask the respondent to select the answer that applies best. ONLY FOR SALE means that the person intends to sell all the output from their work in these activities. MAINLY FOR SALE means a more than half of the output from this person’s activities was/will be sold or bartered, but some lesser portion was/will be consumed by the household. MAINLY FOR HOUSEHOLD USE means a more than half of the output from this person’s activities was/will be consumed by the household, but some lesser portion was/will be sold or bartered. ONLY FOR HOUSEHOLD UES means that all the output from this person’s activities will be consumed by the household. 48 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS General Recovery Questions These questions are to assess whether the person’s activities during last week qualified as work or employment. If the person has NOT yet confirmed any employment, additional questions are asked (to see if any activities that qualify as work or employment can be “recovered”). E2 Enumerator: Review questions Q1a, Q2a, Q3a, and Q4a, Q3aa, and Q4aa: Is there any YES? Q6a – Q7 are only asked if the response to this is ‘NO’. 6a Run a business, farm, or do any income-generating activity Record ‘YES’ if the person ran/operated any sort of activity meant to generate income, such as making things for sale, buying or reselling things, provided paid services, growing products, raising animals, catching fish, hunting or foraging for sale. This includes all activities explained above in Q2a, Q3a, and Q4a. The words “work”, “job”, or “employment” MUST NOT be used, as the intent is to capture activities that meet the definition of work or employment even when individuals themselves do not consider the activities to do so. 6aa Help with a business, farm or paid job of another household member Record YES if the person HELPED any household member with their activities in any sort of work or employment listed in Q1a, Q2a, Q3a, and Q4a. If a respondent helps another household member with their paid job (e.g., activities under Q1a and not a household enterprise), and the respondent is not paid for this activity, this qualifies as employment. Examples of such work include a son who helps his mother grade papers, where the mother is employed as an elementary school teacher; and a wife who helps her husband cut vegetables, as part of his paid employment as a cook at a restaurant (that is not owned by the household). Both the wife and the son are classified as employed, although not affiliated with the school nor with the restaurant. A respondent who “helps” with activities of a household enterprise of another household member is classified as an employed. As in the previous question, the words “work”, “job”, or “employment” MUST NOT be used; again, the intent is to capture activities that meet the definition of work or employment even when individuals themselves do not consider the activities to do so. 6b Hours worked Record the total number of hours the person worked or helped in any of these activities last week. Record the hours actually worked, not the number of hours they usually or normally would have worked. Include break times but exclude commute time (the time going to and from work). 6c Work was on crops, livestock, fishing, or forestry activities Record ‘YES’ for any of the activities explained above in Q4a. 7 Main intended destination of production See Q5 above for guidance. E3 Enumerator: does Q5=3 or 4, or Q7=3 or 4? This confirms whether the work performed is employment (when the goods are for the market) or own-use production of goods (when the goods are for household use). E4 Instructions for which section to ask next, based on responses so far. Annex 2. Interviewer Training Manual 49 Temporary Absence Asked only of persons that did not report any work at all (questions Q1a, Q2a, Q3a, Q3aa, Q4a, Q4aa, Q6a, and Q6aa are ALL NO). 8 Absence from a job, business, or household farm Select ‘YES’ if the person normally or regularly works in a job, business, or household farm (incl. agriculture, livestock, fishing, forestry) and expects to return to this activity. 9 Reason for absence Record the main reason why the person was temporarily absent from their normal or regular work last week. DO NOT read response categories out loud. • Code 2: Includes all persons who indicated not having worked in the reference period because it was their low or off-season. This excludes short periods (e.g., less than two weeks) of low activity during the active season, which should be coded as 3. • Code 3: Includes situations where the respondent was not working for the entire reference period due to the working time arrangement or the nature of the work. This includes for example, persons who work on schedules such as two weeks on and two weeks off; persons on time off as compensation for time previously worked and other flexible working time arrangements. It also includes persons working in agriculture or in other industries where the nature of their work may include short periods (e.g., lasting 1-2 weeks) with no activity during the productive cycle. Note, however, that the off-season should be recorded as Code 2. • Code 6: Refers to the statutory period of maternity or paternity leave around the time of childbirth, as established in national legislation. It excludes maternal or parental leave that may be requested at different times for childcare purposes, which should be recorded as Code 8. • Code 7: Includes all kinds of education or training, not paid by nor required by the employer. Note that persons attending education or training covered by the employer are to be considered as “Employed, at work” and captured in Q1a as such. • Code 9: Includes involuntary breaks due to work interruptions for economic reasons such as a lack of available business, a lack of materials, difficulties with permits, etc. This also includes any absence where a person is temporarily laid off by their employer. • Code 11: This includes only people who were involved in a labor dispute. Involuntary absences because of a labor dispute involving others (e.g., strike of public transport affecting the respondent’s ability to get to work) should be coded as 9. • Code 12: Refers to involuntary breaks in work due to long term disability. 10 Return to work within 3 months Refers to the expected total duration of the absence and includes both the time already absent plus the expected future period of absence. If the respondent is unsure when they will return, probe them by asking if they think it will be more or less than 3 months in total. 11 Continued work during low or off-season Asked only when reason for absence is because of the low or off-season (Q9=2). Record ‘YES’ if, during the period considered as low or off-season, the person continued to perform at least some of the tasks or duties of their work. For example, clearing a field, applying fertilizer, checking orchards for overall tree health, buying supplies for a construction business, repainting their seasonal shop, etc. – anything in preparation for the high or active season. 12a Work was on crops, livestock, fishing, or forestry activities Record ‘YES’ for any of the activities indicated above in Q4a. 12 Main intended destination of production See Q5 above for guidance. 50 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS Job Search Asked only of persons that do not have any employment. This includes persons with (a) no work in any activity or (b) work ONLY in household farming/livestock/fishing/forests where the intended use of output is only or mainly for household use. These questions will help in measuring unemployment and other types of labor underutilization. 13 Efforts to find a paid job Select ‘YES’ if the person has taken any concrete action in the last four weeks to find paid work, such as actively asking around for work, applying for jobs, registering with a public or private employment agency, etc. Select ‘NO’ if the person wanted to find work but did not actively do anything towards it or if the person actively looked for work more than four weeks ago and in the meantime was only waiting to hear back from someone. 14 Efforts to start a business Select ‘YES’ if the person has taken any concrete action in the last four weeks to start a business, such as seeking financial help for a proposed business, developing a business plan, applying for a permit, etc. Select ‘NO’ if the person wanted to start a business but did not actively do anything towards it. Asked only of persons who answered ‘NO’ to the previous question (Q13=2). 15 Main actions to find paid work or start a business Record the main actions taken by the person in the last four weeks to find paid work or start a business. RECORD UP TO 2 ACTIONS. If the person reports doing only one thing, probe for anything else; if there is nothing else, use code 15 (NO SECOND ACTIVITY) for Action 2. DO NOT read response categories out loud. 16 Length of time trying to find paid work or start a business Record the amount of time the person has been without work and actively trying to find a job or start a business. For example, if the respondent has been looking for work for 6 months but did some work for pay 3 months ago then the duration for Q16 would be 3 months. DO NOT read response categories out loud. 17 Desire to work Record ‘YES’ if the person wants to work at present. Do not probe or question their response, regardless of any previous answers or information provided. 18 Main reason person did not try to find a paid job or start a business Asked only of persons who did nothing to find a paid job or start a business (Q13 and Q14 are both ‘NO’) but have a desire to work (Q17 is ‘YES’). Code the response for the main reason the person did not look for work in the last four weeks. If the respondent mentions more than one reason, ask them to confirm which one is the main reason. DO NOT read response categories out loud. 19 Availability to work last week Select ‘YES’ if the person reports being available to work in the last week, meaning the person had the time and capacity to work in any form if there had been any possibility to do so. Select ‘NO’ if the person reported having no time to work for any reason. 20 Availability to work within next 2 weeks Record ‘YES’ if the person is available to start working within the next two weeks if a job or business opportunity were to become available. This is only asked of respondents who were not available to work in the reference week (i.e., they said ‘NO’ to Q19). 21 Reason not available to start working Record the main reason why the person is not available to work within the next two weeks. This is only asked of people who are not employed and not available to work, but willing to work. DO NOT read response categories out loud. Annex 2. Interviewer Training Manual 51 22 Main activity at present Read ALL the options out loud and record what the respondent reports as the main current activity. This is a self-perception question. It should reflect what the respondent feels best describes their mainly activity. It could be the activity they spend most time on or the activity they feel is most important but should be up to the respondent to determine this. The notion of “at present” is to be interpreted as understood by the respondent (and does not have a pre-defined reference period as other questions do). Main Job Asked only of respondents who are defined as employed based on the responses provided thus far. This includes those who reported (1) work in any paid activity outside of household farming/fishing/livestock/forests; (2) work in household farming/livestock/fishing/forests where the stated intended use of output is only or mainly for sale; and/or (3) either of 1 or 2 above, even if absent during the reference week. 23 Multiple jobs Select ‘YES’ if the respondent has more than one job or business. A self-employed person who works for more than one client is not considered to have more than one job or business. A separate job should involve working in a different economic activity or in a different status in employment. For example, a person who runs their own business and also works as a government employee; or a self-employed person who runs a convenience shop during the day and drives a taxi during the evenings. For employees it refers to the number of employers they have, for example an employee of a real estate agency has one job, regardless of how many clients they might serve through that agency. E5 Statement for multiple job holders Read the statement to respondents who report having multiple jobs, to help identify their main job, which will be asked about in the following questions. NO RESPONSE IS REQUIRED. The main job is defined (as per international standards) as the one in which the person usually works the most hours, even if they were absent from it last week. If the hours of work are the same in multiple jobs, the main job/business is the one that generates the highest income. Care should be taken to ensure that respondents report on their main job even if they were absent from it last week. 24a, Occupation in main job /business (title and main tasks and duties) 24b Give a detailed description of the activity the person does in their main job, including the position, and type of industry and workplace, e.g., “cook in a restaurant”, “managing a restaurant”, “assistant in a pharmacy”, etc. Do NOT just write “restaurant” or “manager”. For example, if the respondent says he/she is a teacher, the interviewer should inquire further as to what type of teacher- primary school, vocational school, subject matter taught, language, etc. and then record both the title and the tasks and duties reported. DESIGNER NOTE, TO BE REMOVED FROM FINAL MANUAL: Many CAPI programs may have drop-down menus, auto-complete descriptions, or other programming features to help complete this section. The examples should be adapted to list nationally relevant tasks and duties. Detailed descriptions should be provided in the examples, as these are meant as guidance for the interviewer, and not to be read aloud. This includes examples of relevant main task and duties associated with that occupation (e.g., transporting goods between cities) to highlight the type of information required for detailed coding. When using PAPI, supervisors or coding specialist will fill in ISCO codes after interviews are completed. REPLACE THIS NOTE WITH INSTRUCTIONS SPECIFIC TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE FORMAT TO BE USED IN THE SURVEY.] 52 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS 25a, Industry in main job 25b Give a detailed description of the main activity of the establishment in which the work is carried out. For example, a cook in a restaurant works in a different industry than a cook at a hospital. DESIGNER NOTE, TO BE REMOVED FROM FINAL MANUAL: Many CAPI programs may have drop-down menus, auto-complete descriptions or other programing features to help complete this section. The examples should be adapted to list nationally relevant activity of the industry. Detailed descriptions should be provided in the examples, as these are meant as guidance for the interviewer, and not to be read aloud.When using PAPI, supervisors or coding specialist will fill in ISIC codes after interviews are completed. [REPLACE THIS NOTE WITH INSTRUCTIONS SPECIFIC TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE FORMAT TO BE USED IN THE SURVEY.] 26 Status in employment Status in employment refers to the type of relationship between the person and the entity they work for. Record the status of the respondent in the main job. • Code 1: The person owns and/or runs a household business (farm or non-farm enterprise) and may or may not have employees working for him/her. • Code 2: The person participated in any activity to support the operation of a business activity (farm or non- farm enterprise) of a household member living elsewhere. • Code 3: The person holds a job with a written or oral contract which gives them a basic pay that is not directly dependent on the revenue of the entity where they work. • Code 4: The person is paid on a temporary basis to acquire workplace experience or skills. • Code 5: The person helped with any of the tasks or duties of an employee job held by a household member living elsewhere. For example, a daughter who grades exams for his father as part of his job as a teacher. 27 Months worked (during past 12 months) Record the actual number of months, of the past 12 months, during which the person worked in their main job. 28 Weeks per month usually worked Record the number of weeks the person usually worked in their main job, during the months when they worked. If the number of weeks vary by month, ask the person to estimate an average over months actually worked during the last 12 months. 29 Days per week usually worked Record the number of days per week that the person usually worked in their main job, during weeks when they did any work. If the number of days vary ask the person to estimate an average over the last four weeks. 30 Hours per day usually worked Record the number of hours per day the person usually works in their main job, referring only to the days they worked. If the number of hours per day vary ask the person to estimate an average over the last four weeks. 31a, Usual earnings 31b Record the amount usually received, in cash or in kind. For those who are employed by others, record their combined wages, salaries, and other payments. For persons in self-employment or working in NFEs, record profits which means the total income minus costs. For any in-kind earnings, ask the respondent to estimate that value in local currency. Record also the time period this payment covers. Let the respondent report their earnings in whichever timeframe they prefer (hourly, monthly, etc) – as this will help them to report more accurately. 32 Type of enterprise/establishment Asked only of persons who report that they work for someone else in their main job (as an employee, or paid apprentice/intern, that is Q26=3 or 4). Record the type of enterprise or establishment for the person’s main job. If in doubt, probe to make sure you select the correct type. Government may be at different levels including Federal, state and local government and some of the workers may include teachers, hospital staff and police force. Annex 2. Interviewer Training Manual 53 32 b Place of work Record the physical location where the work takes place. This question is NOT asked to persons who work in government enterprises, international organizations or ambassies, or for private households as domestic workers. For example, a government doctor who works on call in different households works in government (code 1) even though the usual place of work may be the patients’ households. Moreover, a domestic worker hired by an agency should be recorded as code 4 (private household), while a nurse hired by an agency to work in a government hospital through an agency would be code 1 (government). 33 Incorporation of the business Record whether the business the respondent is working in is incorporated. Incorporation refers to the process of establishing a business/establishment with a separate legal identity from its owner(s), which limits the liability of the owners in case of losses by the business. 34 Registration of the business Record whether the business is registered in the national business register. This includes for example, registration under factories or commercial acts, tax or social security laws, professional groups’ regulatory acts, or similar acts, laws or regulations established by national legislative bodies. 35 Accounts and record-keeping Record what level of accounts/records (balance sheet, profit and loss statement etc.) the business keeps. The enumerator must read the response options aloud. • Code 1 refers to written accounts kept for tax purposes as per the national context. This may include business balance sheets, profit and loss statements, registers of assets, etc. It also includes simplified accounts required by tax or other public authorities for small business operators. Code 1 is not asking whether or not taxes are submitted/paid, but rather whether complete accounts are kept. • Code 2 refers to written records of accounts kept by the business for internal purposes and not intended for submission to the tax or other public authorities. • Code 3 means some records may be kept, for example receipts of purchases, lists of expenses or payments, but no balance sheets are maintained. • Code 4 means no records are kept. E6 Enumerator: Is Q26==3 or Q26==4? Q36-39 are only asked to respondents in a paid dependent employment relationship (e.g., employee or apprentice/intern). 36 Establishment size Record the number of persons working in the enterprise/establishment including the owner and the person themself. Include all workers regardless of their status in employment (employees, paid apprentices, contributing family workers, business co-operators, etc.), whether full-time or part-time, with a temporary contract or agreement, etc., even if absent during the reference week. 37 Status of contract Record the status of the person’s contract/agreement in their main job. For non-permanent jobs with contracts, record the total duration of the current contract or agreement, including both the elapsed duration and the remaining time. • Codes 1, 2, 3 & 4 cover various types of written agreements possible between the respondent and their employer which indicates their duties/role and working conditions. • Code 5 covers situations where there is no written agreement, but the conditions have been orally agreed between the respondent and the employer 54 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS 37b Taxes on employment Care should be taken to ensure answers refer to who is responsible for paying income tax, and not on whether or not any income tax is actually paid (for any reason, including for example, because the income earned is below a threshold required for payment of income related tax). Depending on the answer to this question, some respondents may be classified as self-employed even when they might self-identify as working for someone else (i.e., as employees, apprentices, etc.). 38a- Benefits 38i Record all types of benefits that are offered by the employer. Enumerators must read all options out loud and record YES or NO for each type • Paid annual leave or holiday/vacation leave: The person is entitled to a certain number of days of leave per year, without any reduction in salary. • Paid maternity or paternity leave: The person is entitled to paid leave for the birth of a child. • Paid medical/sick leave: The person is entitled to any paid absence from work in case of illness or for other medical reasons. • Health insurance benefits: The person’s employer is contributing to (paying for or providing) partial or full health insurance coverage. Note that the question is not asking if the person is insured, but whether the employer provides such benefits. • Pension/retirement account:The person is enrolled in a pension or other retirement benefit scheme through their main job, and their employer pays part/all of the contributions to it. Note that the question is not asking if the person has any form of pension, but whether the employer contributes to it. • Disability pension: The person is enrolled in a disability pension scheme through their main job. • Paid/subsidized meals at work: The person is entitled to paid/subsidized meals at their main job. Note that the question is not asking if the person is eating those meals, but whether the employer contributes to it. • Transport subsidy: The person is entitled to subsidized transport to/from their main job. Note that the question is not asking if the person is using this form of transport, but whether the employer contributes to it. • Other benefits: The person is entitled to any other benefits from their employer in this main job. 39a- Difficulties experienced 39e Record all difficulties that the respondents confirm they have experienced in their main job. Enumerators must READ ALL options aloud and record YES or NO for each type E7 Enumerator: Is Q23==1? E8 Statement for persons with multiple jobs Read the statement to respondents who reported having multiple jobs, to help them identify which one should be reported as their second job. No response is required. The second job is defined as the one where the person usually works the second highest number of hours, even if absent during the reference week. 40 - Details of second job 47 These are the same questions asked about the main job, but now asked about the second job. See above for guidance. 48 Looking for additional paid work Select ‘YES’ if the person has been actively searching for paid work during the last four weeks. This question refers to both (1) searching for an additional job to the current one(s) and (2) searching for a new job to replace the current one. The search can be within the current place of employment or elsewhere. Any active measure to seek employment should be recorded as a ‘YES’. Asked only of persons who have at least one job. 49 Desire to work extra hours Select ‘YES’ if the person wants to work more hours per week than usually worked (regardless of availability), provided the extra hours are paid. The extra hours may be in any of the current job(s) or in a different job. The question refers to the usual working hours in all jobs regardless of the hours actually worked in the reference week. Annex 2. Interviewer Training Manual 55 50 Availability to work extra hours Select ‘YES’ if the person reports being able to start working more hours within the next two weeks. The question refers to time availability with respect to their usual situation. 51 Total number of additional hours This refers to the person’s preferred working situation (not the maximum number they could feasibly work). Record the number of additional hours per week the person would be interested and available to work. The enumerator can remind the respondent to take into account the usual hours already worked in all jobs but should not calculate or determine the answer for the respondent. Asked only of persons who are available to work extra hours. 52 Desire to change employment Select ‘YES’ if the person would like to change their current employment situation. This question captures whether the person is satisfied with their current working arrangement. The response should not consider whether such a change is possible. If the person holds multiple jobs, this question refers to their overall employment situation and not just their main job. For example, a person may wish to change from having two part-time jobs to one full-time job and this should be recorded as ‘YES’. 53 Main reason for desire to change employment Record the main reason why the person wants to change their employment situation. The question refers to their overall employment situation, not just their main job. 56 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS OWN-USE PRODUCTION OF GOODS SECTION Survey Design Note: This section captures time spent working in own-use production of other (non-farm) goods, for a complete accounting of this type of work activities. This section is optional and should be used in survey or country contexts where comprehensive measures of participation in own-use production of goods are desired. As with the above manual section for the main labor module, this manual section must be updated and revised as needed based on survey and country context. The set of activities included should be reviewed and revised for country relevance. A sub-section for own-use provision of services will be forthcoming. Description: This section asks about own-use production of goods not covered in the main module (i.e., non-agricul- tural goods produced for household use). It is administered to all household members ages 15 years or older. The purpose of this section is to collect information on those engaged in own-use production of goods other than farming (or livestock or fishing or forestry activities), which are covered in the main module above. Respondent, reference period, and general conventions for administering this section are the same as the main labor module (see above for guidance). Respondent ID Identification code of all household members E1 Is the respondent 15 years or older? 0a Enumerator: Is [NAME] reporting for him/herself? Every effort should be made to collect information directly from each household member regarding their own labor activities. Only when this is not possible, information can be collected from another adult household member. 0b Enumerator: Who is responding on behalf of [NAME]? Own-Use Production Of Goods ALL questions refer to goods mainly or only for use by the household. E2 Statement for own-use production of goods Read the statement, making clear to the respondent what period of time is covered by the questions. 1a Gathering wild food Record ‘YES’ if the person gathered any wild food. This includes gathering wild fruits, nuts, mushrooms, roots and medicinal and other plants intended mainly for household use. DO NOT include any harvesting activities (crops, fruits, vegetables) nor cases where the respondent had to pay someone else for the products gathered (for example gathering apples in another person’s orchard and then paying for the apples). 1b, Time spent doing this activity last week 2b, Record the total amount of time the person spent in this activity during the reference period (last week, 3b, Monday through Sunday). This follow-up question (part b) is asked for every activity question that the 4b, person reports having done (part a = YES). 5b, 6b, 7b Annex 2. Interviewer Training Manual 57 2a Hunting animals Record ‘YES’ if the person spent any time hunting and/or trapping animals to obtain meat, hair, skin, bone, or other products mainly or only for household use. DO NOT include any activities that involve raising livestock or other animals. 3a Making goods (handcrafts) Record ‘YES’ if the person spent any time producing non-food household goods. This includes making pottery, furniture (e.g., cutting, carving, sanding, varnishing, painting, assembling wood products), clothing, and other textiles (e.g., weaving, spinning, sewing, leather work, embroidery, needlework, knitting, etc.); making shoes, footwear, handbags, carpets, baskets, mats, paper, paper products, soap, perfume, candles, utensils and so on. 4a Fetch water from natural or public sources Record ‘YES’ if the person spent any time fetching water from natural or public sources for household use. This includes drawing water from wells, rivers, ponds, or lakes; or fetching water from public distribution centers including pipes. Include as well time spent getting to and from the water source, as well as time spent waiting (in line) to access the water source. DO NOT include the purchase and transport of water from shops or the transport of water from different areas within the household compound, such as a private patio. 5a Collect firewood or other natural products for use as fuel Record ‘YES’ if the person spent time cutting, collecting, and/or transporting (e.g., on foot, using hand or animal carts) firewood, dung, peat, or other fuel products. DO NOT include activities to purchase products for use as fuels or transportation of purchased products. 6a Preparing food or drinks to preserve Record ‘YES’ if the respondent spent any time preserving food or drink for later consumption. This includes activities such as processing and preserving meat and fish products (e.g., curing, smoking, drying, salting); making dairy products (butter, cream, cheese, etc.); processing and preserving fruits and vegetables (e.g., pickling, salting, roasting, grinding, oil pressing, jam- and jelly-making, canning); processing grains (e.g., husking, drying, threshing); making flour, grain mill products, starches, and starch products; brewing, fermenting, and preparing drinks for storage. DO NOT include the preparation of foods/meals and beverages intended for immediate consumption or consumption in a short period after their preparation (e.g., meals which are prepared then frozen to be consumed later). 7a Construction work to renovate, extend, or build the household’s dwelling Record ‘YES’ if the person spent time on activities related to the construction and major repair of household dwellings and other structures (roof, walls, and fences; animal sheds; storage facilities for produce, garage; demolition or wrecking of building structures). Include time spent acquiring inputs and materials for construction or major repairs (collecting wood and other materials, making bricks, etc.) except when inputs and materials are purchased. DO NOT include time spent on rather minor maintenance activities such as painting, decorating, or maintaining the home, doing minor repairs, installing fixtures and fittings such as lights, bathroom fittings etc. (these minor maintenance activities are considered own-use production of services). 58 EMPLOYMENT AND OWN-USE PRODUCTION IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS Annex 3. Subpopulations of Special Interest The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recog- INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT nizes the important roles of youth employment and WORKERS international migration and decent work for both groups as core agents in alleviating poverty and fostering eco- International labor migrants account for the majority of nomic growth (United Nations 2015). While the general international migration. However, international standards labor module collects some information on these groups, regarding concepts, definitions, and methodologies are additional questions or modules would be needed to needed for comprehensive understanding of the num- supply a more complete picture. bers, characteristics, and employment patterns among these workers. Although methods and measures on inter- YOUTH WORKERS national labor migration and migrant workers depend on national contexts and policy priorities, the 20th ICLS has Consistent with the Global Initiative on Decent Jobs endorsed the first guidelines for collecting internation- for Youth, an alliance to scale up action and impact on ally comparable statistics on international labor migration youth employment under the 2030 Agenda, the 20th (ILO 2018b). The guidelines are consistent with the 19th ICLS recommends methodological standards for measur- ICLS standards on statistics on work, employment, and ing indicator SDG 8.b.1 on national youth employment labor underutilization and allow for core indicators on strategies. The ILO has highlighted the importance of migrant workers to be disaggregated by country of origin, considering youth aspirations and life goals in developing country of destination, and, where relevant, country of employment policies that can effectively match skills with labor attachment (that is, country where the survey is labor market opportunities (Gardiner and Goedhuys being conducted) or the country of previous labor 2020). Recent household surveys have collected data attachment. aimed at clarifying the types of work young people aspire to and what matters to them in a job or career (for OPTIONAL SURVEY QUESTIONS instance, Young Lives Survey, the School-to-Work Transi- tion Survey, and so on).21 Based on these experiences, the Surveys that reflect an interest in analyzing youth labor World Bank is developing a new questionnaire module aspirations or the employment status of international for household members ages 15–25 on youth aspirations migrant workers should consider collecting the follow- and employment, which has already been implemented in ing data, in addition to the data already collected in the Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda.22 model labor module. INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT WORKERS 21 The Young Lives datasets and questionnaires from the first five rounds • Nationality, usual residence, purpose of migration, and of household and child surveys are publicly available. See Young Lives: displacement experience (in multi-topic household Use Our Data (dashboard), Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, https://www.younglives. surveys, this information can be collected as part of a org.uk/content/use-our-data. For more information on the ILO School-to- migration module) Work Transition Survey, see SWTS (School-to-Work Transition Survey) (dashboard), International Labour Organization, Geneva, https://www.ilo. • Country of last usual residence or country of previous org/employment/areas/WCMS_234860/lang--en/index.htm. labor attachment (that is, the country where the migrant 22 Fordetails on the aspirations module, see https://thedocs.worldbank. worked before arriving in the country of the survey) org/en/doc/f9781b8a5c7e2bb39599214da8b27fe2-0050022021/original/ Youth-Aspirations-and-Employment-Module-June2021-draft.pdf Annex 3. Subpopulations of Special Interest 59 • Documentation (type of visa, residence permit, work YOUTH ASPIRATIONS permit, and so on) AND EMPLOYMENT • Duration of stay (in country where the household survey is being conducted) • Education history: level of education already achieved • Any restrictions on resident rights in the country of (in multi-topic household surveys, this information is the survey collected as part of an education module) • Remittances sent outside the country of the survey • Work history: age at the start of work, work experi- • Any employment restrictions (for instance, with regard ence gained previously, sources of income to undertaking or seeking work, changing employer, or • Future plans: intended activities after completing edu- work performed) cation or training programs • Aspirations: desired work, role models, social norms, migration interest SELECT LSMS GUIDEBOOKS Disability Measurement in Household Surveys: A Guidebook for Designing Household Survey Questionnaires Marco Tiberti and Valentina Costa January 2020 Trees on Farms: Measuring Their Contribution to Household Welfare Daniel C. Miller, Juan Carlos Muñoz-Mora, Alberta Zezza, and Josefine Durazo September 2019 Food Data Collection in Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys Prepared by The Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Food Security, Agricultural and Rural Statistics April 2019 Measuring Household Expenditure on Education Gbemisola Oseni, Friedrich Huebler, Kevin McGee, Akuffo Amankwah, Elise Legault, and Andonirina Rakotonarivo December 2018 Spectral Soil Analysis & Household Surveys Sydney Gourlay, Ermias Aynekulu, Calogero Carletto, and Keith Shepherd October 2017 The Use of Non-Standard Units for the Collection of Food Quantity Gbemisola Oseni, Josefine Durazo, and Kevin McGee July 2017 Measuring the Role of Livestock in the Household Economy Alberto Zezza, Ugo Pica-Ciamarra, Harriet K. Mugera, Titus Mwisomba, and Patrick Okell November 2016 Land Area Measurement in Household Surveys Gero Carletto, Sydney Gourlay, Siobhan Murray, and Alberto Zezza August 2016 Measuring Asset Ownership from a Gender Perspective Talip Kilic and Heather Moylan April 2016 Measuring Conflict Exposure in Micro-Level Surveys Tilman Brück, Patricia Justino, Philip Verwimp, and Andrew Tedesco August 2013 Improving the Measurement and Policy Relevance of Migration Information in Multi-topic Household Surveys Alan de Brauw and Calogero Carletto May 2012 Agricultural Household Adaptation to Climate Change: Land Management & Investment Nancy McCarthy December 2011 Living Standards Measurement Study www.worldbank.org/lsms data.worldbank.org