COMPARING REGULATION IN 183 ECONOMIES 62472 COMPARING REGULATION IN 183 ECONOMIES A COPUBLICATION OF PALGRAVE MACMILLAN, IFC AND THE WORLD BANK © 2009 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone 202-473-1000 Internet www.worldbank.org E-mail feedback@worldbank.org All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 08 07 06 05 A copublication of The World Bank, IFC and Palgrave MacMillan. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave MacMillan in the UK is an imprint of MacMillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS. Palgrave MacMillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10010. Palgrave MacMillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. 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ISBN: 978-0-8213-7961-5 E-ISBN: 978-0-8213-7965-3 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7961-5 ISSN: 1729-2638 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data has been applied for. Printed in the United States Contents Doing Business 2010 is the seventh in a tors, paying taxes, trading across bor- About Doing Business v series of annual reports investigating the ders, enforcing contracts and closing a Overview 1 regulations that enhance business activity business. Data in Doing Business 2010 are Starting a business 10 and those that constrain it. Doing Busi- current as of June 1, 2009. The indicators Dealing with construction permits 17 ness presents quantitative indicators on are used to analyze economic outcomes business regulations and the protection and identify what reforms have worked, Employing workers 22 of property rights that can be compared where and why. Registering property 27 across 183 economies—from Afghanistan The methodology for the employ- Getting credit 33 to Zimbabwe—and over time. ing workers indicators changed for Doing Protecting investors 38 Regulations affecting 10 stages of Business 2010. See Data notes for details. Paying taxes 43 the life of a business are measured: start- Research is ongoing in 2 new areas: get- Trading across borders 49 ing a business, dealing with construction ting electricity and worker protection. Enforcing contracts 55 permits, employing workers, registering Initial results are presented in this report. Closing a business 60 property, getting credit, protecting inves- Annex: pilot indicators on getting electricity 65 Annex: worker protection 70 THE DOING BUSINESS WEBSITE studies and customized country and regional References 73 Current features profiles Data notes 77 News on the Doing Business project http://www.doingbusiness.org/downloads http://www.doingbusiness.org Ease of doing business 97 Subnational and regional projects Rankings Differences in business regulations at the Country tables 102 How economies rank—from 1 to 183 subnational and regional level http://www.doingbusiness.org/ http://www.doingbusiness.org/subnational economyrankings Law library Acknowledgments 164 Reformers Online collection of laws and regulations Short summaries of DB2010 reforms, lists relating to business and gender issues of reformers since DB2004 and a ranking http://www.doingbusiness.org/lawlibrary simulation tool http://www.doingbusiness.org/ http://www.doingbusiness.org/reformers genderlawlibrary Historical data Local partners Customized data sets since DB2004 More than 8,000 specialists in 183 economies http://www.doingbusiness.org/customquery who participate in Doing Business http://www.doingbusiness.org/LocalPartners Methodology and research The methodology and research papers Reformers’ Club underlying Doing Business Celebrating the top 10 Doing Business http://www.doingbusiness.org/ reformers MethodologySurveys http://www.reformersclub.org Download reports Business Planet Access to Doing Business reports as well as Interactive map on the ease of doing business subnational and regional reports, reform case http://www.doingbusiness.org/map STARTING A BUSINESS v About Doing in redeploying resources, make it easier to stop doing things for which demand small and medium-size enterprises. A fundamental premise of Doing Business has weakened and to start doing new things. Clarification of property rights Business is that economic activity re- quires good rules. These include rules and strengthening of market infrastruc- that establish and clarify property rights ture (such as credit information and and reduce the costs of resolving disputes, collateral systems) can contribute to con- rules that increase the predictability of fidence as investors and entrepreneurs economic interactions and rules that look to rebuild. provide contractual partners with core Until very recently, however, there protections against abuse. The objective: were no globally available indicator sets regulations designed to be efficient, to be for monitoring such microeconomic fac- accessible to all who need to use them tors and analyzing their relevance. The and to be simple in their implementa- first efforts, in the 1980s, drew on per- tion. Accordingly, some Doing Business ceptions data from expert or business indicators give a higher score for more surveys. Such surveys are useful gauges regulation, such as stricter disclosure re- In 1664 William Petty, an adviser to of economic and policy conditions. But quirements in related-party transactions. England’s Charles II, compiled the first their reliance on perceptions and their Some give a higher score for a simplified known national accounts. He made 4 incomplete coverage of poor countries way of implementing existing regulation, entries. On the expense side, “food, hous- constrain their usefulness for analysis. such as completing business start-up ing, clothes and all other necessaries” The Doing Business project, launched formalities in a one-stop shop. were estimated at £40 million. National 8 years ago, goes one step further. It looks The Doing Business project encom- income was split among 3 sources: £8 at domestic small and medium-size com- passes 2 types of data. The first come million from land, £7 million from other panies and measures the regulations ap- from readings of laws and regulations. personal estates and £25 million from plying to them through their life cycle. The second are time and motion indi- labor income. Doing Business and the standard cost cators that measure the efficiency in In later centuries estimates of coun- model initially developed and applied in achieving a regulatory goal (such as try income, expenditure and material the Netherlands are, for the present, the granting the legal identity of a business). inputs and outputs became more abun- only standard tools used across a broad Within the time and motion indicators, dant. But it was not until the 1940s that range of jurisdictions to measure the cost estimates are recorded from official a systematic framework was developed impact of government rule-making on fee schedules where applicable. Here, for measuring national income and ex- business activity.1 Doing Business builds on Hernando de penditure, under the direction of British The first Doing Business report, pub- Soto’s pioneering work in applying the economist John Maynard Keynes. As the lished in 2003, covered 5 indicator sets in time and motion approach first used methodology became an international 133 economies. This year’s report covers by Frederick Taylor to revolutionize the standard, comparisons of countries’ fi- 10 indicator sets in 183 economies. The production of the Model T Ford. De Soto nancial positions became possible. Today project has benefited from feedback from used the approach in the 1980s to show the macroeconomic indicators in na- governments, academics, practitioners the obstacles to setting up a garment fac- tional accounts are standard in every and reviewers.2 The initial goal remains: tory on the outskirts of Lima.3 country. to provide an objective basis for under- Governments committed to the eco- standing and improving the regulatory WHAT DOING BUSINESS DOES nomic health of their country and op- environment for business. NOT COVER portunities for its citizens now focus on more than macroeconomic conditions. WHAT DOING BUSINESS COVERS Just as important as knowing what Doing They also pay attention to the laws, regu- Business does is to know what it does lations and institutional arrangements Doing Business provides a quantitative not do—to understand what limitations that shape daily economic activity. measure of regulations for starting a must be kept in mind in interpreting The global financial crisis has re- business, dealing with construction the data. newed interest in good rules and regu- permits, employing workers, register- lation. In times of recession, effective ing property, getting credit, protecting LIMITED IN SCOPE business regulation and institutions can investors, paying taxes, trading across Doing Business focuses on 10 topics, with support economic adjustment. Easy borders, enforcing contracts and closing the specific aim of measuring the regula- entry and exit of firms, and flexibility a business—as they apply to domestic tion and red tape relevant to the life cycle vi DOING BUSINESS 2010 of a domestic small to medium-size firm. sumer goods in a few urban areas. labor law.6 Doing Business measures one Accordingly: Such assumptions allow global cov- set of factors that help explain the oc- Doing Business does not measure all erage and enhance comparability. But currence of informality and give policy aspects of the business environment they come at the expense of generality. makers insights into potential areas of that matter to firms or investors—or all Business regulation and its enforcement, reform. Gaining a fuller understanding factors that affect competitiveness. It particularly in federal states and large of the broader business environment, does not, for example, measure security, economies, differ across the country. And and a broader perspective on policy chal- macroeconomic stability, corruption, of course the challenges and opportuni- lenges, requires combining insights from the labor skills of the population, the ties of the largest business city—whether Doing Business with data from other underlying strength of institutions Mumbai or São Paulo, Nuku’alofa or sources, such as the World Bank Enter- or the quality of infrastructure.4 Nor Nassau—vary greatly across countries. prise Surveys.7 does it focus on regulations specific to Recognizing governments’ interest in foreign investment. such variation, Doing Business has com- WHY THIS FOCUS Doing Business does not assess the plemented its global indicators with sub- strength of the financial system or national studies in such countries as Bra- Doing Business functions as a kind of financial market regulations, both zil, China, Colombia, the Arab Republic cholesterol test for the regulatory envi- important factors in understanding of Egypt, India, Kenya, Mexico, Morocco, ronment for domestic businesses. A cho- some of the underlying causes of the Nigeria and the Philippines.5 lesterol test does not tell us everything global financial crisis. In areas where regulation is complex about the state of our health. But it does Doing Business does not cover all and highly differentiated, the standard- measure something important for our regulations, or all regulatory goals, ized case used to construct the Doing health. And it puts us on watch to change in any economy. As economies and Business indicator needs to be carefully behaviors in ways that will improve not technology advance, more areas of defined. Where relevant, the standard- only our cholesterol rating but also our economic activity are being regulated. ized case assumes a limited liability overall health. For example, the European Union’s company. This choice is in part empiri- One way to test whether Doing Busi- body of laws (acquis) has now grown cal: private, limited liability companies ness serves as a proxy for the broader to no fewer than 14,500 rule sets. are the most prevalent business form in business environment and for competi- Doing Business measures just 10 most economies around the world. The tiveness is to look at correlations be- phases of a company’s life cycle, choice also reflects one focus of Doing tween the Doing Business rankings and through 10 specific sets of indicators. Business: expanding opportunities for other major economic benchmarks. The The indicator sets also do not cover entrepreneurship. Investors are encour- indicator set closest to Doing Business all aspects of regulation in a particular aged to venture into business when po- in what it measures is the Organisation area. For example, the indicators tential losses are limited to their capital for Economic Co-operation and Devel- on starting a business or protecting participation. opment’s indicators of product market investors do not cover all aspects of regulation; the correlation here is 0.75. commercial legislation. The employing FOCUSED ON THE FORMAL SECTOR The World Economic Forum’s Global workers indicators do not cover all In constructing the indicators, Doing Competitiveness Index and IMD’s World aspects of labor regulation. Measures Business assumes that entrepreneurs are Competitiveness Yearbook are broader in for regulations addressing safety at knowledgeable about all regulations in scope, but these too are strongly corre- work or right of collective bargaining, place and comply with them. In prac- lated with Doing Business (0.79 and 0.72, for example, are not included in the tice, entrepreneurs may spend consid- respectively). These correlations suggest current indicator set. erable time finding out where to go and that where peace and macroeconomic what documents to submit. Or they stability are present, domestic business BASED ON STANDARDIZED CASE may avoid legally required procedures regulation makes an important differ- SCENARIOS altogether—by not registering for social ence in economic competitiveness. Doing Business indicators are built on the security, for example. A bigger question is whether the basis of standardized case scenarios with Where regulation is particularly issues on which Doing Business focuses specific assumptions, such as the busi- onerous, levels of informality are higher. matter for development and poverty re- ness being located in the largest business Informality comes at a cost: firms in duction. The World Bank study Voices city of the economy. Economic indicators the informal sector typically grow more of the Poor asked 60,000 poor people commonly make limiting assumptions slowly, have poorer access to credit and around the world how they thought they of this kind. Inflation statistics, for ex- employ fewer workers—and their work- might escape poverty.8 The answers were ample, are often based on prices of con- ers remain outside the protections of unequivocal: women and men alike pin ABOUT DOING BUSINESS vii their hopes above all on income from business regulation, can be beneficial for regulations and their way of implement- their own business or wages earned in several reasons. Flexible regulation and ing them, while many poor economies employment. Enabling growth—and en- effective institutions, including efficient still work with regulatory systems dating suring that poor people can participate processes for starting a business and effi- to the late 1800s. in its benefits—requires an environment cient insolvency or bankruptcy systems, where new entrants with drive and good can facilitate reallocation of labor and DOING BUSINESS— ideas, regardless of their gender or ethnic capital. And regulatory institutions and A USER’S GUIDE origin, can get started in business and processes that are streamlined and acces- where good firms can invest and grow, sible can help ensure that, as businesses Quantitative data and benchmarking can generating more jobs. rebuild, barriers between the informal be useful in stimulating debate about Small and medium-size enterprises and formal sectors are lowered, creating policy, both by exposing potential chal- are key drivers of competition, growth more opportunities for the poor. lenges and by identifying where pol- and job creation, particularly in develop- icy makers might look for lessons and ing countries. But in these economies up DOING BUSINESS AS A good practices. These data also provide to 80% of economic activity takes place BENCHMARKING EXERCISE a basis for analyzing how different policy in the informal sector. Firms may be pre- approaches—and different policy re- vented from entering the formal sector Doing Business, in capturing some key forms—contribute to desired outcomes by excessive bureaucracy and regulation. dimensions of regulatory regimes, has such as competitiveness, growth and Where regulation is burdensome been found useful for benchmarking. greater employment and incomes. and competition limited, success tends Any benchmarking—for individuals, Seven years of Doing Business data to depend more on whom you know firms or economies—is necessarily par- have enabled a growing body of research than on what you can do. But where tial: it is valid and useful if it helps on how performance on Doing Busi- regulation is transparent, efficient and sharpen judgment, less so if it substitutes ness indicators—and reforms relevant implemented in a simple way, it becomes for judgment. to those indicators—relate to desired easier for any aspiring entrepreneurs, Doing Business provides 2 takes on social and economic outcomes. Some regardless of their connections, to oper- the data it collects: it presents “absolute” 405 articles have been published in ate within the rule of law and to benefit indicators for each economy for each of peer-reviewed academic journals, and from the opportunities and protections the 10 regulatory topics it addresses, and about 1,143 working papers are available that the law provides. it provides rankings of economies, both through Google Scholar.10 Among the In this sense Doing Business values by indicator and in aggregate. Judgment findings: good rules as a key to social inclusion. It is required in interpreting these mea- Lower barriers to start-up are associ- also provides a basis for studying effects sures for any economy and in determin- ated with a smaller informal sector.11 of regulations and their application. For ing a sensible and politically feasible path Lower costs of entry encourage example, Doing Business 2004 found that for reform. entrepreneurship, enhance firm faster contract enforcement was associ- Reviewing the Doing Business rank- productivity and reduce corruption.12 ated with perceptions of greater judicial ings in isolation may show unexpected Simpler start-up translates into fairness—suggesting that justice delayed results. Some economies may rank un- greater employment opportunities.13 is justice denied.9 expectedly high on some indicators. And In the current global crisis policy some economies that have had rapid How do governments use Doing makers face particular challenges. Both growth or attracted a great deal of invest- Business? A common first reaction is developed and developing economies are ment may rank lower than others that to doubt the quality and relevance of seeing the impact of the financial crisis appear to be less dynamic. the Doing Business data. Yet the debate flowing through to the real economy, But for reform-minded govern- typically proceeds to a deeper discussion with rising unemployment and income ments, how much their indicators im- exploring the relevance of the data to the loss. The foremost challenge for many prove matters more than their absolute economy and areas where reform might governments is to create new jobs and ranking. As economies develop, they make sense. economic opportunities. But many have strengthen and add to regulations to Most reformers start out by seeking limited fiscal space for publicly funded protect investor and property rights. examples, and Doing Business helps in activities such as infrastructure invest- Meanwhile, they find more efficient ways this. For example, Saudi Arabia used the ment or for the provision of publicly to implement existing regulations and company law of France as a model for re- funded safety nets and social services. cut outdated ones. One finding of Doing vising its own. Many countries in Africa Reforms aimed at creating a better in- Business: dynamic and growing econo- look to Mauritius—the region’s stron- vestment climate, including reforms of mies continually reform and update their gest performer on Doing Business indi- viii DOING BUSINESS 2010 cators—as a source of good practices for are lacking) and the time component DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHODOLOGY reform. In the words of Luis Guillermo are based on actual practice rather than The methodology for calculating each Plata, the minister of commerce, indus- the law on the books. This introduces a indicator is transparent, objective and try and tourism of Colombia, degree of subjectivity. The Doing Busi- easily replicable. Leading academics col- ness approach has therefore been to work laborate in the development of the indi- It’s not like baking a cake where you follow with legal practitioners or professionals cators, ensuring academic rigor. Seven the recipe. No. We are all different. But we who regularly undertake the transac- of the background papers underlying can take certain things, certain key les- tions involved. Following the standard the indicators have been published in sons, and apply those lessons and see how methodological approach for time and leading economic journals. One is at an they work in our environment. motion studies, Doing Business breaks advanced stage of publication. down each process or transaction, such Doing Business uses a simple averag- Over the past 7 years there has been as starting and legally operating a busi- ing approach for weighting subindica- much activity by governments in re- ness, into separate steps to ensure a bet- tors and calculating rankings. Other ap- forming the regulatory environment for ter estimate of time. The time estimate proaches were explored, including using domestic businesses. Most reforms relat- for each step is given by practitioners principal components and unobserved ing to Doing Business topics were nested with significant and routine experience components. The principal components in broader programs of reform aimed at in the transaction. and unobserved components approaches enhancing economic competitiveness. In Over the past 7 years more than turn out to yield results nearly identical to structuring their reform programs, gov- 11,000 professionals in 183 economies those of simple averaging. The tests show ernments use multiple data sources and have assisted in providing the data that that each set of indicators provides new indicators. And reformers respond to inform the Doing Business indicators. This information. The simple averaging ap- many stakeholders and interest groups, year’s report draws on the inputs of more proach is therefore robust to such tests. all of whom bring important issues and than 8,000 professionals. Table 14.1 lists concerns into the reform debate. the number of respondents per indicator IMPROVEMENTS TO THE METHODOLOGY AND DATA REVISIONS World Bank support to these reform set. The Doing Business website indicates processes is designed to encourage criti- the number of respondents per economy The methodology has undergone contin- cal use of the data, sharpening judgment and per indicator. Respondents are pro- ual improvement over the years. Changes and avoiding a narrow focus on improv- fessionals or government officials who have been made mainly in response to ing Doing Business rankings. routinely administer or advise on the legal country suggestions. For enforcing con- and regulatory requirements covered in tracts, for example, the amount of the METHODOLOGY AND DATA each Doing Business topic. Because of the disputed claim in the case study was focus on legal and regulatory arrange- increased from 50% to 200% of income Doing Business covers 183 economies— ments, most of the respondents are law- per capita after the first year of data col- including small economies and some of yers. The credit information survey is an- lection, as it became clear that smaller the poorest countries, for which little or swered by officials of the credit registry or claims were unlikely to go to court. no data are available in other data sets. bureau. Freight forwarders, accountants, Another change relates to starting a The Doing Business data are based on architects and other professionals answer business. The minimum capital require- domestic laws and regulations as well as the surveys related to trading across bor- ment can be an obstacle for potential administrative requirements. (For a de- ders, taxes and construction permits. entrepreneurs. Initially, Doing Business tailed explanation of the Doing Business The Doing Business approach to measured the required minimum capital methodology, see Data notes.) data collection contrasts with that of regardless of whether it had to be paid enterprise or firm surveys, which capture up front or not. In many economies only INFORMATION SOURCES FOR THE DATA often one-time perceptions and experi- part of the minimum capital has to be Most of the indicators are based on laws ences of businesses. A corporate lawyer paid up front. To reflect the actual po- and regulations. In addition, most of the registering 100–150 businesses a year tential barrier to entry, the paid-in mini- cost indicators are backed by official fee will be more familiar with the process mum capital has been used since 2004. schedules. Doing Business respondents than an entrepreneur, who will register This year’s report includes changes both fill out written surveys and provide a business only once or maybe twice. A in the core methodology for one set of references to the relevant laws, regu- bankruptcy judge deciding dozens of indicators, those on employing work- lations and fee schedules, aiding data cases a year will have more insight into ers. The assumption for the standardized checking and quality assurance. bankruptcy than a company that may case study was changed to refer to a For some indicators part of the undergo the process. small to medium-size company with 60 cost component (where fee schedules employees rather than 201. The scope of ABOUT DOING BUSINESS ix the question on night and weekly holiday PILOT INDICATORS ON GETTING try Doing Business examined whether ELECTRICITY work has been limited to manufacturing national laws follow the minimum age activities in which continuous opera- Where the quality and accessibility of threshold for general access to employ- tion is economically necessary. Legally infrastructure services are poor, com- ment (14 or 15 years, depending on the mandated wage premiums for night and panies’ productivity and growth suffer. development of the country’s economy weekly holiday work up to a threshold According to firm surveys in 89 econo- and educational facilities), for hazardous are no longer considered a restriction. In mies, electricity was one of the big- work (18 years) and for light work (12 or addition, the calculation of the minimum gest constraints to their business.14 The 13 years, depending on the development wage ratio was modified to ensure that an Doing Business pilot data set on getting of the country’s economy and educa- economy would not benefit in the scor- electricity is the first to compare dis- tional facilities). ing from lowering the minimum wage to tribution utilities around the world on In the future the research will ex- below $1.25 a day, adjusted for purchas- how efficiently they respond to customer pand to more economies and to more ing power parity. This level is consistent requests for connections. areas covered by the core labor stan- with recent World Bank adjustments to The pilot indicators track the process dards. On the basis of this, Doing Busi- the absolute poverty line. Finally, the cal- a standardized local private business goes ness plans to develop a worker protec- culation of the redundancy cost was ad- through in obtaining an electricity con- tion indicator, a process that will benefit justed so that having severance payments nection. By applying its methodology to from the advice of a consultative group or unemployment protections below a electricity provision, Doing Business aims with broad representation of stakehold- certain threshold does not mean a better to illustrate some of the real implications ers. The ILO, which has leadership on score for an economy. of weak infrastructure services for en- the core labor standards, will serve as All changes in methodology are ex- trepreneurs. The indicators complement an essential source of guidance in this plained in the Data notes as well as on existing data that focus on generation process. the Doing Business website. In addition, capacity, consumption prices and the re- historical data for each indicator and liability of electricity supply.15 And they economy are available on the website, allow further investigation of the effects beginning with the first year the indicator of the process of getting an electricity 1. The standard cost model is a quantita- tive methodology for determining the or economy was included in the report. connection on economic outcomes. administrative burdens that regulation To provide a comparable time series for imposes on businesses. The method can research, the data set is back-calculated WORKER PROTECTION be used to measure the effect of a single to adjust for changes in methodology and The ILO core labor standards consist of law or of selected areas of legislation or to perform a baseline measurement of any revisions in data due to corrections. freedom of association and recognition all legislation in a country. The website also makes available all origi- of the right to collective bargaining, the 2. This included a review by the World nal data sets used for background papers. elimination of all forms of forced or Bank Independent Evaluation Group Information on data corrections is compulsory labor, the abolition of child (2008). provided in the Data notes and on the labor and equitable treatment in employ- 3. De Soto (2000). website. A transparent complaint proce- ment practices. The Doing Business indi- 4. The indicators related to trading across dure allows anyone to challenge the data. cators on employing workers are consis- borders and dealing with construction If errors are confirmed after a data veri- tent with these core labor standards but permits and the pilot indicators on get- ting electricity take into account limited fication process, they are expeditiously do not measure compliance with them. aspects of an economy’s infrastructure, corrected. To complement these indicators, Doing including the inland transport of goods Business has launched research on the and utility connections for businesses. NEW THIS YEAR adoption of core labor standards in na- 5. http://subnational.doingbusiness.org. tional legislation. 6. Schneider (2005). This year’s report presents initial find- The initial research focuses on the 7. http://www.enterprisesurveys.org. ings in 2 new areas: the ease of obtaining national implementation of minimum 8. Narayan and others (2000). an electricity connection and the level age provisions included in 2 ILO conven- 9. World Bank (2003). of adoption in national legislation of tions on child labor: Convention 138, on 10. http://scholar.google.com. aspects of the International Labour Or- the minimum age for admission to em- 11. For example, Masatlioglu and Rigolini ganization’s (ILO) core labor standards ployment (1973), and Convention 182, (2008), Kaplan, Piedra and Seira (2008), on child labor. Neither of these pilot on the worst forms of child labor (1999). Ardagna and Lusagi (2009) and Djankov and others (forthcoming). indicator sets is included in the Doing This year’s report presents initial 12. For example, Alesina and others (2005), Business rankings. findings on 102 countries (see annex Perotti and Volpin (2004), Klapper, on worker protection). For each coun- x DOING BUSINESS 2010 Laeven and Rajan (2006), Fisman and Sarria-Allende (2004), Antunes and Cavalcanti (2007), Barseghyan (2008), Djankov and others (forthcoming) and Klapper, Lewin and Quesada Delgado (2009). 13. For example, Freund and Bolaky (2008), Chang, Kaltani and Loayza (2009) and Helpman, Melitz and Rubinstein (2008). 14. According to World Bank Enterprise Survey data for the 89 economies, 15.6% of managers consider electricity the most serious constraint, while a similar share (15.7%) consider access to finance the most serious constraint (http://www. enterprisesurveys.org). 15. See, for example, data of the Interna- tional Energy Agency or the World Bank Enterprise Surveys (http://www .enterprisesurveys.org). STARTING A BUSINESS 1 Overview FIGURE 1.1 Which regions have some of the most business-friendly regulations? DB2010 ranking on the ease of doing business (1–183) EACH LINE SHOWS AVERAGE THE RANK OF ONE RANK ECONOMY IN THE REGION 1 183 OECD 30 high income Eastern Europe 71 & Central Asia East Asia 83 & Pacific Middle East 92 & North Africa Latin America 95 & Caribbean South Asia 118 Sub-Saharan 139 Africa Source: Doing Business database. The past year was a tough one for doing 2008/09 more governments implemented infrastructure, both important factors in business. Firms around the world had to regulatory reforms aimed at making it understanding some of the underlying cope with the effects of a financial crisis easier to do business than in any year causes of the global financial crisis. Nor that started in rich economies but led to since 2004, when Doing Business started do they account for other factors im- a global economic downturn. Access to to track reforms through its indicators. portant for business at any time, such as finance became more difficult. Demand Doing Business recorded 287 such re- macroeconomic conditions, infrastruc- for many products fell in domestic and forms in 131 economies between June ture, workforce skills or security. international markets, and trade slowed 2008 and May 2009, 20% more than in But the regulatory environment for globally. Policy makers and governments the year before. Reformers focused on businesses can influence how well firms also faced big challenges—from stabiliz- making it easier to start and operate a cope with the crisis and are able to seize ing the financial sector and restoring business, strengthening property rights opportunities when recovery begins. confidence and trust to countering rising and improving the efficiency of commer- Where business regulation is transpar- unemployment and providing necessary cial dispute resolution and bankruptcy ent and efficient, it is easier for firms to safety nets as an estimated 50 million procedures. reorient themselves and for new firms to people risked losing their jobs as a result Reforming business regulation on start up. Efficient court and bankruptcy of the crisis.1 And all this in the face its own is not a recipe for recovery from procedures help ensure that assets can be of rising public debt as fiscal stimulus financial or economic distress. Many reallocated quickly. And strong property packages collided with tightening fiscal other factors come into play. The Doing rights and investor protections can help revenues. Business indicators do not assess market establish the basis for trust when inves- Despite the many challenges, in regulation or the strength of the financial tors start investing again. Recognizing the importance of FIGURE 1.2 firms—especially small and medium- Reforms more likely in low- and lower-middle-income economies size enterprises—for creating jobs and Distribution by income group of reforms making it easier to do business (%) revenue, some governments, including 65 64 66 those of China, the Republic of Korea, 59 Malaysia and the Russian Federation, 55 53 Low and lower middle income have included reforms of business regu- 45 47 lation in their economic recovery plans. High and upper 41 middle income 36 But most reforms recorded in 2008/09 35 35 were part of longer-term efforts to in- crease competitiveness and encourage firm and job creation by improving the regulatory environment for businesses. And most took place in developing econ- omies (figure 1.2). DB2005 DB2006 DB2007 DB2008 DB2009 DB2010 Source: Doing Business database. 2 DOING BUSINESS 2010 TABLE 1.1 The top 10 reformers in 2008/09 Dealing with Trading Starting a construction Employing Registering Getting Protecting Paying across Enforcing Closing a Economy business permits workers property credit investors taxes borders contracts business Rwanda Kyrgyz Republic Macedonia, FYR Belarus United Arab Emirates Moldova Colombia Tajikistan Egypt, Arab Rep. Liberia Note: Economies are ranked on the number and impact of reforms. First, Doing Business selects the economies that implemented reforms making it easier to do business in 3 or more of the Doing Business topics. Second, it ranks these economies on the increase in rank on the ease of doing business from the previous year. The larger the improvement, the higher the ranking as a reformer. Source: Doing Business database. DEVELOPING ECONOMIES SET A secured creditors and gives them abso- for their exports and a drop in capital FAST PACE—WITH RWANDA lute priority within bankruptcy. Rwan- flows and remittances. At the same time IN THE LEAD da’s new insolvency law streamlined re- businesses in low-income economies on organization procedures. average still face more than twice the reg- Low- and lower-middle-income econo- Reforms also included measures to ulatory burden that their counterparts in mies accounted for two-thirds of re- speed up trade and property registra- high-income economies do when start- forms recorded by Doing Business in tion. Delays at the borders were reduced ing a business, transferring property, 2008/09, continuing a trend that started thanks to longer operating hours and filing taxes or resolving a commercial 3 years ago. Indeed, three-quarters of simpler requirements for documents. dispute through the courts. Only 2% of such economies covered by Doing Busi- Reforms removed bottlenecks at the adults on average have a credit history in ness reformed. And for the first time a property registry and the revenue au- low-income economies, compared with Sub-Saharan African economy, Rwanda, thority, reducing the time required to 52% of adults in high-income economies. led the world in Doing Business reforms register property by 255 days. Developed economies have on average 10 (table 1.1). Five other low- or lower-middle- times as many newly registered firms per Rwanda has steadily reformed its income economies—the Arab Republic adult as Africa and the Middle East—and commercial laws and institutions since of Egypt, Liberia, Moldova, the Kyrgyz a business density 4 times that in devel- 2001. In the past year it introduced a Republic and Tajikistan—joined Rwanda oping economies.2 new company law that simplified busi- on the list of global top reformers. These Regulatory burdens can push ness start-up and strengthened minor- top 10 reformers are economies that, firms—and employment—into the in- ity shareholder protections (figure 1.3). thanks to reforms in 3 or more of the formal sector. There, firms are not regis- Entrepreneurs can now start a business 10 areas covered by Doing Business, im- tered, do not pay taxes and have limited in 2 procedures and 3 days. Related- proved the most on the ease of doing access to formal credit and institutions— party transactions are subject to stricter business. An economy’s ranking on the and workers do not benefit from the pro- approval and disclosure requirements. ease of doing business does not tell the tections that the law provides. The global Legal provisions determining directors’ whole story about its business environ- crisis is expected to further increase liability in case of prejudicial transac- ment. And opportunities for reform re- informal activity. Almost two-thirds of tions between interested parties were main—Liberia, for example, still ranks the world’s workers are already estimated also tightened. 149, and Tajikistan 152. Yet an improve- to be employed in the informal sector.3 Rwanda improved regulations to ment in this ranking does indicate that Most are in low- and lower-middle-in- ease access to credit through 2 new laws. the government is taking action to make come economies. And a disproportion- Its new secured transactions act facili- the local regulatory environment more ate share are from already vulnerable tates secured lending by allowing a wider conducive to doing business. groups, such as youth and women.4 range of assets to be used as collateral. Such reforms are as timely as ever. Most Doing Business reforms in de- The law also makes out-of-court enforce- Many firms in developing economies veloping economies still focus on cutting ment of movable collateral available to have been affected by lower demand red tape and simplifying bureaucratic OVER VIE W 3 FIGURE 1.3 New company law in Rwanda simplifies starting a business and strengthens investor protections 14 Starting a business 2008 Protecting investors Time to start a business (days) Improvement 9 12 (index 0–10) 10 2009 7 Time from 8 14 days to 3 5 6 4 3 From 8 to 2 procedures 2008 2 2 2009 1 0 1 8 Extent of Extent of Ease of Procedures disclosure director shareholder Source: Doing Business database. index liability index suits index formalities. Over the past 6 years 80% tate enforcement, a particular challenge given the right conditions, particularly of reforms in low- and lower-middle- in many developing economies where re- in low-income economies, simple mea- income economies were aimed at reduc- sources are scarce. Risk-based inspection sures can make a difference. Analysis of ing the administrative burden for firms, systems at customs or in the construc- 6 years of Doing Business reforms finds mostly by easing business start-up and tion sector allow public officials to focus that in relatively poor but well-governed trade. This makes sense and addresses their resources and attention where they economies, a 10-day reduction in start- important needs. When informal firms are most needed. up time was associated with an increase were asked in 2008 about obstacles to Some reforming governments have of 0.4 percentage points in the growth formally registering their business, 67% gone further, introducing new legisla- rate and 0.27 percentage points in the in Côte d’Ivoire and 57% in Madagascar tion to strengthen property rights and investment rate.7 cited registration fees as a major or very increase legal protections for investors. severe obstacle.5 Several postconflict economies, includ- INSPIRED BY NEIGHBORS, In easing business start-up and ing Afghanistan, Rwanda and Sierra REFORMERS PICK UP THE PACE trade, much can be achieved through Leone, introduced new company and cost-effective administrative reforms. collateral laws, laying the legal founda- In 2008/09 Doing Business reforms The one-stop shop for starting a business tions for future markets (table 1.2). picked up around the world, with at in Burkina Faso cost $200,000. Azerbai- Of course, many challenges remain. least 60% of economies reforming in jan’s cost $5 million. And the costs are far Banks in Afghanistan will not increase every region (table 1.3). Reformers were outweighed by the estimated savings for secured lending tomorrow just because particularly active in 2 regions, Eastern businesses—estimated at $1.7 million of new legislation on the use of movable Europe and Central Asia and the Middle a year in Burkina Faso, $8.4 million in collateral. To be effective, new legislation East and North Africa. In both, competi- Azerbaijan. Efficient systems also facili- must be well publicized and adopted tion among neighbors played a part in TABLE 1.2 by both the public and the private sec- motivating reforms. Top reformers in 2008/09 by indicator set tor. Moreover, regulatory reform does Economies in Eastern Europe and Starting a business Samoa not operate in a vacuum. New evidence Central Asia, the region most affected by Dealing with construction United Kingdom suggests that an economy’s governance the crisis, were the most active reformers permits structure and natural resources influence for the sixth year in a row. Twenty-six Employing workers Rwanda the motivation for reform.6 of the region’s 27 economies reformed Registering property Mauritius But even in difficult circumstances, business regulation in at least one area Getting credit Rwanda Protecting investors Rwanda creating a regulatory environment with covered by Doing Business. In 2004/05 Paying taxes Timor-Leste efficient administrative processes and and 2005/06 the 10 European Union Trading across borders Georgia strong protection of property rights can accession economies accounted for 84 Enforcing contracts Botswana set the stage for firms and investors reforms, 60% of the total in the region. Closing a business Malawi to take opportunities as the economy Others followed, with some good results. Source: Doing Business database. develops. New research suggests that Since 2004 private credit bureaus have 4 DOING BUSINESS 2010 TABLE 1.3 Rankings on the ease of doing business 2010 2009 2010 2010 2009 2010 2010 2009 2010 RANK RANK ECONOMY REFORMS RANK RANK ECONOMY REFORMS RANK RANK ECONOMY REFORMS 1 1 Singapore 3 62 51 Spain 1 123 123 Nepal 1 2 2 New Zealand 0 63 64 Kazakhstan 3 124 122 Paraguay 1 3 3 Hong Kong, China 3 64 53 Luxembourg 1 125 120 Nigeria 1 4 4 United States 0 65 60 Oman 2 126 124 Bhutan 1 5 6 United Kingdom 2 66 54 Namibia 0 127 125 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0 6 5 Denmark 0 67 143 Rwanda 7 128 130 Morocco 1 7 7 Ireland 1 68 59 Bahamas, The 0 129 127 Brazil 1 8 8 Canada 0 69 73 Tunisia 2 130 128 Lesotho 0 9 9 Australia 0 70 62 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2 131 126 Tanzania 0 10 10 Norway 1 71 77 Montenegro 4 132 131 Malawi 2 11 16 Georgia 2 72 72 Poland 4 133 132 India 1 12 12 Thailand 1 73 63 Turkey 1 134 144 Madagascar 1 13 15 Saudi Arabia 2 74 66 Czech Republic 3 135 140 Mozambique 2 14 11 Iceland 1 75 67 Jamaica 1 136 134 Algeria 4 15 13 Japan 0 76 70 St. Kitts and Nevis 1 137 142 Iran, Islamic Rep. 4 16 14 Finland 1 77 83 Panama 2 138 133 Ecuador 0 17 24 Mauritius 6 78 74 Italy 0 139 137 West Bank and Gaza 2 18 17 Sweden 0 79 79 Kiribati 0 140 135 Gambia, The 0 19 23 Korea, Rep. 2 80 75 Belize 0 141 136 Honduras 3 20 18 Bahrain 1 81 78 Trinidad and Tobago 0 142 146 Ukraine 1 21 19 Switzerland 0 82 89 Albania 3 143 138 Syrian Arab Republic 1 22 20 Belgium 2 83 76 Dominica 0 144 141 Philippines 3 23 21 Malaysia 2 84 81 El Salvador 0 145 139 Cambodia 0 24 22 Estonia 2 85 85 Pakistan 1 146 147 Cape Verde 2 25 27 Germany 2 86 102 Dominican Republic 1 147 155 Burkina Faso 5 26 25 Lithuania 1 87 71 Maldives 0 148 156 Sierra Leone 5 27 30 Latvia 2 88 90 Serbia 2 149 159 Liberia 3 28 26 Austria 0 89 86 China 1 150 145 Uzbekistan 2 29 29 Israel 1 90 99 Zambia 1 151 154 Haiti 2 30 28 Netherlands 1 91 88 Grenada 2 152 164 Tajikistan 5 31 31 France 2 92 87 Ghana 1 153 150 Iraq 0 32 69 Macedonia, FYR 7 93 91 Vietnam 2 154 149 Sudan 2 33 47 United Arab Emirates 3 94 108 Moldova 3 155 148 Suriname 0 34 32 South Africa 1 95 84 Kenya 1 156 162 Mali 5 35 33 Puerto Rico 0 96 94 Brunei Darussalam 1 157 152 Senegal 1 36 34 St. Lucia 1 97 92 Palau 0 158 151 Gabon 0 37 49 Colombia 8 98 93 Marshall Islands 0 159 160 Zimbabwe 1 38 38 Azerbaijan 2 99 103 Yemen, Rep. 3 160 168 Afghanistan 3 39 37 Qatar 0 100 104 Jordan 6 161 158 Bolivia 0 40 36 Cyprus 0 101 98 Guyana 2 162 153 Comoros 0 41 80 Kyrgyz Republic 7 102 95 Papua New Guinea 1 163 157 Djibouti 1 42 35 Slovak Republic 1 103 110 Croatia 1 164 173 Timor-Leste 1 43 50 Armenia 3 104 96 Solomon Islands 0 165 166 Togo 2 44 42 Bulgaria 2 105 97 Sri Lanka 1 166 161 Mauritania 0 45 39 Botswana 2 106 116 Egypt, Arab Rep. 4 167 165 Lao PDR 1 46 61 Taiwan, China 2 107 111 Ethiopia 3 168 163 Côte d’Ivoire 0 47 41 Hungary 1 108 101 Lebanon 2 169 170 Angola 3 48 48 Portugal 4 109 100 Greece 1 170 169 Equatorial Guinea 0 49 40 Chile 0 110 117 Guatemala 4 171 167 Cameroon 3 50 44 Antigua and Barbuda 0 111 105 Seychelles 0 172 172 Benin 2 51 55 Mexico 2 112 106 Uganda 1 173 171 Guinea 0 52 46 Tonga 1 113 107 Kosovo 1 174 174 Niger 1 53 58 Slovenia 2 114 109 Uruguay 1 175 175 Eritrea 0 54 43 Fiji 1 115 114 Swaziland 0 176 177 Burundi 0 55 45 Romania 1 116 119 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 177 178 Venezuela, R.B. 0 56 65 Peru 6 117 113 Nicaragua 0 178 176 Chad 0 57 68 Samoa 2 118 112 Argentina 1 179 179 Congo, Rep. 0 58 82 Belarus 6 119 115 Bangladesh 3 180 180 São Tomé and Principe 0 59 57 Vanuatu 1 120 118 Russian Federation 3 181 181 Guinea-Bissau 1 60 56 Mongolia 0 121 121 Costa Rica 1 182 182 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1 61 52 Kuwait 2 122 129 Indonesia 3 183 183 Central African Republic 1 Note: The rankings for all economies are benchmarked to June 2009 and reported in the country tables. Rankings on the ease of doing business are the average of the economy’s rankings on the 10 topics covered in Doing Business 2010. Last year’s rankings are presented in italics. These are adjusted for changes in the methodology, data corrections and the addition of 2 new economies. The number of reforms excludes reforms making it more difficult to do business. Source: Doing Business database. OVER VIE W 5 opened in 16 of the region’s economies. gion focused on making it easier to start FIGURE 1.4 Eastern Europe & Central Asia and Today 94% of adults in Serbia, 77% in a business or trade across borders. In Middle East & North Africa— Croatia and 30% in Kazakhstan and Ro- South Asia 6 of 8 economies reformed. In most active reformers in 2008/09 mania have a credit history. Five years ago, East Asia and the Pacific 17 of 24 did. Share of economies with at least 1 reform making it easier to do business (%) none did. Enterprise surveys show that Among OECD high-income econo- by Doing Business report year in 2008 fewer than 6% of firms expected mies 17 reformed, focusing mostly on to make informal payments to get things easing the corporate tax burden and Eastern Europe & Central Asia (27 economies) done in Estonia, Slovenia and the Slovak improving property registration sys- DB2005 74 Republic—a far cry from the 18%, 14% tems. Germany created a new form of DB2006 85 DB2007 82 and 33% in 2005.8 In the past 3 years limited liability company, doing away DB2008 78 reforms have been moving eastward from with start-up requirements that were DB2009 85 DB2010 96 the European Union. Albania, Belarus, more than 100 years old. Germany is the Kyrgyz Republic and the former Yugo- no stranger to regulatory competition. Middle East & North Africa slav Republic of Macedonia implemented In recent years, taking advantage of the (19 economies) DB2005 47 reforms in several areas for the third common EU market, German limited li- 47 DB2006 year in row. Inspired by their neighbors, ability companies increasingly registered DB2007 53 Kazakhstan, Montenegro and Tajikistan in the United Kingdom, where registra- DB2008 53 DB2009 63 increased reform efforts this past year. tion was easier and less costly, rather DB2010 90 Governments in the Middle East and than in Germany. The new law may South Asia North Africa are now reforming at a rate reverse this trend. (8 economies) similar to those in Eastern Europe and DB2005 50 Central Asia (figure 1.4). Seventeen of 19 TIMES OF CRISIS— DB2006 63 DB2007 25 economies reformed in 2008/09. Egypt, AN OPPORTUNITY FOR REFORM DB2008 63 Jordan and the United Arab Emirates DB2009 50 DB2010 75 were among the most active reformers. In Regulatory reform can be difficult and recent years economies in the region have take time, particularly if legal changes East Asia & Pacific (24 economies) increasingly picked up reform practices are involved. Some reforms also require DB2005 38 from one another. Eight of the region’s difficult political trade-offs. It is not sur- DB2006 46 economies have reduced or eliminated prising that most reforms recorded by DB2007 33 DB2008 46 their minimum capital requirement since Doing Business in 2008/09 were aimed DB2009 63 2005. Five of these 8 used to have among at reducing administrative burdens. At DB2010 71 the highest requirements in the world— least 30 economies improved processes OECD high income up to $120,000 in Saudi Arabia until for construction permitting, property (27 economies) 2007. Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Ara- registration or trading across borders, DB2005 78 DB2006 74 bia, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates while 61 eased business start-up. By con- DB2007 82 and the Republic of Yemen all operate trast, only 8 economies amended collat- DB2008 63 DB2009 56 one-stop shops for starting a business. eral or secured transactions laws—and DB2010 63 In 2008/09 reforms also intensified in only 11 amended labor regulations, 7 Sub-Saharan Africa other areas, simplifying processes for get- making them more flexible, 4 opting for (46 economies) ting construction permits, for trading more rigidity (figure 1.5). Outside pres- DB2005 22 across borders and for enforcing con- sures are often required to push through DB2006 30 DB2007 65 tracts through the courts. substantial legislative changes. In this DB2008 52 Reforms in Latin America and the sense the current crisis may represent an DB2009 61 DB2010 63 Caribbean also intensified, with 19 of 32 opportunity. economies reforming. Colombia, Guate- Historically, many reforms have Latin America & Caribbean (32 economies) mala and Peru each reformed in at least been prompted by recession or finan- DB2005 25 4 areas. And 3 Caribbean island states cial crisis. The East Asian crisis mo- DB2006 50 reformed for the first time—Grenada, St. tivated many economies to reengineer DB2007 56 DB2008 38 Kitts and Nevis and St. Lucia. their bankruptcy systems. Some, such DB2009 50 In Sub-Saharan Africa 29 of 46 as Singapore and Thailand, reformed DB2010 59 economies reformed in 2008/09, imple- laws to strengthen investor protections. Note: The Czech Republic, Hungary and the Slovak Republic were reclassified from Eastern Europe and Central Asia to OECD menting 67 reforms. As in the previous Postcrisis bankruptcy reforms were high-income in 2008. year, nearly half the reforms in the re- also carried out in Turkey in 2003/04 Source: Doing Business database. 6 DOING BUSINESS 2010 FIGURE 1.5 287 reforms in 2008/09 made it easier to do business—27 made it more difficult 61 Afghanistan Albania Argentina Armenia Bangladesh Belarus Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Colombia Egypt, Arab Rep. Ethiopia Germany Reforms Ghana making it Guinea-Bissau easier to Guyana do business Honduras Hong Kong, China Hungary Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Jordan 34 Kazakhstan Korea, Rep. Afghanistan Kyrgyz Republic Algeria 31 Angola Lebanon Liberia Algeria Belarus Luxembourg Bahrain Belgium Macedonia, FYR Belarus Bulgaria 27 Madagascar Bosnia and Herzegovina Burkina Faso Malaysia Burkina Faso Colombia Afghanistan Mali Colombia Czech Republic Armenia Mexico Croatia Estonia Azerbaijan Moldova Czech Republic Ethiopia Colombia Montenegro Egypt, Arab Rep. France Egypt, Arab Rep. Mozambique Georgia Guatemala Greece Niger Guatemala Hong Kong, China Guatemala Oman Honduras Indonesia Haiti Pakistan Hong Kong, China Ireland Honduras Peru Iran, Islamic Rep. Jamaica Kenya Poland Jordan Jordan Kyrgyz Republic Rwanda Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Latvia Samoa Kyrgyz Republic Latvia Macedonia, FYR Saudi Arabia Liberia Macedonia, FYR Mauritius Serbia Macedonia, FYR Mauritius Morocco Sierra Leone Mali Moldova Nigeria Singapore Montenegro Nepal Philippines Slovenia Netherlands Panama Poland St. Lucia Panama 7 Peru Rwanda St. Vincent and the Grenadines Portugal Portugal Serbia Syrian Arab Republic Saudi Arabia Belarus Romania Sierra Leone Taiwan, China Singapore Kyrgyz Republic Russian Federation Sri Lanka Tajikistan Slovenia Macedonia, FYR Rwanda Tajikistan Thailand Tajikistan Mauritius Singapore Turkey Togo United Arab Emirates Montenegro United Kingdom Vanuatu United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Peru West Bank and Gaza Yemen, Rep. Yemen, Rep. Uzbekistan Rwanda Zimbabwe Zambia Starting Dealing with Employing Registering Getting a business construction permits workers property credit West Bank and Gaza Kenya Honduras Argentina Cape Verde Reforms New Zealand Luxembourg Botswana making it Romania Maldives Madagascar more difficult Solomon Islands Portugal Sierra Leone to do business Sri Lanka Suriname Tanzania Tajikistan Uruguay Source: Doing Business database. OVER VIE W 7 45 Algeria Angola Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Benin 38 Brunei Darussalam Cameroon Albania Cape Verde Angola Colombia Armenia Czech Republic Azerbaijan Djibouti Bangladesh Fiji Belarus Finland Benin Guatemala Burkina Faso Iceland Cameroon Iran, Islamic Rep. China Israel Colombia Jordan Congo, Dem. Rep. Kazakhstan Georgia Korea, Rep. Grenada Kosovo Guyana Kyrgyz Republic Haiti Lao PDR Iran, Islamic Rep. Lebanon Jordan Macedonia, FYR Kuwait 18 Mexico Kyrgyz Republic Moldova Liberia Albania 16 Montenegro Malawi Colombia Oman Mali Algeria Estonia Peru Mauritius Botswana France Philippines Mozambique Burkina Faso Germany Poland Paraguay Costa Rica India Russian Federation Peru Egypt, Arab Rep. Kuwait 10 Lithuania Sierra Leone Portugal Ethiopia Colombia South Africa Rwanda Grenada Malawi Dominican Republic Spain Senegal Jordan Mauritius Indonesia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Slovak Republic Malaysia Philippines Macedonia, FYR Sudan St. Kitts and Nevis Mali Poland Mali Taiwan, China Sudan Mauritius Russian Federation Rwanda Timor-Leste Tunisia Norway Rwanda Sierra Leone Togo Uganda Papua New Guinea Samoa Tajikistan Tonga United Arab Emirates Peru Sierra Leone Tunisia Uzbekistan Vietnam Portugal Tajikistan Ukraine Vietnam Yemen, Rep. West Bank and Gaza Uruguay Protecting Paying Trading Enforcing Closing investors taxes across borders contracts a business Cambodia Sierra Leone Romania Congo, Dem. Rep. Lithuania Romania Tunisia Venezuela, R.B. 8 DOING BUSINESS 2010 FIGURE 1.6 consistent reformers. This year Singapore Three-quarters of economies have made it easier to start a business once again tops the rankings on the ease Share of economies implementing reforms in each Doing Business topic (%) 0 20 40 60 80 of doing business—for the fourth year Starting a in a row. And in the past year it contin- business Getting ued with reforms, implementing online credit and computer-based services to make it Registering property easier to start a business, deal with con- Paying struction permits and transfer property. taxes Trading across But while successful reformers Reform by Doing Business borders report year follow a clear direction in their policy Enforcing contracts DB2004–DB2010 agenda, they do not hesitate to respond Dealing with DB2010 only to new economic realities. Mauritius, construction permits the top-ranked economy in Sub-Saharan Closing a business Africa, just announced a new insolvency Protecting act “to maintain the viability of the com- investors Employing mercial system in the country.”9 workers Successful Doing Business reform- Note: Not all indicators are covered for the full period. Registering property was introduced in Doing Business 2005, and paying taxes, ers are comprehensive. Over the past 5 trading across borders, dealing with construction permits and protecting investors in Doing Business 2006. years Colombia, Egypt, Georgia, FYR Source: Doing Business database. Macedonia, Mauritius and Rwanda each and in Colombia in 1999. In the United WHAT CONSISTENT implemented at least 19 reforms, cover- States the Great Depression prompted REFORMERS DO ing 8 or more of the 10 areas measured the country’s first comprehensive bank- by Doing Business (figure 1.7). This broad ruptcy reform in 50 years. This past year As Doing Business has tracked regula- approach increases the chances of suc- 18 economies reformed their bankruptcy tory reforms over the past 6 years, some cess and impact. Recent research sug- regimes, as measured by Doing Business. patterns have started to emerge. Regula- gests that reforms in different areas tend This number may increase in the future tory reform tends to pick up when pres- to be complementary. One study finds as economies face the need to deal with sure rises. One reason can be increasing that after reforms reducing barriers to systemic distress. In times of recession, competition as economies join a com- entry in India, states with more flex- keeping viable companies operating as mon market or trade agreement, such as ible employment regulations saw a 25% a going concern and preserving jobs the European Union or the U.S.–Central larger decrease in informal firms.10 Other becomes especially important. And the American Free Trade Agreement. Finan- studies show that when economies open more quickly the assets of nonviable cial crisis and economic downturn are up their product markets to international firms can be freed up, the easier it is to another strong motivation for reform. competition, the benefits are greater if remobilize those assets. So is the need to rebuild an economy the cost of entry is lower. Lower barriers France and Germany were among following conflict, as in Liberia, Rwanda to entry allow firms to move more easily the first to reform bankruptcy systems in and Sierra Leone. toward industries that most benefit from response to the current crisis. In Eastern Whatever the motivation, govern- trade openness.11 Europe and Central Asia several econo- ments that succeed in sustaining reform Consistent reformers are inclusive. mies have recently started to do so. Lat- programs, as measured by Doing Busi- They involve all relevant public agencies via’s new insolvency law became effective ness, tend to have common features. To and private sector representatives and in- in January 2008, Lithuania’s in July 2008. begin with, they follow a longer-term stitutionalize reform at the highest level. And in December 2008 Estonia adopted agenda aimed at increasing the com- Colombia and Rwanda have formed reg- a new reorganization act that establishes petitiveness of their firms and economy. ulatory reform committees reporting di- a legal procedure enabling distressed Colombia, Egypt, Malaysia and Rwanda rectly to the president or prime minister. companies on the verge of insolvency to are all examples of economies incorpo- More than 20 other economies, includ- reorganize themselves, restructure their rating business regulation reforms into a ing Burkina Faso, India, Liberia, FYR debt and take other measures to restore broader competitiveness agenda. Macedonia, the Syrian Arab Republic their financial health and profitability. Such reformers continually push and Vietnam, have formed committees Such efforts are timely. The region’s aver- forward and stay proactive. Singapore at the ministerial level. Reforms in Egypt age recovery rate following bankruptcy and Hong Kong (China) rank among involved 32 government agencies sup- is 32%, far lower than the 69% in OECD the top economies on the ease of doing ported by the parliament. high-income economies. business and are also some of the most Successful reformers stay focused OVER VIE W 9 FIGURE 1.7 Consistent reformers continued reform efforts in 2008/09 Improvement in the ranking on the ease of doing business, DB2009–DB2010 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 183 Georgia Colombia 16 TO 11 49 TO 37 2 REFORMS 8 REFORMS Mauritius Rwanda 24 TO 17 143 TO 67 6 REFORMS 7 REFORMS Macedonia, FYR Egypt, Arab Rep. 69 TO 32 116 TO 106 7 REFORMS 4 REFORMS AVERAGE RANKING 30 71 83 95 118 139 ON THE EASE OF OECD EASTERN EAST 92 LATIN SOUTH SUB- DOING BUSINESS, HIGH EUROPE ASIA & MIDDLE AMERICA & ASIA SAHARAN DB2010 INCOME & CENTRAL PACIFIC EAST & CARIBBEAN AFRICA ASIA NORTH AFRICA Source: Doing Business database. thanks to a long-term vision supported by specific goals. Malaysia aims to be a fully developed economy by 2020. Co- 1. Based on estimates by the International lombian President Alvaro Uribe envi- Labour Organization. This year Doing Business improved the methodology sions a new Colombia in which, rather for the employing workers indicators than 60% of the population living in pov- to ensure that the existence of safety erty, most would be counted as middle nets is taken into account in the current measures of flexibility. For further de- class. Rwanda aims to become a technol- tails, see About Doing Business and Data ogy and trade hub in the region. The notes. Kyrgyz Republic wants to become the 2. Klapper, Lewin and Quesada Delgado center for regional regulatory excellence (2009). Business density is defined as in Central Asia, Azerbaijan the gateway the number of businesses as a percent- to the region. age of the working-age population (ages 18–65). Setting long-term goals and keep- 3. OECD Development Centre (2009). ing a steady course of reform might 4. Ardagna and Lusagi (2009). help economies recover from shocks, 5. World Bank Enterprise Surveys (http:// including the current global financial www.enterprisesurveys.org). and economic crisis. In the words of 6. Amin and Djankov (2009a, 2009b). Egyptian Minister of Investment Mah- 7. Eifert (2008). moud Mohieldin, 8. World Bank Enterprise Surveys (http:// www.enterprisesurveys.org). It is not just a crisis of the economy. It is 9. Mauritius, Corporate Affairs Division, a crisis of economic thinking. It is a crisis http://www.gov.mu. that is confusing many reformers . . . 10. Sharma (2009). [but] whatever crisis you are facing, you 11. Chang, Kaltani and Loayza (2009), need to make life easier for those who are Helpman, Melitz and Rubinstein (2008) endeavoring and working hard to create and Freund and Bolaky (2008). opportunities for jobs, and this is the least that we can be doing. 10 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Overview Starting a FIGURE 2.1 Top 10 reformers in starting a business business Average improvement (%) 2008 Rankings on the ease of starting a business 1. Samoa DB2010 DB2009 20 131 Dealing with construction permits 32% 43% 64% 99% 2. Belarus 7 98 Employing workers 3. Taiwan, China 29 119 Registering property 2009 53 133 4. Korea, Rep. Getting credit 5. United Arab Emirates 44 118 Protecting investors 6. Rwanda 11 64 Paying taxes 7. Madagascar 12 60 Trading across borders 8. Mozambique 96 143 9. Armenia 21 65 Enforcing contracts 10. Serbia 73 108 Closing a business Procedures Time Cost Paid-in minimum capital Source: Doing Business database. In April 1973, in the midst of the oil a job as the most effective way out of Benefits go beyond the firm level. A crisis, Frederick W. Smith started a new poverty.1 growing body of empirical research re- package delivery company. On its first Faced with today’s financial and eco- lates easier start-up to greater entrepre- night of operations it delivered 186 pack- nomic crisis, policy makers continue to neurship and higher productivity among ages to 25 cities. Today FedEx handles recognize the importance of private busi- existing firms, particularly in economies more than 7.5 million shipments a day nesses and entrepreneurs in creating jobs open to trade.5 A recent study using data worldwide. In the 1980s, during the eco- and driving growth. Some economies collected from company registries in 100 nomic downturn in the United States, a even included specific measures aimed economies over 8 years found that simple little-known television station struggled at encouraging formal entrepreneurship business start-up is critical for foster- to get off the ground. Now 1.5 billion in their crisis response. Economies af- ing formal entrepreneurship. Economies people in 212 economies watch CNN’s fected by earlier crises, such as Korea with efficient business registration have a 24-hour all-news channel. and Malaysia, were among the first to do higher entry rate as well as greater busi- Entrepreneurs launch new busi- so.2 The European Union Recovery Act ness density.6 nesses even in times of economic cri- of November 2008 outlined measures Another study found that in rela- sis—though most do not become global to make it easier for new businesses to tively poor but well-governed econo- players. Many start their business out incorporate, especially small ones. This mies, a 10-day reduction in start-up of necessity rather than to be the next focus is not surprising. The 23 million time was associated with an increase of global star. In many low- and lower- small and medium-size enterprises in 0.4 percentage points in the growth rate middle-income economies poor people the European Union employ around 75 and 0.27 percentage points in the invest- have seen starting a business or finding million people and account for half the new jobs created. In the United States FIGURE 2.2 TABLE 2.1 small businesses have created 93.5% of Starting a business: getting a local limited Where is business start-up easy— liability company up and running and where not? net new jobs since 1989.3 Rankings are based on 4 subindicators Easiest RANK Most difficult RANK Formal incorporation has several Preregistration, As % of income per New Zealand 1 Cameroon 174 benefits. The legal identities of compa- registration and capita, no bribes included postregistration Canada 2 Iraq 175 nies outlive their founders. Resources (in calendar days) Australia 3 West Bank 176 are often pooled as multiple sharehold- and Gaza 25% 25% ers join together to form a company. Time Singapore 4 Cost Djibouti 177 And companies have access to services Georgia 5 Equatorial Guinea 178 Macedonia, FYR 6 and institutions ranging from courts to 25% 25% Guinea 179 Belarus 7 Haiti 180 commercial banks. Among 388 informal Procedures Paid-in minimum United States 8 Eritrea 181 firms interviewed in the World Bank En- capital Procedure is Ireland 9 Chad 182 terprise Surveys of 2008 in Côte d’Ivoire, completed when Mauritius 10 final document Guinea-Bissau 183 Madagascar and Mauritius, 85% cited is received Funds deposited in a bank or with better access to finance and 68% better a notary before registration, Note: Rankings are the average of the economy’s rankings on the as % of income per capita procedures, time, cost and paid-in minimum capital for starting a access to markets as main reasons for business. See Data notes for details. Note: See Data notes for details. Source: Doing Business database. registration.4 STARTING A BUSINESS 11 FIGURE 2.3 WHO REFORMED IN 2008/09? Regional averages in starting a business—big improvements since DB2005 DB2005 DB2010 Procedures Time DB2010 DB2005 Sixty-one economies made it easier to (number) (days) start a business in 2008/09 (table 2.2). 8 8 East Asia & 41 52 Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa and Eastern Europe Eastern Europe and Central Asia had the most reforms. 10 7 17 40 & Central Asia For the first time a small island 11 9 Latin America 62 70 state led the way. Samoa’s new company & Caribbean act allows entrepreneurs to choose the 10 8 Middle East 21 42 & North Africa amount of capital for their company. A OECD flat fee replaced varying stamp duties. 7 6 13 27 high income And thanks to standard forms, entre- 11 7 South 28 51 preneurs can now opt not to use profes- Asia sional legal services. The new act also Sub-Saharan 11 9 Africa 46 62 eliminated the antiquated requirement for a company seal. 8 —GLOBAL AVERAGE, DB2010 36 —GLOBAL AVERAGE, DB2010 Belarus and Taiwan (China) were the runner-up reformers. Belarus simplified Cost Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita) (% of income per capita) its registration formalities by merging East Asia & 4 procedures, abolished the minimum 61 26 21 143 Pacific capital requirement, made the use of a 14 8 Eastern Europe 22 45 notary optional and removed the need & Central Asia 3 for company seal approval. Start-up time 50 37 Latin America 15 was shortened by nearly 4 weeks. Taiwan & Caribbean Middle East (China), having cut the minimum capital 52 34 130 742 & North Africa requirement in half in 2008, this time 8 5 OECD 16 45 abolished it altogether. It also did away high income with the business license, streamlined 39 27 South 27 50 company and tax registrations and intro- Asia Sub-Saharan duced time limits for incorporation and 172 100 145 201 Africa filings with labor authorities. Start-up time was shortened by about 3 weeks. 41 —GLOBAL AVERAGE, DB2010 60 —GLOBAL AVERAGE, DB2010 In addition to Samoa and Taiwan (China), 5 other economies in East Asia Note: Data refer to economies included in Doing Business 2005. Additional economies were added in subsequent years. Source: Doing Business database. and the Pacific reformed. Almost all in- troduced standard documents and single ment rate.7 Conversely, greater barriers tions, the question is why complicated registration forms. Hong Kong (China) to entry are correlated with higher per- procedures remain. One argument is that streamlined registration procedures and ceived corruption and a larger informal strict entry regulations provide more introduced a new incorporation form, sector. Vulnerable groups such as youth legal certainty and protection to the pub- merging 3 procedures into 1. Indonesia and women, because they mostly operate lic. Yet global practice shows that legal introduced standard registration forms, in the informal sector, are particularly certainty does not require costly and cut the requirement to obtain a certificate affected by barriers to entry.8 complex procedures. Look at the practice of company domicile and made business Recognizing the potential gains in New Zealand or Canada, both among and tax registration faster. Start-up time from making start-up easier, 134 econo- the top 10 on the ease of starting a busi- was cut by 16 days. mies have done so since 2004, through ness. There, thanks to links between Malaysia set up a one-stop shop 254 reforms recorded by Doing Business. agencies, entrepreneurs can start a busi- hosting the company registry, the In- Yet in many economies barriers to entry ness by filing information once. They land Revenue Board, customs, financial remain high. On average around the are free to decide on company capital institutions and the pension and social world, it still takes 8 procedures and 36 and need no approval from a judge. Re- security agencies. Singapore combined days to start a business (figure 2.3). formers focus on solutions to encourage tax and company registration in a single With so much evidence of the po- formal registration by making services online form. Thailand merged the ap- tential benefits of simple entry regula- accessible, fast, low cost and predictable. proval of the memorandum of associa- 12 DOING BUSINESS 2010 tion with business registration. with the company registry and expe- by simplifying administrative require- In Eastern Europe and Central Asia, dited registrations with pension and ments. Argentina now offers expedited besides Belarus, 12 other economies re- health funds and social security and publication for an additional fee. As part formed. Six reduced or eliminated the income tax authorities. Poland consoli- of ongoing efforts to simplify municipal minimum capital requirement: Albania, dated registrations with the company licensing across the country, Brazil no Armenia, Bulgaria, the Kyrgyz Republic, registry and statistics, tax and social se- longer requires a fire brigade license and Poland and Tajikistan. Albania’s elec- curity authorities. Serbia implemented started implementing online services in tronic registry became operational, cut- a one-stop shop combining company a number of districts in São Paulo. Co- ting the time by 3 days, and registration and tax registration. Slovenia automated lombia established a new public-private with chambers of commerce became vol- company registration, cutting the time health provider where employers and untary. Armenia, the Kyrgyz Republic by 13 days. Tajikistan made tax registra- employees can be registered within a and Slovenia reformed outdated com- tion faster and now requires municipal week. It also introduced online preen- pany seal requirements. The Kyrgyz Re- licenses only for specific activities such rollment with the social insurance sys- public accelerated registration, reduced as food and entertainment industries. tem. Guyana replaced a 6% registration the documents required and abolished Four OECD high-income econo- duty with a flat fee and accelerated tax the fees for statistical and tax registra- mies reformed. Germany created a new registrations through a single tax iden- tion. Kazakhstan cut registration with form of limited liability company, reduc- tification number for corporate, value the local tax office and simplified docu- ing one of the highest minimum capital added and labor taxes. ment requirements. requirements in Europe from €25,000 Honduras accelerated its company In FYR Macedonia starting a busi- to €1. Hungary put company registra- and tax registration process. Mexico es- ness now takes 4 days, because the cen- tion online, eliminating paper-based tablished an electronic platform for com- tral registry forwards relevant company transactions. Korea eliminated its mini- pany registration, saving 2 weeks. It also information to other institutions. Sev- mum capital requirement and dropped dropped the requirement for companies eral documents no longer have to be requirements for notarization. Luxem- to register with the statistical office. Peru notarized. Moldova offers an expedited, bourg replaced a 0.5% capital duty with implemented an electronic system allow- 24-hour company registration service a fixed registration fee of €75. ing payroll books to be submitted online for an additional fee. Montenegro uni- In Latin America and the Carib- at no cost. St. Lucia implemented an elec- fied name verification and registration bean 9 economies reformed, mostly tronic company registration system, and now name checks can be done online. St. TABLE 2.2 Vincent and the Grenadines abolished Simplifying registration formalities—the most popular reform feature in 2008/09 the requirement for a company seal. Simplified other registration formalities Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Belarus, Botswana, The Middle East and North Africa (seal, publication, notarization, inspection, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea- saw 9 reforms making start-up easier. other requirements) Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong (China), Egypt and the United Arab Emirates Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Jordan, eliminated the minimum capital require- Kazakhstan, Republic of Korea, Kyrgyz Republic, Madagascar, Moldova, Pakistan, Samoa, Slovenia, ment. Syria reduced the amount from Taiwan (China), Thailand, Republic of Yemen more than 40 times income per capita to about 10 times—still the highest in the Cut or simplified postregistration procedures (tax Albania, Argentina, Belarus, Botswana, Brazil, registration, social security registration, licensing) Cameroon, Colombia, Indonesia, Islamic Republic world. It also put registration forms on- of Iran, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Liberia, Mali, line. But higher publication and incorpo- Montenegro, Niger, Samoa, Slovenia, St. Vincent ration fees almost doubled the total cost. and the Grenadines The Islamic Republic of Iran streamlined Abolished or reduced Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Arab and computerized internal procedures at minimum capital requirement Republic of Egypt, Germany, Kyrgyz Republic, Madagascar, Mozambique, Poland, Samoa, Syrian the company registry, reducing the time Arab Republic, Taiwan (China), Tajikistan, United by nearly 3 weeks. Arab Emirates Jordan replaced multiple counters Introduced or improved online procedures Bangladesh, Cape Verde, Hungary, Indonesia, at the one-stop shop with a single one Luxembourg, Mexico, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, for document filings. Lebanon abolished Rwanda, Singapore, St. Lucia, Syrian Arab Republic the requirement to have company books Created or improved one-stop shop Afghanistan, Central African Republic, FYR stamped at the commercial registry but Macedonia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Rwanda, reversed earlier reforms combining tax Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Togo and company registration. Oman simpli- Source: Doing Business database. fied name verification and fee payment STARTING A BUSINESS 13 TABLE 2.3 at the company registry. Saudi Arabia Who makes business start-up easy—and who does not? combined all registration procedures for Procedures (number) local limited liability companies. The Fewest Most Republic of Yemen removed the require- Canada 1 Bolivia 15 ment to obtain a bank account certificate New Zealand 1 Greece 15 for company registration. West Bank and Australia 2 Philippines 15 Gaza made it more difficult to start a Madagascar 2 Brazil 16 business by increasing the minimum Rwanda 2 Guinea-Bissau 16 capital requirement 5-fold. Belgium 3 Venezuela, R.B. 16 In South Asia, Afghanistan estab- Finland 3 Brunei Darussalam 18 lished a new one-stop shop and intro- Hong Kong, China 3 Uganda 18 Kyrgyz Republic 3 Chad 19 duced a flat registration fee. Bangla- Singapore 3 Equatorial Guinea 20 desh implemented a modern electronic company registration system, cutting the Time (days) time by almost a month. In Pakistan, Fastest Slowest thanks to an e-services project and the New Zealand 1 Lao PDR 100 introduction of digital signatures, new Australia 2 Brunei Darussalam 116 companies can register and file tax re- Georgia 3 Brazil 120 turns online. Rwanda 3 Equatorial Guinea 136 Sub-Saharan Africa had 16 reform- Singapore 3 Venezuela, R.B. 141 ers (figure 2.4). Botswana simplified Belgium 4 São Tomé and Principe 144 business licensing and tax registration Hungary 4 Congo, Dem. Rep. 149 Macedonia, FYR 4 Haiti 195 as part of an ongoing computerization Albania 5 Guinea-Bissau 213 effort. Burkina Faso allowed online pub- Canada 5 Suriname 694 lication at the time of registration. Cam- eroon waived the business tax for the Cost (% of income per capita) first 2 years of a company’s operations. Least Most Cape Verde implemented an online reg- Denmark 0.0 Chad 176.7 istration system. The Central African Slovenia 0.0 Comoros 182.1 Republic established a one-stop shop Ireland 0.3 Djibouti 195.4 with representatives from the entities New Zealand 0.4 Togo 205.0 involved in business registration, merg- Canada 0.4 Gambia, The 215.1 ing 4 procedures into 1. Ethiopia and Bahrain 0.5 Haiti 227.9 Sweden 0.6 Central African Republic 244.9 Ghana simplified company registration United States 0.7 Guinea-Bissau 323.0 as part of ongoing administrative re- Puerto Rico 0.7 Congo, Dem. Rep. 391.0 forms. Ghana aims for business registra- United Kingdom 0.7 Zimbabwe 499.5 tion in 1 day. Guinea-Bissau made the company Paid-in minimum capital name search electronic and reduced % of income registration fees. Liberia adopted a risk- Most per capita US$ based approach by removing the need Burkina Faso 428 2,049 for companies engaged in general busi- Mauritania 450 4,082 Guinea 490 2,164 ness to obtain an environmental license. Ethiopia 492 1,387 Madagascar and Mozambique abolished Djibouti 501 5,655 the minimum capital requirement. Central African Republic 507 1,974 Madagascar also eliminated stamp du- Togo 514 2,075 ties and further streamlined filing re- Niger 614 2,018 quirements at its one-stop shop. Mali Guinea-Bissau 780 1,913 established a one-stop shop, merging 4 Syrian Arab Republic 1,013 70,660 procedures into 1, and introduced a flat Note: Eighty economies have no paid-in minimum capital requirement. Source: Doing Business database. fee for registration. Niger eliminated registrations with the National Center for Transportation Users and the cham- 14 DOING BUSINESS 2010 FIGURE 2.4 African countries made starting a business easier Number of reforms in 2008/09 16 Botswana Burkina Faso Cameroon 13 Cape Verde Central African Albania Republic Armenia 9 9 Ethiopia Belarus Ghana Bulgaria Argentina Egypt, Arab Rep. Brazil Iran, Islamic Rep. 7 Guinea-Bissau Kazakhstan Liberia Kyrgyz Republic Colombia Jordan Hong Kong, Madagascar Macedonia, FYR Guyana Lebanon China Honduras Oman Mali Moldova Indonesia 4 Saudi Arabia 3 Mozambique Montenegro Mexico Malaysia Syrian Arab Niger Poland Peru Republic Samoa Germany Rwanda Serbia St. Lucia United Arab Singapore Hungary Afghanistan Sierra Leone Slovenia St. Vincent and Emirates Taiwan, China Korea, Rep. Bangladesh Togo Tajikistan the Grenadines Yemen, Rep. Thailand Luxembourg Pakistan Sub-Saharan Eastern Latin Middle East East Asia & OECD South Africa Europe & America & North Africa Pacific high Asia Central Asia & Caribbean income Source: Doing Business database. ber of commerce. Rwanda consolidated GETTING UP TO DATE ferences in commercial risks. And the its name checking, payment, tax regis- Creating or improving a one-stop shop capital is often withdrawn immediately tration and company registration into a has been the most popular reform fea- after registration—hardly of value in in- single procedure. It also made notariza- ture since 2004. But combining or ex- solvency. Better securities laws and more tion optional. Sierra Leone’s one-stop pediting procedures that are antiquated efficient courts might offer more protec- shop became operational. So did Togo’s, or do not fulfill their intended purpose tion for investors. eliminating 6 procedures. makes little sense. One example is the Thirty-five economies have reduced company seal, still required in 70 econo- or eliminated their minimum capital TOWARD SMART REGULATION mies. Developed in the Middle Ages, the requirement since 2004. Many of these seal is intended to avoid fraudulent use reformers are in the Middle East and Making business start-up easier has of company documents. But it can eas- North Africa. Just 5 years ago, 5 of the been the most popular of the Doing ily be forged. Most modern economies region’s reformers were among the 10 Business reforms since 2003. Starting have abolished the requirement for a economies with the highest minimum a business need not be complicated. seal. Many allow electronic signatures capital requirements in the world. Many Two procedures—notification of a com- instead. of the other reformers are in Eastern pany’s existence and tax registration— Another outdated requirement is Europe and Central Asia. suffice. More economies are finding publication in legal journals of a notice High minimum capital require- creative ways to ensure that good rules of company establishment. Such notices ments can discourage companies from are implemented in the most efficient can more easily be published electroni- registering. In Egypt in 2006, limited way, often learning from one another. cally, as in Germany, FYR Macedonia liability companies accounted for only Delegations from Botswana, China and and Mozambique, or at the registry, as in 19% of registered firms. In 2008, after Malaysia have visited New Zealand. Re- Burkina Faso. reforms, this share rose to 30%. Yet in formers in Central America have looked many low- and lower-middle-income to Colombia and Panama for inspiration. CUTTING MINIMUM CAPITAL economies requirements remain high, Egypt took Ireland’s registration system Minimum capital requirements can be a up to 10 times income per capita. Among as a model. big obstacle for entrepreneurs. They are the 10 economies with the highest re- Several reform features have often justified as a way to protect inves- quirements today, 9 are in Sub-Saharan emerged as the most popular and effec- tors or prevent unscrupulous entrepre- Africa. tive. Successful reformers often began by neurs from registering. But this makes Where formalities remain ingrained reviewing the need for existing require- little sense in practice. Fixed amounts in old company laws, reform can take ments. of capital do not take into account dif- time and political coordination. Some STARTING A BUSINESS 15 Per FIGURE 2.5 tions can help. Such reforms often go 100cent Online name verification most popular e-service for starting a business hand-in-hand with introducing a uni- 80 10% Share of economies providing e-service (%) fied registration form or single company identification (ID) number. Malaysia was 60 the first to introduce a single company 40 10% ID number for all government interac- tions, in 2001. Singapore just did so. 20 India launched a single tax ID number, inspired by its success in using ID num- D bers for voters. OECome inc Since 2004, 44 economies have cen- high t As i a Eas& Pacific tralized registrations. In Ethiopia the ro p e company registry automatically forwards n Eu As i a sterCentral Ea & rica information to the license authority. In Ame bean L a t i n Ca r i b & sia Zambia the one-stop shop has separate th A E - m e re g gi s t Sou desks for representatives from different s e ve i s r a Na /VA y r t gis ast rv rifi tra tio dle E rica Ta pa e y ic ca ti n e ti on x n n re M i d o r t h Af Co p a e c u r a t agencies. In Denmark, New Zealand and m ym rit ion Fe l is T e e s t &N Af r i c a So or Norway entrepreneurs use a single elec- c i a re g on La aran b -Sah tronic interface. Sub Physical one-stop shops can be tra tio Source: Doing Business database. n implemented quickly and at relatively low cost—ranging from $200,000 in reformers found it easier to introduce a on company registration. Reform freed Burkina Faso to $5 million in Azerbai- new company type. That is what Germany up much-needed resources. Montenegro jan. The reform in Azerbaijan took less did. The update was needed. Within the kept registration in the court, but made than a year—and is saving businesses European Union companies can register registrars and administrative officers re- an estimated $8.4 million annually. In anywhere, regardless of where their main sponsible. In Latin America, Chile, Hon- Belarus the streamlining of registration operations are. Before Germany’s reform, duras and Nicaragua have already moved is expected to yield cost savings for busi- several thousand of its companies chose registration out of the court. nesses of $21.5 million a year; in Burkina to register in the United Kingdom, at- Faso, $1.7 million. tracted by their cheaper and simpler STANDARDIZING DOCUMENTS start-up processes. In 2006 Japan cre- A more efficient way to ensure that in- MAKING SERVICES ELECTRONIC ated the godo kaisha, similar to the U.S. corporation documents are legitimate is In 2006 Tonga’s company registry burned limited liability company and with no to standardize them. The United King- down. Lesson learned: the registry com- minimum capital requirement. dom did so in 1856. Standardizing in- puterized its records. Making registra- corporation documents can especially tion records electronic not only improves MAKING REGISTRATION benefit small businesses, because it frees safety but also aids transparency and in- ADMINISTRATIVE them from the need to consult a lawyer. formation sharing. And it makes it easier Company registration is an administra- And simpler documents mean fewer er- to introduce new online services. Online tive process. Yet in 17 economies courts rors and omissions—saving hassle for name verification is now common not are involved. This takes time and exper- registries and entrepreneurs alike. In only among OECD high-income econo- tise away from resolving commercial dis- Mauritius, which offers standard docu- mies but also increasingly so in East- putes. In a few economies even higher- ments, the rejection rate is only about ern Europe and Central Asia and Latin level approval is needed—in Suriname, 8%. Applications can be processed in America and the Caribbean (figure 2.5). the president’s; in Equatorial Guinea, the hours. Better service attracts more customers. prime minister’s. As a result, the start-up In Bangladesh the online registration process takes several months. CENTRALIZING REGISTRATIONS system increased name clearances by Most economies in Eastern Europe Legally, a company is formed once in- 80% and registrations by 90%. and Central Asia have moved registra- corporated. In most economies the pro- As a last step, registration itself is tion out of court, including Serbia, the cess ends with company registration. made electronic. Around 40 economies Slovak Republic and, most recently, Bul- But entrepreneurs usually must also offer electronic registration services. garia. Before reform in 2002 Serbian complete other procedures, involving Implementation varies. In India, Nor- judges spent almost 10% of their time multiple agencies. Centralizing registra- way and Singapore registration is fully 16 DOING BUSINESS 2010 electronic. In Sweden applications for New Zealand has one of the most innova- company, tax and labor registrations can tive systems to ensure timeliness: any ap- be made online, but most forms must plication not processed within a set time still be printed and signed by hand. In (10 minutes for a name application, for Belgium and Hungary electronic regis- example) triggers an alarm for the team tration is possible only through a notary leader or senior manager. No wonder or lawyer. New Zealand ranks number 1 on the ease Electronic systems in many econo- of starting a business. mies have reduced administrative costs. Malaysia’s company registry invested $12.7 million in a sophisticated registra- tion system over 5 years. The investment 1. Narayan and others (2000). was fully covered by fees generated by the 2. Suruhanjaya Syarikat Malaysia (Compa- registry. In the 3 years after the reform, nies Commission of Malaysia), press re- lease, March 31, 2009. Malaysia reduced the number of registered businesses in- company registration fees as part of the creased by 19%—and the compliance government’s economic stimulus pack- rate for filing annual tax returns rose age, with the expected benefit being the from 28% to 91%. In the 6 weeks after registration of 320,000 new businesses in 2009. Slovenia introduced its e-Vem automated 3. National Small Business Association system, 5,439 applications were recorded (http://www.nsba.biz). online. Moreover, the new system re- 4. World Bank Enterprise Surveys (http:// duced administrative costs by 71.3%, www.enterprisesurveys.org). saving €10.2 million a year. 5. For an overview and summary of the lit- Some reformers offer incentives to erature, see Djankov (2008). use e-systems. Malaysia and Pakistan 6. Klapper, Lewin and Quesada Delgado offer electronic services free or at a lower (2009). Entry rate refers to newly regis- tered firms as a percentage of total regis- cost. Croatia set a 24-hour deadline for tered firms. Business density is defined as responding to online applications, com- the number of businesses as a percentage pared with 14 days for paper-based ap- of the working-age population (ages plications. Estonia requires no notariza- 18–65). tion for documents filed electronically. 7. Eifert (2008). 8. Ardagna and Lusagi (2009). Overview Starting a business 17 Dealing with FIGURE 3.1 Top 10 reformers in dealing with construction permits construction Average improvement (%) Rankings on the ease of permits 2008 2009 17% 33% 23% construction permits 1. United Kingdom DB2010 DB2009 16 61 Employing workers 2. Liberia 135 180 Registering property 3. Burkina Faso 80 122 Getting credit 4. Kazakhstan 143 178 5. Croatia 144 172 Protecting investors 6. United Arab Emirates 27 54 Paying taxes 7. Iran, Islamic Rep. 141 163 Trading across borders 8. Hong Kong, China 1 20 Enforcing contracts 9. Belarus 44 63 Closing a business 10. Kyrgyz Republic 40 59 Procedures Time Cost Source: Doing Business database. For the construction business, 2008 was Building authorities from Lisbon Economic Cooperation member econo- a difficult year. Demand for new projects to Guatemala City saw fewer businesses mies, respondents identified the time fell as project finance and bank mortgage apply for construction permits between and procedures for dealing with con- lending became scarce. All this put the the second half of 2008 and the first quar- struction permits as the biggest “regula- brakes on construction projects around ter of 2009. In some cases the slowdown tory impediment” to doing business.3 the world. Cities once humming with turned out to be a blessing in disguise. Reforms that make regulation of construction activity fell silent as small With less demand for permits, build- construction more efficient and trans- companies shut down and large ones ing authorities could focus resources on parent can help reduce corruption and downsized operations. completing reform programs launched informality in the sector. By encouraging The construction industry accounts in previous years. Less demand for per- construction companies to go through for 5–7% of GDP in most economies and mits meant more time for training staff formal channels, governments can reap for almost a third of gross capital forma- and testing new systems. In Hong Kong the returns on investments made in re- tion globally.1 This could in part explain (China) the Building Department put forming the sector. Good regulations why governments are eager to boost the final touches on its full-service one- ensure safety standards that protect the spending in the construction sector stop center, the culmination of a 2-year public while making the permitting pro- during economic crises. But resources reform program. The result? Hong Kong cess efficient, transparent and affordable spent for crisis mitigation may not be (China) now tops the rankings on the for both building authorities and the efficiently allocated when much of the ease of dealing with construction per- private professionals who use it. industry operates informally. mits (table 3.1). The ultimate beneficiaries of re- Doing Business measures the pro- forms in construction permitting are the TABLE 3.1 cedures, time and cost for a small to Where is dealing with construction FIGURE 3.2 permits easy—and where not? medium-size enterprise to obtain all the necessary approvals to build a commer- Dealing with construction permits: Easiest RANK Most difficult RANK building a warehouse cial structure and connect it to electric- Rankings are based on 3 subindicators Hong Kong, China 1 Serbia 174 ity, water, sewerage and telecommunica- Singapore 2 India 175 Days to build As % of income per capita, St. Vincent and the 3 Kosovo 176 tions services (figure 3.2). a warehouse no bribes included Grenadines By some estimates about 60–80% in main city Tajikistan 177 Belize 4 Tanzania 178 of construction projects in developing 33.3% 33.3% Marshall Islands 5 Zimbabwe 179 economies are undertaken without a Time Cost New Zealand 6 China 180 building permit because the approval Georgia 7 Ukraine 181 process is too complex or oversight too 33.3% St. Kitts and Nevis 8 Russian Federation 182 Procedures lax.2 World Bank Enterprise Surveys Maldives 9 Eritreaa 183 Denmark 10 found that companies face more issues related to corruption in countries where Procedure is completed when final document Note: Rankings are the average of the economy's rankings on the it is more difficult to deal with construc- is received; construction permits, inspections procedures, time and cost to comply with formalities to build a and utility connections included warehouse. See Data notes for details. a. No practice. tion permits (figure 3.3). In a recent sur- Note: See Data notes for details. Source: Doing Business database. vey of 218 companies in 19 Asia-Pacific 18 DOING BUSINESS 2010 FIGURE 3.3 year. Before, the City Corporation of in the world—was considered a contri- Difficulty dealing with construction permits is associated with corruption Monrovia levied a hefty fee on new con- bution to the development of Almaty’s Share of firms that expect to give gifts struction projects—3% of the value of infrastructure. Amendments to the elec- in exchange for construction permits (%) the proposed construction—in addition tricity law eliminated the fee altogether. 30 to the building permit fee charged by Neighboring Uzbekistan, in an attempt the Ministry of Public Works. That fee to mitigate the effects of the crisis, re- 20 was cut to just 4 cents per square foot duced the fees for building permit ap- of construction. Tax waivers from the proval procedures by 25%. 10 Ministry of Finance, once a requirement Other reformers in the region con- for obtaining a building permit, are no tinued efforts to streamline procedures 0 longer needed. Access to utilities also and introduce more sophisticated per- Least Most difficult difficult improved. Liberia Telecommunications mitting processes. The Kyrgyz Republic Economies ranked by ease of dealing Corporation started providing fixed tele- and Montenegro both introduced risk- with construction permits, quintiles phone service for the first time since based approvals for construction per- Note: Relationships are significant at the 1% level and remain significant when controlling for income per capita. the country’s conflict ended, and power mits. Simpler construction projects now Source: Doing Business database; World Bank Enterprise generators became less expensive. undergo a less cumbersome approval Survey database. Among regions, Eastern Europe and process, and building authorities can same businesses hit hard by the recent Central Asia had the most reforms for focus more on reviewing projects with crisis. “Financing construction projects the third year running. Reforms were potential environmental or public safety has become harder and we’re under pres- recorded in Belarus, Bosnia and Herze- impacts. Meanwhile, Belarus, Bosnia sure to meet project deadlines. It helps to govina, Croatia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, and Herzegovina, Croatia, Georgia, FYR have a more efficient building authority the Kyrgyz Republic, FYR Macedonia, Macedonia and Slovenia all continued to to work with,” says a builder in Dubai. Montenegro, Slovenia, Tajikistan and improve the efficiency of the permitting This positive outlook is due in no small Uzbekistan. The reforms cut procedures process by streamlining procedures and part to reforms undertaken by the Dubai by 7%, time by 15% and cost by 26.5% cutting approval times. Municipality to speed up the process on average. The Middle East and North Africa with better electronic application and Kazakhstan reduced the cost to con- saw its first big surge in reforms, with 7 payment systems. nect new buildings to utilities. Before, economies making it easier to deal with builders in Almaty paid the equivalent construction permits—Algeria, Bahrain, WHO REFORMED IN 2008/09? of $65,452—almost 13 times income per Egypt, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Jor- capita—to connect to electricity. This dan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Reforms to simplify construction per- unusually high fee—the second highest Emirates. mitting have been on the rise for the TABLE 3.2 past 3 years. In 2008/09 Doing Business Faster processing for permit applications—the most popular reform feature in 2008/09 registered a record 31 reforms making it easier to deal with construction permits Reduced time for processing Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia, Czech Republic, permit applications Georgia, Guatemala, Honduras, Hong Kong (China), Islamic (table 3.2). Eleven economies, including Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Liberia, FYR 5 of the top 10 reformers, continued the Macedonia, Mali, Montenegro, Panama, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, reforms they had started the previous Slovenia, Tajikistan, United Arab Emirates year. Reduced fees Burkina Faso, Arab Republic of Egypt, Islamic Republic of Iran, The United Kingdom was the top Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Liberia, Montenegro, Slovenia, reformer, the first time for an OECD Uzbekistan high-income economy. Wider use of ap- Introduced or improved one-stop shop Bahrain, Burkina Faso, Croatia, Arab Republic of Egypt, Hong Kong (China), Jordan, Kyrgyz Republic, Saudi Arabia, United proved inspectors over several years has Arab Emirates cut 8 procedures and 49 days from the Introduced risk-based approvals Colombia, Georgia, Guatemala, Kyrgyz Republic, Montenegro, process of dealing with construction ap- Portugal, Singapore, United Kingdom provals. Approved inspectors now have Adopted new building regulations Algeria, Arab Republic of Egypt, Guatemala, Montenegro, a 64% share of the commercial market, Netherlands leaving local authorities to focus on resi- Improved electronic platforms or online Bahrain, Colombia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Saudi Arabia, dential projects.4 services United Arab Emirates Liberia was the runner-up reformer, Improved building control process Georgia, Kyrgyz Republic, United Kingdom implementing a series of reforms to con- tinue a program launched the previous Source: Doing Business database. DEALING WITH CONSTRUC TION PERMITS 19 Algeria and Egypt both introduced TABLE 3.3 Who makes dealing with construction permits easy—and who does not? more comprehensive building codes. The new law in Algeria addresses illegal Procedures (number) construction in Algiers and strengthens Fewest Most enforcement mechanisms. In the first Denmark 6 Azerbaijan 31 few months after the new law entered Hong Kong, China 7 Brunei Darussalam 32 into force in July 2008, the Algerian New Zealand 7 Guinea 32 authorities recorded 12,607 infractions Vanuatu 7 Tajikistan 32 related to unlawful construction.5 The Sweden 8 El Salvador 34 Chad 9 Czech Republic 36 new building code introduced in Egypt Maldives 9 China 37 also took effect. The new regulations St. Lucia 9 India 37 eliminated 3 preapproval procedures and Georgia 10 Kazakhstan 37 reduced the time to obtain a building Grenada 10 Russian Federation 54 permit by almost 1 month. Jordan and Saudi Arabia both cen- Time (days) tralized approvals in one-stop shops. The Fastest Slowest one-stop shop at the Greater Amman Singapore 25 Cameroon 426 Municipality began accepting building Korea, Rep. 34 Suriname 431 permit applications for mid size and Finland 38 Ukraine 476 smaller commercial construction proj- United States 40 Lesotho 601 ects. The one-stop shop cut 3 proce- Bahrain 43 Côte d’Ivoire 629 Colombia 51 Cyprus 677 dures and 20 days. Plans are under way Vanuatu 51 Russian Federation 704 to introduce more one-stop shops in Marshall Islands 55 Cambodia 709 other districts of Amman. The Riyadh Solomon Islands 62 Haiti 1,179 Municipality made it easier for builders United Arab Emirates 64 Zimbabwe 1,426 by merging the location permit with Cost (% of income per capita) the building permit process. Applicants wanting to build simple structures such Least Most as residential villas, workshops or ware- Qatar 0.6 Serbia 1,907 houses can obtain a building permit Trinidad and Tobago 4.6 Guinea-Bissau 2,020 from the Riyadh Municipality in 1 day. St. Kitts and Nevis 4.8 Russian Federation 2,141 Building authorities allow them to begin Brunei Darussalam 4.9 Niger 2,355 Palau 5.4 India 2,395 building immediately and issue a final St. Vincent and the Grenadines 6.9 Tanzania 3,281 building permit within a week. Malaysia 7.1 Burundi 7,968 Bahrain, the Islamic Republic of Hungary 9.8 Afghanistan 12,878 Iran and the United Arab Emirates Dominica 11.3 Zimbabwe 24,468 turned to electronic services to reduce Thailand 12.1 Liberia 28,296 processing times and streamline the ap- Source: Doing Business database. proval process. Bahrain incorporated the preliminary approval from the electricity building permits and building comple- streamlining has cut 4 procedures and authority into the one-stop shop, elimi- tion certificates through any of the 70 33 days from the process of dealing with nating 1 procedure. Bahrain also made it e-service offices throughout the city. The construction-related approvals. faster to obtain building permits. Rather e-service offices accept applications and In Latin America and the Caribbean than having to fill out 9 different forms payments and track documents sent to 4 economies introduced major reforms: and provide 15 pieces of supporting doc- the municipality to ensure timely pro- Colombia, Guatemala and Honduras— umentation, applicants complete a single cessing. As a result, the time to obtain a which have been reforming consistently application form online and upload all construction permit in Tehran fell from for several years—as well as Panama. their documents and plans through a 90 days to 30. In 2008/09 all 4 reformers focused on completely digitized process. The United Arab Emirates also in- speeding up the delivery of construc- In Tehran builders no longer have to vested in e-services. Builders in Dubai tion approvals by introducing risk-based visit multiple government offices to seek can now apply for “no objection” cer- approval processes. On average, they approvals or follow up on applications. tificates, building permits and comple- trimmed 35 days from the time required They can obtain location approvals, tion certificates online. The continual to deal with construction permits. 20 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Colombia’s new risk-based system to obtain a new water connection by 35 fewer resources on chasing applications shortened the approval time for build- days. Mali also improved access to utili- and paying bribes and more on meeting ing permits for buildings between 500 ties. Obtaining a new water connection project deadlines and obtaining financ- and 2,000 square meters to 25 calendar now takes 1 month less than before. ing. In Mumbai construction companies days. In Guatemala City a new land Six economies made it more dif- regularly employ a design architect to management plan introduced simpler ficult to deal with construction permits work on the building plans and drawings approval processes for some categories in 2008/09. Kenya made it obligatory and either a “consultancy architect” or of buildings, reducing the total time to for certain projects, such as warehouses, facilitator whose sole purpose is to keep deal with construction permits by 37 to obtain an environmental clearance up with the bureaucracy. This practice is days. In Honduras further digitization from the National Environment Manage- hardly surprising in a city where deal- of zoning maps and the introduction ment Authority and increased the fees ing with construction-related formalities of risk-based mechanisms in the zon- to obtain a building permit by almost takes 37 procedures and 195 days and ing regulations cut the time to obtain 4 times. These changes overshadowed costs 2,395% of income per capita. a location permit from 2 weeks to just the improvements made by the Rapid In the past 5 years Doing Business 2 days. Stricter adherence to statutory Results Initiative reform program, which has recorded 91 reforms in 62 economies time limits for approvals of environmen- reduced the time to obtain building per- aimed at making construction permit- tal, design and construction permits cut mits by 20 days. Following the security ting more efficient and easier to comply 19 more days from the time required threats in 2008 in Colombo, Sri Lanka with. Governments that regulate con- for complying with construction-related now requires clearance from the Defense struction efficiently often take a sys- formalities. Panama made registration of Ministry for all new buildings erected tematic approach in their reforms. They newly completed buildings easier, saving within the city limits. Tanzania made it identify areas of overlap among agencies, builders 2 weeks. mandatory for new projects to obtain a consult widely with stakeholders, opt Two economies in East Asia and the geological survey before construction. for risk-based approval systems and in- Pacific introduced significant reforms. While the procedure was intended to troduce internal monitoring systems in Hong Kong (China) completed its “Be enhance building safety, there are too their agencies. the Smart Regulator” reform program. few inspectors to match the demand. A new one-stop center merged 8 proce- As a result, dealing with construction IDENTIFYING AREAS OF OVERLAP dures involving 6 local departments and permits takes 20 days longer on aver- AMONG AGENCIES 2 private utility companies, saving 52 age. New Zealand, Romania and the Dealing with construction permits in- days. Singapore introduced new work- Solomon Islands all increased the fees for volves multiple agencies and levels of place safety and health regulations that construction-related approvals. approval—more than in any other area of allow low-risk industries to submit docu- regulation studied by Doing Business. To ments online. Dealing with construction TOWARD SMART REGULATION obtain all construction-related approvals permits now takes less time in Singapore and connect to utilities, builders around than in any other economy. Construction regulation should provide the world deal with 9 different agencies Besides the United Kingdom, 3 other incentives for compliance, even when on average. Understanding how these OECD high-income economies simplified times are hard. Good regulation ensures agencies interact with one another and construction permitting. Portugal intro- that safety standards are met while en- identifying areas of overlap is often the duced a risk-based fire safety approval couraging businesses to operate formally. first step toward speeding up approvals process, cutting 2 procedures and 41 days. Honduras is one example. In 2007 the while maintaining quality control. The Netherlands passed a new spatial municipality of Tegucigalpa streamlined In the Kyrgyz Republic, for example, planning law—the first major overhaul the process for obtaining a building per- the Union of Builders in 2007 mapped of its planning regulation since 1965. The mit. The next year the revenue from the approval processes of relevant agen- Czech Republic cut the time to register construction permits was up by 167% cies, identified bottlenecks and proposed new buildings from 60 days to 30. and the area approved for construction pragmatic solutions. Its detailed analysis In Sub-Saharan Africa 2 economies by 72%. Impressive results, especially helped persuade the central government besides Liberia reformed in 2008/09. since the growth rate for construction in to reform in 2008 even in the face of Burkina Faso implemented a one-stop Honduras was only 3.5% at the time.6 strong opposition from powerful players shop, reducing the time to obtain a con- Builders are more likely to comply such as the Bishkek mayor’s office. In struction permit by 2 months. Permit with regulations when time limits are Hong Kong (China) 29 government agen- fees were reduced by more than half. respected, clear guidelines exist and au- cies worked with focus groups to develop Efforts by the National Water and Sanita- thorities are held accountable. When reg- a comprehensive scheme identifying tion Office in Ouagadougou cut the time ulation is predictable, companies spend which procedures could be merged. The DEALING WITH CONSTRUC TION PERMITS 21 FIGURE 3.4 USING INTERNAL MONITORING TO The “Be the Smart Regulator” program speeds up permitting in Hong Kong, China MATCH DEMAND 120 Implementing reforms requires flex- Time cut from ibility and continual monitoring of new 100 119 days to 67 systems. Authorities in Jakarta have an internal real-time system for monitor- 80 ing every step of the building permit approval process—from the moment the 60 application is submitted to the time the Procedures cut from 15 to 7 40 permit is issued. The system includes the prescribed time limits for each internal 20 procedure and notifies administrators of delays. So, for example, if the officer 0 in charge of verifying the zoning takes 1 15 more than the 5 days stipulated, the Procedures Source: Doing Business database. system will warn the supervisor about the delay. When this happens, the officer in charge must enter an explanation into authorities now conduct joint inspec- PILOTING REFORMS the system. tions once construction is completed. Be- Governments that make construction Monitoring the entire process allows fore, the Building Department and Fire permitting easy are increasingly adopt- building authorities to identify bottle- Services Department conducted separate ing risk-based approval mechanisms. necks, ensure better quality and allocate checks. Through this exercise Hong Kong Many start by piloting reforms to as- resources more efficiently. In Bahrain (China) managed to cut the number of sess their effectiveness before full-scale the municipal one-stop shop’s technical procedures from 15 to 7—one of the implementation. support team prepares daily monitoring most successful reforms in construction Some economies pilot reforms in reports and posts them on the internal permitting (figure 3.4). specific zones to isolate any potential server for review by top management. If damage. Building authorities in Bosnia a permit is delayed because there are too COMMUNICATING WITH and Herzegovina and Honduras tested few structural engineers, for example, STAKEHOLDERS the functionality of new regulations by managers can assign more to the task. Successful reformers involve all relevant implementing them initially in a few Diligent monitoring of reforms gives actors from the beginning. In Colombia, districts. Egypt began piloting one-stop policy makers the information they need for example, the central government, the shops in 3 districts of Cairo in 2007. to match their capacity to the demands municipality of Bogotá and the private The early trial of the one-stop shops of applicants. And it insures that their urban curators in charge of issuing the helped pave the way for the new building reform efforts continue to have impact construction permits all needed to be on code passed the following year and the for years to come. board before a new risk-based approval streamlining of procedures in 2009. scheme could be approved in May 2009. Germany and Portugal piloted new Once the new system is implemented, all building approval processes by focus- parties—from the implementing officials ing only on certain types of projects. In 1. Kenny (2007). to the users of the system—have to be Jordan the Greater Amman Municipality 2. Moullier (2009). kept informed of changes or improve- began by processing larger, more com- 3. Singapore Business Federation (2009). ments. Building authorities in Liberia, plex applications, reasoning that larger 4. Building Control Alliance (2008). Rwanda, Saudi Arabia and Sierra Leone companies that had suffered the most 5. Idir (2008). publicized reforms through large-scale from burdensome regulations could pro- 6. World Bank, World Development Indica- campaigns in the press and on their vide the best input for improving the sys- tors database. websites. Building authorities in Singa- tem. Conversely, Saudi Arabia adopted pore and the United Kingdom organize the 1-day permitting procedure first for periodic consultations with private pro- low-risk residential villas before extend- fessionals. “We treat them like equals, ing the system to riskier projects such as and rely a great deal on their profession- warehouses and workshops. alism,” says an official from Singapore’s Building and Construction Authority. 22 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Overview Starting a business FIGURE 4.1 Low-income economies have less flexible labor regulations Dealing with construction permits Employing 70 Low income 40 40 40 Low income 60 workers 35 35 35 Low income 50 Global average Registering property 30 Global average 30 30 Global average Getting credit Low income 40 High income High income Protecting investors 25 25 Global average 25 30 Paying taxes High income High income Trading across borders 20 20 20 20 Enforcing contracts Difficulty of Rigidity of Difficulty of Redundancy Closing a business hiring index hours index redundancy index cost (0–100) (0–100) (0–100) (weeks of salary) Note: Higher values indicate more rigid regulation. Source: Doing Business database. In Britain during the Industrial Revo- male and female apprentices are to be of 102 countries (see annex on worker lution, two-thirds of those working in provided with separate sleeping apart- protection). the newly powered textile factories were ments, and not more than two to sleep Governments all over the world face children. Working conditions were often in one bed.” A series of labor regulation the challenge of finding the right balance perilous. Large steam engines made the acts followed. between worker protection and labor heat almost unbearable. Machines were Employment laws are needed to market flexibility. The ILO, European tightly packed, and their moving parts protect workers from arbitrary or unfair Union and Organisation for Economic often exposed. Passing between them treatment and to ensure efficient con- Co-operation and Development (OECD) was difficult—the reason children were tracting between employers and workers. have embraced the concept of “flexicur- preferred. It was also dangerous. Doing Business, in its indicators on em- ity,” combining flexible regulation, safety These conditions gave rise to the ploying workers, measures flexibility in nets (such as unemployment insurance) Health and Morals of Apprentices Act the regulation of hiring, working hours and active social policies. With the global of 1802, a first attempt to prevent such and redundancy in a manner consistent financial and economic crisis, unemploy- abuse and the first law regulating labor with the conventions of the International ment has risen sharply around the world. relations in Britain. Its regulations in- Labour Organization (ILO). An economy This makes the need for governments to cluded this: “The master and mistress can have the most flexible labor regula- adopt policies that stimulate job creation of the factory must observe the law… tions as measured by Doing Business- even more pressing. At the same time, every apprentice is to be supplied with while ratifying and complying with all adequate safety nets have to be in place two complete suits of clothing with suit- conventions directly relevant to the areas to protect workers from sudden job loss, able linen, stockings, hats and shoes… that Doing Business measures. help them transition between jobs and The ILO core labor standards— TABLE 4.1 covering the right to collective bargain- FIGURE 4.2 Where is it easy to employ workers— and where not? ing, the elimination of forced labor, the Employing workers: rules on hiring, work schedules and redundancy Easiest RANK Most difficult RANK abolition of child labor and equitable Rankings are based on 4 subindicators Australia 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. 174 treatment in employment practices— Fixed-term contracts, Nonstandard work schedules, United States 2 Guinea-Bissau 175 are fundamental principles. The Doing minimum wage paid vacation days regulations Singapore 3 Morocco 176 Business employing workers indicators 25% 25% Brunei Darussalam 4 Panama 177 are fully consistent with the core labor Difficulty Rigidity Marshall Islands 5 Angola 178 standards but do not measure compli- of hiring of hours Hong Kong, China 6 Paraguay 179 index index ance with them. To complement these Uganda 7 São Tomé and 180 25% 25% Principe indicators, Doing Business has launched Difficulty of Redundancy Palau 8 Venezuela, R.B. 181 research on the adoption of core labor redundancy cost Denmark 9 index Equatorial Guinea 182 standards in national legislation as the Georgia 10 Bolivia 183 Mandatory legal As weeks of salary; basis for a future indicator on worker requirements on dismissals includes notice period Note: Rankings are the average of the economy's rankings on the protection. Preliminary results on the for economic reasons and severance payments difficulty of hiring, rigidity of hours, difficulty of redundancy and redundancy cost indices. See Data notes for details. implementation of minimum working Note: See Data notes for details. Source: Doing Business database. age provisions are presented for a sample EMPLOYING WORKERS 23 FIGURE 4.3 and markets, firms tend to stay small and FYR Macedonia, Poland, and the Slovak Rigid labor regulations are associated with a larger informal sector create fewer jobs.1 Workers in the infor- Republic.7 mal sector receive no benefits or social In contrast, developing economies Informal sector share of GDP High security, lack formal protection from ar- have made few reforms in aspects of bitrary or discriminatory treatment and labor regulation covered by Doing Busi- may receive lower wages.2 According to ness. Take the 2 regions with the most a recent OECD study, 1.8 billion people rigid employment regulation: in Sub- are employed in the informal economy Saharan Africa only 6 of 46 economies worldwide—far more than the 1.2 billion made labor regulations more flexible in Low in the formal economy.3 the past 5 years (Burkina Faso, Mau- Least Most Finding that burdensome regulation ritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda rigid rigid Economies ranked by makes it difficult for workers to move and Uganda); in Latin America only 3 difficulty of hiring index, quintiles between firms and industries, another did (Argentina, Colombia and Peru). In Note: Relationships are significant at the 5% level and remain study concludes that this probably leads South Asia only Bhutan and Pakistan significant when controlling for income per capita. Source: Doing Business database; Schneider (2007). to higher job losses due to external eco- increased flexibility. In East Asia and the nomic shocks.4 Stringent employment Pacific, Vietnam was the only developing prevent more people from slipping into regulation also reduces a firm’s ability to economy to do so. Some of the econo- poverty. Both are critical for an econo- respond adequately to demand or pro- mies with the most rigid regulation in my’s competitiveness. ductivity shocks, according to a study of the first place made it even more rigid— In response to the crisis, many weekly labor choices in an international including Cape Verde, Djibouti, Fiji, The economies reformed unemployment fast food chain covering 2,500 outlets in Gambia, Honduras, Maldives, Moldova, protection schemes in recent months by 43 economies.5 And excessively rigid re- Togo and Zimbabwe. expanding benefits or lowering eligibil- strictions on hiring and redundancy tend Reform is challenging, but getting ity thresholds. Brazil, Canada and the to raise labor costs, reducing opportuni- the level of employment regulation right United States extended the period over ties for firms to spend on innovation and is worth the effort. And it matters for which unemployment benefits are paid. adapt to new technologies.6 the impact of other reforms. Following Italy expanded coverage to those who Labor reform is challenging. Most reforms to reduce barriers to entry in previously did not qualify. Korea pro- major developments in labor law have India, a recent study found that states vided aid to vulnerable workers put on taken place in the context of big political with more flexible employment regula- temporary unpaid leave. Chile, China, or economic shifts. In Western econo- tion saw a 25% larger reduction in the Germany, Japan, Mexico, the Philippines, mies the industrial revolutions of the number of informal firms.8 The most Thailand and Vietnam similarly extended 19th century brought about regulation to vulnerable groups, women and youth, unemployment benefits. protect workers against abuses incidental could benefit the most from reforms. In economies that cannot afford ex- to new forms of large-scale mining and While employment protection laws may pensive social security systems, sever- manufacturing. Fundamental labor laws increase the likelihood that employed ance pay can serve as a substitute for were adopted in Latin America follow- workers will stay in their job, for those unemployment benefits. This year Doing ing the Mexican Revolution ending in without a job they reduce the chances Business has introduced changes to the 1917 and in Russia following the October of finding employment or reentering the employing workers indicators to take Revolution the same year. labor market.9 This particularly affects account of the existence of safety nets— In more recent times the collapse women, who tend to exit from and re- whether in the form of unemployment of the Soviet Union and the EU acces- enter the labor market more frequently benefits or severance pay—for both per- sion movement triggered a new wave during their career. manent and temporary workers in cases of reforms. Since Doing Business started of redundancy for economic reasons (see tracking reforms in 2004, close to two- WHO REFORMED IN 2008/09? Data notes for details). thirds of Eastern European and Cen- In many developing economies em- tral Asian economies and half of OECD Eleven economies reformed their labor ployers and employees continue to face high-income economies have made labor laws in 2008/09 (table 4.2). Seven in- overly rigid regulations. Faced with ex- regulation more flexible. Estonia, Hun- creased flexibility in employing workers; cessive restrictions, many firms simply gary and Slovenia introduced new labor 4 reduced it. Eastern Europe and Central choose to opt out of the regulated formal laws following the end of the cold war. Asia had the most reforms, with 4 econo- sector and operate or hire workers in the The prospect of EU accession led several mies introducing more flexible regula- informal sector (figure 4.3). There, with economies to introduce EU labor stan- tion, followed by Sub-Saharan Africa. less access to formal finance, institutions dards in domestic law, including Latvia, Rwanda was the top reformer. 24 DOING BUSINESS 2010 TABLE 4.2 more difficult by increasing the restric- Eliminating requirements relating to redundancy—a popular reform feature in 2008/09 tions on the use of fixed-term contracts. Eliminated requirements relating to redundancy Belarus, Kyrgyz Republic, FYR Macedonia, Mauritius, It also tightened restrictions on weekly Montenegro, Rwanda holiday work and increased mandatory Made working hours more flexible Kyrgyz Republic, FYR Macedonia, Rwanda, Peru annual leave. Eased restrictions on fixed-term contracts FYR Macedonia, Montenegro, Rwanda TOWARD SMART REGULATION Reduced dismissal costs Mauritius, Peru Source: Doing Business database. Since 2004 Doing Business has recorded 88 reforms affecting the employing Amendments to the labor code increased tion. When having to make a worker re- workers indicators. Of these, 54 made flexibility in the use of fixed-term con- dundant, employers are required to give regulation more flexible, 34 more rigid. tracts by removing limits on their dura- notice of 15 calendar days and are no In searching for the right balance be- tion and renewal. Employers and em- longer obliged to give prior notification tween flexibility and protection, reform- ployees now have greater flexibility in to a third party. ers can look to the experience of econo- choosing the weekly rest day, and work- In the Kyrgyz Republic amendments mies around the world. The following ers are entitled to statutory paid annual to the labor code increased flexibility in measures are examples of reforms aimed leave of 21 working days. When faced working hours and simplified procedures at increasing flexibility without compro- with the need to downsize and make for redundancies for economic reasons. mising protection. one or more workers redundant for eco- Employers and employees are now free nomic reasons, employers are no longer to decide on the weekly rest day. Re- ALLOWING FLEXIBLE SCHEDULING OF required to consult beforehand with the dundancy procedures for one or more WORKING HOURS employees’ representatives or notify the workers were eased: notification require- Laws restricting working hours were cre- labor inspector. Instead, they inform the ments, priority rules and obligations to ated to protect employees. But they also labor inspector in writing after the re- retrain or reassign redundant workers limit the ability of firms to adjust for fluc- dundancy. The aim is to allow possible no longer apply. Belarus also simplified tuations in seasonal demand—and can abuses to be detected while ensuring that procedures for individual and collective take work away from willing workers. employers are not deterred from hiring redundancies. To mitigate this risk, most economies workers in the first place. In Sub-Saharan Africa, besides permit greater flexibility in activities In Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Rwanda, Mauritius reformed. Its new in which continuous operation is eco- FYR Macedonia, Montenegro, the Kyrgyz Employment Rights Act and Employ- nomically necessary. More than half the Republic and Belarus reformed. Amend- ment Relations Act entered into force, economies in the Doing Business sample ments to their labor codes introduced making redundancy procedures more allow the averaging of hours. The Czech greater flexibility in the scheduling of flexible. Redundancies of one or more Republic and Finland allow the distribu- working hours and use of employment workers for economic reasons no longer tion of hours over 52 weeks; Angola, 6 contracts and streamlined redundancy require authorization, the notice period months; and Australia, a year. Allowing procedures. In FYR Macedonia fixed- for redundancy is now 30 calendar days, pay premiums for overtime or work on term contracts may now be used for per- and severance pay is mandatory only if the weekly rest day is another way econo- manent tasks for up to 60 months. When the grounds for redundancy are found to mies deal with these needs. arranging for night shifts, employers can be invalid. The new laws also increased choose the duration for scheduling and mandatory annual leave to 22 working PROMOTING YOUTH EMPLOYMENT frequency of shift rotation. Employer days. Young people are disproportionately and employees are free to agree on the In Latin America, Peru introduced affected by rigid employment regula- weekly rest day and on the number a law easing labor regulations for small tion. Lack of training and experience of days of paid annual leave beyond businesses. Redundancy pay was reduced is already an obstacle to finding a first the legal minimum of 20 working days. to 17 weeks, and mandatory annual leave job; burdensome regulation and high Requirements to retrain or reassign re- was set at 13 working days. redundancy costs can further deter po- dundant workers and priority rules for A few economies made employ- tential employers. One measure used to reemployment no longer apply. ment regulation more rigid. Two raised encourage the hiring of young people Montenegro also made the use of the cost of redundancy—Honduras by is to introduce apprentice wages. These fixed-term contracts more flexible, al- 22 weeks and Luxembourg by 13 weeks. allow businesses to hire first-time em- lowing them for permanent tasks and Portugal increased the notice period by ployees for a portion—typically 75%— with no limits on their cumulative dura- 2 weeks. Maldives made hiring workers of the mandatory minimum wage for a EMPLOYING WORKERS 25 FIGURE 4.4 FIGURE 4.5 Economies with unemployment protection schemes Share of region Where is the cost of redundancy highest? Average cost to terminate redundant workers OECD Number of economies— 27 100% high income (weeks of salary) Eastern Europe 23 85% 446 Zimbabwe & Central Asia Middle East Sri Lanka & North Africa 6 32% East Asia 7 29% 200 & Pacific Sierra Leone Latin America Ghana, Zambia & Caribbean 7 22% South Asia 1 13% 150 Sub-Saharan Africa 3 7% Source: Doing Business database. 100 short period. Germany and the Nether- Things can be different in develop- South Asia lands have established apprentice wages ing economies. Many lack the financial Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa, through law or collective bargaining resources and administrative capacity to 50 Latin America & Caribbean agreement. So have India and Lesotho. provide comprehensive unemployment East Asia & Pacific Eastern Europe & Central Asia Such countries as Australia and Chile insurance (figure 4.4). Not surprisingly, OECD high income exempt young people and apprentices mandatory severance payments remain Denmark 0 New Zealand from the national minimum wage. the prevalent form of insurance against Puerto Rico Apprentice contracts and trial pe- unemployment.11 But many developing United States riods are also used to promote the hir- economies may err on the side of ex- Note: Bolivia and República Bolivariana de Venezuela are ing of young people. First-time workers cessive rigidity. Severance pay in cases excluded because redundancy for economic reasons is not possible. without experience get an opportunity of redundancy sometimes even exceeds Source: Doing Business database. to receive training while earning an in- the typical unemployment benefits in come. Having invested in training these rich economies (figure 4.5). In addition, altogether, dismissed workers may be workers, employers have a greater incen- many impose strict procedural require- forced to accept the first job opportunity, tive to hire them. Allowing the use of ments for redundancy of one or more even if it is not formal or productive. fixed-term contracts for permanent tasks workers for economic reasons—such as One study estimates that lack of access to can provide another point of entry and prior approval by the labor authority, insurance among poor rural households an incentive for employers to create jobs. as in the Republic of Congo, Gabon and forces workers to engage in low-risk ac- But if strict regulations on permanent Nepal. tivities with lower returns. This reduces contracts are left in place, a dual system Such requirements are created with their potential earnings by 25% in rural can be created, as in France and Spain, good intentions—to protect workers Tanzania and by 50% in a sample of rural for example. This makes it difficult for from abuse or to provide a safety net villages in India.14 fixed-term workers to transition to per- in case of sudden job loss. But when it Some low- and middle-income manent employment. The low-skilled, comes to making employment decisions economies have unemployment schemes, the young and immigrants are the most for economic reasons, these require- including Algeria, Ecuador, the Kyrgyz affected. They are also the ones already ments can give the authorities—not em- Republic, Moldova, Thailand, Uzbekistan bearing most of the burden of adjust- ployers—the discretion. And excessive and Vietnam. But some of these also ment in times of crisis.10 costs can deter employers from hiring still maintain high redundancy costs. workers in the first place. Reducing the Employers in Ecuador face redundancy SHIFTING FROM SEVERANCE PAY TO complexity and costs of dismissals for costs equal to 2.5 years of salary; in Viet- UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE economic reasons is a first step toward nam, 1.5 years. On the other hand, Mau- Italy, Norway and Singapore have no encouraging formal job creation. ritius, with an unemployment protection statutory minimum for severance pay- Over time, a shift to less rigid em- scheme in place, has just eliminated sev- ments and aid workers in transition be- ployment regulation and greater social erance pay for cases of retrenchment. tween jobs with well-established unem- protection can also make sense in de- Introducing unemployment protec- ployment assistance programs. Denmark veloping economies.12 Evidence suggests tion schemes is not straightforward. Such and New Zealand combine flexible labor that unemployment benefits can help schemes risk prolonging unemployment regulations with unemployment protec- reduce poverty.13 Where social insurance if incentives for job search are distorted. tion schemes. mechanisms are inadequate or lacking One promising approach is the use of un- 26 DOING BUSINESS 2010 TABLE 4.3 Who makes employing workers easy—and who does not? 1. For a review of research on employment Rigidity of employment index (0–100) regulation and effects, see Djankov and Least Most Ramalho (2009). Australia 0 São Tomé and Principe 59 2. Duryea and others (2006). Hong Kong, China 0 Morocco 60 3. OECD Development Centre (2009). United States 0 Congo, Rep. 63 4. Ciccone and Papaioannou (2008). Singapore 0 Congo, Dem. Rep. 63 5. Lafontaine and Sivadasan (2007). Brunei Darussalam 0 Angola 66 Marshall Islands 0 Equatorial Guinea 66 6. Pierre and Scarpetta (2007) and Kuddo (2009). Uganda 0 Panama 66 St. Lucia 0 Niger 68 7. Kuddo (forthcoming) and Doing Busi- Kuwait 0 Venezuela, R.B. 69 ness database. Canada 4 Bolivia 77 8. Sharma (2009). Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 9. Montenegro and Pagés (2004). Least Most 10. Pierre and Scarpetta (2007) and “When Jobs Disappear,” The Economist, March Denmark 0 Mozambique 134 14–20, 2009, pp. 71–73. New Zealand 0 Ecuador 135 11. Only 9 economies have neither man- United States 0 Lao PDR 162 datory redundancy payments nor Puerto Rico 0 Zambia 178 unemployment protection: Brunei Iraq 0 Ghana 178 Darussalam, Iraq, Jordan, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands 0 Sierra Leone 189 Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0 Sri Lanka 217 Micronesia, Oman, Palau and Tonga. Palau 0 Zimbabwe 446 12. Boeri, Helppie and Macis (2008). Tonga 0 Venezuela, R.B. NOT POSSIBLE 13. Vodopivec (2009). Austria 2 Bolivia NOT POSSIBLE 14. Pierre and Scarpetta (2007). Note: Not possible indicates a full ban on dismissing low-paid workers for economic reasons. The rigidity of employment index is the average of the difficulty of hiring index, rigidity of hours index and difficulty of redundancy index. See Data notes for details. Source: Doing Business database. employment insurance savings accounts. Workers save a fraction of their earnings in their account and draw unemploy- ment benefits from it. Economies such as Algeria, Belgium and Chile have devel- oped such accounts in conjunction with a solidarity fund, to ensure increased benefits for unemployed workers. 27 Overview Starting a business FIGURE 5.1 Dealing with construction permits Top 10 reformers in registering property Employing workers Average improvement (%) 2008 Rankings on the ease of Registering 2009 15% 38% 10% registering property 1. Mauritius DB2010 DB2009 66 131 property 2. 3. Burkina Faso Kyrgyz Republic 114 19 163 52 Getting credit 4. Portugal 52 82 Protecting investors 5. Macedonia, FYR 63 88 6. Colombia 51 78 Paying taxes 7. Latvia 58 79 Trading across borders 8. Peru 28 40 Enforcing contracts 9. Afghanistan 164 176 Closing a business 10. Estonia 13 24 Procedures Time Cost Source: Doing Business database. When Abdulayeh decided to sell his busi- tive capital. Hernando de Soto describes ness to purchase a property from another ness property in Ouagadougou this year, such land as “dead capital,” assets whose business and to transfer the property title he checked the encumbrances on the use is limited or that cannot be used as to the buyer’s name so that the purchasing property, had the sale agreement nota- collateral.1 Formal titles can ease access business can securely use it to expand, rized, obtained a property valuation and to credit. A recent study in Peru suggests use it as collateral in taking new loans applied for the property transfer at the that property titles are associated with a or, if needed, sell it to another business newly created one-stop shop. The process 10% increase in approval rates on public (figure 5.2). took 4 steps and 59 days. Just 2 years ago sector loans for construction materials.2 Streamlining property registration it would have taken 8 steps and 182 days. Women and children can particu- has become a popular reform. Econo- Transfer taxes also fell, from 15% of the larly benefit from easier access to land. mies keep finding ways to make the property value to 8%. The results speak A study in Nepal finds that women who process easier and less costly. Reforms for themselves: over the past 2 years own land are more empowered and their include practices common in the 10 the number of new title registrations in children are healthier.3 But some coun- economies where property registration is Ouagadougou boomed. And the easier it tries, such as Cameroon, Chile and the easiest, such as centralizing procedures is to transfer property, the more likely the Democratic Republic of Congo, still limit at the registry, digitizing records, lower- newly registered titles will stay formal. the ability of married women to buy, sell ing transfer taxes and introducing stan- Land is a fundamental economic or mortgage land without the authoriza- dard forms (table 5.1). In fact, 9 of the asset in every society. Where property tion of their husband.4 In others, such as top 10 economies on the ease of register- systems are poorly administered or prop- Tanzania, customary inheritance law can ing property reformed over the past 5 erty rights poorly defined, this can pre- restrict landownership by women.5 years. Some, such as Belarus and Georgia, vent land from being turned into produc- Making property registration sim- ple, fast and cheap allows entrepreneurs FIGURE 5.2 TABLE 5.1 Registering property: transfer of property Where is registering property easy—and to focus on their business. Property own- between 2 local companies where not? ers with formal title invest up to 47% Rankings are based on 3 subindicators Easiest RANK Most difficult RANK more in their property, a study in Argen- Days to transfer property As % of property value, Saudi Arabia 1 Liberia 174 tina finds.6 A study in Peru showed that in main city no bribes included Georgia 2 Sierra Leone 175 property titles allowed people to work New Zealand 3 Bangladesh 176 away from the home more—because 33.3% 33.3% Lithuania 4 Guinea-Bissau 177 they had less need to stay home keeping Time Cost Armenia 5 Nigeria 178 squatters at bay.7 Another recent study Thailand 6 Brunei Darussalam 179 United Arab Emirates 7 looked at the impact of a program issu- 33.3% Maldives 180 Norway 8 Marshall Islands 181 ing nearly 11 million land titles to rural Procedures Azerbaijan 9 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 182 households in Vietnam. It found a small Belarus 10 Timor-Leste 183 increase in investment in crops and more Steps to check encumbrances, obtain clearance certificates, Note: Rankings are the average of the economy’s rankings on the time spent in nonfarm activities.8 prepare deed and transfer title so that the property procedures, time and cost to register property. See Data notes can be occupied, sold or used as collateral for details. Doing Business records the full se- Note: See Data notes for details. Source: Doing Business database. quence of procedures necessary for a busi- 28 DOING BUSINESS 2010 TABLE 5.2 the runner-up reformer, climbing 50 Putting procedures online—the most popular reform feature in 2008/09 places in the rankings. Computerized procedures or put procedures online Angola, Bulgaria, Colombia, Czech Republic, In Eastern Europe and Central Asia Estonia, France, Hong Kong (China), Indonesia, 9 economies eased property registration. Panama, Rwanda, Singapore, United Kingdom, Continuing past reform efforts, Belarus, West Bank and Gaza the Kyrgyz Republic and Moldova simpli- Introduced time limits Belgium, Burkina Faso, Indonesia, FYR Macedonia, fied the process by cutting procedures. Mauritius, Romania, Russian Federation, Rwanda Moldova eliminated the requirement to Combined and reduced procedures Algeria, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Kyrgyz Republic, obtain a cadastral sketch, speeding up Latvia, Moldova, Peru, Russian Federation the process by 43 days. Now property Reduced taxes or fees Afghanistan, Ireland, Jamaica, Jordan, Nepal, registration takes only 5 days. The Kyrgyz Zimbabwe Republic simplified documentation and Added new branches at land registry Angola, Czech Republic, Ethiopia, Rwanda notarization requirements, cutting the Made the involvement of notaries optional Belarus, Kyrgyz Republic, Portugal time required to register a title almost in Introduced fast-track procedures Romania half—from 8 days to 5. Belarus removed Source: Doing Business database. the notarization requirement, reducing the number of steps to register property from 4 to 3. FYR Macedonia and Roma- replaced complicated and costly registra- WHO REFORMED IN 2008/09? nia introduced time limits at the registry. tion systems. On average among the top This helped reduce the time to register 10, it now takes fewer than 3 procedures Thirty-four economies made it easier to property by 8 days in FYR Macedonia and and, in most cases, 1–4 days and less than register property in 2008/09. The most by 35 in Romania. Estonia completed the 1% of the property value to complete a popular reform feature was to introduce computerization of its registry. property transfer. All countries, no mat- online procedures, done in 11 economies Six OECD high-income economies ter their size, income level or geography, (table 5.2). The second most popular, reformed property registration. Ireland can make it easier to transfer property. done in 8 economies, was to speed up lowered the maximum chargeable stamp And the benefits can show quickly. Ar- procedures at the registry. duty for property transactions from 9% menia, Burkina Faso, Egypt and Ghana Mauritius was the top reformer, of the property value to 6%. Portugal are among those that have seen increases moving up 63 places in the rankings on amended the registry code to allow law- in formal title transfers following reforms the ease of registering property. The prop- yers to perform notary functions. And that eased property registration. erty registry was made fully electronic, computerization of the Portuguese regis- In the past year Doing Business re- and strict statutory time limits now apply try reached Lisbon, reducing registration corded reforms easing property transfer to property registration. Six months were time from 42 days to 12 (figure 5.3). The in all regions. cut from the process. Burkina Faso was Czech Republic reorganized its registry, increasing the number of staff and intro- FIGURE 5.3 ducing administrative measures aimed Computerizing the property registry—a big time-saver at cutting bureaucracy. In the United Time to register property (days) Kingdom tax returns for land transac- 956 tions are now processed automatically Croatia and electronically by the tax authority, Angola reducing the time to register property Bosnia and Herzegovina from 21 days to 8. In Belgium a new 30- Belarus day statutory time limit to make prop- Portugal erty transfers opposable to third parties Zambia Time in Time in cut delays. In France, after publication of Guatemala 2009 2004 sales contracts, the registry now returns West Bank and Gaza them in digital form to the notaries, with El Salvador Reduction the registrar’s electronic signature. Estonia In Latin America and the Carib- Georgia bean, Colombia, Guatemala, Jamaica, Honduras Panama and Peru were among the re- 0 90 180 270 360 formers. Jamaica reduced the property Source: Doing Business database. transfer tax from 6.5% of the property REGISTERING PROPERT Y 29 value to 5%. Panama made the certificate TABLE 5.3 Who makes property registration easy—and who does not? of good standing from the tax agency available online, cutting the time for Procedures (number) property registration from 44 days to 32. Fewest Most New online procedures also made it eas- Norway 1 Liberia 10 ier to transfer property in Uruguay. But United Arab Emirates 1 Qatar 10 a new law granted preemption rights to Bahrain 2 Algeria 11 the municipality of Montevideo, adding Georgia 2 Greece 11 1 procedure to property transfers. Guate- Netherlands 2 Swaziland 11 mala centralized procedures at the land New Zealand 2 Eritrea 12 registry, reorganized it and introduced Oman 2 Uzbekistan 12 Saudi Arabia 2 Nigeria 13 greater use of electronic services. This Sweden 2 Uganda 13 cut 1 procedure and 3 days from prop- Thailand 2 Brazil 14 erty registration. Guatemala remains the Time (days) region’s best performer, with a ranking of 24 on the ease of registering property. Fastest Slowest In the Middle East and North Af- New Zealand 2 Guinea-Bissau 211 rica, Algeria, Jordan and West Bank and Saudi Arabia 2 Sierra Leone 236 Gaza had reforms. Algeria eliminated 3 Thailand 2 Bangladesh 245 United Arab Emirates 2 Afghanistan 250 procedures with the removal of the capi- Georgia 3 Togo 295 tal gains tax. It also made it less costly to Lithuania 3 Solomon Islands 297 register property by reducing notary fees Norway 3 Gambia, The 371 by 0.4% of the property value. In West Armenia 4 Slovenia 391 Bank and Gaza a project computerizing Iceland 4 Haiti 405 records at the land registry sped property Australia 5 Kiribati 513 registration by 15 days, cutting the total Cost (% of property value) time to 47 days. Least Most In Sub-Saharan Africa, besides Mau- Saudi Arabia 0.00 Côte d’Ivoire 13.9 ritius, 5 other economies made it easier Bhutan 0.01 Guinea 13.9 to register property. Zimbabwe reduced Belarus 0.02 Cameroon 17.8 the total cost from 25% of the property Georgia 0.02 Central African Republic 18.6 value to about 10%. In Burkina Faso new Kiribati 0.03 Mali 20.0 regulations reorganized the land registry Slovak Republic 0.05 Senegal 20.6 and established statutory time limits. Kazakhstan 0.06 Comoros 20.8 Inspections for property valuations were New Zealand 0.09 Nigeria 20.9 Russian Federation 0.13 Chad 22.7 systematized with preestablished tables Azerbaijan 0.22 Syrian Arab Republic 28.0 of values. And transfer taxes can now be Source: Doing Business database. paid at the land registry, at a special desk of the tax agency. Ethiopia decentral- ownership certificate and for registration Suriname implemented new valuation re- ized administrative tasks to 10 neigh- at the land registry. This cut the time quirements to ensure proper tax payments borhoods in Addis Ababa and merged to complete a property transfer by 17 at the land registry, adding to the proce- procedures at the land registry and mu- days, from 39 to 22. Singapore continued dures, cost and time to register property. nicipality. Rwanda reorganized the land improving its Computerized Systems of Madagascar increased the cost of trans- registry by establishing statutory time Government Agencies. Responses now ferring property by 2.7% of the property limits, dividing registration into 5 dis- come faster when conducting due dili- value by making the use of notaries man- tricts and making it possible to obtain gence, and the time to register property datory. Before, signatures could be legal- the tax clearance certificate online from has dropped from 9 days to 5. ized at the municipality. In Tajikistan the the revenue authority. Angola digitized Seven economies made property state duty for property transfer increased the land registry and split it into 2 units, registration more difficult in 2008/09. To 3-fold, raising the cost to register property each covering half the land in Luanda, combat tax evasion and property under- by 4.5% of the property value. And Sierra accelerating property transfers. valuation, Argentina and Botswana now Leone reinstated a moratorium on the au- In East Asia and the Pacific, Indone- require entrepreneurs to inform the tax thorization of property transfers, delaying sia introduced time limits for issuing the agency before completing registration. them by 6 months. 30 DOING BUSINESS 2010 FIGURE 5.4 for valuation purposes during transfers. Big improvements, but still harder to register property in Sub-Saharan Africa Average time (days) Average cost (% of property value) This procedure is costly and time con- 2005 2009 2009 2005 suming and can foster bribes. Switching South to lower or fixed fees makes it faster and 138 106 Asia 5.6 6.1 easier to transfer property while reduc- Sub-Saharan ing underreporting of property values. 122 81 Africa 9.8 12.4 It also means that the capital gains and 105 62 Eastern Europe 1.9 2.7 & Central Asia property taxes collected later will be East Asia & based on more realistic property values. 99 98 Pacific 3.8 4.8 And reducing taxes does not necessarily 88 74 Latin America 5.6 6.0 mean reducing revenues. Burkina Faso, & Caribbean Egypt, the Indian state of Maharashtra, Middle East 51 38 & North Africa 6.3 7.2 Mozambique, Pakistan and the Slovak 37 25 OECD 4.4 4.8 Republic all reduced fees yet saw total high income revenues stay almost steady or even rise, Note: Data refer to economies included in Doing Business 2005. Additional economies were added in subsequent years. thanks to an increase in transactions.10 Source: Doing Business database. SIMPLIFYING AND COMBINING PROCEDURES TOWARD SMART REGULATION fixed fees, independent of the property value. Seventeen economies do so, in- Simple measures such as reducing the In the past 5 years Doing Business has cluding Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, number of documents can save entre- recorded 125 reforms in property regis- Bhutan, Egypt, Estonia, Georgia, Ka- preneurs and officials valuable time and tration in 93 economies, more than half zakhstan, Kosovo, the Kyrgyz Republic, resources. More than 20 economies re- of them in Africa and Eastern Europe New Zealand, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi quire cadastral certificates, and almost and Central Asia. The largest share, 49 Arabia and the Slovak Republic. “Fixed 70 require a proof of tax clearance from reforms, focused on reducing taxes and fees have reduced corruption at the reg- different levels of government. Eight fees. istry,” says a representative of the Real economies, including Ethiopia, Gabon Estate Association of Georgia, where re- and República Bolivariana de Venezuela, SIMPLIFYING AND LOWERING FEES forms introduced a fixed fee of $30.9 go even further: they require certificates To register a property transfer, an entre- Another alternative is to lower fees of payment from utility companies. Bra- preneur in Uganda first has to arrange charged as a percentage of the property zil and Greece require certificates of pay- for a government official to inspect the value. Six economies, including Ireland ment of social security or legal fees. And property and assess its value. Then the and Nepal, did so in 2008/09, reducing in 15 economies registration at the land entrepreneur has to complete an assess- taxes by 2.5% of the property value on registry is not enough: the new owner ment form to pay the stamp duty at a average. And 49 economies have reduced must register with multiple other institu- bank and another assessment to pay percentage-based transfer fees since tions—such as the municipality, the tax property registration fees. 2005. In the past 5 years Sub-Saharan agency and utility companies. To avoid Nearly 30 of the 183 economies Africa reduced taxes by 2.6% of the prop- the extra burden on entrepreneurs, gov- in the Doing Business sample require erty value on average (figure 5.4). But ernments can establish one-stop shops physical inspections to assess the value more than 40 economies still have trans- to deal with multiple payments and reg- of the transferred property. Others im- fer taxes of more than 6% of the prop- istrations all in one place. pose multiple taxes and fees for property erty value. In Chad, the Comoros, Mali, After simplifying and combining registration. In these economies not only Nigeria, Senegal and Syria taxes and fees procedures, government agencies can go are costs higher; the process is generally exceed 20% of the property value. a step further by linking their systems to more cumbersome. More steps are re- Reducing taxes and fees removes exchange information. Guatemala is link- quired because payments must be made some of the incentives to underreport ing the land registry to municipalities to to different agencies and tax assessments property values and promotes formal automatically update property values and may have to be obtained. Higher costs registration of transactions. It can also ownership. Belarus introduced a success- encourage informal transactions and un- ease the burden on governments trying ful one-stop shop 3 years ago. Entrepre- derreporting of property values. And to detect cheaters. In 31 economies—in- neurs can get their tax payment verified cumbersome processes can create incen- cluding 13 in Africa, 8 in Latin America and obtain clearance from the cadastral tives for the payment of bribes. and 5 in the Middle East and North Af- office at the one-stop shop. They don’t An alternative approach is to charge rica—the government inspects property even need to worry about the notariza- REGISTERING PROPERT Y 31 FIGURE 5.5 the most striking example: a 5-year com- Not all electronic land registries offer online access puterization effort at the registry reduced Economies with electronic land registries, by type of access the total time to transfer property in In person Online, Online, only restricted access unrestricted access Total Luanda from 334 days to 184. OECD 23 In economies with computerized high income Latin America registries it takes only half as long to & Caribbean 15 transfer property as it does in those with Eastern Europe & Central Asia 14 paper-based systems. Electronic process- East Asia ing can also improve title security, by 9 & Pacific making it easier to identify errors and Sub-Saharan Africa 6 overlapping titles. And digital records Middle East can be backed up and maintained more 4 & North Africa easily than paper ones. In Liberia many South Asia 1 land books were lost or destroyed dur- Note: Survey covers 128 economies including 56 with paper-based registries. ing the civil war, making it difficult to Source: Doing Business database. identify the rightful owners.11 This can later lead to land disputes that have to be tion requirement; representatives of the ers are available for searches. Only 25, settled in court. land registry have the same legal pow- including Australia, Canada and Latvia, Going electronic can also increase ers as notaries. Thanks in part to these make certificates available over the inter- registrations. Belarus has increased the reforms, Belarus has cut the steps for net without restrictions (figure 5.5). number of transferred titles 3-fold since it property registration from 7 in 2007 to 3, Where a personal visit to the registry began computerizing its system in 2005. and the time from 231 days to 18. is still necessary, decentralizing offices of Bosnia and Herzegovina has seen 33% the land registry or adding new ones can growth in transferred titles since all mu- EASING ACCESS TO THE REGISTRY reduce backlogs and facilitate access to nicipal cadastres started working on com- Easy access to information in the prop- the registry. Angola, the Czech Republic, puterization a few years ago. Angola, Por- erty registry helps reduce the time spent Ethiopia and Rwanda all decentralized tugal and West Bank and Gaza are other on lengthy and costly due diligence to their registry in 2008/09. Increasing ad- examples of economies that have started verify ownership, encumbrances and ministrative efficiency at the registry is to reap the benefits of years of computer- other required documentation. another way to reduce delays for entre- ization efforts at their registries. Where the internet is widely avail- preneurs. Belgium, Burkina Faso, Indo- Switching from a paper-based prop- able, allowing online access to informa- nesia and 5 other economies did so in erty registry to an electronic one can tion is an effective way to reduce the time 2008/09 by introducing time limits—a take time—from 2 to 5 years—and can and cost to obtain documents. Among the necessary benchmark to measure regis- cost as much as $2 million. Reform in 11 economies establishing online proce- tries’ performance. Two more reduced Georgia in 2005 cost $1.2 million. The dures in 2008/09, Bulgaria reduced the backlogs by hiring more staff. Establish- cost is even higher when surveying and total time for property transfer by 4 days ing fast-track procedures at a higher cost cadastre work is involved. In Croatia and Estonia by up to 33. Such reform has helps people who need speedier registra- work at the land registry and cadastre is the biggest impact on the due diligence tion and are willing to pay for it—and expected to cost $38 million. Technol- procedures typically carried out at the allows the registry to prioritize its work. ogy is not always the ultimate solution. beginning of the transfer process, such The fast-track option can save 21 days In low-income economies particularly, as obtaining certificates of ownership, in Argentina, 16 in Azerbaijan, 7 in Ar- if paper records are inaccurate, mak- encumbrances, good standing of firms or menia and 3 in Romania. Spain has an ing them electronic will not help. The transfer tax payment. Among a sample of innovative system: if the delay exceeds 15 focus should be first on improving the 72 economies having electronic records days, the registry’s fees are cut by 30%. efficiency of current services and the ac- for encumbrances, 14 of them, including curacy of the registry. France, make the records available online COMPUTERIZING THE REGISTRY only to authorized parties such as nota- Transferring property records from paper ries or lawyers. Thirty-three, including to a digital system speeds up processing. Antigua and Barbuda, Tunisia and Zam- The 14 economies that have done so 1. De Soto (2000). bia, still require a visit to the land regis- in the past 5 years have cut the time 2. Field and Torero (2006). try, because certificates can be obtained to transfer property in half, by about 4 3. Allendorf (2007). only in person; in some cases comput- months on average this year. Angola is 4. Doing Business Gender Law Library, 32 DOING BUSINESS 2010 http://www.doingbusiness.org/ genderlawlibrary. 5. World Bank (2008b). 6. Galiani and Schargrodsky (2005). 7. Field (2007). 8. Quy-Toan and Iyer (2008). 9. Fidas and McNicholas (2007). 10. On the experience in Egypt, see Haidar (2008). 11. World Bank (2008d). GE T TING CREDIT 33 Overview Starting a business FIGURE 6.1 Dealing with construction permits Stronger legal rights and more credit information are associated with more credit Private credit as % of GDP Private credit as % of GDP Employing workers 100 100 Registering property Getting credit 75 75 Protecting investors 50 50 Paying taxes Trading across borders 25 25 Enforcing contracts 0 0 Closing a business Lower Higher Lower Higher Economies ranked by Economies ranked by strength of legal rights index, quintiles depth of credit information index, quintiles Note: Relationships are significant at the 5% level and remain significant when controlling for income per capita. Source: Doing Business database; World Bank, World Development Indicators database (2008). Tara grew a weaving hobby into a small movable assets and registered it with information on coverage (figure 6.2). textile business in the Federated States of the electronic collateral registry created Many women are not as lucky as Micronesia. Business picked up quickly, 2 years before. Her inventory, machin- Tara. Female entrepreneurs are less likely and within a year she was already start- ery and other movable assets, together to have the collateral needed for business ing to make a profit. With plans to ex- with the record of her assets from the loans.3 This hinders their potential. Re- pand, Tara approached Sangozi, a loan collateral registry, proved to be enough: cent research in India shows that “given officer at her bank, for a line of credit. Sangozi gave Tara a line of credit. As long the difficulty that poor women in the To find out whether Tara qualified for a as Tara makes her loan payments, she rural sector have historically had in gain- low-interest loan program for female- continues to use the machinery securing ing access to the formal financial system, owned businesses, Sangozi needed to her loan. it is not surprising that when they are check her credit record. But there was Access to information on credit and able to secure a loan, their probability no database that shared information on on registered assets used as collateral of engaging in entrepreneurial activity credit histories. helps creditors assess the creditworthi- shows a strong increase.”4 With no credit report to show Tara’s ness of potential future clients. Although Women tend to borrow from mi- creditworthiness, Sangozi looked at a credit history is not a substitute for crofinance institutions, but in small which assets Tara could use as collateral. risk analysis, when banks share credit amounts that often fall short of the mini- While Tara rents the premises for her information, loan officers can assess bor- mum thresholds required by credit reg- business, she owns all the machinery. To rowers’ creditworthiness using objective istries to build a credit history. Only 22% raise the funds for start-up, Tara had cre- measures. And if lenders are also reas- of public credit registries and 52% of ated a nonpossessory pledge over these sured by strong creditors’ rights, it al- private credit bureaus around the world TABLE 6.1 lows them to take greater, well-informed Where is getting credit easy— risks.1 This in turn can make access to FIGURE 6.2 and where not? finance easier, particularly for small and Getting credit: collateral rules and credit Easiest RANK Most difficult RANK medium-size entrepreneurs. Where col- information Rankings are based on 2 subindicators Malaysia 1 Iraq 174 lateral laws are effective and credit regis- South Africa 2 Madagascar 175 tries are present, banks are more likely to Regulations on 62.5% United Kingdom 3 Tajikistan 176 extend loans (figure 6.1).2 nonpossessory of Strength 33% 33% security interests legal rights index Australia 4 Bhutan 177 Doing Business measures the legal in movable (0–10) Bulgaria 5 Djibouti 178 rights of borrowers and lenders and the property Hong Kong, China 6 Eritrea 179 37.5% scope and quality of credit informa- 33% Depth of credit Israel 7 Venezuela, R.B. 180 New Zealand 8 Syrian Arab 181 tion systems. The first set of indica- information index (0–6) Singapore 9 Republic tors describes how well collateral and United States 10 Timor-Leste 182 bankruptcy laws facilitate lending. The Scope, quality and accessibility of credit information through public Palau 183 second set measures the scope, quality and private credit registries Note: Rankings on the ease of getting credit are based on the and accessibility of credit information Note: Private bureau coverage and public registry coverage sum of the strength of legal rights index and the depth of credit available through public credit registries are measured but do not count for the rankings. information index. See Data notes for details. See Data notes for details. Source: Doing Business database. and private credit bureaus and provides 34 DOING BUSINESS 2010 collect and distribute information from crofinance institutions, retailers and util- would render the security agreement microfinance institutions, according to ity providers. They tend to have bureaus void. Now any individual or business the Doing Business database. And 20% of that do not limit coverage to large loans can offer movable property as security bureaus and registries surveyed do not and that provide historical information for loans while maintaining possession. capture small loans. But credit bureaus on borrowers. And they generally guar- The law permits future assets to be used and credit registries are not the only way antee the right of borrowers to inspect as collateral. It also established a collat- to do so. Small loans that require collat- their data. In addition, these economies eral registry, protecting secured creditors eral can also be recorded in a collateral have a legal framework that encourages against third parties. registry. Yet only 40% of the economies lending by financial institutions to the Rwanda was not the only economy covered by Doing Business have an opera- private sector. Their laws ensure secured to reform in Sub-Saharan Africa. Zambia tional collateral registry. creditors’ rights through a registration now requires banks and other financial Particularly in developing econo- mechanism for secured interests, allow institutions to provide data to the credit mies, many small and medium-size out-of-court enforcement of security bureau and use credit reference reports. companies do not have access to for- rights and protect secured creditors dur- Mauritius adopted or amended several mal credit and have to rely on personal ing insolvency processes. laws to allow the creation of a licensed funds and operating profits. Many were private credit bureau and expanded the hit hard by the financial and economic WHO REFORMED IN 2008/09? bureau’s coverage to all credit facilities. crisis as demand for their products fell. Nigeria also adopted regulations to allow This makes it even more important to Twenty-seven economies made it eas- the creation of a private credit bureau. strengthen the regulatory environment ier to get credit in 2008/09 (table 6.2). Sierra Leone passed a new company act to improve access to credit. One way is Rwanda was the top reformer. The coun- in May 2009 that broadens the range of to encourage the sharing of information try’s new secured transactions law raised assets that can be used as collateral. The through credit registries or bureaus and its score on the strength of legal rights reform also clarified the legal framework strengthen the legal framework related index from 2 to 8. The new law makes for secured transactions. In Cape Verde to collateral. it easier for small and medium-size en- the central bank introduced online ac- Economies that rank high on the terprises to obtain loans. Before, banks cess to the loan database for financial ease of getting credit typically have credit would demand that borrowers give up institutions. The minimum threshold for bureaus that share information on in- possession of their secured property—or, the loans included, however, was raised dividuals and firms and include both if they were allowed to keep possession, from 1,000 escudos to 5,000 ($61). positive and negative credit information the law required a specific description of Eastern Europe and Central Asia obtained from banks, credit unions, mi- the assets, and any change to the assets saw the most reforms in getting credit TABLE 6.2 in 2008/09. Seven economies reformed Most popular reform features in getting credit in 2008/09 their credit information system. Arme- nia passed a new law establishing a legal Introduced regulations guaranteeing that borrowers Colombia, Guatemala, Serbia, Republic of framework for private credit bureaus and can inspect data in credit registry Yemen regulating credit information collection Expanded set of information collected in credit Arab Republic of Egypt, Greece, Latvia, Turkey, and credit reports. Latvia’s new public registry Zambia credit registry started sharing data on Improved regulatory framework related to Armenia, Honduras, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria, loans from banks and bank subsidiaries sharing credit information Philippines, Tajikistan on a quarterly basis, increasing its cover- Provided online access to or improved software Azerbaijan, Cape Verde, FYR Macedonia, Sri age to 47%. FYR Macedonia introduced at credit registry Lanka new software allowing the public credit Expanded range of revolving movable assets that Haiti, Kyrgyz Republic, Rwanda, Sierra Leone bureau to receive data on a monthly can be used as collateral basis and lowered the threshold for the Allowed maximum rather than specific amounts Afghanistan, Kyrgyz Republic, Rwanda loans included. Serbia now guarantees in debt agreements borrowers the right to inspect their Created a unified registry for movable property Guatemala, Vanuatu own data. Turkey’s private credit bureau Established new credit bureau Morocco added firms to its database of borrowers Gave priority to secured creditors' claims in Rwanda and started generating credit ratings. bankruptcy procedures Azerbaijan’s public credit registry made Eliminated restrictions on who can hold or Poland it possible for banks to get credit reports grant a security interest over movable property for new borrowers online. Tajikistan ad- Source: Doing Business database. opted a new law allowing the creation GE T TING CREDIT 35 of a credit bureau. The law paves the collected and now also includes retailers. make their security rights in all types of way for exchanging positive and nega- Morocco introduced a private credit bu- movable assets opposable to third par- tive historical information on firms and reau, replacing the public registry and in- ties. Guatemala also passed a new law individuals, making it mandatory for all creasing coverage. The Republic of Yemen guaranteeing borrowers’ right to access financial companies and voluntary for issued circulars removing the minimum their data in any public registry. utility firms and other creditors. The law threshold for loans included in the data- Haiti passed a law allowing small also guarantees that all borrowers can base and guaranteeing the right of bor- and medium-size businesses to create check their information once a year free rowers to view their credit reports. The security interests in future assets while of charge and sets no minimum thresh- country’s central bank now has a credit ensuring that the creditors’ rights will old for loans included in the database. information system—a gift from the cen- extend to products and proceeds of the Two other economies in the region tral bank of the United Arab Emirates. secured assets. Plans to create a collateral strengthened the legal rights of borrow- In Latin America and the Caribbean registry are under way. Honduras helped ers and lenders. The Kyrgyz Republic 4 economies reformed. Colombia passed banks to better manage risks by cat- amended its civil code and pledge law a new law regulating data protection, egorizing borrowers in the public credit to make secured lending more flexible with a special section on credit bureaus bureau. It also plans to adopt a new by allowing general descriptions of en- and on commercial and credit informa- secured transactions law in the second cumbered assets and of debts and ob- tion. The law guarantees the right of half of 2009. ligations. Poland amended its 1996 Act citizens to inspect their information and Among OECD high-income econo- on Registered Pledges to broaden the establishes mechanisms for complaints mies, only Greece reformed. Its private category of persons who may hold or in case of errors. But the law and subse- credit bureau now distributes positive grant security interests. quent decisions also limit the historical as well as negative information in credit In the Middle East and North Africa information available. In Guatemala a reports. 3 economies improved their credit infor- collateral registry became operational Two economies reformed in South mation system. Egypt’s private credit bu- in Guatemala City in February 2009. Asia. Sri Lanka was the only reformer reau expanded the scope of information The registry allows secured creditors to in credit information. The country strengthened its private credit bureau by TABLE 6.3 consolidating all data from shareholder Who has the most credit information and the most legal rights for borrowers and lending institutions, with no minimum lenders—and who the least? threshold. Registry data have grown 10- Legal rights for borrowers and lenders (strength of legal rights index, 0–10) fold since 2007. Afghanistan enacted a Most Least modern secured transactions law. The Hong Kong, China 10 Belarus 2 law improves the mechanisms available Kenya 10 Burundi 2 for businesses to secure a loan. Now Kyrgyz Republic 10 Eritrea 2 companies can use a broad range of Malaysia 10 Madagascar 2 Singapore 10 Bolivia 1 movable assets as security. The law also Australia 9 Djibouti 1 provides for the future implementation Denmark 9 Syrian Arab Republic 1 of a collateral registry. Israel 9 Timor-Leste 1 In East Asia and the Pacific 2 econo- New Zealand 9 Palau 0 mies reformed. The Philippines passed a United Kingdom 9 West Bank and Gaza 0 new law establishing a credit informa- Borrowers covered by credit registries (% of adults) tion sharing system, and Vanuatu imple- Most Least mented a new collateral registry. Other Argentina 100 Liberia 0.27 reforms are on the way in the region. The Australia 100 Nepal 0.27 Solomon Islands enacted a new secured Canada 100 Algeria 0.22 transactions law, which will become ef- Iceland 100 Yemen, Rep. 0.22 Ireland 100 Djibouti 0.21 fective once the collateral registry be- New Zealand 100 Chad 0.21 comes operational in the second half Norway 100 Burundi 0.19 of 2009. Tonga is drafting a new law on Sweden 100 Mauritania 0.16 secured transactions that is expected to United Kingdom 100 Ethiopia 0.13 establish an electronic collateral registry. United States 100 Madagascar 0.07 The Lao People’s Democratic Republic Note: The rankings on borrower coverage reflected in the table include only economies with public or private credit registries (132 in total). plans to implement a new collateral reg- Another 50 economies have no credit registry and therefore no coverage. See Data notes for details. Source: Doing Business database. istry by the end of 2009. 36 DOING BUSINESS 2010 TOWARD SMART REGULATION FIGURE 6.3 Credit information coverage grew quickly in economies with new credit bureaus Borrowers covered by credit registries (% of adults) In the past 5 years Doing Business has recorded 42 reforms strengthening the Croatia legal rights of borrowers and lenders in Czech Republic 32 economies around the world—and Poland 108 reforms improving credit informa- Latvia tion systems in 70 economies. This count Turkey includes 27 new credit bureaus and 11 Bulgaria Coverage in Coverage in 2006 2009 new collateral registries since 2005. Close Armenia to two-thirds of the new credit bureaus Romania Increase were created by economies in Eastern Albania Europe and Central Asia. And the share 0 20 40 60 80 of the adult population with a credit his- Source: Doing Business database. tory in these economies has increased dramatically (figure 6.3). do so. Take the Kyrgyz Republic, where companies is an effective way to in- there is no law governing the operations crease coverage. But this is among the CREATING A CREDIT BUREAU of credit bureaus. Only 6% of adults harder aspects to reform because these Establishing a credit bureau need not be are covered, because banks are reluc- companies often are regulated by differ- expensive. Costs range from $500,000 tant to share information. Economies ent institutions than financial companies to $3 million, depending on the systems in the Middle East and North Africa are. Only 40% of bureaus include infor- already in place and the readiness of the and those in Latin America and the mation from such sources. Yet positive banking sector. Most of the costs can Caribbean share the same amount of information on payment of electricity be recovered within a couple of years. credit information on average, but they and phone bills can help establish a But getting started can often take time. have very different coverage rates (fig- good credit history for those who need According to experts, it takes 12–24 ure 6.4). One reason for the difference it the most—women and youth, many months for a credit bureau to begin could be the legal structure affecting of whom have had no contact with the operations—from developing a business the credit bureaus and the information banking sector. plan to issuing the first reports.5 that credit bureaus are allowed to collect The Armenian credit bureau, ACRA, and distribute. In Latin America and the REFORMING SECURED TRANSACTIONS LAWS cost $1 million to start up and took 3 Caribbean 59% of economies have credit years to begin operations. Coverage ini- bureaus that share information from Sound secured transactions laws allow tially rose from 1.5% of adults to 13.5% utilities and retailers, for example, while businesses to use their assets—including and has almost doubled each year since. in the Middle East and North Africa only movable assets such as machinery or ac- Efforts to improve the functioning of the 21% of economies do. counts receivable—as security to gener- bureau continue. In the past year Arme- Including credit information from ate capital for expansion. The ability to nia strengthened the legal framework retailers and utility companies such as use such assets is particularly important regulating the activities of credit bureaus electricity providers and mobile phone for small and medium-size enterprises, and clarified the rules on sharing credit FIGURE 6.4 information. Coverage has risen to 35% Coverage of borrowers varies widely across regions of adults. 64.0 Depth of credit information index (0–6) Setting up the credit bureau is only a part of any reform. Reformers need to Borrowers covered by credit registries (% of adults) create the regulatory framework that will allow the sharing of data and foster trust 33.2 in the system by both banks and borrow- 5 29.3 ers. This often requires adopting a new 4 19.6 credit bureau law or amendments to ex- 3 3 15.2 isting banking and data protection laws. 2 2 6.9 3.9 Six economies took this step in 2008/09. 1 In many economies credit bureaus OECD Eastern Latin Middle East East Asia & South Sub-Saharan high Europe & America & North Africa Pacific Asia Africa have the capacity to collect more in- income Central Asia & Caribbean formation but lack the legal backing to Source: Doing Business database. GE T TING CREDIT 37 which may not own land or buildings. FIGURE 6.5 More borrowers are using movable collateral Female entrepreneurs can benefit the Share of companies using machinery and equipment as collateral (%) most in countries such as Tanzania, where customary inheritance law means Ukraine that few women have land to use as col- lateral for business loans.6 Georgia Economies as diverse as Cambodia, Kyrgyz Republic Guatemala, the Federated States of Mi- Bosnia and Herzegovina cronesia and Rwanda have implemented Percentage in Percentage in Romania 2005 2008 new legal frameworks in recent years. Such legal changes often do not require Serbia Increase large investments. The Dominican Re- Croatia public, for example, estimates that it will 0 20 40 60 spend about $68,500 on evaluating its Source: World Bank Enterprise Surveys (2005, 2008). existing secured transactions system and developing a new regulatory framework. and 7,583 between January a nd May a recent survey of 25 economies with es- Rwanda invested $55,320 in validation 2009. The value of registered pledges is tablished registries, only 6 had registries and translation of its new law as well as about $17 billion. In China, 20 months allowing online registration.10 in the legislative process, excluding tech- after the Credit Reference Center of the Reformers seeking to economize nical assistance from donors. People’s Bank of China had created an might consider combining reforms of The experience of earlier reformers online registry for receivables in 2007, collateral and credit information systems shows that such reform is well worth a total of 74,453 lending transactions by focusing on what these systems have the effort. Where the law allows movable using receivables as security had been in common. Data collected by collateral goods to be used as collateral, compa- recorded, for an estimated cumulative registries are often similar to those used nies take advantage of this possibility. amount of more than 5 trillion yuan. in credit reports. When implementing In Eastern Europe and Central Asia, the More than 52% of these transactions both reforms simultaneously, the biggest region with the most reforms in getting involved small and medium-size en- savings can be made on software. The credit in the past 5 years, the share of terprises. By now most mid size and software license and customization for a companies using movable assets as col- large lenders in China have developed new credit registry, accounting for about lateral has increased significantly since accounts receivable financing.8 half the total cost, can also be used to 2005.7 The use of machinery and other With the legal framework in place, start a collateral registry. tangible movable property as collateral creating a new collateral registry need has risen the most (figure 6.5). Revolv- not be costly. Some small island states ing movable assets such as inventory and have established one in recent years, accounts receivable are also used, though including the Federated States of Mi- 1. Houston and others (2008). to a lesser extent. Financial institutions cronesia. Guatemala recently established 2. Djankov, McLiesh and Shleifer (2007). may still feel more comfortable using as- a paper-based registry that also func- 3. Deininger, Ali and Alemu (2009) and sets not susceptible to change over time. tions online. The reform process, which Joireman (2008). Moreover, trust in the use of a collateral included the adoption of a new secured 4. Menon and van der Meulen Rodgers (2009, p. 14). registry, rather than possession of the transactions law, took several years.9 The 5. Based on World Bank project experience collateral, can take time to develop. initial budget to operate the new registry in Armenia, Bulgaria, Egypt, Nigeria, was $86,500. The total cost of establish- Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Sri Lanka, SETTING UP A COLLATERAL REGISTRY ing a new legal framework with an online Uganda and the United Arab Emirates. Where the necessary legal framework collateral registry—including diagnostic 6. World Bank (2008b). is in place, well-functioning collateral and legal review, software, hardware, 7. World Bank Enterprise Surveys (http:// registries are needed so that compa- hosting and maintenance, along with in- www.enterprisesurveys.org). nies can take advantage of the law and ternational consulting during the entire 8. Marechal, Tekin and Guliyeva (forthcom- get access to credit. Results can show process—can amount to about $350,000 ing). quickly. In Serbia, for example, the Reg- or more. Reformers in the Dominican 9. Croci Downes (forthcoming). ister of Pledges over Movable Property Republic expect a cost of $354,500 for 10. World Bank Group, Investment Climate Advisory Services, Movable Collateral and Rights began operating by mid- such a comprehensive reform. Many Registry Survey, 2008. 2005. It recorded 11,799 registered se- economies have well-functioning paper- curity interests in 2007, 16,974 in 2008 based collateral registries. According to 38 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Overview Starting a business FIGURE 7.1 Dealing with construction permits More investor protections associated with greater access for firms to equity markets and faster stock turnover Employing workers Perceived difficulty in access to equity Turnover of stocks traded (%) Registering property Most 75 Getting credit difficult Protecting 50 investors Least 25 Paying taxes difficult 0 Trading across borders Least Most Least Most protection protection protection protection Enforcing contracts Economies ranked by Economies ranked by Closing a business strength of investor protection index, quintiles strength of investor protection index, quintiles Note: Relationships are significant at the 1% and 5% level respectively and remain significant when controlling for income per capita. Economies are ranked on the perceived difficulty in financing through local equity market, with 134 being the most difficult. Source: Doing Business database; WEF (2008); World Bank, World Development Indicators database. Serghei, a minority shareholder in the kets, the strength of investor protections Doing Business measures the trans- Kyrgyz Republic, made good use of his is particularly important (figure 7.1). The parency of related-party transactions, country’s new company law last year. A current crisis has made access to equity the liability of company directors for self- company in which he had invested was markets more challenging. In times of dealing and the ability of shareholders about to enter into a transaction that uncertainty, investors become even more to sue directors for misconduct (figure required pledging a big mortgage to a concerned about corporate governance 7.2). A high ranking on the strength of Kazakhstan financial group. The terms risks and look for legal protections. Pre- investor protection index shows that an suggested that interests other than the vious financial crises, such as the East economy’s regulations offer strong inves- company’s were at play. Aided by the Asian crisis of 1997, and corporate scan- tor protections against self-dealing (table new law, Serghei and other minority dals such as those involving Enron and 7.1). The indicator is not a measure of shareholders forced the board to sub- WorldCom have also brought attention the dynamism of capital markets or of mit the transaction to an extraordinary to areas where stronger protections are protections for foreign investors. shareholders meeting for approval. The needed. The lessons learned from them new law gave the minority investors the have proved to be a source of innovation WHO REFORMED IN 2008/09? power to block the transaction. This and reform in investor protections. saved the company $150 million. And Rules governing self-dealing, the Ten economies strengthened investor it reassured minority investors that their use of corporate assets by company in- protections in 2008/09 (table 7.2). In- rights were protected. siders for personal gain, are just one area creasing disclosure requirements was Companies need capital to be able to of corporate governance. But they are once again the most popular reform fea- grow and expand. For companies seeking among the most important, particularly ture, followed by regulating the approval to access finance through equity mar- in developing economies, where corpo- rate ownership tends to be highly con- FIGURE 7.2 TABLE 7.1 centrated.1 The most common examples Protecting investors: minority shareholder Where are investors protected—and rights in related-party transactions of self-dealing are related-party transac- where not? Rankings are based on 3 subindicators tions—those between company insiders Liability of CEO Most protected RANK Least protected RANK Requirements on approval and other companies they control. These and disclosure of and board of directors New Zealand 1 Gambia, The 174 related-party in a related-party include sales of goods or services to the transaction Singapore 2 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 175 transactions 33.3% company at inflated prices or purchases 33.3% Extent Hong Kong, China 3 Palau 176 Extent of of director Malaysia 4 Vietnam 177 from it at excessively low prices. disclosure liability Canada 5 Venezuela, R.B. 178 Investors typically look for transpar- index index Colombia 6 Djibouti 179 ency in such corporate dealings, account- 33.3% Ireland 7 Suriname 180 ability from company directors for improper Ease of shareholder Israel 8 Swaziland 181 corporate practices and ability to take part suits index United States 9 Lao PDR 182 in the major decisions of the company. If a South Africa 10 Afghanistan 183 Type of evidence that can be collected country’s laws do not provide these, inves- before and during the trial Note: Rankings are on the strength of investor protection index. tors may be reluctant to invest, except to See Data notes for details. Note: See Data notes for details. Source: Doing Business database. become the controlling shareholder. PROTEC TING INVESTORS 39 process for related-party transactions. judges now have the power to rescind FIGURE 7.3 Colombia—the road to the top 10 Rwanda was the top reformer. In harmful related-party transactions. in protecting investors April 2009 its parliament adopted a new Mali amended its civil proce- Total improvement, 2007–2009 (index 0–10) company law. The new law regulates con- dure code in May 2009. The new rules flicts of interest by requiring shareholder strengthen investor protections by in- 9 8 8 approval of related-party transactions creasing shareholders’ ability to access involving more than 5% of company as- internal corporate information during a 7 sets. The law also introduces extensive trial to establish directors’ liability. requirements for disclosure of related- The runner-up reformer was the party transactions to the board of direc- Dominican Republic. One of the top 10 tors and in the company’s annual report. reformers in the previous year, the coun- 2 And for the first time in Rwanda’s legal try targeted investor protections as a pri- history, the law sets out a clear catalogue ority in 2008/09. The parliament adopted of directors’ duties. a new company law in December 2008, Extent of Extent of Ease of disclosure director shareholder Rwanda’s new law also makes it replacing the outdated commercial code index liability index suits index easier to sue directors for prejudicial of 1882. The new law requires board ap- Source: Doing Business database. related-party transactions. If directors proval for related-party transactions rep- are found liable, they must compensate resenting less than 15% of the company’s and disgorge the profit made from the the company for the damage caused and assets and shareholder approval for those transaction. Colombia has now reformed repay all profits made from the trans- representing more than 15%. The law investor protections for 3 years running. action. And minority shareholders can makes directors liable for all damages This past year’s reform brought Colombia now gain access to internal corporate caused to the company by transactions into the top 10 on the strength of investor documents either directly or through a involving a conflict of interest. And to protection index—among the economies government inspector. increase transparency, the law allows that protect minority investors the most Two other countries in Sub-Saha- minority investors access to all internal from self-dealing (figure 7.3). ran Africa made important efforts to corporate documents. Eastern Europe and Central Asia strengthen minority shareholders’ rights. Colombia, another reformer in Latin had 3 reforms. In April 2009, after 9 Sierra Leone adopted a new company law America and the Caribbean, amended years of parliamentary debate, Ukraine addressing both disclosure requirements its company law through Decree 1925. adopted the Law on Joint Stock Compa- for related-party transactions and the li- The decree clarifies provisions regulat- nies. The new law considerably strength- ability of directors in case such a transac- ing the liability of directors for prejudi- ens the legal protections for minority tion harms the company. Related-party cial related-party transactions, making shareholders. It requires the supervisory transactions must now be approved by a it easier to sue directors in such cases. board to approve transactions between shareholders meeting, and the interested If directors are found liable, they must interested parties and prohibits those party is not allowed to vote. Moreover, pay damages caused to the company parties from participating in the process. The new law introduces detailed require- TABLE 7.2 Greater disclosure—the most popular reform feature in 2008/09 ments for disclosing conflicts of interest to the supervisory board, increasing the Increased disclosure requirements Dominican Republic, Indonesia, FYR Macedonia, transparency of the company’s activities. Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Ukraine It also spells out the duties of supervisory Regulated approval of related-party transactions Dominican Republic, FYR Macedonia, Rwanda, board members and their liability in Sierra Leone, Tunisia, Ukraine the event that their actions or inactions Passed a new company law Dominican Republic, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Ukraine cause harm to the company. Made it easier to sue directors Colombia, Dominican Republic, FYR Macedonia, FYR Macedonia also reformed. Rwanda, Tajikistan In July 2008 the parliament approved Allowed access to internal corporate information Dominican Republic, Rwanda amendments to the Trade Enterprise Allowed rescission of prejudicial related-party Colombia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Tajikistan Law of 2004. The amendments increased transactions disclosure obligations and modified Required an external body to review related-party Tajikistan, Tunisia the approval process for related-party transactions before they take place transactions. Now directors must pub- Allowed direct oral questioning of defendants and Mali lish comprehensive information on such witnesses transactions in the annual report. Di- Source: Doing Business database. rectors who are interested parties in 40 DOING BUSINESS 2010 transactions that harm the company face TABLE 7.3 Who provides strong minority investor protections—and who does not? special liability. In addition, the Mace- donian Securities Commission adopted Extent of disclosure index (0–10) resolutions strengthening the require- Most Least ments for periodic disclosures by listed Bulgaria 10 Bolivia 1 companies. China 10 Afghanistan 0 Tajikistan reformed for the second France 10 Honduras 0 year in a row. Amendments to the Joint Hong Kong, China 10 Lao PDR 0 Stock Companies Law increased the dis- Indonesia 10 Maldives 0 closure requirements for transactions in- Ireland 10 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0 volving a conflict of interest. The new law Malaysia 10 Palau 0 also makes it easier to sue directors who New Zealand 10 Sudan 0 Singapore 10 Swaziland 0 cause damage to the company and allows Thailand 10 Switzerland 0 shareholders to request the rescission of Extent of director liability index (0–10) harmful related-party transactions. Indonesia was a repeat reformer and Most Least the only one in East Asia and the Pacific Albania 9 Belarus 1 in 2008/09. The Indonesian Securities Cambodia 9 Bulgaria 1 Commission, aiming to strengthen its Canada 9 Togo 1 already strong disclosure requirements Israel 9 Zimbabwe 1 Malaysia 9 Afghanistan 0 for related-party transactions, issued a New Zealand 9 Marshall Islands 0 regulation setting out extensive new re- Rwanda 9 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0 quirements for internal disclosure. Now Singapore 9 Palau 0 a wider range of information must be Slovenia 9 Suriname 0 disclosed to the board of directors and to Trinidad and Tobago 9 Vietnam 0 shareholders meetings. Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) In Tunisia, increasing the transpar- Easiest Most difficult ency of companies’ activities was the Kenya 10 Lao PDR 2 main goal of reformers. The parliament New Zealand 10 Senegal 2 amended the Code des Sociétés Com- Colombia 9 Syrian Arab Republic 2 merciales in March 2009. The new provi- Hong Kong, China 9 United Arab Emirates 2 sions require approval of related-party Ireland 9 Venezuela, R.B. 2 transactions by both the board of direc- Israel 9 Yemen, Rep. 2 tors and a shareholders meeting. Inter- Mauritius 9 Guinea 1 ested parties are no longer allowed to Poland 9 Morocco 1 Singapore 9 Djibouti 0 participate in the approval process. In United States 9 Iran, Islamic Rep. 0 addition, the law requires review of the terms of such transactions by an inde- Source: Doing Business database. pendent auditor. economies also have efficient, responsive And while economies like the United TOWARD SMART REGULATION judicial systems—without which good Arab Emirates have clear, rigorous rules laws would have little impact on investor regulating the liability of directors, they Doing Business has recorded 68 reforms protections. In Singapore, for example, lack such rules for regulating the disclo- to strengthen investor protections in 50 it takes 150 days on average to enforce a sure of related-party transactions and economies over the past 5 years. Econo- commercial contract in court, the fastest access to internal corporate information. mies that rank high on the strength of in- time in the world. How do economies fill the gaps? vestor protection index protect minority But many economies still offer mi- Reforms over the past 5 years show some investors from self-dealing through more nority investors only partial protections common patterns. Reformers in Eastern disclosure, clear duties for directors and through the laws or the judicial system. Europe and Central Asia, the most active easy access to corporate information While economies such as Bulgaria have globally, focused on increasing disclo- (table 7.3). extensive disclosure and approval re- sure requirements and determining clear Examples are New Zealand, Sin- quirements, for example, they lack clear duties for directors (figure 7.4). In re- gapore and the United Kingdom. These rules regulating the liability of directors. cent years several low-income economies PROTEC TING INVESTORS 41 took similar measures. Two examples are FIGURE 7.5 Increased investor protections in Africa as a result of new company laws Rwanda and Sierra Leone, whose new Strength of investor protection index (0–10), 2006–09 company laws strengthened disclosure Before After requirements and increased directors’ reform reform liability (figure 7.5). Such reforms put Rwanda 2.7 6.3 into place much-needed legal protections Sierra Leone 5.7 6.3 without costing very much. Rwanda’s Botswana 4.3 6.0 adoption of its new company law cost Mozambique 4.7 6.0 $250,000, including translation services Tanzania 4.0 5.0 and costs associated with the legislative Source: Doing Business database. process. Sierra Leone spent $150,000 on technical assistance, communications and basic logistics when introducing its transaction, explain the potential conflict company’s assets, it must be approved new company law. of interest in detail and provide any other by the board of directors. If it represents relevant information that could help the more than 5% of the assets, it must be BROADENING DISCLOSURE board or shareholders come to an in- approved at a shareholders meeting. This REQUIREMENTS formed decision. model allows the company flexibility in Reforms aimed at increasing market But reformers need to watch out for conducting its day-to-day activities while transparency have focused on both in- potential legal loopholes allowing parties ensuring that minority investors are in- ternal and external disclosure require- to bypass disclosure requirements. One volved in major decisions. ments. Requirements for internal dis- signal: references in laws to the “ordinary Many reforms have focused on the closure of related-party transactions call course of business.” Economies such as time at which approval of related-party for notifying the company’s board of Switzerland require extensive disclosure transactions is required. Under Rwanda’s directors (or supervisory board) and its of related-party transactions. But if a new company law, related-party transac- shareholders. Those for external disclo- transaction is conducted as part of the tions representing more than 5% of the sure include disclosure of the transaction company’s “day-to-day activities,” the company’s assets must be approved by an to the stock exchange or market regula- disclosure provisions do not apply. Nei- extraordinary shareholders meeting. In tor within 24–72 hours after the trans- ther legislation nor case law adequately contrast, laws in Cameroon and Senegal action and disclosure in the company’s defines the “ordinary course of business.” require that disinterested investors ap- annual report. Often, any transaction could fit the ex- prove every transaction between a com- Reforming governments have both ception, so disclosure requirements are pany and its directors. This sounds suf- broadened the scope and improved the of little use. ficient. But the laws do not specify when quality of the information that must be disinterested investors must approve disclosed. In Indonesia and the Kyrgyz SPELLING OUT APPROVAL PROCESSES such transactions. In practice, the board Republic, for example, directors must Reformers that want to require approval of directors authorizes all related-party disclose the nature and amount of the of related-party transactions have 2 op- transactions during the fiscal year and tions: approval by the board of directors waits for the annual shareholders meet- FIGURE 7.4 (or supervisory board) or by the share- ing for the approval. So shareholders may Increased disclosure and directors’ liability in Eastern Europe and Central Asia holders. Either way, interested directors not vote on a transaction until months Average improvement (index 0–10) should not be allowed to participate in after it has taken place—and possibly 2009 5.9 the process—or should not have their caused serious harm to the company. votes counted. 2005 4.8 In economies with large corpora- BEING CLEAR ABOUT LIABILITY 2009 4.4 tions, modern legal systems and good Company directors are subject to strict 2005 3.7 communications infrastructure, such as rules and duties because they are fi- France and Singapore, shareholder ap- duciaries. If they manage the business proval is the preferred route. But in econ- properly, they are rewarded. If they fail omies with smaller companies and fewer to do so, they are responsible for the shareholders, the tendency is to create consequences. thresholds for approval of transactions. When regulating directors’ du- Extent of Extent of In Albania and Rwanda, if a related-party ties, governments generally follow 1 of disclosure director index liability index transaction—or a group of such trans- 2 paths. Either they set out in the law a Source: Doing Business database. actions—represents less than 5% of the detailed catalogue of rights and duties for 42 DOING BUSINESS 2010 company directors—the case in Mexico.2 need access to evidence before and dur- Or they create a special regime of liability ing the trial. for directors in case of prejudicial related- Reformers have made it easier for 1. Djankov, La Porta, López-de-Silanes and Shleifer (2008). party transactions—the case in Georgia minority investors to gain access to 2. Johns and Lobet (2007). and FYR Macedonia. In both approaches internal corporate information before directors found liable must compensate the trial—either directly or through a the company for damages and repay prof- government inspector. Indonesia and its made from the transaction. Japan offer both options. Mozambique Many laws have only transparency and Rwanda allow shareholders access to provisions without making directors li- any internal corporate documents except able for prejudicial related-party transac- corporate secrets. And if the manage- tions. This is the case in Kazakhstan and ment fails to provide sufficient informa- Moldova: as long as interested parties tion, shareholders can ask the court to comply with the requirements for ap- appoint a government inspector with proval and disclosure of a related-party full powers to access all corporate docu- transaction, they are not liable for any ments. But some economies, such as the damages caused. This deprives minority Plurinational State of Bolivia and the investors of an important tool for pro- Democratic Republic of Congo, lack laws tecting their own interests and those of allowing shareholders access to corpo- the company they invest in. rate information. Others have facilitated access to EASING ACCESS TO EVIDENCE evidence during the trial. Mali did so by Minority investors are protected when amending its procedural rules. Now law- they can bring a case before the court yers representing investors can question and expect the court to rule in a reason- defendants and witnesses directly, with- able time. But to make their case, they out needing approval from the judge. 43 Overview Starting a business FIGURE 8.1 Dealing with construction permits 104 economies reformed in paying taxes in 2004–08 Employing workers Average percentage change, 2004–08 1.7 Registering property 2004 Getting credit –4.3 –4.6 –5.9 Protecting investors –7.7 –9.3 –10.3 Paying taxes 2008 Income group –17.8 –12.8 –11.7 –15.9 –10.6 Trading across borders H High Enforcing contracts UM Upper middle Closing a business LM Lower middle H UM LM L H UM LM L H UM LM L L Low Payments Time to comply Total tax rate Note: The percentage increase in payments in low-income economies is driven by 1 major reform in 1 economy that increased payments by 60% in 2006. Without this outlier, the average percentage decrease would be 1.09%. Source: Doing Business database. In Egypt during the 18th dynasty the To finance these services, the vast major- around the world, governments stayed pharaoh sent tax collectors 3 times a ity of governments must levy taxes. The on course with reform programs to lower year. They were accompanied by a scribe challenge for governments is to find a the tax burden for businesses, broaden who kept records. The scribe wrote down way to do so that ensures public revenues the tax base and make compliance easier. the names of the peasants and measured while encouraging compliance. More economies reformed than in any the fields. On the second visit the scribe Businesses from around the world previous year. A few economies, such and the tax collectors inspected the new have identified taxation as an area in as Russia and Korea, reduced corporate crops. From this they calculated the taxes which they would most like to see their income tax rates or accelerated previ- owed. The tax collectors made the third governments improve.2 How govern- ously planned reform programs as part visit during the harvest to collect the ments raise revenues can make an impor- of economic stimulus packages. In sev- pharaoh’s share. The taxes were paid in tant difference to business and growth. eral economies small and medium-size sacks of grain.1 And what can be a challenge in good businesses benefited from other crisis Governments need revenues to pro- times becomes even more complicated response measures. Australia, for ex- vide public services to society. For busi- when things become difficult. The global ample, sought to encourage investments nesses, these services offer infrastructure, financial and economic crisis has led to in assets by increasing capital allowance education and other amenities key to rising government debt and unemploy- rates.3 Twelve other economies intro- achieving a common goal of prosperous, ment around the world. The question for duced similar measures, including the functional and orderly societies. Many many governments is how to ensure pub- Czech Republic, Korea and Lebanon. services directly affect businesses—from lic revenues while supporting economic Five economies reduced property tax company and land registries to courts. recovery by encouraging firm growth rates: Denmark, the Netherlands, Niger, TABLE 8.1 and investment. Where is it easy to pay taxes— Doing Business measures the total FIGURE 8.2 and where not? tax burden borne by a standard small Paying taxes: tax compliance for a local Easiest RANK Most difficult RANK to medium-size business as well as the manufacturing company Rankings are based on 3 subindicators Maldives 1 Jamaica 174 number of payments and total time Number of hours Firm tax liability Qatar 2 Mauritania 175 spent complying with tax laws in a given per year to prepare, as % of profits before Hong Kong, China 3 Gambia, The 176 year (figure 8.2). Thus it compares tax file returns all taxes borne United Arab 4 Bolivia 177 and pay taxes Emirates systems and tracks reforms around the Uzbekistan 178 Singapore 5 world from the perspective of local small Central African 179 33.3% 33.3% Ireland 6 Republic to medium-size businesses. It does not Time Total Saudi Arabia 7 Congo, Rep. 180 measure the fiscal health of economies, tax rate Oman 8 Ukraine 181 the macroeconomic conditions under New Zealand 9 Venezuela, R.B. 182 33.3% which governments collect revenues Payments Kiribati 10 Belarus 183 or the provision of public services sup- Note: Rankings are the average of the economy’s rankings on ported by taxation. the number of payments, time and total tax rate. See Data notes Number of tax payments per year for details. Over the past year, as the financial Note: See Data notes for details. Source: Doing Business database. and economic crisis affected economies 44 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Portugal and Singapore. TABLE 8.2 Reducing tax rates—the most popular reform feature in 2008/09 In the past, tax reforms were often part of government responses to finan- Reduced profit tax rates Algeria, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei Darussalam, Cape Verde, Fiji, cial or economic crises. During the Asian Iceland, Israel, Kazakhstan, Republic of Korea, Kosovo, Montenegro, financial crisis of the late 1990s Singa- Philippines, Russian Federation, Spain, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Togo, Vietnam pore was one economy that undertook elaborate tax reforms to combat the eco- Simplified process of paying taxes Angola, Belarus, Belgium, Colombia, Czech Republic, Finland, Guatemala, Jordan, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao PDR, Lebanon, FYR nomic downturn. It lowered business Macedonia, Mexico, Peru, Poland, Sierra Leone, Taiwan (China), Tunisia costs through a series of tax cuts, rebates Revised tax code Djibouti, Islamic Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, and exemptions introduced over the FYR Macedonia, Oman, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Tonga, course of the crisis. It also reduced the Uzbekistan, Vietnam number of payments by removing the Reduced labor tax or mandatory Belgium, Benin, Czech Republic, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, FYR stamp duty on almost all documents.4 contribution rates Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland Today Singapore is still one of the easiest Eliminated one or more taxes Cameroon, Djibouti, Kyrgyz Republic, South Africa, Sudan, Timor-Leste, places in which to pay taxes as measured Vietnam by Doing Business. Source: Doing Business database. The size of the tax burden on businesses matters for investment and developing economies, large informal by consolidating or eliminating taxes. growth. Where taxes are high and cor- sectors contribute to the creation of an Twelve adopted new tax laws or substan- responding gains seem low, the incentive uneven playing field for formal small tially revised existing ones to simplify for businesses to opt out of the formal and medium-size enterprises, squeezed procedures and modernize tax regimes: sector increases. A recent study shows between smaller informal competitors Djibouti, the Islamic Republic of Iran, that higher tax rates are associated with and larger competitors whose greater Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, FYR lower private investment and fewer for- resources can help win a more effec- Macedonia, Oman, Sierra Leone, Sudan, mal businesses. A 10 percentage point tive audience with government and thus Timor-Leste, Tonga, Uzbekistan and increase in the effective corporate tax greater tax concessions. Vietnam. rate is associated with a reduction in the Worldwide, economies that make Timor-Leste was the top reformer in ratio of investment to GDP of up to 2 paying taxes easy tend to focus on lower 2008/09. A new tax law came into force percentage points and a decrease in the tax rates accompanied by wider tax in July 2008, transforming the tax regime business entry rate of about 1 percentage bases, simpler and more efficient tax for businesses. It cut the profit tax rate point.5 Other research suggests that a 1 administration and one tax per tax base. from 30% to 10%, allowed all depreciable percentage point increase in the statu- They also tend to provide electronic fil- assets to be fully written off in the year of tory corporate tax rate would reduce the ing and payment systems, which reduce purchase and abolished the alternative local profits of existing investments by the tax burden for firms while lightening minimum tax and the withholding tax 1.31 percentage points on average 6 and their administrative requirements. on interest (table 8.3). Corporate income lead to an 18 percentage point increase in tax is now paid in quarterly rather than average debt-to-asset ratios (part of the WHO REFORMED IN 2008/09? monthly installments when turnover is reason for the lower reported profits).7 A less than $1 million, with simple rules 1 percentage point increase in effective Between June 2, 2008, and June 1, 2009, for its calculation. The time required for corporate tax rates reduces the likeli- 45 economies made it easier for busi- paying taxes fell by 364 hours a year. hood of establishing a subsidiary in an nesses to pay taxes—almost 20 more Mexico was the runner-up reformer economy by 2.9 percentage points.8 than in the previous year.10 Reforms over thanks to its introduction of electronic Besides the taxes paid, there are this period both lowered the tax burden filing systems for payroll taxes, property costs of complying with tax laws and of on businesses and simplified tax compli- taxes and social security. This reduced the running the revenue authority. World- ance processes. Twenty economies re- number of payments in a year by 21, to 6. wide on average, a standard small to duced corporate income tax rates, while For the third year in a row Eastern medium-size business still spends 3 9 reduced labor tax rates (table 8.2). A Europe and Central Asia had the largest working days a month complying with second category of reforms focused on number of reforms, with 10 economies tax obligations as measured by Doing making it easier to file tax returns and reforming. Kazakhstan cut its corpo- Business. Where tax compliance imposes pay taxes. Fourteen economies, more rate income tax rate by 10 percentage heavy burdens of cost and time, it can than in any previous year, introduced points. Kosovo, Montenegro and Russia create a disincentive to investment and electronic filing and payment systems. also reduced their corporate income tax encourage informality.9 Particularly in Seven reduced the number of taxes paid rates. Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, PAYING TAXES 45 FYR Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro TABLE 8.3 Major cuts in corporate income tax rates in 2008/09 and Poland reduced the rates for labor Region Reduction in corporate income tax rate (%) taxes and mandatory contributions paid by employers. Regionwide shifts have East Asia & Pacific Brunei Darussalam from 25.5 to 23.5 Fiji from 31 to 29 become evident. Traditionally, employ- Philippines from 35 to 30 ers have borne a significant share of the Timor-Leste from 30 to 10 tax burden through labor taxes. This Vietnam from 28 to 25 is gradually reversing, with the region Eastern Europe & Central Asia Kazakhstan from 30 to 20 accounting for 55% of labor tax rate re- Kosovo from 20 to 10 forms in the past 2 years. Montenegro from 15 to 9 Russian Federation from 24 to 20 Electronic systems are increasingly Sub-Saharan Africa Benin from 38 to 30 used in the region. In Belarus the online Cape Verde from 30 to 25 tax portal has become fully operational Sudan from 30 to 15 for use by all taxpayers, and in FYR Togo from 37 to 30 Macedonia electronic filing is now man- OECD high income Iceland from 18 to 15 datory for all taxes. In the past 4 years Republic of Korea from 25 to 22 changes such as these have reduced the Spain from 32.5 to 30 average number of tax payments in the Middle East & North Africa Algeria from 25 to 19 region by 4 and the time for tax compli- Israel from 29 to 27, and further to 26a ance by almost 6 days. Other reforms Latin America & Caribbean St. Vincent and the Grenadines from 37.5 to 35, and further to 32.5a also simplified tax compliance. Kazakh- stan, FYR Macedonia and Uzbekistan South Asia Bangladesh from 40 to 37.5 introduced new tax codes. So did the a. The statutory rate changed twice over the period 2008 to 2009. Source: Doing Business database. Kyrgyz Republic, and it eliminated some taxes as well. In East Asia and the Pacific, Brunei came into effect. Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for al- Darussalam, Fiji, the Philippines and In the Middle East and North Africa most a fifth of the total number of reforms Vietnam joined Timor-Leste in reduc- the trend of lowering corporate income last year. This is timely in a region where ing corporate income tax rates. Vietnam tax rates and implementing online sys- businesses still face the highest average cut the rate to 25% and also abolished tems continued. Jordan simplified tax tax burden in the world (figure 8.3). On the surtax on income from the transfer forms and introduced an online filing average, African firms must pay 67% of of land. Lao PDR consolidated the fil- and payment system. Lebanon also in- profits in taxes and mandatory contribu- ing for 3 taxes in a single tax return troduced electronic payment. In Tunisia tions and spend 38 days a year complying and improved the lodgment process and as of 2009, all companies with a turnover with 38 tax payments and filings. staffing at the tax offices. Taiwan (China) equivalent to at least $1.5 million must Benin, Cape Verde, Sudan and Togo extended electronic filing and payment use the télédeclaration online tax system. reduced the corporate income tax rate to the value added tax. In Timor-Leste, Algeria and Israel reduced corporate in- by 8.75 percentage points on average. Tonga and Vietnam new income tax laws come tax rates. Oman introduced a new Benin also reduced its payroll tax, by 4 FIGURE 8.3 percentage points. Sudan enacted a new Overall tax burden still highest in Sub-Saharan Africa tax code, reduced the capital gains tax Total tax rate (% of profit) by 5 percentage points and abolished 60 Other taxes an additional tax on labor. South Africa Labor taxes and contributions abolished the stamp duty, and Cameroon Profit taxes exempted new companies from the busi- 40 ness license tax for 2 years. Electronic filing became more popular across the region. Angola and Kenya introduced 20 electronic systems, making it easier to pay taxes. Sierra Leone eased tax compli- ance and increased transparency through 0 administrative reforms at the tax author- Middle East East Asia South OECD Eastern Europe Latin Sub-Saharan & North & Pacific Asia high & Central America Africa ity and publication of a consolidated Africa income Asia & Caribbean income tax act, now available online. Source: Doing Business database. 46 DOING BUSINESS 2010 income tax law. Djibouti replaced its FIGURE 8.4 Most time consuming in Latin America & Caribbean sales tax with a new value added tax, as did the Islamic Republic of Iran. # Number of tax payments Among OECD high-income econo- OECD mies, Belgium, Finland and Spain made it high income 13 194 Time (hours per year) even easier to file and pay taxes electroni- Middle East & North Africa 23 43 204 cally. Iceland, Korea and Spain reduced East Asia corporate income tax rates. The Czech & Pacific 25 227 Republic mandated electronic filing for South Asia 31 285 all taxes, reducing compliance time by Sub-Saharan 317 hours, and lowered the rate for social Africa 38 306 security contributions from 8% to 6.5%. Eastern Europe 46 336 & Central Asia In Latin America and the Caribbean Latin America most major reforms enhanced electronic & Caribbean 33 385 systems. This is a welcome development, Source: Doing Business database. since the region’s businesses spend the greatest average time on tax payment TABLE 8.4 and filings (figure 8.4). Aside from Mex- Who makes paying taxes easy and who does not—and where is the total tax rate ico’s reforms, Peru made it easier to pay highest and lowest? value added tax by providing taxpayers Payments (number per year) with free software. Colombia’s tax au- Fewest Most thority upgraded its electronic payment Maldives 1 Côte d’Ivoire 66 system (MUISCA) to allow electronic Qatar 1 Serbia 66 filing and payment of corporate income Sweden 2 Venezuela, R.B. 71 tax and value added tax. Guatemala Hong Kong, China 4 Jamaica 72 Norway 4 Kyrgyz Republic 75 introduced regulations mandating use Singapore 5 Montenegro 89 of electronic systems for tax payments Mexico 6 Uzbekistan 106 and filings, reducing the number of pay- Timor-Leste 6 Belarus 107 ments by 14. St. Vincent and the Grena- Kiribati 7 Romania 113 dines lowered the corporate income tax Mauritius 7 Ukraine 147 rate from 37.5% to 35% in 2008 and to Time (hours per year) 32.5% in 2009. Fastest Slowest In South Asia, only Bangladesh re- Maldives 0 Mauritania 696 formed, reducing the corporate income United Arab Emirates 12 Ukraine 736 tax rate from 40% to 37.5%. Bahrain 36 Venezuela, R.B. 864 Only one economy increased the Qatar 36 Belarus 900 Bahamas, The 58 Nigeria 938 corporate income tax rate: Lithuania, Luxembourg 59 Armenia 958 from 15% to 20% in 2009. The Demo- Oman 62 Vietnam 1,050 cratic Republic of Congo increased the Switzerland 63 Bolivia 1,080 sales tax from 13% to 15%. Two econo- New Zealand 70 Cameroon 1,400 mies increased the labor tax and manda- Macedonia, FYR 75 Brazil 2,600 tory contribution rates: St. Vincent and Total tax rate (% of profit) the Grenadines by 1 percentage point and Lowest Highest Tunisia by 1.07 percentage points. Roma- Timor-Leste 0.2 Tajikistan 85.9 nia increased the rates of 3 labor taxes. Vanuatu 8.4 Mauritania 86.1 Three economies introduced new Maldives 9.1 Uzbekistan 94.9 taxes. Brunei Darussalam introduced a Namibia 9.6 Belarus 99.7 Qatar 11.3 Argentina 108.1 12% building tax on commercial build- United Arab Emirates 14.1 Central African Republic 203.8 ings. República Bolivariana de Venezuela Saudi Arabia 14.5 Sierra Leone 235.6 had a new antidrug tax come into effect Bahrain 15.0 Burundi 278.6 in 2008. Cambodia introduced a new Georgia 15.3 Gambia, The 292.4 social security contribution. Kuwait 15.5 Congo, Dem. Rep. 322.0 Source: Doing Business database. PAYING TAXES 47 TOWARD SMART REGULATION FIGURE 8.5 Going electronic—more economies put tax systems online Share of economies with online tax filing and payment (%) In the past 5 years Doing Business has 96.3 recorded 171 reforms in paying taxes % New in 2008 in 105 economies around the world— % As of 2007 reforms aimed at making tax compli- ance easier and the tax burden lighter 14.8 for small and medium-size businesses. 9.4 37.0 Reformers in economies as diverse as 29.2 28.1 Egypt, Mauritius and Turkey have un- 15.8 derscored the importance of tax reform 6.5 12.5 4.3 in enhancing economic growth and in- Sub-Saharan South Middle East East Asia & Latin Eastern OECD Africa Asia & North Africa Pacific America Europe & high vestment, increasing competitiveness, & Caribbean Central Asia income combating unemployment and achieving Source: Doing Business database. good governance. In reforming their tax systems they have sought to eliminate Georgia’s tax reform of 2008 was but about 20% for paper returns.15 But various exemptions, broaden the tax base multifaceted, targeting different taxes si- taxpayers can be slow to take up the new and modernize their tax systems. multaneously. It lowered the corporate technology. In many developing econo- tax rate, abolished the social tax and mies access to the internet remains an EASING COMPLIANCE THROUGH introduced online filing, reducing the obstacle. But adoption of new systems BROAD-BASED REFORMS number of tax payments and the tax can be slow for reasons that cut across Many tax reforms are aimed at simpli- burden. Easier compliance also made economies at all levels of development. fying the tax law and making it easier enforcement less burdensome. Surveys Most critically, taxpayers need to for firms to comply with regulations. of businesses showed that the average trust the payment system. This requires A bold step in this direction involves number of visits or required meetings high-quality security systems to protect eliminating tax exemptions, tax holidays with tax officials fell from 8 in 2005 to data. Also required are laws addressing and other special treatment for differ- only 0.4 in 2008.14 data protection and privacy concerns and ent types of businesses, to achieve equal allowing electronic signatures. Electronic treatment for all businesses. Eliminating MAKING SYSTEMS ELECTRONIC payment can be implemented in several tax exemptions can be difficult, because Almost 70 of the 183 economies covered ways, including through the internet. they are often used as tax incentives with by Doing Business offer electronic tax Another way is through automatic bank specific objectives. Reform experiences filing and payment options to businesses transfer, popular across all regions and in such economies as Egypt, Georgia, (figure 8.5). In 56 economies the elec- income levels, mainly because taxpayers Mauritius and Turkey show that it takes tronic systems are used by a significant perceive it as less prone to security risks. political will and buy-in from stakehold- share of businesses. Not surprisingly, In Lebanon taxpayers can make ers to succeed. among OECD high-income economies all electronic payments at any post office. In Jamaica also has a lesson to share: but one permit firms to file and pay taxes Tunisia the government initially intro- during its 1986 flat tax reform it used electronically. But the trend is also pick- duced an intermediate option allowing arguments of fairness to overcome op- ing up among developing economies. In online filers to print a receipt number position to reform—and eliminated 17 the past 5 years 31 have introduced fairly and make their payment in any tax of- types of credits and 44 allowances.11 In comprehensive electronic systems. An- fice. The past year’s reform consolidated 2005 Egypt eliminated all tax exemp- other 14 are introducing electronic filing electronic payment and filing through tions and introduced a flat tax of 20% or payment or have just done so and are the télédeclaration online system. on corporate income, down from 32% encouraging wider use by taxpayers. Another issue is access to the sys- or 40%, as well as electronic filing and Many economies are eager to make tem. To encourage use of new technol- self-assessment.12 Sales tax revenue rose use of technology to ease the paying of ogy, Peru and South Africa provide free by 46%, and corporate tax collections by taxes—and with good reason. If prop- software that makes the filing process 24.7%. Mauritius shifted from a tiered erly implemented, and adopted by busi- automatic.16 France eased access while rate to a single rate with a broader tax nesses, electronic tax systems speed up maintaining security by scrapping its base. It also streamlined tax admin- processing, improve data collection and electronic verification software. Taxpay- istration and made it electronic. The reduce error rates. In the United States in ers can now verify their identity with following year corporate tax collection 2009, the error rate was less than 1% for the numbers on their annual declaration exceeded projections by 13.5%.13 electronically prepared and filed returns and their notice of assessment. In Chile 48 DOING BUSINESS 2010 taxpayers can use their universal identi- 11. Hadler, Moloi and Wallace (2006). fication number and a password. 12. World Bank (2006). Faster refunds and processing times 1. Oracle Education Foundation, Think- 13. Cuttaree and Trumbic (forthcoming). Quest, “Daily Life of the Egyptians,” for online transactions are key incentives 14. World Bank Enterprise Surveys (http:// http://thinkquest.org/ library. www.enterprisesurveys.org). to encourage use of new technology. 2. PricewaterhouseCoopers (2008). 15. Kim Dixon, “Electronic Tax Filing Australia, Ireland, Taiwan (China), the 3. Commonwealth of Australia (2009). Jumps 19 Percent—IRS,” Reuters, April United Kingdom and the United States 4. Chew (2009). 30, 2009, http://uk.reuters.com/article/ offer inducements such as these. South idUKN3032076020090430. 5. Djankov and others (forthcoming). Africa waived late penalties for online 16. Wongtrakool (1998). 6. Huizinga and Laeven (2008). filers in 2007. France introduced tax credits for individual taxpayers filing 7. Huizinga, Laeven and Nicodème (2008). their returns electronically, though in 8. Nicodème (2008). the future this will apply only to first- 9. Everest-Phillips and Sandall (2009) and de Mooij and Nicodème (2008). time electronic filers. Sharing gains from 10. This year’s report records all reforms administrative efficiency is a way to en- with an impact on the paying taxes indi- courage taxpayers to use the system. cators between June 2008 and May 2009. Because the case study underlying the paying taxes indicators refers to the fi- nancial year ending December 31, 2008, reforms implemented between January 2009 and May 2009 are recorded in this year’s report, but the impact will be re- flected in the data in next year’s report. 49 Overview Starting a business FIGURE 9.1 Dealing with construction permits Speeding up trade—especially in low-income economies Reduction in the time to export (days) Employing workers Lower middle Upper middle High Registering property Time to Low income income income income export Getting credit 2005 1.3 Protecting investors 3.4 days days Paying taxes 5.5 6.7 days Trading across days borders Enforcing contracts Time to Closing a business export 2009 Source: Doing Business database. Janet has been running a successful com- and risks pushing economies into a pro- ocean transport (figure 9.2). The indica- pany in Rwanda producing and selling longed contraction. Indeed, as Australian tors cover documentation requirements baskets and other traditional crafts. Busi- Minister for Trade Simon Crean notes, and procedures at customs and the port ness was going so well that a few years “international trade is one of the most as well as inland transport to the largest ago she started exporting her products important arenas in which we must com- business city. The more time consum- to markets in the United States and bat the real effects of the crisis. Trade is ing and costly it is to export or import, Europe. But times have become more itself a stimulus.”1 the more difficult it is for traders to be difficult. With the global financial and Where the trade environment is competitive and to reach international economic crisis, demand fell and new more favorable, businesses are better markets. orders stopped coming in. positioned to take advantage of new op- Traders in low-income economies Janet is not the only one. The World portunities, to grow and to create jobs face particular constraints. Recent stud- Trade Organization estimates that trade when the global economy picks up again. ies show that manufacturing enterprises volumes will drop by 10% in 2009, the Rather than resorting to protectionism, in Africa have difficulty exporting be- first fall after 27 years of uninterrupted policy makers can help struggling trad- cause of poor customs administration expansion. In response to political pres- ers by cutting red tape and burdensome and restrictive trade and customs regula- sures to preserve jobs, import barriers procedural requirements to export and tions.2 Much attention is paid to tariff have been rising around the world. But import (figure 9.1). Rwanda is one coun- cuts. But better customs processes and one lesson from the experience of the try that did so in the past year—and trade logistics would also benefit Afri- 1930s is that raising trade barriers can thanks to its reform, Janet’s business can exporters. Take Ethiopia. One recent merely compound recessionary forces can benefit from simpler documenta- study shows that if it improved its logis- tion requirements and speedier border TABLE 9.1 processing. FIGURE 9.2 Where is trading easy—and where not? But in many economies cumber- Trading across borders: exporting and importing by ocean transport Easiest RANK Most difficult RANK some trade procedures, long delays and Rankings are based on 3 subindicators Singapore 1 Uzbekistan 174 high trading costs continue to stifle trade All documents required Document preparation, Hong Kong, China 2 Burundi 175 potential. In Eritrea, for example, an ex- by customs and customs clearance and other agencies technical control, port Estonia 3 Burkina Faso 176 porter must spend 50 days and $1,431 to and terminal handling, Finland 4 Azerbaijan 177 complete all export formalities from the inland transport 33.3% 33.3% and handling United Arab 5 Congo, Rep. 178 time the sales contract is concluded until Documents Time to Emirates Tajikistan 179 to export export the goods are on the vessel. In Cambodia and import and import Denmark 6 Iraq 180 Sweden 7 Central African 181 an exporter faces only half that time and Republic cost. 33.3% Korea, Rep. 8 Cost to export Norway 9 Kazakhstan 182 Doing Business measures the pro- and import Panama 10 Afghanistan 183 cedural requirements, including the Note: Rankings are the average of the economy’s rankings on the number of necessary documents and US$ per 20-foot container, documents, time and cost required to export and import. See Data no bribes or tariffs included notes for details. the associated time and cost (excluding Note: See Data notes for details. Source: Doing Business database. tariffs), for exporting and importing by 50 DOING BUSINESS 2010 tics to half the quality of South Africa’s, semiconductors around the world. In depend on it. Before, says Mr. Megrel- the benefit would be equivalent to a 7.5% many low-income economies inefficient ishvili, a freight forwarder in Georgia, tariff cut.3 An OECD study finds that re- practices continue to constrain trade. But “you could never say which terminal ducing delays at borders by 6.3%, or the many are also reforming. was better or worse. All were the same: number of documents required for trad- a long physical inspection process, poor ing by 11%, could increase trade flows in WHO REFORMED IN 2008/09? professionalism, flourishing bribery and Africa by 10%.4 a permanent wasting of time and nerves. Another recent study shows that Thirty-eight economies made it easier Today the process is quicker.” high trade transactions costs constrain to trade in 2008/09 (table 9.2). Reform- Elsewhere in Eastern Europe and the trade performance of African, Carib- ers in Sub-Saharan Africa were once Central Asia, Albania, Azerbaijan, Be- bean and Pacific economies negotiat- again the most active: 14 of the region’s larus and the Kyrgyz Republic reformed. ing Economic Partnership Agreements economies reformed, thanks in part to They made it easier for traders to submit with the European Union. The study greater donor support for aid-for-trade documents to customs electronically or estimates that reducing border delays in initiatives.8 Motivated by plans to foster implemented risk-based inspection sys- these economies by 1 day could increase greater regional integration, 7 econo- tems. Albania upgraded its electronic exports by 1%.5 And a study using data mies reformed in Latin America and data interchange system, allowing trad- from 167 countries finds that every $1 the Caribbean and 6 in Eastern Eu- ers to access the system by the inter- reduction in trade costs could increase rope and Central Asia. Economies in the net. Armenia, another top reformer in exports by more than $1,000.6 OECD high-income group and East Asia trade, improved the transparency and The potential benefits from re- and the Pacific had the fewest reforms, efficiency of customs by increasing the forms to facilitate trade are not limited but many of them have already adopted number of licensed customs brokers, to higher exports. The public treasury global good practices. clarifying valuation rules and inspection could be a big winner. Ask Peter Malinga, Georgia, one of the most consistent requirements and reducing the number commissioner of customs in Uganda. The reformers over the past 5 years, was the of documents required to clear goods. country’s reforms to improve customs top reformer in trade in 2008/09. Re- As part of the East African Customs administration and reduce corruption sponding to business complaints about Union harmonization program, Kenya, helped increase customs revenue by 24% slow processing of paperwork, the gov- Rwanda and Uganda are strengthening between 2007 and 2008. Trade facilita- ernment issued new regulations reduc- their border cooperation with the aim of tion reforms yield the greatest benefits ing the number of documents required improving data sharing. Angola, Benin, when matched by reforms to improve the for trading to 4. New job performance Mali, Mauritius, Senegal and Sudan are regulatory environment for businesses in measures for customs officers require seeing the results of several years of con- other areas—such as start-up or contract them to examine customs declarations tinual efforts to improve customs clear- enforcement.7 within 2 hours of receipt. Promotions ance through better use of electronic Economies that rank high on the TABLE 9.2 ease of trading across borders have found Electronic data interchange—the most popular reform feature in 2008/09 ways to make exporting and importing as efficient as possible. They require fewer Introduced or improved electronic data Albania, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Colombia, Guyana, documents, so traders spend less time interchange system Haiti, Jordan, Kuwait, Mali, Mauritius, Paraguay, Senegal, Slovak Republic, St. Kitts and Nevis, Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda, on bureaucratic approvals. They allow Republic of Yemen traders to submit those documents elec- Introduced or improved risk-based Albania, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Cameroon, Georgia, Islamic tronically, often even before the goods inspections Republic of Iran, Jordan, Kyrgyz Republic, Liberia, Malawi, arrive at the port. They limit physical in- Mali, Mozambique, Paraguay, Sudan, Republic of Yemen spections to the riskiest cargo. And many Improved customs administration Angola, Armenia, Belarus, Benin, Georgia, Grenada, Islamic have fast-track clearance procedures for Republic of Iran, Kuwait, Mozambique, Portugal, Rwanda, Uganda, Vietnam selected companies, auditing their ship- ments only after clearance. Reduced number of trade documents Angola, Armenia, China, Georgia, Kyrgyz Republic, Mali, Rwanda, United Arab Emirates More than 90 economies have ad- opted such practices over the past 5 Improved procedures at ports Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, Kuwait, Peru, Senegal, United Arab Emirates years. Korea is one that has continually reformed its trade logistics environment Introduced or improved single window Azerbaijan, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Liberia over the past decade. No wonder it is Implemented border cooperation Rwanda, Uganda a key player in global supply chains, agreements exporting automobiles, cell phones and Source: Doing Business database. TRADING ACROSS BORDERS 51 data interchange systems. Madagascar ditional training to officers and stream- manifests can now be submitted elec- and Senegal are benefiting from hav- lining interdepartmental coordination. tronically to customs. This change, along ing privatized the management of their Paraguay improved its risk-based in- with better coordination between cus- container terminals. In Liberia some spection system by upgrading to a green, toms and the port authority, has reduced inspections are now being carried out yellow, and red lane system, reducing the the time to export and import. The Is- jointly by customs and border security share of goods inspected. Peru installed lamic Republic of Iran reduced inspec- authorities, and a single window has additional cranes at its port, reducing tion delays at the port of Shahid Rajae opened at the port. port and terminal handling times. by installing 2 scanners, and the United In Latin America and the Caribbean, In the Middle East and North Af- Arab Emirates continued to improve its Colombia, Guyana, Haiti, Paraguay and rica, the Republic of Yemen introduced customs and port infrastructure. St. Kitts and Nevis implemented elec- an electronic data interchange system In East Asia, China relaxed restric- tronic data interchange systems—and that has helped reduce the time to clear tions on foreign exchange prepayments traders can now submit their documents customs. Jordan and Tunisia made clear- for exporters and deferred payments for electronically. Grenada is improving cus- ance faster by allowing 24-hour online importers, making it easier for smaller toms administration by providing ad- access to the e-trade portal. In Kuwait companies to carry out international TABLE 9.3 Who makes exporting easy—and who does not? Who makes importing easy—and who does not? Documents (number) Documents (number) Fewest Most Fewest Most France 2 Cambodia 11 France 2 Uzbekistan 11 Estonia 3 Namibia 11 Denmark 3 Burkina Faso 11 Korea, Rep. 3 Mauritania 11 Sweden 3 Afghanistan 11 Panama 3 Angola 11 Korea, Rep. 3 Congo, Rep. 12 Canada 3 Malawi 11 Thailand 3 Fiji 13 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 3 Burkina Faso 11 Singapore 4 Russian Federation 13 Singapore 4 Congo, Rep. 11 Hong Kong, China 4 Eritrea 13 Hong Kong, China 4 Kazakhstan 11 Estonia 4 Kazakhstan 13 Finland 4 Afghanistan 12 Norway 4 Azerbaijan 14 United Arab Emirates 4 Fiji 13 Panama 4 Central African Republic 17 Time (days) Time (days) Fastest Slowest Fastest Slowest Singapore 5 Central African Republic 54 Singapore 3 Venezuela, R.B. 71 Estonia 5 Niger 59 Hong Kong, China 5 Burundi 71 Denmark 5 Kyrgyz Republic 63 Estonia 5 Kyrgyz Republic 72 Hong Kong, China 6 Angola 65 Denmark 5 Zimbabwe 73 Netherlands 6 Uzbekistan 71 Cyprus 5 Kazakhstan 76 United States 6 Afghanistan 74 United States 5 Afghanistan 77 Luxembourg 6 Chad 75 Sweden 6 Tajikistan 83 Norway 7 Tajikistan 82 Netherlands 6 Uzbekistan 92 Germany 7 Kazakhstan 89 Luxembourg 6 Chad 100 Cyprus 7 Iraq 102 Norway 7 Iraq 101 Cost (US$ per container) Cost (US$ per container) Least Most Least Most Malaysia 450 Uzbekistan 3,100 Singapore 439 Niger 3,545 Singapore 456 Tajikistan 3,150 Malaysia 450 Burkina Faso 3,830 China 500 Uganda 3,190 China 545 Iraq 3,900 Finland 540 Rwanda 3,275 São Tomé and Principe 577 Burundi 4,285 United Arab Emirates 593 Zimbabwe 3,280 United Arab Emirates 579 Tajikistan 4,550 Latvia 600 Afghanistan 3,350 Hong Kong, China 583 Uzbekistan 4,600 Pakistan 611 Niger 3,545 Israel 605 Rwanda 5,070 Hong Kong, China 625 Iraq 3,900 Finland 620 Zimbabwe 5,101 Thailand 625 Central African Republic 5,491 Fiji 630 Central African Republic 5,554 Brunei Darussalam 630 Chad 5,497 Qatar 657 Chad 6,150 Source: Doing Business database. 52 DOING BUSINESS 2010 trade transactions. Vietnam improved ing government revenues and helping to ample, traders still have to file paper the efficiency of its customs clearance legitimate trade. documents even though an electronic by introducing postcustoms clearance Electronic data interchange systems system is in place. audits and installing software that allows are an investment. The cost of imple- For electronic data interchange re- traders to determine the duties applicable mentation varies, depending in part on forms to succeed, all these concerns need to goods being cleared. Finally, in South the system’s complexity. Off-the-shelf to be addressed. Asia traders in Bangladesh benefited systems tend to be less expensive than from the introduction of an automated customized ones—though customized CREATING A SINGLE WINDOW import and export customs clearance systems may be better tailored to ad- Implementing a single window for trade system at Chittagong port. dressing the specificities of an economy’s transactions is another way to make it trade procedures. In Afghanistan the faster and easier to trade. By 2003 Korea TOWARD SMART REGULATION cost was estimated to be $1.6 million. Customs Service already had in place But in Jamaica it was $5.5 million—and an electronic data interchange system In the past 5 years Doing Business has in Turkey, $32 million. that cut firms’ costs from trade-related recorded 140 trade facilitation reforms in Technology is no magic wand. The paperwork by 80%. Yet it set its sights 92 economies. The most active reform- benefits of electronic data interchange higher, embarking on a comprehensive ers have been Mauritius, Rwanda and systems can be undercut by many fac- single-window project aimed at making Uganda, in Sub-Saharan Africa; India, in tors. Traders in several African econ- Korea the logistics hub of North Asia. South Asia; Egypt and Morocco, in the omies that have developed automated Completed in July 2008, the system al- Middle East and North Africa; and Brazil customs systems—such as Ghana, Kenya lows traders, government agencies and and Colombia, in Latin America and the and Tanzania—complain about lack of private sector participants—including Caribbean. Here are some of the most access to uninterrupted power supply traders, banks, customs brokers, insur- effective reform features that have been and high-speed internet connections. In ance companies and freight forward- implemented over the years. Bangladesh technical glitches initially ers—to exchange information in real hampered the operation of the electronic time, speeding up approvals. Firms’ sav- GOING ELECTRONIC system at the Chittagong Customs House. ings in labor, printing, paper delivery, Across economies, regardless of income But the problems were overcome, and storage and inventory costs are estimated level, installing electronic data inter- now most of the traders prefer to use the at more than 2,582 billion won, or about change systems for submitting and pro- new system because they believe it pro- $2 billion, a year (figure 9.3).9 And the cessing documents remains a popular vides faster service and limits the scope reform efforts are not over. Korea Cus- and effective way to reduce delays in the for bribes. toms Service is now working with the trading process. In 2008/09, 19 economies Lack of legislation on electronic sig- customs services of other economies to implemented or improved such a system, natures and transactions can also cause link their systems as well. 7 of them in Africa. Thanks in part to problems and lead to duplications in Reforms do not always go smoothly. systems recently put into place in Benin, the clearance system. In Tunisia, for ex- Because a single window brings together Guyana, Haiti, Jordan, Mali and Uganda, traders in those economies saw the time FIGURE 9.3 to clear goods cut by at least 2 days. The Republic of Korea cuts firms‘ costs by reforming trade facilitation Such reforms can also boost govern- Annual cost savings (billions of won) ment revenues. Take Afghanistan. As part 2,500 of a $31.2 million World Bank project to modernize customs and facilitate trade, 2,000 Afghanistan computerized its customs processes at 4 major border crossings. 1,500 More trade is now passing through of- Total cost savings: 2,582 billion won ficial channels. Customs revenues soared (US$2.1 billion) 1,000 from $50 million in 2004 to more than $399 million in 2008, a 700% increase. Truckers also gained: the waiting time 500 at the Kabul Inland Clearance Depot is a quarter of what it was before. Challenges 0 Freight storage Inventory Labor No overlapping Paperwork Printing remain, with other border crossings yet investments delivery to be tackled. But the project is increas- Source: Doing Business database. TRADING ACROSS BORDERS 53 several parties, some of which may have mies. In Uganda customs brokers charge terred from coming to Rwanda because to cede some control, it requires strong clients $150 on average to clear a 20-foot of some of the difficulties in passing political support to succeed. Reformers in container. In Germany, where income through borders,” says Eric, a Rwandese Colombia and Senegal, for example, first per capita is more than 100 times as freight forwarder. Trade can be boosted had to overcome resistance from oppos- high, customs brokers charge clients $50 by reforms that ease entry restrictions ing parties. In Korea the single window on average for the same service. Trad- in trucking services within economies succeeded thanks to the priority accorded ers in Uganda are not alone (figure 9.4). and streamline cumbersome transport to trade facilitation reforms at high lev- Customs brokers are often regulated by procedures at borders, allowing trucks els of government. The National e-Trade government agencies. But caps on the to pass through neighboring economies Committee was chaired by the prime number of brokers, high license fees, with fewer restrictions. minister and included 10 ministers, the onerous eligibility requirements and in- Maritime transport accounts for commissioner of customs and the chairs frequent training opportunities restrict some 80% of trade. So access to com- and presidents of leading private industry entry, limit competition and contribute petitive, efficient ports can provide a big associations, including those for small to higher brokerage fees. boost to an economy’s trade prospects. and medium-size businesses. Greater competition makes a dif- Low-income economies generally face ference. After Algeria accelerated the ap- higher port costs, in part because of EASING PRIVATE SECTOR proval of license applications for brokers, poorer infrastructure (figure 9.5). And PARTICIPATION IN TRADE SERVICES customs clearance fees dropped by 40– port infrastructure is costly. The develop- Customs formalities are not the only 50%. Armenia saw costs fall after improv- ment of an economy’s port competitive- factor affecting the time and cost for ing training opportunities and licensing ness can be hindered by many issues, one trading across borders. Private provid- new customs brokers. Yet in some econo- of which is unfavorable regulations. ers of trade services—such as customs mies the high service fees reflect the Based on a sample of container ter- brokers, trucking companies and port facilitation payments brokers must pay minals around the world, one study finds service providers—all play an important to navigate the maze of trade procedures. that private sector participation can im- role. The quality of their services and the These should be tackled first. prove the efficiency of port operation, fees they charge inevitably affect trade Competition is just as critical in which in turn increases port competitive- competitiveness. By removing overly trucking. Transporting a container load ness.12 But in many economies regulations burdensome restrictions on their op- from Lusaka (Zambia) to the seaport restrict or discourage private participa- erations, governments can help increase in Durban (South Africa) costs $2,100; tion in the provision of port services. And competition and thus improve the qual- from Ndjamena (Chad) to the seaport without the right regulatory regime and ity and lower the cost of service. in Yaoundé (Cameroon), it costs $4,000. incentive structure, an inefficient public In several developing economies, What’s surprising? Durban is much far- service provider could simply be replaced despite lower wage levels, traders must ther away from Lusaka (1,630 kilome- by an inefficient private monopoly service pay higher fees to customs brokers than ters) than Yaoundé is from Ndjamena provider. Good contractual and regula- their counterparts in developed econo- (996 kilometers). A recent study con- tory design and oversight—embodied in cludes that “traders in landlocked devel- FIGURE 9.4 oping countries may be confronted with FIGURE 9.5 Higher customs-related charges bad infrastructure or long distances, but Higher port and terminal charges in low-income economies in low-income economies the main sources of higher cost have to Average customs-related charges Average port and terminal handling (US$ per container) do with rent-seeking, inefficient markets charges (US$ per container) 400 for services such as trucking and inad- 400 equate transit procedures.”10 300 This does not have to be the case. 300 The Zambian trucking market can offer relatively competitive rates because 200 200 several foreign trucking companies, most from South Africa, operate along 100 100 Zambian trade corridors.11 In Rwanda greater border cooperation has allowed 0 more trucks from neighboring coun- 0 High Upper Lower Low tries such as Kenya and Uganda to aug- High Upper Lower Low income middle middle income income middle middle income income income ment the domestic fleet. “Before these income income Source: Doing Business database. reforms many foreign truckers were de- Source: Doing Business database. 54 DOING BUSINESS 2010 favorable pricing policies, labor regula- tions and contract duration—can help translate private participation into com- 1. Crean (2009, p. 13). petitive port services.13 2. Iwanow and Kirkpatrick (2009) and Clarke (2005). Take the port of Dakar. Until re- cently it lacked critical infrastructure 3. Portugal-Perez and Wilson (2008). investments even though private com- 4. Wilson (2009). panies provided container terminal ser- 5. Person (2008). vices. The problem was that the contracts 6. Martinez-Zarzosa and Márquez-Ramos (2008). signed with the private participants had 7. Iwanow and Kirkpatrick (2007) and Ran- such short durations that no one was jan and Lee (2007). interested in committing to costly invest- 8. World Bank (2009a). ments that would yield returns only in 9. Yang (2009). the long run. 10. World Bank (2008c, p. 13). This has changed. The winner of the 11. Raballand, Kunuka and Giersing (2008). bid to manage the container terminal 12. Tongzon and Heng (2005). was awarded a long-term contract. The company has since invested heavily in 13. For comprehensive coverage of issues related to port reform, see World Bank gantry cranes and a world-class container (2007). management system. With cargo now moving through more quickly, the port of Dakar remains the only one on the west coast of Africa that faces no conges- tion surcharges. Recent years have seen a similar turnaround in performance at the ports of Djibouti; Aqaba, Jordan; and Toamasina, Madagascar, thanks in part to favorable contractual and regulatory design encouraging investments by some of the world’s leading private container terminal operators. 55 Overview Starting a business FIGURE 10.1 Dealing with construction permits Reformers reduce the time to enforce a contract in 2008/09 Employing workers Average improvement Registering property 2008 1% 2% Getting credit Protecting investors Paying taxes 7% Trading across borders Enforcing 2009 contracts Closing a business Time Cost Procedures Note: Based on average improvement of the 16 reforming economies. Source: Doing Business database. These are busy times for courts. The fi- try’s ability to enforce contracts is an WHO REFORMED IN 2008/09? nancial and economic crisis has brought important determinant of its compara- more litigation to courts all over the tive advantage in the global economy: Sixteen economies made it faster, cheaper world. Businesses are collecting debt among comparable economies, those or less cumbersome to enforce a contract more actively, because they need the with good contract enforcement tend through the courts in 2008/09 (figure money to keep operating. Debtors are to produce and export more customized 10.1). The reforms included comprehen- more likely to become insolvent, espe- products than those with poor contract sive reviews of civil procedure rules, pro- cially where court proceedings drag on enforcement.2 grams to reduce case backlogs, redistri- for years. Countries such as Iceland, The efficiency of courts varies bution of caseloads and the introduction New Zealand, Ukraine and the United greatly around the world. Enforcing a or expansion of computerized case man- Kingdom have reported greater case- contract can take less than a year in agement systems (table 10.2). Introduc- loads due to crisis-related litigation. Norway or Korea, both among the top 10 ing specialized commercial courts and In Iceland commercial cases rose by on the ease of enforcing contracts, but making enforcement of judgment more 33%, from fewer than 15,000 in 2007 to more than 4 years in Bangladesh or An- efficient continued to be popular. Sub- 20,000 in 2008.1 gola (table 10.1). Worldwide on average, Saharan Africa and the Middle East and Courts must deliver despite grow- exchanging written and oral arguments, North Africa saw the most significant re- ing caseloads and looming budget prob- including expert testimony during trial, forms in commercial litigation. Eastern lems. Recent research shows that a coun- takes almost two-thirds of the total time. European and Central Asian economies Enforcing the judgment takes about a continued to build on previous reforms. TABLE 10.1 third of the time. It accounts for 17% of In South Asia no reforms were recorded. Where is enforcing contracts easy—and where not? the total cost, and court and expert fees for about the same share. Attorney fees FIGURE 10.2 Easiest RANK Most difficult RANK are the biggest driver of cost. Enforcing contracts: resolving a commercial dispute through the courts Luxembourg 1 Cameroon 174 Doing Business measures the time, Rankings are based on 3 subindicators Iceland 2 Honduras 175 cost and procedural complexity of re- Days to resolve Attorney, court and Hong Kong, China 3 Syrian Arab 176 solving a commercial lawsuit between commercial sale dispute enforcement costs Norway 4 Republic before the court as % of claim value 2 domestic businesses. The dispute in- Korea, Rep. 5 Benin 177 volves the breach of a sales contract France 6 Suriname 178 worth twice the income per capita of 33.3% 33.3% Germany 7 São Tomé and 179 Finland 8 Principe the economy. The case study assumes Time Cost United States 9 Bangladesh 180 that the court hears an expert on the New Zealand 10 Angola 181 quality of the goods in dispute. This 33.3% India 182 distinguishes the case from simple debt Procedures Timor-Leste 183 enforcement. Note: Rankings are the average of the economy’s rankings on the procedures, time and cost to resolve a commercial dispute through Steps to file claim, obtain judgment and enforce it the courts. See Data notes for details. Note: See Data notes for details. Source: Doing Business database. 56 DOING BUSINESS 2010 TABLE 10.2 courts have heavier caseloads and guide Computerizing case management—the most popular reform feature in 2008/09 the allocation of resources. Introduced or expanded computerized case Algeria, Botswana, Ethiopia, Jordan, Norway, West Three other Sub-Saharan African management system Bank and Gaza countries reformed. Mali amended its Undertook review of civil procedure rules Algeria, Botswana, Mali, Norway, Peru procedural rules. Now litigants can file suit without applying and waiting for a Implemented program to reduce case backlog or Ethiopia, Grenada, Jordan, Malaysia, West Bank redistribute caseload and Gaza judge’s order authorizing service—less Introduced or expanded specialized commercial Arab Republic of Egypt, Jordan, Mauritius, Papua procedural steps and 7 fewer days to court New Guinea file and serve process. The new rules go Made enforcement of judgment more efficient Ethiopia, Jordan, Portugal, West Bank and Gaza beyond contract enforcement. Counsel can now interrogate witnesses directly, Reviewed rules on modes of service and notification Costa Rica, Peru without prior approval by the judge, im- Changed cost regime Burkina Faso proving Mali’s score on the strength of Source: Doing Business database. investor protection index. Recruitment of additional judges for Bamako’s commer- Botswana was the top reformer in of enforcing contracts. The Ethiopian cial court reduced the average trial time 2008/09. New rules for its high court, in courts are implementing a backlog re- from 315 days to 240. Between January force since mid-2008, have reduced the duction program with a new twist: sum- and June 2009 the court disposed of 344 average time to resolve a commercial dis- mer recess is being devoted to disposing cases, as against 359 new cases lodged. pute by 30%, from 987 days to 687. The of backlogged cases. Two-thirds of judges Mauritius set up its first specialized rules introduced pretrial conferences, volunteered to hear cases during special commercial court in January 2009, as leading to faster resolution. Judges no summer sessions. a division of the supreme court. Two of longer merely hear cases but actively Like Botswana, Ethiopia now has a the 16 supreme court judges are now as- manage them, setting a timetable and computerized case management system signed exclusively to commercial cases. ensuring compliance. A sophisticated that helps to sustain the improvements. By May 2009, after just 5 months of new computerized case management Addis Ababa’s automated system allows operation, the commercial division had system makes it easy to keep close tabs users to search for cases more easily. disposed of 593 cases. That’s a big share on whether court personnel and litigants Anyone can access the court schedule— of its total of 959, of which 657 were old are complying with deadlines. The sys- online, over the telephone or from a cases transferred to the new division. tem also allows court officers to dismiss touch screen at the court building. The Burkina Faso reduced official court “aged matters”—cases in which litigants system produces real-time data on the costs by replacing a percentage-based fil- have remained inactive for long periods. number of cases assigned to each court ing fee with a nominal fixed fee of 6,000 Ethiopia was the runner-up re- chamber, making it possible to measure CFA francs (about $12). It also abolished former. It reduced the average time to re- the performance of judges, chambers the stamp duty that creditors previously solve a commercial dispute by 10%—and and courts across the country. Over time had to pay to register a judgment before rose 13 places in the rankings on the ease these data will help determine which enforcement. In the Middle East and North Africa FIGURE 10.3 Enforcement of the judgment takes about a third of the time to enforce a contract 4 economies reformed. Egypt and Jordan both introduced specialized courts. Egypt Global distribution of time and cost to enforce a contract established a separate commercial court to deal with commercial matters. Jordan Time Cost set up commercial divisions within the Enforcement Filing and service Enforcement existing courts. Attorney fees of judgment 7% of judgment Jordan is trying to better distribute 17% 30% caseload by raising the threshold for Court costs cases heard by its lowest first-instance 18% 65% and expert civil court, the “conciliation court,” from 63% fees 3,000 Jordanian dinars to 7,000 (about $10,000). It also introduced a computer- Trial and judgment ized case management system, Mizan II, an improved version of the original used in neighboring West Bank and Gaza. The Source: Doing Business database. system adds features such as text mes- ENFORCING CONTRAC TS 57 TABLE 10.3 dresses of all citizens. Those who move Who makes enforcing contracts easy—and who does not? must update the register. Costa Rica also Procedures (number of steps) allows the first announcement of a public Fewest Most auction of seized assets to include a sec- Ireland 20 Guinea 50 ond and third date, in case the assets are Singapore 21 Kuwait 50 not sold in the initial sale. Eliminating Hong Kong, China 24 Belize 51 the need to publish second and third an- Rwanda 24 Iraq 51 nouncements saves judgment creditors Austria 25 Oman 51 time and costs. Belgium 25 Timor-Leste 51 Peru requires attempts at concili- Netherlands 25 Kosovo 53 Iceland 26 Sudan 53 ation even before litigation is initiated. Luxembourg 26 Syrian Arab Republic 55 New procedural laws have introduced Czech Republic 27 Brunei Darussalam 58 deadlines to file evidence and dispose Time (days) of inactive cases. Peru is also moving toward greater use of e-services. The Fastest Slowest law recognizes notification by electronic Singapore 150 Slovenia 1,290 means. The justices of the peace, Peru’s Uzbekistan 195 Sri Lanka 1,318 lowest civil courts, are piloting a system New Zealand 216 Trinidad and Tobago 1,340 Belarus 225 Colombia 1,346 in which judgments are uploaded on Bhutan 225 India 1,420 their websites as soon as they are deliv- Korea, Rep. 230 Timor-Leste 1,435 ered. Grenada issued practice notes to Azerbaijan 237 Bangladesh 1,442 bolster its civil procedure code and hired Kyrgyz Republic 260 Guatemala 1,459 a second judge, doubling the size of the Rwanda 260 Afghanistan 1,642 small island state’s judiciary. Namibia 270 Suriname 1,715 In East Asia and the Pacific, Ma- Cost (% of claim) laysia and Papua New Guinea reformed. Least Most Malaysia cut filing and service time by 15 Bhutan 0.1 Burkina Faso 83.0 days by adding administrative staff to deal Iceland 6.2 Comoros 89.4 with incoming cases and setting stricter Luxembourg 9.7 Cambodia 102.7 deadlines. It also improved caseload al- Norway 9.9 Papua New Guinea 110.3 location by creating a fast track in the Korea, Rep. 10.3 Indonesia 122.7 commercial division of the Kuala Lumpur Finland 10.4 Malawi 142.4 high court, to deal exclusively with inter- China 11.1 Mozambique 142.5 locutory matters. In Papua New Guinea Poland 12.0 Sierra Leone 149.5 Thailand 12.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. 151.8 a specialized commercial division of the Slovenia 12.7 Timor-Leste 163.2 national court is now fully operational. Source: Doing Business database. Among OECD high-income econ- omies, Norway and Portugal were re- sage notification of attorneys, online ac- In Algeria a new civil procedure formers. Already among the top 10 on cess to court records for authorized users code came into force in April 2009. The enforcing contracts, Norway is enforcing and the possibility to consult electronic code introduces nonmandatory arbitra- procedural deadlines more strictly. The copies of each case file. tion and mediation. It also reinforces computer system that tracks incoming West Bank and Gaza is piloting procedural time limits, setting caps not cases now requires judges to justify de- Mizan II. It is also implementing wide- only on delays but also on the number of lays in any case not resolved within the ranging court reforms. New judges have hearings (5) to dispose of a case. prescribed 6 months. This has reduced been recruited and trained. Courts with a In Latin America and the Carib- the time to enforce a contract by 10%. substantial caseload, such as the Ramallah bean, Costa Rica, Grenada and Peru re- Portugal carried out an extensive review magistrates’ court, have been assigned an formed. All 3 reviewed their procedural of its law on the execution of judgments. enforcement judge responsible solely for rules. Costa Rica now allows the use of The result: streamlined procedures with handling issues arising from the execu- ordinary mail and e-mail for serving less intervention by judges and broader tion of judgments. The reforms reduced process on defendants. To make this powers for bailiffs. And lawyers fulfilling the average time to resolve a commercial easier, it is setting up a national registry certain requirements can now apply to be dispute from 700 days to 600. recording the home and business ad- licensed as bailiffs. 58 DOING BUSINESS 2010 TOWARD SMART REGULATION FIGURE 10.4 Most economies limit small claims filings to equivalent of 20% or less of income per capita Claim limit as % of In the past 6 years Doing Business has re- income per capita corded 97 reforms in enforcing contracts. <21 Policy makers often assume that judicial 21–40 Income group reform takes years and costs millions of 41–60 High dollars. Saudi Arabia, for example, plans 61–80 Upper middle to spend almost $2 billion to upgrade its court system over the coming years. 81–100 Lower middle 101+ Low But improving court efficiency can often be achieved through simple, targeted 0 10 20 measures. An initial analysis of the en- Number of economies Note: 48 economies surveyed. tire process of taking a commercial case Source: Doing Business database. through the court system, along with collection of court statistics, helps focus fers starkly. The thresholds range from $21,000 in Korea. Most economies with reform efforts. Related consultancy fees $240 in Guyana to $45,000 in Australia— small claims courts fix the threshold at range from $80,000 to $500,000, depend- and from one-eighth of income per cap- 20% or less of income per capita (figure ing on the size of the judicial system and ita in the Dominican Republic, Germany 10.4). In Korea more than 70% of civil the quality of the data. and the Netherlands to 4 times income suits are decided under the small claims Depending on the caseload of the per capita in Papua New Guinea. Glob- procedure.3 The process of resolving a courts, it can make sense to establish new ally, higher courts deal with cases above commercial dispute in Seoul is one of commercial courts. Uganda did so and 126% of income per capita on average. the fastest in the world, taking 230 days invested $1.5 million. Nigeria and Tan- Regardless of the level, monetary on average. zania each spent $10 million on setting thresholds have to be updated regularly Small and medium-size businesses up new courts. Where a limited number to ensure that the workload is distrib- can especially benefit from small claims of commercial cases needs to be handled, uted as initially intended. With economic courts. Recognizing this, in January specialized commercial sections provide a growth and inflation, thresholds can 2009 the European Union issued a new less expensive alternative. In Cairo a one- quickly become outdated, and higher ju- regulation to create a small claims pro- step filing procedure was introduced in risdictions overburdened. Some econo- cedure for cross-border cases of less than the busiest first-instance court to increase mies have recently adjusted thresholds. €2,000. The measure is aimed at tackling efficiency and reduce opportunities for In 2007 Tonga quintupled the threshold inefficient debt enforcement, one of the bribes. The initiative, including relocation for cases assigned to magistrates. In 2009 “major reasons threatening the survival and training of staff, the creation of new Jordan more than doubled the threshold of businesses, particularly small and me- forms and even building renovations, cost for its lower court. The United Kingdom dium-sized enterprises, and resulting in less than $1 million. raised the minimum threshold for its numerous job losses.”4 high court from £15,000 to £25,000. UPDATING CLAIM THRESHOLDS USING BENCHMARKS AS A GUIDE Most economies redistribute the respon- RELYING ON SMALL CLAIMS COURTS Global comparisons can help determine sibilities of first-instance courts to ensure Simple commercial disputes can often be time limits and assess resource needs. more efficient processing of cases. Of the resolved in small claims courts, lessening Take the appeals process. In 71% of the 183 economies covered by Doing Busi- the burden on higher-instance courts. economies in the Doing Business sam- ness, 128 operate a 2-tiered civil court Simplified procedural rules help speed ple, a judgment creditor knows within a system. Depending on the litigation value up trial and judgment. These include month after the first judgment whether of the claim and, in some cases, the sub- the use of standard forms to file claims, the debtor is appealing. In 31 economies, ject matter, first-instance cases go either oral proceedings and limits on types mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin to a lower court—often the magistrate’s of evidence and on cross-examination. America, the law allows debtors more court, city court or justice of the peace— Small claims courts also oblige judges to than a month to appeal. Judgment credi- or to the higher court. Some economies issue a decision shortly after concluding tors have their patience particularly tested further divide lower and higher jurisdic- a hearing. in Cameroon, The Gambia and Nigeria, tions. Kenya’s magistrate’s court has 5 Small claims courts exist in 48 of the where the debtor has 3 months to lodge different levels. 183 economies covered by Doing Busi- an appeal. Policy makers in these coun- Where economies draw the line be- ness. They deal with claims ranging from tries might consider reducing the time to tween their lower and higher courts dif- as little as $200 in India to as much as appeal to the global average: 1 month. ENFORCING CONTRAC TS 59 A global comparison of the number of judges involved in the standardized case used by Doing Business is equally 1. Courts of Iceland, http://www.domstolar.is/. informative. In most economies just 1 2. Nunn (2007). judge would be assigned to this simple 3. Supreme Court of Korea, “Proceedings,” commercial case. But in roughly 10% of http://eng.scourt.go.kr/. economies, mainly in the Middle East 4. Directive 2000/35/EC of the European Par- liament and of the Council of 29 June 2000 and North Africa, the law requires 3 on Combating Late Payment in Commer- judges to hear the case. While additional cial Transactions, http://eur-lex.europa. judges can add value to the decision- eu/. making process, many commercial cases, particularly routine ones, can be handled by a single judge. MAKING LEGAL INFORMATION PUBLIC Making information readily available on the law, and on the courts’ interpretation of the law, benefits both the general pub- lic and the courts. Public information makes the law more predictable. It also helps potential parties to a lawsuit more easily find an out-of-court solution— and that helps reduce the workload of the courts. Today, 104 economies make legal texts and recent court judgments avail- able to the general public. But more than 30 economies, most of them low-income ones in Sub-Saharan Africa, still do not provide access to such information. 60 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Overview Starting a business FIGURE 11.1 Dealing with construction permits In OECD high-income economies viable businesses are more likely to keep running after bankruptcy Employing workers Share of economies where companies are sold as a going concern (%) Registering property 77 Getting credit Protecting investors Paying taxes Trading across borders Enforcing contracts 22 21 16 Closing a 7 4 0 business OECD high income Latin America & Caribbean East Asia & Pacific Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Eastern Europe & Central Asia South Asia Note: Sale as a going concern is considered an efficient outcome in the Doing Business case study. Source: Doing Business database. Perhaps no business regulations have period of 2008.1 In Ireland company gion in 1997–98, the entire financial been more tested by the global finan- insolvencies rose by 113% from 2007 to sector was dragged down and liquida- cial and economic crisis than those re- 2008.2 In the United Kingdom insolvency tions became widespread. To forestall lating to insolvency. Bankruptcies have proceedings increased by 92% in 2008.3 this trend, Korea and Thailand modified increased sharply, and policy makers Canada’s bankruptcies increased by 33% their laws to favor rehabilitation of dis- around the world are debating whether between April 2008 and April 2009. In tressed firms.5 existing insolvency laws and regulations Norway corporate bankruptcies are ex- Ineffective procedures for dealing can adequately respond or whether more pected to at least double in 2009. Other with insolvency can deepen and prolong needs to be done. regions, such as Latin America and the a crisis. Effective procedures can speed The global financial crisis has had Caribbean, so far have not experienced recovery: viable businesses are restruc- unequal effects across regions. Some a remarkable increase in the number of tured and nonviable ones are quickly numbers for OECD high-income econo- bankruptcies. liquidated (figure 11.3). Resources can mies are daunting. In Spain 2,902 orders History shows that financial crises be reallocated and remobilized. Chile’s of concurso (a type of reorganization provide good opportunities for bank- bankruptcy reform was one reason for its procedure) were issued in 2008, 183% ruptcy reforms.4 In times of recession, relatively quick emergence from a deep more than in the previous year. Span- keeping viable companies operating as recession in the early 1980s.6 Colombia ish courts registered 1,558 insolvency a going concern and preserving jobs streamlined reorganization procedures proceedings in the first quarter of 2009 becomes especially important. The Great in 1999 with positive effect, in the midst alone, 366% more than in the same Depression prompted the first compre- of the financial crisis spreading across TABLE 11.1 hensive reform of U.S. bankruptcy law Latin America in the late 1990s.7 Where is it easy to close a business—and in 50 years. Under the Chandler Act of If history is any guide, we might where not? 1938, the predecessor of today’s Chapter RECOVERY RECOVERY 11, bankruptcy was no longer synony- FIGURE 11.2 Easiest RATE Most difficult RATE Closing a business: time, cost and outcome mous with liquidation. Instead, troubled Japan 92.5 Liberia 8.3 of bankruptcy of a local company firms had a chance to reorganize and to Rankings are based on 1 subindicator Singapore 91.3 Suriname 8.1 Norway 89.0 Mauritania 6.7 survive difficult times. The 1938 reform Recovery rate is a function of time, cost and other factors Canada 88.7 Venezuela, R.B. 6.0 also established the authority of bank- such as lending rate and the likelihood of the company Finland 87.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. 5.4 ruptcy administrators, vesting them with continuing Ireland 86.6 Philippines 4.4 powers to help effect reorganizations. to operate Denmark 86.5 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 3.5 The Asian financial crisis spurred 100% Belgium 86.3 Haiti 2.7 efforts across East Asia to restructure United Kingdom 84.2 Zimbabwe 0.0 Recovery national bankruptcy procedures. Before rate Netherlands 82.7 Central African 0.0 Republic 1998 Korea and Thailand had outdated and inadequate procedures that were Note: Rankings are based on the recovery rate: how many cents on the dollar claimants (creditors, tax authorities and employees) rarely used. So the laws were never tested recover from the insolvent firm. See Data notes for details. Note: Time and cost do not count separately for the ranking. under normal economic circumstances. Source: Doing Business database. See Data notes for details. When illiquidity spread across the re- CLOSING A BUSINESS 61 FIGURE 11.3 and West Bank and Gaza agreed to set up amended its Enterprise Bankruptcy Law Higher recovery rates associated with greater business density public-private partnerships to strengthen to eliminate the 3-month wait for credi- Business density (%) their outdated insolvency regimes.8 tors wishing to initiate bankruptcy pro- 75 Doing Business studies the time, ceedings. Now a creditor in Vilnius can cost and outcomes of bankruptcy pro- simply notify the debtor of its intention 50 ceedings involving domestic entities. to file a bankruptcy petition and allow a Speed, low cost and continuation of 30-day grace period to repay the debt. 25 viable business operations characterize Poland amended its bankruptcy law, the top-performing economies. In these expanding the grounds for filing for re- 0 economies viable businesses are more organization. Companies facing financial Lowest Highest Economies ranked by recovery rate, quintiles likely to be sold or reorganized as a difficulties can apply for legal protection Note: Business density is the number of registered corporations going concern rather than liquidated earlier than before. Like Poland, Estonia divided by the working-age population. Relationships are significant at the 1% level and remain significant when controlling for income through piecemeal sales. Economies made it possible for distressed companies per capita. The data include 76 economies. with efficient insolvency regimes achieve on the verge of insolvency to restructure Source: Doing Business database; World Bank Group Entrepreneurship Survey, 2008. higher recovery rates than those without their debt and take other measures to such systems. Doing Business does not restore profitability. expect to see more insolvency reforms measure bankruptcy proceedings of fi- Russia amended its insolvency law in the next few years. Doing Business re- nancial institutions, which normally are to introduce professional qualification corded few insolvency reforms in 2008/09 not subject to bankruptcy laws.9 standards for administrators and regulate that were directly related to the global cri- their compensation. Albania amended its sis. The demand for reform may increase WHO REFORMED IN 2008/09? bankruptcy law to establish the Agency if the effects of the crisis on the real econ- of Insolvency Supervision, to supervise omy intensify and as governments see the Malawi was the top reformer in closing and issue licenses to insolvency admin- effectiveness of their insolvency regimes a business in 2008/09. Its Companies istrators. The new law also introduced tested under difficult conditions. Regulation 2009 took effect on June 1, professional qualification standards for Some economies took early action to 2009. The new regulation sets a cap on administrators. Tajikistan amended its respond to the crisis. One of them is Ger- the liquidator’s fees: 5% of the value of bankruptcy law to streamline timetables many, which no longer obliges potentially the estate. Before, liquidators had the for its rehabilitation and winding-up viable companies to file for bankruptcy discretion to set their own fees, usually at procedures (table 11.2). in case of overindebtedness. Instead, they around 10% of the value of the estate. The Two economies in Latin America and can continue to operate. This change, overall cost of the insolvency procedure the Caribbean joined the list of reformers intended as temporary relief during the in Malawi fell from 30% of the value of in 2008/09. Uruguay enacted a new insol- financial crisis, will be effective only until the estate to 25%, and the mechanism for vency law, consolidating its many exist- December 31, 2010. France relaxed the payment of liquidators has become more ing mechanisms into one reorganization entry requirements for its “safeguard transparent. procedure. Colombia issued decrees in procedure,” an in-court preinsolvency re- In Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 2008/09 to more strictly regulate the pro- structuring introduced in 2006. Kuwait among the regions hit hard by the global fession of insolvency administrators. made it possible for firms to reorganize crisis, 6 economies had reforms making Among OECD high-income econo- while on the verge of insolvency. it easier to close a business. Lithuania mies, France and Germany reformed. Other economies are working on TABLE 11.2 future reform programs. In March 2009 Establishing or promoting reorganization procedures— the Czech Republic approved a plan to the most popular reform feature in 2008/09 amend its insolvency act as part of a Established or promoted reorganization procedures Estonia, France, Kuwait, Mauritius, Philippines, crisis recovery plan. The aim is to help or prepackaged reorganizations Poland, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Uruguay businesses stay alive by making it easier Regulated the profession of Albania, Colombia, Malawi, Philippines, Russian for debtors to obtain funds after fil- insolvency administrators Federation ing for bankruptcy. In May 2009, 10 Introduced or tightened time limits Albania, Lithuania, Russian Federation, Tajikistan governments in the Middle East and Established receivership Samoa North Africa signed a joint declaration on intended reforms. Meeting in Abu Promoted specialized courts India Dhabi, representatives from Egypt, Jor- Temporarily eased obligation for Germany dan, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Qatar, Saudi management to file for bankruptcy Arabia, Sudan, the United Arab Emirates Source: Doing Business database. 62 DOING BUSINESS 2010 TABLE 11.3 procedure allows the reorganization of Who makes it easy to close a business—and who does not? companies that face financial difficulties but are not yet insolvent. Time (years) Romania made it more difficult to Fastest Slowest go through insolvency procedures by Ireland 0.4 Ecuador 5.3 increasing the cost. A November 2008 Japan 0.6 Indonesia 5.5 amendment to its insolvency law requires Canada 0.8 Haiti 5.7 1.5% of the amount recovered from each Singapore 0.8 Philippines 5.7 insolvency procedure to go to a fund for Belgium 0.9 Belarus 5.8 Finland 0.9 Angola 6.2 reimbursing the expenses of insolvency Norway 0.9 Czech Republic 6.5 administrators. The aim is to ensure that Australia 1.0 Maldives 6.7 insolvency administrators are paid even Belize 1.0 India 7.0 when debtors have no assets. This reform Iceland 1.0 Mauritania 8.0 reduces the amount creditors recover in Cost (% of estate) cases where the company has assets and Least Most increases inefficiency in cases where few or no assets are available. Other econo- Colombia 1.0 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 38.0 Kuwait 1.0 Philippines 38.0 mies seek to handle this problem by lim- Norway 1.0 Samoa 38.0 iting professional intervention where the Singapore 1.0 Solomon Islands 38.0 possibilities of recovery are slim. Bahamas, The 3.5 Vanuatu 38.0 Belgium 3.5 Venezuela, R.B. 38.0 TOWARD SMART REGULATION Brunei Darussalam 3.5 Sierra Leone 42.0 Canada 3.5 Ukraine 42.0 In times of crisis, overburdened courts, Finland 3.5 Liberia 42.5 Georgia 3.5 Central African Republic 76.0 unqualified liquidators and rigid laws become even bigger obstacles to the or- Source: Doing Business database. derly exit of nonviable businesses. And reorganizing viable firms to preserve jobs France amended its legislation to make procedure available to companies. becomes more important than ever. Gov- it easier for firms to qualify for its safe- In East Asia and the Pacific, Samoa ernments can help by encouraging firms guard procedure. The aim is to encour- and the Philippines reformed. Samoa to seek preinsolvency solutions, improv- age firms to apply for court protection passed 2 new laws: the Companies ing the efficiency of courts and training early on, before they become insolvent. Amendment Act 2006, which regulates receivers and liquidators to do a good job Germany, as a temporary relief during 3 stages in insolvency—administration, in administering distressed companies the financial crisis, eliminated manage- compromise and liquidation—and the and selling their assets efficiently. Doing ment’s obligation to file for bankruptcy Receivership Act 2006, which provides Business has recorded 76 reforms making in the case of overindebtedness, where for the appointment of receivers of com- it easier to close a business in the past business survival is more likely than in panies. The Philippines adopted the Rules 6 years. OECD high-income economies the case of illiquidity. of Procedure on Corporate Rehabilita- reformed the most (figure 11.4). Three economies besides Malawi re- tion, introducing the concept of prene- formed in Sub-Saharan Africa. Mauritius gotiated reorganizations and requiring FACING REALITY EARLY ON passed a new insolvency law, establishing receivers to have certain qualifications. Debtors should not wait until it is too a rehabilitation procedure for companies In South Asia, India reformed. More late to save the company. In economies as an alternative to winding up. The law judges were assigned to the specialized where reorganization functions well, sets clear time limits, defines the rights debt recovery tribunals, enabling them such as Finland and Norway, companies and obligations of creditors and debtors to pick up the pace of resolving fore- typically file for bankruptcy a couple of and outlines sanctions for those who closures. And the Securitization and weeks after default. Many economies, abuse the system. Rwanda adopted a new Reconstruction of Financial Assets and particularly those with old bankruptcy law promoting reorganization procedures Enforcement of Security Interest Act regimes, could save more companies by as a viable option for distressed firms and 2002—has made it easier for courts to getting debtors to face reality early on. setting clear time limits during the insol- handle foreclosure procedures. One way policy makers can encour- vency process. Sierra Leone passed a new Kuwait was the only reformer in the age businesses to seek timely solutions is company act that makes a reorganization Middle East and North Africa. A new to expand the grounds on which compa- CLOSING A BUSINESS 63 FIGURE 11.4 troduced specialized bankruptcy courts OECD high-income economies reformed the most since 2004 to deal more efficiently with insolvency Share of economies in region making it easier to close a business (%) procedures. OECD 59 One country that has increased court high income Eastern Europe efficiency is the United States. Thanks 56 & Central Asia to an online case management system, East Asia anyone can consult any document in & Pacific 33 Latin America a bankruptcy case. Bankruptcy judges & Caribbean 22 can work from anywhere, signing orders Middle East & North Africa 16 with the click of a mouse. Developed at Sub-Saharan the end of the 1990s and rolled out in all Africa 13 states by 2005, the system provides one South Asia 13 level of information to the general public, another to lawyers with an account and a Source: Doing Business database. third level to bankruptcy judges. nies suffering financial problems can file ment on the creditors still holding out. for reorganization. The law should allow The advance negotiations with creditors TRAINING ADMINISTRATORS debtors to file for reorganization when clear the way for quickly scheduling a Receivers and liquidators play essential facing financial distress rather than court hearing, allowing a rapid exit from roles in insolvency procedures. Receivers requiring that they wait for the much bankruptcy.10 take part in managing debtor compa- worse situation of insolvency. Of the 18 nies—either replacing management or economies that reformed in 2008/09, 5 SPEEDING UP COURT PROCEDURES coadministering with it. Liquidators are implemented rescue statutes introducing Once an insolvency case is brought be- in charge of selling the assets of nonvi- or promoting the use of preinsolvency fore the court, a timely resolution be- able companies. Many economies have procedures: Estonia, France, Kuwait, comes essential, especially if the aim is launched reforms to ensure that both pro- the Philippines and Poland. The Slovak to save the company. Proceedings that fessions have adequate business and edu- Republic did so in its Bankruptcy and end with an efficient outcome—the firm cational qualifications and are being well Restructuring Act that went into effect continuing to operate or being sold as supervised. In recent years such econo- in 2006. a going concern—go through the insol- mies as Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Requiring debtors to file for insol- vency process in less than 2 years. In the Poland, Romania, the United Kingdom vency as soon as they default or as soon OECD high-income group 77% of econo- and the United States have introduced as default is imminent is another way mies achieve such an outcome. Japan’s qualification standards (figure 11.5). to encourage companies to face reality rehabilitation procedure is one example In 2008/09 Albania, Colombia and before it is too late. In Poland and Spain, of a well-functioning system of in-court Russia adopted regulations imposing li- filing for bankruptcy too late can subject restructuring. censing requirements for receivers. In a company’s management to penalties. In Economies in South Asia have the June 2006 FYR Macedonia created a 2008 Uruguay’s new bankruptcy law in- longest insolvency proceedings, averag- chamber of bankruptcy trustees and troduced an obligation for management ing 4.5 years. They also have the lon- implemented a licensing regime. In 2005 to file within 30 days of learning of the gest average time to enforce a contract company’s insolvency. If implemented through the courts: 1,053 days. The FIGURE 11.5 well, this provision will reduce delays. length of these procedures reduces the Economies with specialized bankruptcy courts have higher recovery rates Creating a framework for prepack- value of firms, making it unlikely that Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) aged reorganizations can help keep com- they will continue as a going concern 40 YES panies operating as a going concern. after insolvency proceedings. YES Italy and Korea introduced prepackaged The court systems in many econo- 35 NO NO reorganizations in 2006/07. Now a firm mies lack the infrastructure, training can negotiate a reorganization plan with and technical expertise to resolve com- 30 its creditors before filing for bankruptcy. mercial disputes in a timely way.11 In Once it reaches an agreement with the the coming years growth in the num- 25 required majority of creditors, the firm ber of bankruptcy filings could further Are there specialized Are there minimum files for bankruptcy and asks the court strain the capacity of courts, increasing bankruptcy courts? qualifications to approve its reorganization plan. Once their risk of becoming overwhelmed. But for trustees? the court approves, it imposes the agree- some economies in recent years have in- Source: Doing Business database. 64 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Chile established a system to ensure rig- orous surveillance by the bankruptcy commissioner and to link receivers’ fees to the proceeds realized from asset sales. The aim is to encourage trustees to sell distressed assets quickly, maximizing returns. 1. Spain, National Statistics Institute, http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do. 2. Euler Hermes, “A Remarkable Accelera- tion in Business Insolvencies,” press release, June 4, 2009, http://www .eulerhermes.com/. 3. Insolvency Service, “Insolvencies in the Fourth Quarter 2008,” statistics release, February 6, 2009, http://www .insolvency.gov.uk/. 4. Gine and Love (2008). 5. Carruthers and Halliday (2007). 6. Bergoeing and others (2007). 7. Gine and Love (2008). 8. The symposium was organized by Hawkamah, the Institute for Corporate Governance, in association with the Or- ganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Bank, INSOL International, the Abu Dhabi Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Abu Dhabi Centre for Corporate Governance, and supported by Latham & Watkins. 9. Djankov (2009a). 10. Djankov (2009b). 11. Djankov (2009b). 65 Annex: pilot indicators on getting electricity Infrastructure services such as roads, Business aims to illustrate the implica- ture.2 To ensure that the data are com- water, electricity and telecommuni- tions for entrepreneurs of weak commer- parable across economies, respondents cations matter for private businesses. cial services by distribution companies in the 140 economies covered were pre- Where access and quality are poor, they and to complement existing data sets. sented with a standard case study: can slow a company’s growth. Managers Consistent, objective data on connection responding to World Bank Enterprise services can inform utilities, regulators An entrepreneur would like to connect his Surveys in 89 economies between 2006 and governments seeking to strengthen newly built warehouse for cold meat stor- and 2009 estimated that their spending sector performance and serve as an input age to electricity. The internal wiring up to on such items as fuel, electricity, tele- for research on links to economic out- the metering point has already been com- communications and water amounted comes. pleted by the electrician employed by the to 9% of annual sales, more than for The data differ in important ways construction firm, and the entrepreneur machinery. They reported losses due to from other electricity data sets. The new would now like to obtain the final electric- electricity outages amounting to 3.2 per- indicators do not reflect the costs as- ity connection from the local distribution cent of sales. And when asked about the sociated with electricity consumption or utility. The electrician working for the en- biggest constraint to the operation and measure the percentage of households trepreneur estimates that the warehouse growth of their business, more managers and businesses connected to electricity will need a 140-kilovolt-ampere (kVA) identified weak electricity services and in each economy. Nor do the indica- connection.3 access to finance than any other issue.1 tors measure problems of quality, such To move into higher-value-added as the frequency of service interrup- activities that rely on electricity-based tions, energy losses and voltage drops, technologies, small and medium-size which represent a significant burden on FIGURE 12.1 enterprises depend on a reliable and af- businesses. But analysis using data on Easier connection—better perception fordable supply of electricity. But because the new indicators as well as from the of overall infrastructure quality of capacity constraints in power utilities, World Economic Forum’s Global Com- Perceived quality of infrastructure services overall especially in low-income economies, this petitiveness Report suggests a positive High important input often cannot be guaran- correlation between the efficiency of the teed. Whether electricity is reliably avail- connection process and entrepreneurs’ able or not, the first step for a customer perceptions of the overall quality of in- is always to gain access by obtaining a frastructure services (figure 12.1). connection. It is this first and key step that Doing Business aims to measure CONSTRUCTING THE INDICATORS Low through a new set of pilot indicators on Doing Business tracks all procedures Least Most difficult difficult the process a private business must go required for a business to obtain an Economies ranked by ease of getting through to do so. electricity connection for a newly con- electricity, quintiles By applying its methodology to the structed building, including an extension Note: Relationships are significant at the 1% level and remain significant when controlling for income per capita. question of electricity provision, Doing or expansion of the existing infrastruc- Source: Doing Business database; WEF (2008). 66 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Based on the case study, distribution TABLE 12.1 Who makes it easy to get electricity—and who does not? utilities in the main business city of each economy were asked to describe the pro- Procedures (number) cedures for obtaining an electricity con- Fewest Most nection along with the time and cost of Denmark 3 Angola 8 completing them. From their responses, Germany 3 Armenia 8 a list of procedures was drawn up and Japan 3 Azerbaijan 8 verified through e-mail and telephone in- Mauritius 3 Guinea-Bissau 8 terviews with independent professionals Qatar 3 Honduras 8 Saudi Arabia 3 Nigeria 8 such as electricians, electrical engineers, St. Vincent and the Grenadines 3 Russian Federation 8 electrical contractors and construction Sweden 3 Tajikistan 8 companies. For details on methodology Switzerland 3 Ukraine 9 see data notes on page 95. Antigua and Barbuda 4 Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 Time (days) WHO MAKES IT EASY TO GET ELECTRICITY? Least Most An entrepreneur in Ukraine seeking to Germany 17 Russian Federation 272 get his cold-storage business connected St. Kitts and Nevis 18 Czech Republic 279 to electricity has to go through 9 differ- Iceland 22 Cyprus 306 ent procedures to obtain design approv- Austria 23 Ukraine 306 St. Lucia 25 Kyrgyz Republic 325 als, technical certificates for the required Grenada 30 Tanzania 382 power lines and multiple inspections of Chile 31 Madagascar 419 the connection works, including an in- Puerto Rico 32 Afghanistan 424 spection from the State Inspectorate for Honduras 33 Guinea-Bissau 437 Protection of Labor. The process takes Panama 35 Sierra Leone 441 306 days and costs $8,419, or 262% of Cost (% of income per capita) income per capita. Economies such as Denmark, Ger- Least Most many and Japan make it much easier for Japan 0 Ethiopia 6,967 businesses to connect to electricity (table Hong Kong, China 2 Gambia, The 6,975 12.1). In Germany, which has the fastest Qatar 4 Senegal 7,007 process, it takes only 3 interactions with Germany 5 Madagascar 8,466 Iceland 9 Malawi 11,655 the utility and 17 days. An entrepreneur Panama 11 Central African Republic 14,378 simply needs to sign a supply contract Israel 13 Burkina Faso 15,443 with an electricity retailer and have his Cyprus 14 Benin 15,817 licensed master electrician take care of Norway 14 Congo, Dem. Rep. 28,304 the electricity application. The utility Australia 15 Burundi 43,020 then completes the external connection Source: Doing Business database. works. The entrepreneur’s warehouse is hooked up to electricity in less than 3 distribution transformer needed for agencies to comply with safety weeks, with a total connection cost of the connection. In both Serbia and standards. $2,151 (5% of income per capita). Montenegro the same construction Ensure efficient procurement planning, license can be obtained from the freeing customers from having to Procedures are few in economies where municipality together with the main obtain the materials needed. In utilities: construction permit. economies like Bangladesh, Tanzania Coordinate with other agencies, such Transfer responsibility for safety and the Central African Republic as the municipality or the building compliance of the building’s internal customers may be asked to provide department, freeing customers from wiring to private electricians. This is such materials as poles, meter boxes having to contact the same agencies done in Denmark, Germany, Japan or transformers because the utility several times. In Romania the and Mauritius. But in economies such does not have them in stock. private contractor hired to complete as Ukraine contractors have to obtain the connection works must get a multiple approvals from different The number of interactions cus- separate construction license for the tomers have with the utility and other 67 agencies is the biggest determinant of many economies the bill also includes connection delays. In economies where the costs of a security deposit and pay- businesses have to go through 6–10 pro- ments to other agencies for permits, cedures to get connected, the process inspections and approvals.6 takes 144 days on average. In economies Where the connection process is with 3–5 procedures, it takes 104 days more complex, the variable costs a cus- on average. It takes 56 days to get con- tomer must pay account for a larger share nected in the 10 economies with the of the total. While fixed costs represent fewest procedures, and 215 days in the an average 59% of the total cost in the 10 10 economies with the most. lowest-cost economies, they amount to Differences in the voltage level to only 8% of the total in the 10 highest-cost which customers need to connect are economies. This reduces the transpar- the biggest driver of differences in con- ency of connection costs and utilities’ nection costs across economies. High- accountability to customers, possibly income economies often have electricity leaving more room for corruption. distribution systems that can connect a customer requesting a 140-kVA connec- WHAT IS TO COME? tion simply by extending an overhead Data have been collected for 140 econo- line or underground cable. The cost in mies (table 12.2). More detailed data for these cases is a quarter to a half of the each economy can be found on the Doing cost in cases where the customer’s prem- Business website. In the coming year the ises must be connected to the next higher sample of economies will be expanded, voltage level. with the aim of covering the same sample But connection costs vary signifi- as the main Doing Business indicators. cantly among economies within income As more data become available, the data groups, suggesting room to reduce costs set on the Doing Business website will be regardless of existing infrastructure. In updated. A report with a more detailed the 10 lowest-cost economies (all high- analysis of findings is under prepara- income economies except Panama) the tion, as is a background paper on the average cost for a connection is no more methodology. Feedback from govern- than 9% of income per capita, an eighth ments and utilities is welcome and will of the average for all high-income econo- be used as input in further refining the mies (75% of income per capita). In the methodology. 10 highest-cost economies (all low-in- come economies) the average is 15,803% of income per capita, more than twice the average for the low-income group (7,384% of income per capita). Connection costs can be divided into 2 main categories: a fixed connec- tion fee that should reflect a cost model on how to spread the fixed costs of operating a distribution grid over all cus- tomers,4 and the variable costs for each connection, accounting for the labor, material and inspections required.5 In 68 DOING BUSINESS 2010 TABLE 12.2 Getting electricity data Cost Cost Procedures (% of income Procedures (% of income Economy (number) Time (days) per capita) Economy (number) Time (days) per capita) Afghanistan 4 424 618.2 Gambia, The 4 178 6,975.1 Albania 5 162 614.5 Georgia 4 71 666.3 Angola 8 41 1,102.3 Germany 3 17 5.1 Antigua and Barbuda 4 42 140.0 Ghana 4 78 2,240.5 Argentina 6 74 25.2 Greece 6 77 35.6 Armenia 8 242 673.0 Grenada 4 30 244.6 Australia 5 46 15.4 Guatemala 4 39 677.4 Austria 5 23 110.7 Guinea-Bissau 8 437 4,125.8 Azerbaijan 8 225 624.4 Honduras 8 33 963.4 Bahamas, The 7 61 45.0 Hong Kong, China 4 101 1.8 Bahrain 5 72 47.8 Hungary 6 252 98.3 Bangladesh 7 109 3,171.4 Iceland 4 22 8.7 Belarus 6 218 1,291.4 India 7 67 504.9 Belgium 4 50 44.2 Iran, Islamic Rep. 6 143 1,050.3 Belize 5 106 341.9 Ireland 4 106 21.3 Benin 5 172 15,816.9 Israel 6 113 12.7 Bhutan 5 241 1,675.4 Jamaica 6 48 80.1 Bolivia 7 51 1,484.4 Japan 3 105 0 Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 127 276.7 Jordan 5 43 525.2 Botswana 5 117 465.4 Kazakhstan 5 103 300.5 Brazil 6 36 163.2 Kenya 5 162 1,405.3 Bulgaria 6 102 295.1 Kyrgyz Republic 6 325 2,478.4 Burkina Faso 4 158 15,443 Lao PDR 5 127 3,245.2 Burundi 4 158 43,020.5 Latvia 5 193 335.1 Cambodia 4 169 3,854.1 Lebanon 5 75 29.9 Cameroon 4 67 1,735.3 Lesotho 5 86 2,675.7 Canada 8 133 164.4 Lithuania 4 98 62.3 Cape Verde 4 46 1,112.9 Luxembourg 5 120 51.5 Central African Republic 6 210 14,377.7 Macedonia, FYR 5 90 924.9 Chile 6 31 88.4 Madagascar 5 419 8,466.2 China 4 118 835.7 Malawi 5 179 11,654.8 Colombia 5 150 1,243.6 Malaysia 6 51 42.6 Congo, Dem. Rep. 6 73 28,304.0 Maldives 6 101 823.1 Costa Rica 5 62 329.0 Mauritius 3 44 262.8 Côte d’Ivoire 5 43 4,303.7 Mexico 7 169 577.1 Croatia 5 70 319.8 Moldova 7 126 650.7 Cyprus 4 306 13.9 Montenegro 4 67 409.3 Czech Republic 6 279 184.9 Morocco 5 71 2,295 Denmark 3 43 106.2 Namibia 7 40 403.9 Djibouti 4 180 6,473.4 Nepal 6 73 2,890.0 Dominica 5 73 1,188.1 Netherlands 5 125 38.9 Ecuador 5 89 973.5 New Zealand 5 47 73.3 Egypt, Arab Rep. 7 50 453.5 Nicaragua 6 70 1,695.3 El Salvador 7 74 467.3 Niger 4 165 4,295.9 Estonia 4 99 206.1 Nigeria 8 260 1,146.8 Ethiopia 4 75 6,967.3 Norway 4 59 14.1 Fiji 6 46 794.8 Oman 5 66 70.8 Finland 5 53 20.9 Pakistan 5 233 2,334.7 France 5 123 27.9 Panama 5 35 10.7 Gabon 5 160 256.9 Paraguay 4 53 409.8 69 Cost Procedures (% of income Economy (number) Time (days) per capita) 1. According to World Bank Enterprise Surveys for 89 economies, 15.6% of managers consider electricity the most serious constraint, Peru 5 118 521.8 and a similar share (15.7%) consider access to finance the most se- Philippines 5 63 466.5 rious constraint (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org). Poland 4 143 233.2 2. An extension involves extending the network by laying low-voltage Puerto Rico 5 32 433.8 underground cables or installing low-voltage overhead wires from Qatar 3 90 3.8 the metering point to the closest substation. An expansion involves Romania 7 207 312.8 installing a pole- or pad-mounted distribution transformer and connecting it between the customer’s metering point and the util- Russian Federation 8 272 4,521.6 ity’s medium-voltage network. Saudi Arabia 3 71 78.0 3. The load of 140 kVA was chosen to reflect the energy needs of a Senegal 6 125 7,007.0 relatively electricity-intensive small or medium-size enterprise. By Serbia 4 81 513.4 comparison, a residential customer would need 20–40 kVA. A 140- Seychelles 5 132 479.5 kVA load is also significant enough to assume that the entrepreneur Sierra Leone 8 441 1,279.1 cannot opt to steal electricity instead. Singapore 5 76 34.2 4. Where connection fees are fixed, they are usually calculated as a Slovenia 5 38 115.4 function of the peak electricity demand of the facility to be con- nected. These fixed fees can often be found on the website of the South Africa 5 171 443.2 utility or the regulator. Spain 4 85 169.6 5. Detailed information on different cost components for each econ- Sri Lanka 4 132 1,548.5 omy can be found on the Doing Business website (http://www St. Kitts and Nevis 4 18 377.3 .doingbusiness.org). St. Lucia 4 25 469.9 6. Security deposits represent a significant financial burden. In Ethio- St. Vincent and the Grenadines 3 52 459.6 pia a medium-size company requesting an electricity connection Suriname 5 128 745.7 will lose an amount equivalent to 148% of income per capita be- Sweden 3 52 21.1 cause of the security deposit, required as a guarantee that it will pay future electricity bills. Because the utility holds the deposit until Switzerland 3 39 68.8 the end of the contract and repays it without interest, the company Syrian Arab Republic 5 71 994.2 cannot put that money to a more productive use. Security deposits Tajikistan 8 211 1,456.8 are charged by utilities in both the top 10 economies on the cost of Tanzania 4 382 251.4 a new electricity connection and the bottom 10. But in the better- Tonga 5 50 128.8 performing economies they are significantly lower and utilities offer arrangements reducing the financial burden. In Australia, Hong Trinidad and Tobago 5 56 53.6 Kong (China) and Panama customers can opt in part for a guaran- Tunisia 4 58 1,136.1 tee from a bank, at a lower cost than the interest that would be lost Turkey 4 62 812.6 on the deposit. Uganda 5 151 5,209.9 Ukraine 9 306 262.0 United Arab Emirates 4 55 15.9 United Kingdom 5 111 42.2 United States 5 48 16.8 Uzbekistan 7 123 2,532.8 Vietnam 4 127 1,685.1 West Bank and Gaza 6 70 1,567.1 Yemen, Rep. 4 35 6,926.1 Zambia 4 103 1,042.7 70 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Annex: methodology, Doing Business intends to measure implementation of core labor fined as “work which by its nature or the circumstances . . . is likely to jeopardize worker standards, that is, the adoption of the core labor standards in national legislation. the health, safety or morals of young persons.”6 In 1999 Convention 182 was protection Data are collected from readings of laws and regulations. Child labor was selected adopted to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. Convention 182 classifies haz- as the first area of research. Estimates re- ardous work as among the 4 worst forms ported in a 2006 ILO study of child labor of child labor, with the other 3 being child are high: worldwide, more than 190 mil- slavery and practices similar to slavery, lion children between the ages of 5 and 14 child prostitution and child pornography are economically active.2 and illicit activities such as drug traffick- In 2008 Doing Business initiated re- ing.7 According to the 2006 ILO study, of search on the national implementation the 190.7 million children between 5 and of the minimum age provisions included 14 involved in economic activity, 70.9 in 2 ILO conventions on child labor: million were engaged in some form of Convention 138, on the minimum age hazardous work.8 Last year’s report included a table show- for admission to employment, ratified by Specific minimum age thresholds ing ratification of the International La- 154 countries, and Convention 182, on exist for “light work.” Convention 138 bour Organization’s core labor standards the worst forms of child labor, ratified allows national laws to permit children by the 181 economies covered by that by 171 countries.3 These conventions ages 13–15 to engage in light work report and indicated that Doing Business establish clear minimum age thresholds “which is not likely to harm their health would be conducting further analysis on that ratifying countries must implement or development or prejudice their school those standards.1 These standards are in their national legislation. The results attendance.”9 Countries “whose economy included in the 8 ILO conventions cover- of the research are not included in the or educational facilities are insufficiently ing the freedom of association and right indicators on employing workers. developed” may allow children ages to collective bargaining, the elimination In a sample of 102 countries se- 12–14 to do light work. As a proxy for of forced labor, equitable treatment in lected to represent different regions and countries “whose economy and educa- employment practices and the abolition income groups, the research looked at tional facilities are insufficiently devel- of child labor. whether national laws are in line with oped,” Doing Business used the World Building on the initial analysis on the ILO conventions on child labor (table Bank country classifications low income the core labor standards, Doing Business 13.1). Labor law experts completed sur- and lower middle income.10 plans to develop a new worker protec- vey questions on national child labor tion indicator, a process that will benefit provisions. Answers were verified using RATIFICATION OF ILO CONVENTION 138 from the advice of a working group with the text of the laws. The survey did not Among the 102 countries covered by the re- broad stakeholder representation. The cover enforcement of child labor laws. search, 20 have not ratified Convention 138 ILO, which has leadership on the core (table 13.2). While ratifying the relevant labor standards, will serve as an essential ILO CONVENTIONS ON CHILD LABOR ILO conventions is important, not ratify- source of guidance in this process. When the ILO was formed in 1919, child ing the conventions does not necessarily In accordance with the standard labor was the subject of its first conven- mean that standards are not implemented tions. In 1973 Convention 138 revised TABLE 13.1 10 conventions that had covered mini- TABLE 13.2 Countries in the sample Implementation of minimum working mum age for admission to employment age by nonratifying sample countries Region Countries or work in specific sectors since 1919. Minimum age limit Countries East Asia & Pacific 16 Convention 138 sets the minimum age Higher 8 Eastern Europe & Central Asia 13 of admission to the labor force at “not less than the age of completion of com- Same 3 Latin America & Caribbean 16 pulsory schooling, and, in any case, not Lower 5 Middle East & North Africa 18 less than 15 years.”4 For countries “whose None 4 OECD high income 14 economy or educational facilities are in- Total 20 South Asia 5 sufficiently developed,” the minimum Note: Table shows sample countries that have not ratified Convention 138 by minimum working age relative to that set Sub-Saharan Africa 20 age may be set at 14.5 in the convention (14 years for low- and lower-middle-income Total 102 The convention establishes a mini- countries, 15 for high- and upper-middle-income countries). Source: Doing Business database. mum age of 18 for hazardous work, de- Source: Doing Business database. 71 TABLE 13.3 TABLE 13.4 Implementation of minimum working age by all sample countries Implementation of minimum age for Region Higher limit Same limit Lower limit No limit hazardous work by all sample countries East Asia & Pacific 9 3 2 2 Minimum age limit Countries Eastern Europe & Central Asia 9 4 0 0 Same 73 Latin America & Caribbean 6 6 4 0 Lower 13 Middle East & North Africa 10 5 3 0 None 16 OECD high income 4 7 2 1 Total 102 South Asia 2 2 0 1 Note: Table shows sample countries by minimum age for haz- ardous work relative to that set in Convention 138 (18 years). Sub-Saharan Africa 7 11 2 0 Source: Doing Business database. Total 47 38 13 4 Note: Table shows sample countries by minimum working age relative to that set in Convention 138 (14 years for low- and lower-middle- MINIMUM AGE FOR HAZARDOUS income countries, 15 for high- and upper-middle-income countries). WORK Source: Doing Business database. National provisions specifying a mini- in national legislation. For example, while reforms are under way. Kuwait is chang- mum age for hazardous work exist in Ghana and Saudi Arabia have not rati- ing its labor law to raise the minimum 86% of low- and lower-middle-income, fied Convention 138, their laws establish a age from 14 years to 15. In South Asia 83% of upper-middle-income and 81% minimum working age of 15. 2 countries that did not ratify the con- of high-income countries in the sample Half the 20 countries that have not vention, Afghanistan and Bhutan, set a of 102 countries. Of the 102 countries, ratified the convention are low- and minimum working age of 18, exceeding 86 have laws prohibiting hazardous work lower-middle-income countries. These the requirement of the ILO convention below a certain age (table 13.4). Among 10 countries all meet or exceed the mini- and raising the average in the region. these 86 countries, 73 set the standard mum age of 14 established by the con- In Eastern Europe and Central Asia all minimum age of 18 for hazardous work. vention for countries “whose economy countries have adopted the minimum Thirteen have lower age thresholds, in- or educational facilities are insufficiently age threshold of 15. cluding the United Arab Emirates (17), developed.” Afghanistan and Bhutan are In East Asia and the Pacific some Namibia (16) and Samoa (15). examples. Each has legislation estab- countries, such as China, Mongolia and Sixteen countries, including Anti- lishing a minimum working age of 18, Papua New Guinea, exceed the require- gua and Barbuda, the Netherlands and exceeding the minimum age required by ment by setting 16 as the minimum age. Palau, have no age limit applying specifi- the convention by 4 years. In the Middle East and North Africa, cally to hazardous work. Five of the 20 countries that have Algeria, Jordan and Tunisia have done not ratified the convention have not im- the same. MINIMUM AGE FOR LIGHT WORK plemented the convention’s standards: Only 17 of the 102 countries have an Of the 102 countries surveyed, only 44 Bahrain, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, age limit below the minimum specified in (or 43%) have established an age limit Mexico and the United States. These 5 the convention or have set no minimum specifically for light work (table 13.5). high- and upper- middle-income coun- age at all. This is the case for 4 countries Three countries allow light work but do tries have established 14 as the minimum in East Asia and the Pacific and 4 in Latin not specify an age limit. The 47 coun- age, 1 year below the minimum age pre- America and the Caribbean. The law in scribed by the convention. Belize is unclear, mentioning 2 differ- TABLE 13.5 ent minimum working ages, 12 and 14, Implementation of minimum age for light work by all sample countries MINIMUM AGE FOR ADMISSION TO in different provisions of the text.11 The THE LABOR FORCE Minimum age limit Countries Federated States of Micronesia’s law does Of the 102 countries in the sample, 85 not set a minimum age. Higher 24 have a minimum age for admission to In East Asia and the Pacific 9 of Same 20 the labor force that complies with the 11 low- and lower-middle-income coun- No minimum age in provision for 3 minimum age prescribed by Convention tries, including Cambodia, Fiji and light work 138 (table 13.3). Timor-Leste, have not used the excep- No provision for light work 55 In Sub-Saharan Africa 18 of 20 tion for “countries whose economy or Total 102 countries have a minimum age that educational facilities are insufficiently Note: Table shows sample countries by minimum age for light work relative to that set in Convention 138 (12 years for low- meets or exceeds the age limit set by developed,” which would allow them to and lower-middle-income countries, 13 for high- and upper- the convention. In the Middle East and set a minimum age of 14. Instead, they middle-income countries). North Africa 15 of 18 countries do. And set their minimum working age at 15. Source: Doing Business database. 72 DOING BUSINESS 2010 tries that allow light work include such examples as seasonal agricultural work, helping out in the family business and vocational training. In The Bahamas the law specifically allows children to sell newspapers or nuts after school hours. 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Finally, the data parability across economies and over not only highlight the extent of specific time—with assumptions about the legal regulatory obstacles to business but also form of the business, its size, its loca- identify their source and point to what tion and the nature of its operations. might be reformed. Surveys are administered through more than 8,000 local experts, including law- LIMITS TO WHAT IS MEASURED yers, business consultants, accountants, freight forwarders, government officials The Doing Business methodology has 5 and other professionals routinely ad- limitations that should be considered The indicators presented and analyzed in ministering or advising on legal and when interpreting the data. First, the Doing Business measure business regu- regulatory requirements (table 14.1). collected data refer to businesses in the lation and the protection of property These experts have several (typically 4) economy’s largest business city and may rights—and their effect on businesses, rounds of interaction with the Doing not be representative of regulation in especially small and medium-size do- Business team, involving conference other parts of the economy. To address mestic firms. First, the indicators docu- calls, written correspondence and visits this limitation, subnational Doing Busi- ment the degree of regulation, such as the by the team. For Doing Business 2010 ness indicators were created for 17 econ- number of procedures to start a business team members visited 43 economies omies in 2008/09: Albania, Bosnia and or to register and transfer commercial to verify data and recruit respondents. Herzegovina, China, Colombia, Croatia, property. Second, they gauge regulatory The data from surveys are subjected to Egypt, India, Italy (Veneto region), Ko- outcomes, such as the time and cost to numerous tests for robustness, which sovo, FYR Macedonia, Mexico, Monte- enforce a contract, go through bank- lead to revisions or expansions of the negro, Morocco, Nigeria, the Philippines, ruptcy or trade across borders. Third, information collected. Serbia and the United Arab Emirates they measure the extent of legal pro- The Doing Business methodology (Abu Dhabi).2 Five other subnational tections of property, for example, the offers several advantages. It is trans- studies are under way, in Central Asia, protections of investors against looting parent, using factual information about Indonesia, Kenya, the Russian Federa- by company directors or the range of what laws and regulations say and al- tion and Ukraine. Some existing sub- assets that can be used as collateral ac- lowing multiple interactions with local national studies are updated annually cording to secured transactions laws. respondents to clarify potential misin- to measure progress over time or to Fourth, they measure the flexibility of terpretations of questions. Having repre- expand geographic coverage. This is the employment regulation. Finally, a set of sentative samples of respondents is not case in Colombia, India, Mexico, Nige- indicators documents the tax burden on an issue, as the texts of the relevant laws ria, Pakistan and the Philippines. These businesses. For details on how the rank- and regulations are collected and an- subnational studies point to significant ings on these indicators are constructed, differences in the speed of reform and TABLE 14.1 see Ease of doing business, page 97. How many experts does Doing Business the ease of doing business across cities in The data for all sets of indicators in consult? the same economy. Doing Business 2010 are for June 2009.1 Number of Second, the data often focus on Indicator set contributors Two new economies—Cyprus and Ko- a specific business form—generally a Starting a business 1,403 sovo—were added to the sample, now limited liability company (or its legal Dealing with construction permits 639 comprising 183 economies. Employing workers 997 equivalent) of a specified size—and may Registering property 1,010 not be representative of the regulation Getting credit 1,173 on other businesses, for example, sole Protecting investors 877 proprietorships. Third, transactions de- Paying taxes 926 scribed in a standardized case scenario Trading across borders 1,455 refer to a specific set of issues and may Enforcing contracts 1,029 not represent the full set of issues a busi- Closing a business 863 ness encounters. Fourth, the measures of 78 DOING BUSINESS 2010 time involve an element of judgment by Economy characteristics the expert respondents. When sources GROSS NATIONAL INCOME (GNI) ates and Zimbabwe. In these cases indicate different estimates, the time PER CAPITA GDP or GNP per capita data and indicators reported in Doing Business Doing Business 2010 reports 2008 growth rates from the International represent the median values of several income per capita as published in Monetary Fund’s World Economic responses given under the assumptions the World Bank’s World Development Outlook database and the Economist of the standardized case. Indicators 2009. Income is calculated Intelligence Unit were used. Finally, the methodology assumes using the Atlas method (current US$). that a business has full information on For cost indicators expressed as a per- REGION AND INCOME GROUP what is required and does not waste time centage of income per capita, 2008 Doing Business uses the World Bank when completing procedures. In practice, GNI in local currency units is used as regional and income group clas- completing a procedure may take longer the denominator. GNI data were not sifications, available at http://www if the business lacks information or is un- available from the World Bank for .worldbank.org/data/countryclass. able to follow up promptly. Alternatively, Afghanistan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, the business may choose to disregard Brunei Darussalam, Cyprus, Guinea, POPULATION some burdensome procedures. For both the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Doing Business 2010 reports midyear reasons the time delays reported in Doing Kosovo, Kuwait, Mauritania, Oman, 2008 population statistics as published Business 2010 would differ from the rec- Puerto Rico, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tai- in World Development Indicators ollection of entrepreneurs reported in the wan (China), the United Arab Emir- 2009. World Bank Enterprise Surveys or other perception surveys. CHANGES IN WHAT IS MEASURED DATA CHALLENGES AND REVISIONS STARTING A BUSINESS The methodology for one of the Doing Most laws and regulations underlying the Doing Business records all procedures Business topics—employing workers— Doing Business data are available on the that are officially required for an entre- was updated this year.3 The assumptions Doing Business website at http://www.do- preneur to start up and formally operate for the standardized case study were ingbusiness.org. All the sample surveys an industrial or commercial business. changed to refer to a small- to medium- and the details underlying the indicators These include obtaining all necessary size company with 60 employees rather are also published on the website. Ques- licenses and permits and completing any than 201. The scope of the question on tions on the methodology and challenges required notifications, verifications or night and weekly holiday work has been to data can be submitted through the inscriptions for the company and em- limited to manufacturing activities in website’s “Ask a Question” function at ployees with relevant authorities. which continuous operation is economi- http://www.doingbusiness.org. After a study of laws, regulations cally necessary. Legally mandated wage Doing Business publishes 8,967 in- and publicly available information on premiums for night and weekly holiday dicators each year. To create these in- business entry, a detailed list of proce- work up to a threshold are no longer dicators, the team measures more than dures is developed, along with the time considered a restriction. In addition, the 52,000 data points, each of which is and cost of complying with each proce- calculation of the minimum wage ratio made available on the Doing Busines dure under normal circumstances and was modified to ensure that an economy website. Historical data for each indica- the paid-in minimum capital require- would not benefit in the scoring from tor and economy are available on the ments. Subsequently, local incorpora- lowering the minimum wage to below website, beginning with the first year the tion lawyers and government officials $1.25 a day, adjusted for purchasing indicator or economy was included in complete and verify the data. power parity. This level is consistent the report. To provide a comparable time Information is also collected on the with recent adjustments to the absolute series for research, the data set is back- sequence in which procedures are to poverty line. Finally, the calculation of calculated to adjust for changes in meth- be completed and whether procedures the redundancy cost was adjusted so odology and any revisions in data due may be carried out simultaneously. It is that having severance payments or un- to corrections. The website also makes assumed that any required information employment protections below a certain available all original data sets used for is readily available and that all agencies threshold does not mean a better score background papers. The correction rate involved in the start-up process function for an economy. between Doing Business 2009 and Doing without corruption. If answers by local Business 2010 was 5.5%. experts differ, inquiries continue until the data are reconciled. DATA NOTES 79 To make the data comparable across TABLE 14.2 What does starting a business measure? economies, several assumptions about the business and the procedures are used. Procedures to legally start and operate a company (number) Preregistration (for example, name verification or reservation, notarization) ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE BUSINESS Registration in the economy’s largest business city Postregistration (for example, social security registration, company seal) The business: Is a limited liability company. If there Time required to complete each procedure (calendar days) is more than one type of limited Does not include time spent gathering information liability company in the economy, the Each procedure starts on a separate day Procedure completed once final document is received limited liability form most popular No prior contact with officials among domestic firms is chosen. Information on the most popular Cost required to complete each procedure (% of income per capita) form is obtained from incorporation Official costs only, no bribes lawyers or the statistical office. No professional fees unless services required by law Operates in the economy’s largest Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita) business city. Deposited in a bank or with a notary before registration begins Is 100% domestically owned and has Source: Doing Business database. 5 owners, none of whom is a legal entity. must be completed in the same build- the majority of companies, and avoiding Has start-up capital of 10 times ing but in different offices are counted them causes substantial delays. income per capita at the end of 2008, as separate procedures. If founders have Only procedures required of all paid in cash. to visit the same office several times for businesses are covered. Industry-specific Performs general industrial or different sequential procedures, each is procedures are excluded. For example, commercial activities, such as the counted separately. The founders are as- procedures to comply with environmen- production or sale to the public of sumed to complete all procedures them- tal regulations are included only when products or services. The business selves, without middlemen, facilitators, they apply to all businesses conducting does not perform foreign trade accountants or lawyers, unless the use general commercial or industrial activi- activities and does not handle of such a third party is mandated by ties. Procedures that the company un- products subject to a special tax law. If the services of professionals are dergoes to connect to electricity, water, regime, for example, liquor or required, procedures conducted by such gas and waste disposal services are not tobacco. It is not using heavily professionals on behalf of the company included. polluting production processes. are counted separately. Each electronic Leases the commercial plant and procedure is counted separately. If 2 pro- TIME offices and is not a proprietor of real cedures can be completed through the Time is recorded in calendar days. The estate. same website but require separate filings, measure captures the median duration Does not qualify for investment they are counted as 2 procedures. that incorporation lawyers indicate is incentives or any special benefits. Both pre- and postincorporation necessary to complete a procedure with Has at least 10 and up to 50 procedures that are officially required minimum follow-up with government employees 1 month after the for an entrepreneur to formally operate a agencies and no extra payments. It is as- commencement of operations, all of business are recorded (table 14.2). sumed that the minimum time required them nationals. Procedures required for official cor- for each procedure is 1 day. Although Has a turnover of at least 100 times respondence or transactions with public procedures may take place simultane- income per capita. agencies are also included. For example, ously, they cannot start on the same day Has a company deed 10 pages long. if a company seal or stamp is required (that is, simultaneous procedures start on official documents, such as tax dec- on consecutive days). A procedure is PROCEDURES larations, obtaining the seal or stamp is considered completed once the company A procedure is defined as any interaction counted. Similarly, if a company must has received the final document, such as of the company founders with external open a bank account before registering the company registration certificate or parties (for example, government agen- for sales tax or value added tax, this tax number. If a procedure can be accel- cies, lawyers, auditors or notaries). In- transaction is included as a procedure. erated for an additional cost, the fastest teractions between company founders or Shortcuts are counted only if they fulfill 4 procedure is chosen. It is assumed that company officers and employees are not criteria: they are legal, they are available the entrepreneur does not waste time counted as procedures. Procedures that to the general public, they are used by and commits to completing each remain- 80 DOING BUSINESS 2010 ing procedure without delay. The time recorded for Mexico is therefore 10,000 Is 100% domestically and privately that the entrepreneur spends on gather- pesos, or 8.9% of income per capita. owned. ing information is ignored. It is assumed Has 5 owners, none of whom is a legal that the entrepreneur is aware of all entry The data details on starting a business entity. regulations and their sequence from the can be found for each economy at http:// Is fully licensed and insured to carry beginning but has had no prior contact www.doingbusiness.org by selecting the out construction projects, such as with any of the officials. economy in the drop-down list. This meth- building warehouses. odology was developed in Djankov and Has 60 builders and other employees, COST others (2002) and is adopted here with all of them nationals with the Cost is recorded as a percentage of the minor changes. technical expertise and professional economy’s income per capita. It includes experience necessary to obtain all official fees and fees for legal or pro- DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION construction permits and approvals. fessional services if such services are PERMITS Has at least 1 employee who is a required by law. Fees for purchasing and licensed architect and registered with legalizing company books are included Doing Business records all procedures the local association of architects. if these transactions are required by law. required for a business in the construc- Has paid all taxes and taken out all The company law, the commercial code tion industry to build a standardized necessary insurance applicable to its and specific regulations and fee sched- warehouse. These procedures include general business activity (for example, ules are used as sources for calculating submitting all relevant project-specific accidental insurance for construction costs. In the absence of fee schedules, a documents (for example, building plans workers and third-person liability). government officer’s estimate is taken and site maps) to the authorities; obtain- Owns the land on which the as an official source. In the absence of a ing all necessary clearances, licenses, warehouse is built. government officer’s estimate, estimates permits and certificates; completing all of incorporation lawyers are used. If required notifications; and receiving all ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE WAREHOUSE several incorporation lawyers provide necessary inspections. Doing Business The warehouse: different estimates, the median reported also records procedures for obtaining Will be used for general storage value is applied. In all cases the cost ex- connections for electricity, water, sew- activities, such as storage of books or cludes bribes. erage and a fixed land line. Procedures stationery. The warehouse will not be necessary to register the property so that used for any goods requiring special PAID-IN MINIMUM CAPITAL it can be used as collateral or transferred conditions, such as food, chemicals or The paid-in minimum capital require- to another entity are also counted. The pharmaceuticals. ment reflects the amount that the entre- survey divides the process of building a Has 2 stories, both above ground, preneur needs to deposit in a bank or warehouse into distinct procedures and with a total surface of approximately with a notary before registration and up to calculates the time and cost of complet- 1,300.6 square meters (14,000 square 3 months following incorporation and is ing each procedure in practice under feet). Each floor is 3 meters (9 feet, 10 recorded as a percentage of the economy’s normal circumstances. inches) high. income per capita. The amount is typi- Information is collected from experts Has road access and is located in cally specified in the commercial code or in construction licensing, including ar- the periurban area of the economy’s the company law. Many economies have a chitects, construction lawyers, construc- largest business city (that is, on the minimum capital requirement but allow tion firms, utility service providers and fringes of the city but still within its businesses to pay only a part of it before public officials who deal with building official limits). registration, with the rest to be paid after regulations, including approvals and in- Is not located in a special economic the first year of operation. In Italy in spections. To make the data comparable or industrial zone. The zoning June 2009, the minimum capital require- across economies, several assumptions requirements for warehouses are met ment for limited liability companies was about the business, the warehouse project by building in an area where similar €10,000, of which at least €2,500 was and the utility connections are used. warehouses can be found. payable before registration. The paid-in Is located on a land plot of 929 square minimum capital recorded for Italy is ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE meters (10,000 square feet) that CONSTRUCTION COMPANY therefore €2,500, or 9.7% of income per is 100% owned by BuildCo and is capita. In Mexico the minimum capital The business (BuildCo): accurately registered in the cadastre requirement was 50,000 pesos, of which Is a limited liability company. and land registry. one-fifth needed to be paid before reg- Operates in the economy’s largest Is a new construction (there was no istration. The paid-in minimum capital business city. previous construction on the land). DATA NOTES 81 TABLE 14.3 as procedures. Procedures that the com- What does dealing with construction permits measure? pany undergoes to connect to electricity, Procedures to legally build a warehouse (number) water, sewerage and telephone services Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining all necessary clearances, licenses, permits and certificates are included. All procedures that are Completing all required notifications and receiving all necessary inspections legally or in practice required for build- Obtaining utility connections for electricity, water, sewerage and a land telephone line ing a warehouse are counted, even if Registering the warehouse after its completion (if required for use as collateral or for transfer of warehouse) they may be avoided in exceptional cases Time required to complete each procedure (calendar days) (table 14.3). Does not include time spent gathering information Each procedure starts on a separate day TIME Procedure completed once final document is received Time is recorded in calendar days. The No prior contact with officials measure captures the median duration Cost required to complete each procedure (% of income per capita) that local experts indicate is necessary to Official costs only, no bribes complete a procedure in practice. It is as- Source: Doing Business database. sumed that the minimum time required for each procedure is 1 day. Although Has complete architectural and Does not require water for procedures may take place simultane- technical plans prepared by a licensed fire protection reasons; a fire ously, they cannot start on the same day architect. extinguishing system (dry system) (that is, simultaneous procedures start Will include all technical equipment will be used instead. If a wet fire on consecutive days). If a procedure can required to make the warehouse fully protection system is required by law, be accelerated legally for an additional operational. it is assumed that the water demand cost, the fastest procedure is chosen. It Will take 30 weeks to construct specified below also covers the water is assumed that BuildCo does not waste (excluding all delays due to needed for fire protection. time and commits to completing each administrative and regulatory Has an average water use of 662 liters remaining procedure without delay. The requirements). (175 gallons) a day and an average time that BuildCo spends on gathering wastewater flow of 568 liters (150 information is ignored. It is assumed ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE UTILITY gallons) a day. that BuildCo is aware of all building CONNECTIONS Has a peak water use of 1,325 liters requirements and their sequence from The electricity connection: (350 gallons) a day and a peak the beginning. Is 10 meters (32 feet, 10 inches) from wastewater flow of 1,136 liters (300 the main electricity network. gallons) a day. COST Is a medium-tension, 3-phase, 4-wire Will have a constant level of water Cost is recorded as a percentage of the Y, 140-kVA connection. Three-phase demand and wastewater flow economy’s income per capita. Only of- service is available in the construction throughout the year. ficial costs are recorded. All the fees area. associated with completing the proce- Will be delivered by an overhead The telephone connection: dures to legally build a warehouse are service, unless overhead service is not Is 10 meters (32 feet, 10 inches) from recorded, including those associated available in the periurban area. the main telephone network. with obtaining land use approvals and Consists of a simple hookup unless Is a fixed land line. preconstruction design clearances; re- installation of a private substation ceiving inspections before, during and (transformer) or extension of network PROCEDURES after construction; getting utility con- is required. A procedure is any interaction of the nections; and registering the warehouse Requires the installation of only one company’s employees or managers with property. Nonrecurring taxes required electricity meter. external parties, including government for the completion of the warehouse BuildCo is assumed to have a licensed agencies, notaries, the land registry, the project also are recorded. The building electrician on its team to complete the cadastre, utility companies, public and code, information from local experts and internal wiring for the warehouse. private inspectors and technical experts specific regulations and fee schedules are The water and sewerage connection: apart from in-house architects and en- used as sources for costs. If several local Is 10 meters (32 feet, 10 inches) from gineers. Interactions between company partners provide different estimates, the the existing water source and sewer employees, such as development of the median reported value is used. tap. warehouse plans and inspections con- ducted by employees, are not counted 82 DOING BUSINESS 2010 The data details on dealing with con- a better score by failing to comply with Operates in the manufacturing sector. struction permits can be found for each these conventions. Has 60 employees. economy at http://www.doingbusiness.org The ILO conventions covering areas Is subject to collective bargaining by selecting the economy in the drop- related to the employing workers indica- agreements in economies where such down list. tors do not include the ILO core labor agreements cover more than half the standards—8 conventions covering the manufacturing sector and apply even EMPLOYING WORKERS right to collective bargaining, the elimi- to firms not party to them. nation of forced labor, the abolition of Abides by every law and regulation Doing Business measures the regulation child labor and equitable treatment in but does not grant workers more of employment, specifically as it affects employment practices. benefits than mandated by law, the hiring and redundancy of workers In the past year Doing Business con- regulation or (if applicable) collective and the rigidity of working hours. In 2007 ducted research on implementation (by bargaining agreement. improvements were made to align the adoption in national law) of 2 ILO con- methodology for the employing workers ventions on child labor. This year’s report RIGIDITY OF EMPLOYMENT INDEX indicators with the International Labour includes preliminary findings for 102 The rigidity of employment index is the Organization (ILO) conventions. countries (see annex on worker protec- average of 3 subindices: a difficulty of This year further changes were tion). Doing Business does not measure hiring index, a rigidity of hours index made to the methodology for the em- or rank ratification or compliance with and a difficulty of redundancy index ploying workers indicators. First, the ILO conventions. (table 14.4). All the subindices have sev- standardized case study was changed to The data on employing workers are eral components. And all take values refer to a small to medium-size company based on a detailed survey of employ- between 0 and 100, with higher values with 60 employees rather than 201. Sec- ment regulations that is completed by indicating more rigid regulation. ond, restrictions on night and weekly local lawyers and public officials. Em- The difficulty of hiring index mea- holiday work are taken into account if ployment laws and regulations as well as sures (i) whether fixed-term contracts are they apply to manufacturing activities in secondary sources are reviewed to ensure prohibited for permanent tasks; (ii) the which continuous operation is economi- accuracy. To make the data comparable maximum cumulative duration of fixed- cally necessary. Third, legally mandated across economies, several assumptions term contracts; and (iii) the ratio of the wage premiums for work performed on about the worker and the business are minimum wage for a trainee or first-time the designated weekly holiday or for used. employee to the average value added per night work are scored on the basis of a worker.4 An economy is assigned a score 4-tiered scale. Fourth, economies that ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE WORKER of 1 if fixed-term contracts are prohibited mandate 8 or fewer weeks of severance The worker: for permanent tasks and a score of 0 if pay and do not offer unemployment Is a 42-year-old, nonexecutive, full- they can be used for any task. A score of protection receive the best score. Finally, time, male employee. 1 is assigned if the maximum cumulative the calculation of the minimum wage Has worked at the same company for duration of fixed-term contracts is less ratio was modified to ensure that an 20 years. than 3 years; 0.5 if it is 3 years or more economy would not benefit in the scor- Earns a salary plus benefits equal to but less than 5 years; and 0 if fixed-term ing from lowering the minimum wage to the economy’s average wage during contracts can last 5 years or more. Finally, below $1.25 a day, adjusted for purchas- the entire period of his employment. a score of 1 is assigned if the ratio of ing power parity. This level is consistent Is a lawful citizen who belongs to the the minimum wage to the average value with recent adjustments to the absolute same race and religion as the majority added per worker is 0.75 or more; 0.67 for poverty line. of the economy’s population. a ratio of 0.50 or more but less than 0.75; Only 4 of the 188 ILO conventions Resides in the economy’s largest 0.33 for a ratio of 0.25 or more but less cover areas measured by Doing Business: business city. than 0.50; and 0 for a ratio of less than employee termination, weekend work, Is not a member of a labor union, 0.25. In Benin, for example, fixed-term holiday with pay and night work. The unless membership is mandatory. contracts are not prohibited for perma- Doing Business methodology is fully con- nent tasks (a score of 0), and they can be sistent with these 4 conventions. It is pos- ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE BUSINESS used for a maximum of 4 years (a score sible for an economy to receive the best The business: of 0.5). The ratio of the mandated mini- score on the ease of employing workers Is a limited liability company. mum wage to the value added per worker and comply with all relevant ILO conven- Operates in the economy’s largest is 0.59 (a score of 0.67). Averaging the 3 tions (specifically, the 4 related to Doing business city. values and scaling the index to 100 gives Business)—and no economy can achieve Is 100% domestically owned. Benin a score of 39. DATA NOTES 83 TABLE 14.4 tify a third party (a score of 1) and obtain What does employing workers measure? its approval (a score of 2) to terminate a Difficulty of hiring index (0–100) single redundant worker, and has to both Applicability and maximum duration of fixed-term contracts notify a third party (a score of 1) and Minimum wage for trainee or first-time employee obtain its approval (a score of 1) to termi- Rigidity of hours index (0–100) nate a group of 9 redundant workers. The Restrictions on night work and weekend work law mandates retraining or alternative Allowed maximum length of the workweek in days and hours, including overtime placement before termination (a score of Paid annual vacation days 1). There are priority rules for termina- Difficulty of redundancy index (0–100) tion (a score of 1) and reemployment (a Notification and approval requirements for termination of a redundant worker or group of redundant score of 1). Adding the scores and scaling workers to 100 gives a final index of 80. Obligation to reassign or retrain and priority rules for redundancy and reemployment Rigidity of employment index (0–100) REDUNDANCY COST Simple average of the difficulty of hiring, rigidity of hours and difficulty of redundancy indices The redundancy cost indicator measures Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) the cost of advance notice requirements, Notice requirements, severance payments and penalties due when terminating a redundant worker, ex- severance payments and penalties due pressed in weeks of salary when terminating a redundant worker, Source: Doing Business database. expressed in weeks of salary. If the re- dundancy cost adds up to 8 or fewer The rigidity of hours index has 5 The difficulty of redundancy index weeks of salary and the worker can ben- components: (i) whether there are re- has 8 components: (i) whether redun- efit from unemployment protection, a strictions on night work; (ii) whether dancy is disallowed as a basis for ter- score of 0 is assigned for the purposes of there are restrictions on weekly holiday minating workers; (ii) whether the em- calculating the aggregate ease of doing work; (iii) whether the workweek can ployer needs to notify a third party (such business ranking. If the redundancy cost consist of 5.5 days; (iv) whether the as a government agency) to terminate adds up to 8 or fewer weeks of salary and workweek can extend to 50 hours or 1 redundant worker; (iii) whether the the worker cannot benefit from any type more (including overtime) for 2 months employer needs to notify a third party to of unemployment protection, a score of a year to respond to a seasonal increase terminate a group of 9 redundant work- 8.1 weeks is assigned for the purpose of in production; and (v) whether paid ers; (iv) whether the employer needs calculating the aggregate ease of doing annual vacation is 21 working days or approval from a third party to terminate business. If the cost adds up to more than fewer. For questions (i) and (ii), when 1 redundant worker; (v) whether the em- 8 weeks of salary, the score is the number restrictions other than premiums apply, a ployer needs approval from a third party of weeks. One month is recorded as 4 and score of 1 is given. If the only restriction to terminate a group of 9 redundant 1/3 weeks. is a premium for night work and weekly workers; (vi) whether the law requires In Mauritania, for example, an em- holiday work, a score of 0, 0.33, 0.66 or the employer to reassign or retrain a ployer is required to give 1 month’s no- 1 is given according to the quartile in worker before making the worker redun- tice before a redundancy termination, which the economy’s premium falls. If dant; (vii) whether priority rules apply and the severance pay for a worker with there are no restrictions, the economy for redundancies; and (viii) whether 20 years of service equals 6.25 months of receives a score of 0. For questions (iii), priority rules apply for reemployment. wages. No penalty is levied. Altogether, (iv) and (v), when the answer is no, a For the first question an answer of yes the employer pays the equivalent of 31.4 score of 1 is assigned; otherwise a score for workers of any income level gives a weeks of salary to dismiss the worker. of 0 is assigned. score of 10 and means that the rest of For example, Honduras imposes re- the questions do not apply. An answer of The data details on employing workers strictions on night work (a score of 1) yes to question (iv) gives a score of 2. For can be found for each economy at http:// but not on weekly holiday work (a score every other question, if the answer is yes, www.doingbusiness.org by selecting the of 0), allows 6-day workweeks (a score a score of 1 is assigned; otherwise a score economy in the drop-down list. The Doing of 0), permits 50-hour workweeks for 2 of 0 is given. Questions (i) and (iv), as the Business website provides historical data months (a score of 0) and requires paid most restrictive regulations, have greater sets adjusted for changes in methodology annual vacation of 20 working days (a weight in the construction of the index. to allow comparison of data across years. score of 0). Averaging the scores and In Tunisia, for example, redundancy This methodology was developed in Bot- scaling the result to 100 gives a final is allowed as grounds for termination (a ero and others (2004) and is adopted here index of 20 for Honduras. score of 0). An employer has to both no- with minor changes. 84 DOING BUSINESS 2010 REGISTERING PROPERTY TABLE 14.5 What does registering property measure? Doing Business records the full sequence Procedures to legally transfer title on immovable property (number) of procedures necessary for a business Preregistration (for example, checking for liens, notarizing sales agreement, paying property transfer taxes) (buyer) to purchase a property from Registration in the economy’s largest business city Postregistration (for example, filing title with municipality) another business (seller) and to transfer the property title to the buyer’s name so Time required to complete each procedure (calendar days) that the buyer can use the property for Does not include time spent gathering information expanding its business, use the property Each procedure starts on a separate day Procedure completed once final document is received as collateral in taking new loans or, if No prior contact with officials necessary, sell the property to another Cost required to complete each procedure (% of property value) business. The process starts with obtain- ing the necessary documents, such as a Official costs only, no bribes No value added or capital gains taxes included copy of the seller’s title if necessary, and conducting due diligence if required. The Source: Doing Business database. transaction is considered complete when it is opposable to third parties and when Is registered in the land registry or tors, notaries and lawyers. Interactions the buyer can use the property, use it as cadastre, or both, and is free of title between company officers and employ- collateral for a bank loan or resell it. disputes. ees are not considered. All procedures Every procedure required by law Is located in a periurban commercial that are legally or in practice required for or necessary in practice is included, zone, and no rezoning is required. registering property are recorded, even if whether it is the responsibility of the Consists of land and a building. The they may be avoided in exceptional cases seller or the buyer or must be completed land area is 557.4 square meters (table 14.5). It is assumed that the buyer by a third party on their behalf. Local (6,000 square feet). A 2-story follows the fastest legal option available property lawyers, notaries and property warehouse of 929 square meters and used by the majority of property registries provide information on pro- (10,000 square feet) is located on the owners. Although the buyer may use cedures as well as the time and cost to land. The warehouse is 10 years old, is lawyers or other professionals where complete each of them. in good condition and complies with necessary in the registration process, it To make the data comparable across all safety standards, building codes is assumed that it does not employ an economies, several assumptions about and other legal requirements. The outside facilitator in the registration pro- the parties to the transaction, the prop- property of land and building will be cess unless legally or in practice required erty and the procedures are used. transferred in its entirety. to do so. Will not be subject to renovations ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE PARTIES or additional building following the TIME The parties (buyer and seller): purchase. Time is recorded in calendar days. The Are limited liability companies. Has no trees, natural water sources, measure captures the median duration Are located in the periurban area of natural reserves or historical that property lawyers, notaries or reg- the economy’s largest business city. monuments of any kind. istry officials indicate is necessary to Are 100% domestically and privately Will not be used for special purposes, complete a procedure. It is assumed that owned. and no special permits, such as for the minimum time required for each Have 50 employees each, all of whom residential use, industrial plants, procedure is 1 day. Although procedures are nationals. waste storage or certain types of may take place simultaneously, they can- Perform general commercial agricultural activities, are required. not start on the same day. It is assumed activities. Has no occupants (legal or illegal), that the buyer does not waste time and and no other party holds a legal commits to completing each remaining ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE PROPERTY interest in it. procedure without delay. If a procedure The property: can be accelerated for an additional cost, Has a value of 50 times income per PROCEDURES the fastest legal procedure available and capita. The sale price equals the value. A procedure is defined as any interaction used by the majority of property owners Is fully owned by the seller. of the buyer or the seller, their agents (if is chosen. If procedures can be under- Has no mortgages attached and has an agent is legally or in practice required) taken simultaneously, it is assumed that been under the same ownership for or the property with external parties, they are. It is assumed that the parties the past 10 years. including government agencies, inspec- involved are aware of all regulations and DATA NOTES 85 their sequence from the beginning. Time through analysis of laws and regulations To fund its business expansion plans, spent on gathering information is not as well as public sources of information ABC obtains a loan from BizBank for considered. on collateral and bankruptcy laws. The an amount up to 10 times income per data on credit information sharing are capita in local currency. COST built in 2 stages. First, banking super- Both ABC and BizBank are 100% Cost is recorded as a percentage of the vision authorities and public informa- domestically owned. property value, assumed to be equiva- tion sources are surveyed to confirm the lent to 50 times income per capita. Only presence of public credit registries and The case scenarios also involve as- official costs required by law are re- private credit information bureaus. Sec- sumptions. In case A, as collateral for the corded, including fees, transfer taxes, ond, when applicable, a detailed survey loan, ABC grants BizBank a nonposses- stamp duties and any other payment to on the public or private credit registry’s sory security interest in one category of the property registry, notaries, public structure, law and associated rules is revolving movable assets, for example, agencies or lawyers. Other taxes, such as administered to the credit registry. Sur- its accounts receivable or its inventory. capital gains tax or value added tax, are vey responses are verified through sev- ABC wants to keep both possession and excluded from the cost measure. Both eral rounds of follow-up communication ownership of the collateral. In economies costs borne by the buyer and those borne with respondents as well as by contact- in which the law does not allow non- by the seller are included. If cost esti- ing third parties and consulting public possessory security interests in movable mates differ among sources, the median sources. The survey data are confirmed property, ABC and BizBank use a fidu- reported value is used. through teleconference calls or on-site ciary transfer-of-title arrangement (or visits in all economies. a similar substitute for nonpossessory The data details on registering property security interests). can be found for each economy at http:// STRENGTH OF LEGAL RIGHTS INDEX In case B, ABC grants BizBank a www.doingbusiness.org by selecting the The strength of legal rights index mea- business charge, enterprise charge, float- economy in the drop-down list. sures the degree to which collateral and ing charge or any charge that gives Bi- bankruptcy laws protect the rights of zBank a security interest over ABC’s GETTING CREDIT borrowers and lenders and thus facilitate combined assets (or as much of ABC’s lending (table 14.6). Two case scenarios assets as possible). ABC keeps ownership Doing Business constructs measures of are used to determine the scope of the and possession of the assets. the legal rights of borrowers and lenders secured transactions system, involving The strength of legal rights index and the sharing of credit information. a secured borrower, the company ABC, includes 8 aspects related to legal rights The first set of indicators describes how and a secured lender, BizBank. in collateral law and 2 aspects in bank- well collateral and bankruptcy laws facili- ruptcy law. A score of 1 is assigned for tate lending. The second set measures the Several assumptions about the secured each of the following features of the coverage, scope, quality and accessibility borrower and lender are used: laws: of credit information available through ABC is a domestic, limited liability Any business may use movable assets public and private credit registries. company. as collateral while keeping possession The data on the legal rights of bor- ABC has its headquarters and only of the assets, and any financial rowers and lenders are gathered through base of operations in the economy’s institution may accept such assets as a survey of financial lawyers and verified largest business city. collateral. TABLE 14.6 The law allows a business to grant What does getting credit measure? a nonpossessory security right in a Strength of legal rights index (0–10) single category of revolving movable assets (such as accounts receivable Protection of rights of borrowers and lenders through collateral and bankruptcy laws Security interest is a nonpossessory one in movable assets or inventory), without requiring a specific description of the secured Depth of credit information index (0–6) assets. Scope and accessibility of credit information distributed by public and private credit registries The law allows a business to grant Quality of data distributed by public and private credit registries a nonpossessory security right in Public credit registry coverage (% of adults) substantially all of its assets, without Number of individuals and firms listed in a public credit registry as percentage of adult population requiring a specific description of the Private credit bureau coverage (% of adults) secured assets. Number of individuals and firms listed in a private credit bureau as percentage of adult population Source: Doing Business database. 86 DOING BUSINESS 2010 A security right may extend to future pattern of on-time repayments) and PUBLIC CREDIT REGISTRY COVERAGE or after-acquired assets and may negative information (for example, The public credit registry coverage indi- extend automatically to the products, late payments, number and amount cator reports the number of individuals proceeds or replacements of the of defaults and bankruptcies) are and firms listed in a public credit registry original assets. distributed. with information on repayment history, General description of debts and Data on both firms and individuals unpaid debts or credit outstanding from obligations is permitted in collateral are distributed. the past 5 years. The number is expressed agreements and in registration Data from retailers, utility companies as a percentage of the adult popula- documents, so that all types of as well as financial institutions are tion (the population aged 15 and above obligations and debts can be secured distributed. in 2009 according to the World Bank’s by stating a maximum rather than a More than 2 years of historical data World Development Indicators). A public specific amount between the parties. are distributed. Registries that erase credit registry is defined as a database A collateral registry is in operation data on defaults as soon as they are managed by the public sector, usually by that is unified geographically and repaid obtain a score of 0 for this the central bank or the superintendent by asset type and that is indexed by indicator. of banks that collects information on the the name of the grantor of a security Data on loans below 1% of income creditworthiness of borrowers (persons right. per capita are distributed. A registry or businesses) in the financial system Secured creditors are paid first (for must have a minimum coverage of 1% and makes it available to financial insti- example, before general tax claims of the adult population to score a 1 tutions. If no public registry operates, the and employee claims) when a debtor for this indicator. coverage value is 0. defaults outside an insolvency By law, borrowers have the right to procedure. access their data in the largest registry PRIVATE CREDIT BUREAU COVERAGE Secured creditors are paid first (for in the economy. The private credit bureau coverage in- example, before general tax claims dicator reports the number of individu- and employee claims) when a The index ranges from 0 to 6, with als and firms listed by a private credit business is liquidated. higher values indicating the availability bureau with information on repayment Secured creditors are not subject to of more credit information, from either history, unpaid debts or credit outstand- an automatic stay or moratorium a public registry or a private bureau, to ing from the past 5 years. The number on enforcement procedures when facilitate lending decisions. If the registry is expressed as a percentage of the adult a debtor enters a court-supervised is not operational or has coverage of less population (the population aged 15 and reorganization procedure. than 0.1% of the adult population, the above in 2009 according to the World The law allows parties to agree in a score on the depth of credit information Bank’s World Development Indicators). A collateral agreement that the lender index is 0. private credit bureau is defined as a pri- may enforce its security right out of In Turkey, for example, both a public vate firm or nonprofit organization that court. and a private registry operate. Both dis- maintains a database on the creditwor- tribute positive and negative information thiness of borrowers (persons or busi- The index ranges from 0 to 10, with (a score of 1). Both also distribute data nesses) in the financial system and facili- higher scores indicating that collateral on firms as well as individuals (a score of tates the exchange of credit information and bankruptcy laws are better designed 1). The public and private registries share among banks and financial institutions. to expand access to credit. data among financial institutions only; Credit investigative bureaus and credit no data are collected from retailers or reporting firms that do not directly facili- DEPTH OF CREDIT INFORMATION utilities (a score of 0). The private bureau tate information exchange among banks INDEX distributes more than 2 years of histori- and other financial institutions are not The depth of credit information index cal data (a score of 1). The public registry considered. If no private bureau operates, measures rules affecting the scope, ac- collects data on loans of $3,493 (44% the coverage value is 0. cessibility and quality of credit informa- of income per capita) or more, but the tion available through either public or private bureau collects information on The data details on getting credit can be private credit registries. A score of 1 is loans of any value (a score of 1). Borrow- found for each economy at http://www assigned for each of the following 6 fea- ers have the right to access their data in .doingbusiness.org by selecting the econ- tures of the public registry or the private both the private and the public registry omy in the drop-down list. This method- credit bureau (or both): (a score of 1). Summing across the indi- ology was developed in Djankov, McLiesh Both positive credit information cators gives Turkey a total score of 5. and Shleifer (2007) and is adopted here (for example, loan amounts and with minor changes. DATA NOTES 87 PROTECTING INVESTORS may legally act on behalf of Buyer the other parties that approved the where permitted, even if this is not transaction. Doing Business measures the strength of specifically required by law. minority shareholder protections against Is a food manufacturer. EXTENT OF DISCLOSURE INDEX directors’ misuse of corporate assets for Has its own distribution network. The extent of disclosure index has 5 com- personal gain. The indicators distinguish ponents (table 14.7): 3 dimensions of investor protection: ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE What corporate body can provide TRANSACTION transparency of related-party transac- legally sufficient approval for the tions (extent of disclosure index), liabil- Mr. James is Buyer’s controlling transaction. A score of 0 is assigned if ity for self-dealing (extent of director li- shareholder and a member of Buyer’s it is the CEO or the managing director ability index) and shareholders’ ability to board of directors. He owns 60% alone; 1 if the board of directors sue officers and directors for misconduct of Buyer and elected 2 directors to or shareholders must vote and Mr. (ease of shareholder suits index). The Buyer’s 5-member board. James is permitted to vote; 2 if the data come from a survey of corporate Mr. James also owns 90% of Seller, board of directors must vote and Mr. lawyers and are based on securities regu- a company that operates a chain of James is not permitted to vote; 3 if lations, company laws and court rules of retail hardware stores. Seller recently shareholders must vote and Mr. James evidence. closed a large number of its stores. is not permitted to vote. To make the data comparable across Mr. James proposes that Buyer Whether immediate disclosure of economies, several assumptions about purchase Seller’s unused fleet of the transaction to the public, the the business and the transaction are trucks to expand Buyer’s distribution regulator or the shareholders is used. of its food products, a proposal to required. A score of 0 is assigned if no which Buyer agrees. The price is equal disclosure is required; 1 if disclosure ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE BUSINESS to 10% of Buyer’s assets and is higher on the terms of the transaction is The business (Buyer): than the market value. required but not on Mr. James’s Is a publicly traded corporation listed The proposed transaction is part conflict of interest; 2 if disclosure on the economy’s most important of the company’s ordinary course on both the terms and Mr. James’s stock exchange. If the number of of business and is not outside the conflict of interest is required. publicly traded companies listed authority of the company. Whether disclosure in the annual on that exchange is less than 10, or Buyer enters into the transaction. All report is required. A score of 0 is if there is no stock exchange in the required approvals are obtained, and assigned if no disclosure on the economy, it is assumed that Buyer is all required disclosures made (that is, transaction is required; 1 if disclosure a large private company with multiple the transaction is not fraudulent). on the terms of the transaction is shareholders. The transaction is unfair to Buyer. required but not on Mr. James’s Has a board of directors and a Shareholders sue Mr. James and conflict of interest; 2 if disclosure chief executive officer (CEO) who on both the terms and Mr. James’s conflict of interest is required. TABLE 14.7 Whether disclosure by Mr. James to What does protecting investors measure? the board of directors is required. A Extent of disclosure index (0–10) score of 0 is assigned if no disclosure Who can approve related-party transactions is required; 1 if a general disclosure of Disclosure requirements in case of related-party transactions the existence of a conflict of interest Extent of director liability index (0–10) is required without any specifics; 2 Ability of the shareholders to hold the interested party and the approving body liable in case of related- if full disclosure of all material facts party transactions relating to Mr. James’s interest in the Available legal remedies (damages, repayment of profits, fines and imprisonment) Buyer-Seller transaction is required. Ability of shareholders to sue directly or derivatively Whether it is required that an Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) external body, for example, an Documents and information available during trial external auditor, review the Direct access to internal documents of the company and use of a government inspector without filing a transaction before it takes place. A suit in court score of 0 is assigned if no; 1 if yes. Strength of investor protection index (0–10) Simple average of the extent of disclosure, extent of director liability and ease of shareholder suits indices The index ranges from 0 to 10, with Source: Doing Business database. higher values indicating greater disclo- 88 DOING BUSINESS 2010 sure. In Poland, for example, the board is assigned if rescission is unavailable EASE OF SHAREHOLDER SUITS INDEX of directors must approve the transaction or it is available only in case of fraud The ease of shareholder suits index has 6 and Mr. James is not allowed to vote (a or bad faith; 1 if rescission is available components: score of 2). Buyer is required to disclose when the transaction is oppressive or What range of documents is available immediately all information affecting the prejudicial to the other shareholders; to the shareholder plaintiff from the stock price, including the conflict of in- 2 if rescission is available when the defendant and witnesses during trial. terest (a score of 2). In its annual report transaction is unfair or entails a A score of 1 is assigned for each of Buyer must also disclose the terms of the conflict of interest. the following types of documents transaction and Mr. James’s ownership Whether Mr. James pays damages available: information that the in Buyer and Seller (a score of 2). Before for the harm caused to the company defendant has indicated he intends to the transaction Mr. James must disclose upon a successful claim by the rely on for his defense; information his conflict of interest to the other direc- shareholder plaintiff. A score of 0 is that directly proves specific facts in tors, but he is not required to provide assigned if no; 1 if yes. the plaintiff ’s claim; any information specific information about it (a score of Whether Mr. James repays profits relevant to the subject matter of 1). Poland does not require an external made from the transaction upon a the claim; and any information that body to review the transaction (a score of successful claim by the shareholder may lead to the discovery of relevant 0). Adding these numbers gives Poland plaintiff. A score of 0 is assigned if no; information. a score of 7 on the extent of disclosure 1 if yes. Whether the plaintiff can directly index. Whether fines and imprisonment can examine the defendant and witnesses be applied against Mr. James. A score during trial. A score of 0 is assigned EXTENT OF DIRECTOR LIABILITY of 0 is assigned if no; 1 if yes. if no; 1 if yes, with prior approval of INDEX Whether shareholder plaintiffs are the questions by the judge; 2 if yes, The extent of director liability index has able to sue directly or derivatively for without prior approval. 7 components: the damage the transaction causes to Whether the plaintiff can obtain Whether a shareholder plaintiff is the company. A score of 0 is assigned categories of relevant documents from able to hold Mr. James liable for if suits are unavailable or are available the defendant without identifying damage the Buyer-Seller transaction only for shareholders holding more each document specifically. A score of causes to the company. A score of 0 is than 10% of the company’s share 0 is assigned if no; 1 if yes. assigned if Mr. James cannot be held capital; 1 if direct or derivative suits Whether shareholders owning 10% liable or he can be held liable only for are available for shareholders holding or less of the company’s share capital fraud or bad faith; 1 if Mr. James can 10% or less of share capital. can request that a government be held liable only if he influenced inspector investigate the Buyer-Seller the approval of the transaction or The index ranges from 0 to 10, with transaction without filing suit in was negligent; 2 if Mr. James can higher values indicating greater liability court. A score of 0 is assigned if no; be held liable when the transaction of directors. To hold Mr. James liable in 1 if yes. is unfair or prejudicial to the other Panama, for example, a plaintiff must Whether shareholders owning shareholders. prove that Mr. James influenced the ap- 10% or less of the company’s share Whether a shareholder plaintiff is proving body or acted negligently (a capital have the right to inspect the able to hold the approving body (the score of 1). To hold the other directors transaction documents before filing CEO or board of directors) liable for liable, a plaintiff must prove that they suit. A score of 0 is assigned if no; 1 the damage the transaction causes to acted negligently (a score of 1). The if yes. the company. A score of 0 is assigned unfair transaction cannot be voided (a Whether the standard of proof for if the approving body cannot be held score of 0). If Mr. James is found liable, civil suits is lower than that for a liable or it can be held liable only for he must pay damages (a score of 1) but criminal case. A score of 0 is assigned fraud or bad faith; 1 if the approving he is not required to disgorge his profits if no; 1 if yes. body can be held liable for negligence; (a score of 0). Mr. James cannot be fined 2 if the approving body can be or imprisoned (a score of 0). Direct suits The index ranges from 0 to 10, with held liable when the transaction is are available for shareholders holding higher values indicating greater powers unfair or prejudicial to the other 10% or less of share capital (a score of of shareholders to challenge the transac- shareholders. 1). Adding these numbers gives Panama tion. In Greece, for example, the plaintiff Whether a court can void the a score of 4 on the extent of director li- can access documents that the defendant transaction upon a successful claim ability index. intends to rely on for his defense and that by a shareholder plaintiff. A score of 0 directly prove facts in the plaintiff ’s claim DATA NOTES 89 (a score of 2). The plaintiff can examine PAYING TAXES tion is also compiled on the frequency of the defendant and witnesses during trial, filing and payments as well as time taken though only with prior approval of the Doing Business records the taxes and to comply with tax laws in an economy. questions by the court (a score of 1). The mandatory contributions that a medium- The project was developed and imple- plaintiff must specifically identify the size company must pay in a given year, as mented in cooperation with Pricewater- documents being sought (for example, well as measures of the administrative houseCoopers. the Buyer-Seller purchase agreement of burden of paying taxes and contribu- To make the data comparable across July 15, 2006) and cannot just request tions. Taxes and contributions measured economies, several assumptions about categories (for example, all documents include the profit or corporate income the business and the taxes and contribu- related to the transaction) (a score of tax, social contributions and labor taxes tions are used. 0). A shareholder holding 5% of Buyer’s paid by the employer, property taxes, shares can request that a government property transfer taxes, dividend tax, ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE BUSINESS inspector review suspected mismanage- capital gains tax, financial transactions The business: ment by Mr. James and the CEO without tax, waste collection taxes and vehicle Is a limited liability, taxable company. filing suit in court (a score of 1). Any and road taxes. If there is more than one type of shareholder can inspect the transaction Doing Business measures all taxes limited liability company in the documents before deciding whether to and contributions that are government economy, the limited liability form sue (a score of 1). The standard of proof mandated (at any level—federal, state most popular among domestic firms for civil suits is the same as that for a or local), apply to the standardized busi- is chosen. The most popular form is criminal case (a score of 0). Adding these ness and have an impact in its income reported by incorporation lawyers or numbers gives Greece a score of 5 on the statements. In doing so, Doing Business the statistical office. ease of shareholder suits index. goes beyond the traditional definition of Started operations on January 1, 2007. a tax: as defined for the purposes of gov- At that time the company purchased STRENGTH OF INVESTOR ernment national accounts, taxes include all the assets shown in its balance PROTECTION INDEX only compulsory, unrequited payments sheet and hired all its workers. The strength of investor protection index to general government. Doing Business Operates in the economy’s largest is the average of the extent of disclosure departs from this definition because it business city. index, the extent of director liability measures imposed charges that affect Is 100% domestically owned and has index and the ease of shareholder suits business accounts, not government ac- 5 owners, all of whom are natural index. The index ranges from 0 to 10, counts. The main differences relate to persons. with higher values indicating more in- labor contributions and value added tax. Has a start-up capital of 102 times vestor protection. The Doing Business measure includes income per capita at the end of 2007. government-mandated contributions Performs general industrial or The data details on protecting investors paid by the employer to a requited pri- commercial activities. Specifically, it can be found for each economy at http:// vate pension fund or workers’ insurance produces ceramic flowerpots and sells www.doingbusiness.org by selecting the fund. The indicator includes, for example, them at retail. It does not participate economy in the drop-down list. This Australia’s compulsory superannuation in foreign trade (no import or export) methodology was developed in Djankov, guarantee and workers’ compensation and does not handle products subject La Porta, López-de-Silanes and Shleifer insurance. It excludes value added taxes to a special tax regime, for example, (2008). because they do not affect the accounting liquor or tobacco. profits of the business—that is, they are At the beginning of 2007, owns 2 not reflected in the income statement. plots of land, 1 building, machinery, Doing Business uses a case scenario office equipment, computers and 1 to measure the taxes and contributions truck and leases 1 truck. paid by a standardized business and the Does not qualify for investment complexity of an economy’s tax compli- incentives or any benefits apart from ance system. This case scenario uses a set those related to the age or size of the of financial statements and assumptions company. about transactions made over the year. Has 60 employees—4 managers, 8 Tax experts in each economy compute assistants and 48 workers. All are the taxes and mandatory contributions nationals, and 1 manager is also an due in their jurisdiction based on the owner. standardized case study facts. Informa- 90 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Has a turnover of 1,050 times income TAX PAYMENTS TIME per capita. The tax payments indicator reflects the Time is recorded in hours per year. The Makes a loss in the first year of total number of taxes and contributions indicator measures the time taken to pre- operation. paid, the method of payment, the fre- pare, file and pay 3 major types of taxes Has a gross margin (pretax) of 20% quency of payment, the frequency of fil- and contributions: the corporate income (that is, sales are 120% of the cost of ing and the number of agencies involved tax, value added or sales tax and labor goods sold). for this standardized case during the taxes, including payroll taxes and social Distributes 50% of its net profits as second year of operation (table 14.8). It contributions. Preparation time includes dividends to the owners at the end of includes consumption taxes paid by the the time to collect all information neces- the second year. company, such as sales tax or value added sary to compute the tax payable and to Sells one of its plots of land at a profit tax. These taxes are traditionally collected calculate the amount payable. If sepa- at the beginning of the second year. from the consumer on behalf of the tax rate accounting books must be kept for Has annual fuel costs for its trucks agencies. Although they do not affect tax purposes—or separate calculations equal to twice income per capita. the income statements of the company, made—the time associated with these Is subject to a series of detailed they add to the administrative burden of processes is included. This extra time is assumptions on expenses and complying with the tax system and so are included only if the regular accounting transactions to further standardize included in the tax payments measure. work is not enough to fulfill the tax ac- the case. All financial statement The number of payments takes into counting requirements. Filing time in- variables are proportional to 2006 account electronic filing. Where full elec- cludes the time to complete all necessary income per capita. For example, the tronic filing and payment is allowed and tax return forms and file the relevant re- owner who is also a manager spends it is used by the majority of medium-size turns at the tax authority. Payment time 10% of income per capita on traveling businesses, the tax is counted as paid considers the hours needed to make the for the company (20% of this owner’s once a year even if filings and payments payment online or at the tax authorities. expenses are purely private, 20% are are more frequent. Where taxes and contributions are paid for entertaining customers and 60% Where 2 or more taxes or contribu- in person, the time includes delays while for business travel). tions are filed for and paid jointly using waiting. the same form, each of these joint pay- ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE TAXES ments is counted once. For example, if TOTAL TAX RATE AND CONTRIBUTIONS mandatory health insurance contribu- The total tax rate measures the amount All the taxes and contributions paid tions and mandatory pension contribu- of taxes and mandatory contributions in the second year of operation tions are filed for and paid together, borne by the business in the second year (fiscal 2008) are recorded. A tax or only one of these contributions would be of operation, expressed as a share of contribution is considered distinct if included in the number of payments. commercial profit. Doing Business 2010 it has a different name or is collected by a different agency. Taxes and contributions with the same name TABLE 14.8 and agency, but charged at different What does paying taxes measure? rates depending on the business, Tax payments for a manufacturing company in 2008 (number per year) are counted as the same tax or Total number of taxes and contributions paid, including consumption taxes (value added tax, sales tax or contribution. goods and service tax) The number of times the company Method and frequency of filing and payment pays taxes and contributions in Time required to comply with 3 major taxes (hours per year) a year is the number of different Collecting information and computing the tax payable taxes or contributions multiplied Completing tax return forms, filing with proper agencies by the frequency of payment (or Arranging payment or withholding withholding) for each one. The Preparing separate tax accounting books, if required frequency of payment includes Total tax rate (% of profit) advance payments (or withholding) Profit or corporate income tax as well as regular payments (or Social contributions and labor taxes paid by the employer withholding). Property and property transfer taxes Dividend, capital gains and financial transactions taxes Waste collection, vehicle, road and other taxes Source: Doing Business database. DATA NOTES 91 TABLE 14.9 Computing the total tax rate for Sweden Statutory rate Statutory tax base Actual tax payable Commercial profit1 Total tax rate (r) (b) (a) (c) (t) a=rxb t = a/c Type of tax (tax base) SKr SKr SKr Corporate income tax (taxable income) 28% 10,330,966 2,892,670 17,619,223 16.4% Real estate tax (land and buildings) 0.375% 26,103,545 97,888 17,619,223 0.6% Payroll tax (taxable wages) 32.42% 19,880,222 6,445,168 17,619,223 36.6% Fuel tax (fuel price) SKr 4.16 per liter 45,565 liters 189,550 17,619,223 1.1% TOTAL 9,625,726 54.56% 1. Profit before all taxes borne. Note: SKr is Swedish kronor. Commercial profit is assumed to be 59.4 times income per capita. Source: Doing Business database. reports the total tax rate for fiscal 2008. any of the taxes it bears in the course of TRADING ACROSS BORDERS The total amount of taxes borne is the the fiscal year. sum of all the different taxes and con- Commercial profit is computed as Doing Business compiles procedural re- tributions payable after accounting for sales minus cost of goods sold, minus quirements for exporting and importing allowable deductions and exemptions. gross salaries, minus administrative ex- a standardized cargo of goods by ocean The taxes withheld (such as personal penses, minus other expenses, minus transport. Every official procedure for income tax) or collected by the company provisions, plus capital gains (from the exporting and importing the goods is and remitted to the tax authorities (such property sale) minus interest expense, recorded—from the contractual agree- as value added tax, sales tax or goods plus interest income and minus com- ment between the 2 parties to the deliv- and service tax) but not borne by the mercial depreciation. To compute the ery of goods—along with the time and company are excluded. The taxes in- commercial depreciation, a straight-line cost necessary for completion. All docu- cluded can be divided into 5 categories: depreciation method is applied, with the ments needed by the trader to export or profit or corporate income tax, social following rates: 0% for the land, 5% for import the goods across the border are contributions and labor taxes paid by the the building, 10% for the machinery, also recorded. For exporting goods, pro- employer (in respect of which all manda- 33% for the computers, 20% for the of- cedures range from packing the goods at tory contributions are included, even if fice equipment, 20% for the truck and the warehouse to their departure from paid to a private entity such as a requited 10% for business development expenses. the port of exit. For importing goods, pension fund), property taxes, turnover Commercial profit amounts to 59.4 times procedures range from the vessel’s ar- taxes and other taxes (such as municipal income per capita. rival at the port of entry to the cargo’s fees and vehicle and fuel taxes). This methodology is consistent with delivery at the warehouse. The time and The total tax rate is designed to pro- the Total Tax Contribution framework cost for ocean transport are not included. vide a comprehensive measure of the cost developed by PricewaterhouseCoopers. Payment is made by letter of credit, and of all the taxes a business bears. It differs This framework measures taxes that are the time, cost and documents required from the statutory tax rate, which merely borne by companies and affect their in- for the issuance or advising of a letter of provides the factor to be applied to the come statements, as does Doing Business. credit are taken into account. tax base. In computing the total tax rate, But while PricewaterhouseCoopers bases Local freight forwarders, shipping the actual tax payable is divided by com- its calculation on data from the largest lines, customs brokers, port officials and mercial profit. Data for Sweden illustrate companies in the economy, Doing Busi- banks provide information on required (table 14.9). ness focuses on a standardized medium- documents and cost as well as the time Commercial profit is essentially net size company. to complete each procedure. To make profit before all taxes borne. It differs the data comparable across economies, from the conventional profit before tax, The data details on paying taxes can be several assumptions about the business reported in financial statements. In com- found for each economy at http://www and the traded goods are used. puting profit before tax, many of the .doingbusiness.org by selecting the econ- taxes borne by a firm are deductible. omy in the drop-down list. This methodol- ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE BUSINESS In computing commercial profit, these ogy was developed in Djankov and others The business: taxes are not deductible. Commercial (forthcoming). Has 60 employees. profit therefore presents a clear picture Is located in the economy’s largest of the actual profit of a business before business city. 92 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Is a private, limited liability company. ernment ministries, customs authorities, http://www.doingbusiness.org by selecting It does not operate in an export port and container terminal authorities, the economy in the drop-down list. This processing zone or an industrial health and technical control agencies and methodology was developed in Djankov, estate with special export or import banks are taken into account. Since pay- Freund and Pham (forthcoming) and is privileges. ment is by letter of credit, all documents adopted here with minor changes. Is domestically owned with no foreign required by banks for the issuance or se- ownership. curing of a letter of credit are also taken ENFORCING CONTRACTS Exports more than 10% of its sales. into account. Documents that are re- newed annually and that do not require Indicators on enforcing contracts mea- ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE TRADED renewal per shipment (for example, an sure the efficiency of the judicial system GOODS annual tax clearance certificate) are not in resolving a commercial dispute. The The traded product travels in a dry- included. data are built by following the step- cargo, 20-foot, full container load. It by-step evolution of a commercial sale weighs 10 tons and is valued at $20,000. TIME dispute before local courts. The data are The product: The time for exporting and importing collected through study of the codes of Is not hazardous nor does it include is recorded in calendar days. The time civil procedure and other court regula- military items. calculation for a procedure starts from tions as well as surveys completed by Does not require refrigeration or any the moment it is initiated and runs until local litigation lawyers (and, in a quarter other special environment. it is completed. If a procedure can be of the economies, by judges as well). Does not require any special accelerated for an additional cost and The name of the relevant court in phytosanitary or environmental is available to all trading companies, each economy—the court in the larg- safety standards other than accepted the fastest legal procedure is chosen. est business city with jurisdiction over international standards. Fast-track procedures applying to firms commercial cases worth 200% of income located in an export processing zone are per capita—is published at http://www. DOCUMENTS not taken into account because they are doingbusiness.org/ExploreTopics/En- All documents required per shipment not available to all trading companies. forcingContracts/. to export and import the goods are re- Ocean transport time is not included. It corded (table 14.10). It is assumed that is assumed that neither the exporter nor ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE CASE the contract has already been agreed the importer wastes time and that each The value of the claim equals 200% of upon and signed by both parties. Docu- commits to completing each remaining the economy’s income per capita. ments required for clearance by gov- procedure without delay. Procedures that The dispute concerns a lawful can be completed in parallel are mea- transaction between 2 businesses TABLE 14.10 What does trading across borders sured as simultaneous. The waiting time (Seller and Buyer), located in the measure? between procedures—for example, dur- economy’s largest business city. Documents required to export and import ing unloading of the cargo—is included Seller sells goods worth 200% of (number) in the measure. the economy’s income per capita to Bank documents Buyer. After Seller delivers the goods Customs clearance documents COST to Buyer, Buyer refuses to pay for Port and terminal handling documents Cost measures the fees levied on a 20- the goods on the grounds that the Transport documents foot container in U.S. dollars. All the fees delivered goods were not of adequate Time required to export and import (days) associated with completing the proce- quality. Obtaining all the documents dures to export or import the goods are Seller (the plaintiff) sues Buyer (the Inland transport and handling included. These include costs for docu- defendant) to recover the amount Customs clearance and inspections ments, administrative fees for customs under the sales agreement (that is, Port and terminal handling clearance and technical control, customs 200% of the economy’s income per Does not include ocean transport time broker fees, terminal handling charges capita). Buyer opposes Seller’s claim, Cost required to export and import (US$ per container) and inland transport. The cost does not saying that the quality of the goods is include customs tariffs and duties or not adequate. The claim is disputed All documentation Inland transport and handling costs related to ocean transport. Only on the merits. Customs clearance and inspections official costs are recorded. A court in the economy’s largest Port and terminal handling business city with jurisdiction over Official costs only, no bribes The data details on trading across bor- commercial cases worth 200% of Source: Doing Business database. ders can be found for each economy at income per capita decides the dispute. DATA NOTES 93 Seller attaches Buyer’s movable assets court. A procedure is defined as any in- must advance to enforce the judgment (for example, office equipment, teraction between the parties, or between through a public sale of Buyer’s mov- vehicles) prior to obtaining a them and the judge or court officer. This able assets, regardless of the final cost judgment because Seller fears that includes steps to file the case, steps for to Seller. Average attorneys fees are the Buyer may become insolvent. trial and judgment and steps necessary fees Seller (plaintiff) must advance to a Expert opinions are given on the to enforce the judgment (table 14.11). local attorney to represent Seller in the quality of the delivered goods. If it The survey allows respondents to standardized case. is standard practice in the economy record procedures that exist in civil law for each party to call its own expert but not common law jurisdictions, and The data details on enforcing contracts witness, the parties each call one vice versa. For example, in civil law can be found for each economy at http:// expert witness. If it is standard countries the judge can appoint an in- www.doingbusiness.org by selecting the practice for the judge to appoint an dependent expert, while in common law economy in the drop-down list. This meth- independent expert, the judge does countries each party submits a list of odology was developed in Djankov and so. In this case the judge does not expert witnesses to the court. To indicate others (2003) and is adopted here with allow opposing expert testimony. overall efficiency, 1 procedure is sub- minor changes. The judgment is 100% in favor of tracted from the total number for econo- Seller: the judge decides that the mies that have specialized commercial CLOSING A BUSINESS goods are of adequate quality and that courts, and 1 procedure for economies Buyer must pay the agreed price. that allow electronic filing of court cases. Doing Business studies the time, cost and Buyer does not appeal the judgment. Some procedural steps that take place outcomes of bankruptcy proceedings in- The judgment becomes final. simultaneously with or are included in volving domestic entities. The data are Seller takes all required steps for other procedural steps are not counted in derived from survey responses by local prompt enforcement of the judgment. the total number of procedures. insolvency practitioners and verified The money is successfully collected through a study of laws and regulations through a public sale of Buyer’s TIME as well as public information on bank- movable assets (for example, office Time is recorded in calendar days, ruptcy systems. equipment, vehicles). counted from the moment the plaintiff To make the data comparable across files the lawsuit in court until payment. economies, several assumptions about PROCEDURES This includes both the days when ac- the business and the case are used. The list of procedural steps compiled for tions take place and the waiting peri- each economy traces the chronology of a ods between. The average duration of ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE BUSINESS commercial dispute before the relevant different stages of dispute resolution is The business: TABLE 14.11 recorded: the completion of service of Is a limited liability company. What does enforcing contracts measure? process (time to file the case), the issu- Operates in the economy’s largest Procedures to enforce a contract (number) ance of judgment (time for the trial and business city. Any interaction between the parties in a obtaining the judgment) and the mo- Is 100% domestically owned, with the commercial dispute, or between them and the ment of payment (time for enforcement founder, who is also the chairman of judge or court officer of judgment). the supervisory board, owning 51% Steps to file the case (no other shareholder holds more Steps for trial and judgment COST than 5% of shares). Steps to enforce the judgment Cost is recorded as a percentage of the Has downtown real estate, where it Time required to complete each procedure claim, assumed to be equivalent to 200% runs a hotel, as its major asset. The (calendar days) of income per capita. No bribes are re- hotel is valued at 100 times income Measured in calendar days corded. Three types of costs are recorded: per capita or $200,000, whichever is Time to file the case court costs, enforcement costs and aver- larger. Time for trial and obtaining judgment Time to enforce the judgment age attorney fees. Has a professional general manager. Court costs include all court costs Has 201 employees and 50 suppliers, Cost required to complete each procedure (% of claim) and expert fees. Seller (plaintiff) must each of which is owed money for the No bribes advance to the court regardless of the last delivery. Average attorney fees final cost to Seller. Expert fees, if re- Borrowed from a domestic bank Court costs, including expert fees quired by law or necessary in practice, 5 years ago (the loan has 10 years Enforcement costs are included in court costs. Enforce- to full repayment) and bought real Source: Doing Business database. ment costs are all costs Seller (plaintiff) 94 DOING BUSINESS 2010 estate (the hotel building), using it as or winding-up of the company; or a debt is lost on the initial claim, set at 100 cents security for the bank loan. enforcement or foreclosure procedure on the dollar. If it does not, the initial Has observed the payment schedule aimed at selling the hotel either piece- 100 cents on the dollar are reduced to 70 and all other conditions of the loan meal or as a going concern, enforced cents on the dollar. Then the official costs up to now. either in court (or through a government of the insolvency procedure are deducted Has a mortgage, with the value of authority like a debt collection agency) (1 cent for each percentage of the initial the mortgage principal being exactly or out of court (for example, by appoint- value). Finally, the value lost as a result equal to the market value of the hotel. ing a receiver). of the time the money remains tied up If an economy has had fewer than 5 in insolvency proceedings is taken into ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE CASE cases a year over the past 5 years involv- account, including the loss of value due The business is experiencing liquidity ing a judicial reorganization, judicial liq- to depreciation of the hotel furniture. problems. The company’s loss in 2008 uidation or debt enforcement procedure, Consistent with international accounting reduced its net worth to a negative figure. the economy receives a “no practice” practice, the depreciation rate for furni- There is no cash to pay the bank interest mark. This means that creditors are un- ture is taken to be 20%. The furniture is or principal in full, due tomorrow. The likely to recover their debt through the assumed to account for a quarter of the business therefore defaults on its loan. legal process (in or out of court). total value of assets. The recovery rate is Management believes that losses will be the present value of the remaining pro- incurred in 2009 and 2010 as well. TIME ceeds, based on end-2007 lending rates The bank holds a floating charge Time for creditors to recover their debt is from the International Monetary Fund’s against the hotel in economies where recorded in calendar years. Information International Financial Statistics, supple- floating charges are possible. If the law is collected on the sequence of proce- mented with data from central banks. does not permit a floating charge but dures and on whether any procedures The recovery rate for economies with contracts commonly use some other pro- can be carried out simultaneously. Poten- “no practice” is zero. For Doing Business vision to that effect, this provision is tial delay tactics by the parties, such as 2010, 2007 lending rates are used to specified in the lending contract. the filing of dilatory appeals or requests avoid effects of the global financial and The business has too many creditors for extension, are taken into consider- economic crisis on data comparability to negotiate an informal out-of-court ation (table 14.12). over time. workout. It has the following options: a judicial procedure aimed at the rehabili- COST This methodology was developed in tation or reorganization of the business The cost of the proceedings is recorded Djankov, Hart, McLiesh and Shleifer to permit its continued operation; a ju- as a percentage of the estate’s value. The (2008). dicial procedure aimed at the liquidation cost is calculated on the basis of survey responses by insolvency practitioners TABLE 14.12 and includes court fees as well as fees What does closing a business measure? 1. The data for paying taxes refer to of insolvency practitioners, independent Time required to recover debt (years) January–December 2008. assessors, lawyers and accountants. Re- Measured in calendar years spondents provide cost estimates from 2. These are available at http:// Appeals and requests for extension are included subnational.doingbusiness.org. among the following options: less than Cost required to recover debt (% of estate) 3. The Doing Business website (http://www 2%, 2–5%, 5–8%, 8–11%, 11–18%, .doingbusiness.org) provides a compa- Measured as percentage of estate value 18–25%, 25–33%, 33–50%, 50–75% and rable time series of historical data for Court fees more than 75% of the value of the busi- research, with a data set back-calculated Lawyers’ fees ness estate. to adjust for changes in methodology and Independent assessors’ fees data revisions due to corrections. Accountants’ fees 4. The average value added per worker is the RECOVERY RATE Recovery rate for creditors (cents on the dollar) ratio of an economy’s GNI per capita to The recovery rate is recorded as cents on the working-age population as a percent- Measures the cents on the dollar recovered by the dollar recouped by creditors through age of the total population. creditors the bankruptcy, insolvency or debt en- Present value of debt recovered Official costs of the insolvency proceedings are forcement proceedings. The calculation deducted takes into account whether the business Depreciation of assets is taken into account emerges from the proceedings as a going Outcome for the business affects the maximum concern as well as costs and the loss in value that can be recovered value due to the time spent closing down. Source: Doing Business database. If the business keeps operating, no value DATA NOTES 95 PILOT INDICATORS ON GETTING Is used for storage of refrigerated vate firm rather than the utility for the ELECTRICITY goods. external works), these procedures are Is a new construction (that is, there recorded if they are commonly done. For Pilot indicators on getting electricity was no previous construction on the all procedures, only the most likely cases are not included in the ease of doing land where it is located). It is being (for example, more than 50% of the time business index. Doing Business records connected to electricity for the first the utility has the material) and those all procedures required for a business time. often followed in practice for connecting to obtain a permanent electricity con- a warehouse to electricity are counted. nection and supply for a standardized ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE ELECTRICITY CONNECTION TIME warehouse. These procedures include ap- plications and contracts with electricity The electricity connection: Time is recorded in calendar days. The utilities, all necessary clearances from Is a permanent one. measure captures the median duration other agencies and the external and final Is a 3-phase, 4-wire Y, 140-kilovolt- that the electricity utility and experts connection works. ampere (kVA) connection. indicate is necessary in practice, rather Data are collected from the electric- Is the length considered to be the than required by law, to complete a pro- ity distribution utility, then completed most likely. The connection is cedure with minimum follow-up and no and verified by independent professionals overhead or underground, whichever extra payments. It is also assumed that such as electricians, electrical engineers, is more common in the economy and the minimum time required for each electrical contractors and construction in the area in which the warehouse is procedure is 1 day. Although procedures companies. In some cases regulatory located. may take place simultaneously, they can- agencies are also contacted. The elec- Involves the installation of only not start on the same day (that is, simul- tricity distribution utility surveyed is one electricity meter. The monthly taneous procedures start on consecutive the one serving the area (or areas) in electricity consumption will be 0.07 days). It is assumed that the company which warehouses are located. If there is gigawatt hour (GWh). does not waste time and commits to a choice of distribution utilities, the one The internal electrical wiring has already completing each remaining procedure serving the largest number of customers been completed. without delay. The time that the com- is selected. The data in this year’s report pany spends on gathering information is were contributed by 573 respondents in ignored. It is assumed that the company 140 economies. PROCEDURES is aware of all electricity connection re- To make the data comparable across A procedure is defined as any interac- quirements and their sequence from the economies, several assumptions about tion of the company employees or the beginning. the warehouse and the electricity con- company’s main electrician (that is, the nection are used. one who did the internal wiring) with COST external parties, such as the electricity Cost is recorded as a percentage of the ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE distribution utility, electricity supply util- economy’s income per capita. Costs are WAREHOUSE ities, government agencies, other electri- recorded exclusive of value added tax. All The warehouse: cians and electrical firms. Interactions the fees associated with completing the Is located in the economy’s largest between company employees and steps procedures to connect a warehouse to business city. related to the internal electrical wiring, electricity are recorded, including those Is located within the official limits such as the design and execution of the related to obtaining clearances from gov- of the city and in an area in which internal electrical installation plans, are ernment agencies, applying for the con- other warehouses are located (a not counted as procedures. Procedures nection, receiving inspections of both the nonresidential area). that must be completed with the same site and the internal wiring, purchasing Is not located in a special economic utility but with different departments are material, getting the actual connection or investment zone; that is, the counted as separate procedures. works and paying a security deposit. In- electricity connection is not eligible The company employees are as- formation from local experts and specific for subsidization or faster service sumed to complete all procedures them- regulations and fee schedules are used as under a special investment promotion selves unless the use of a third party is sources for costs. If several local partners regime. If several options for location mandated (for example, only an electri- provide different estimates, the median are available, the warehouse is located cian registered with the utility is allowed reported value is used. In all cases the where electricity is most easily to submit an application). If the company cost excludes bribes. available. can, but is not required to, request the services of professionals (such as a pri- 96 DOING BUSINESS 2010 SECURITY DEPOSIT deposit of 22,662 Belize dollars in cash or Utilities require security deposits as a check, and the deposit would be returned guarantee against the possible failure only at the end of the contract. The cus- of customers to pay their consumption tomer could instead have invested this bills. For this reason security deposits money at the prevailing lending rate of are most often calculated as a function 14.1%. Over the 5 years of the contract of the estimated consumption of the new this would imply a present value of lost customer. interest earnings of BZ$10,923. In con- Doing Business does not record the trast, if the customer had been allowed to full amount of the security deposit. In- settle the deposit with a bank guarantee stead, it records the present value of the at an annual rate of 1.75%, the amount losses in interest earnings experienced lost over the 5 years would have been by the customer because the utility holds just BZ$1,983. the security deposit over a prolonged period, in most cases until the end of the LIMITS TO WHAT IS MEASURED contract (assumed to be after 5 years). The methodology has limitations that In cases in which the security deposit is should be considered when interpreting used to cover the first monthly consump- the data. First, the collected data refer tion bills, it is not recorded. To calculate to businesses in the economy’s largest the present value of the lost interest earn- business city and may not be representa- ings, the end-2008 lending rates from tive of regulation in other parts of the the International Monetary Fund’s In- economy. Second, the measures of time ternational Financial Statistics are used. involve an element of judgment by the In cases in which the security deposit expert respondents. When sources in- is returned with interest, the difference dicate different time estimates, the time between the lending rate and the interest indicators reported represent the median paid by the utility is used to calculate the values of several responses given under present value. the assumptions of the standardized In some economies the security de- case. Finally, the methodology assumes posit can be put up in the form of a bond: that the business has full information on the company can obtain from a bank or what is required and does not waste time an insurance company a guarantee issued when completing procedures. In prac- on the assets it holds with that financial tice, a procedure may take longer if the institution. In contrast to the scenario business lacks information or is unable in which the customer pays the deposit to follow up promptly. Alternatively, the in cash to the utility, in this scenario the business may choose to disregard some company does not lose ownership con- burdensome procedures. For both rea- trol over the full amount and can con- sons the time delays reported could dif- tinue using it. In return the company will fer from the responses of entrepreneurs pay the bank a commission for obtaining reported in the World Bank Enterprise the bond. The commission charged may Surveys. vary depending on the credit standing Feedback from governments and of the company. The best possible credit utilities on methodology is welcome and standing and thus the lowest possible will be used as input in further refining commission are assumed. Where a bond the methodology. can be used, the value recorded for the deposit is the annual commission times The data details on getting electricity can the 5 years assumed to be the length of be found for each economy at http://www the contract. If both options exist, the .doingbusiness.org. cheaper alternative is recorded. In Belize in June 2009, a customer requesting a 140-kVA electricity connec- tion would have had to put up a security 97 Ease of doing stronger protection of property rights. The simple average of Iceland’s percentile formed in 3 or more of the 10 Doing Business topics. This year 38 economies business rankings on all topics is 25%. When all economies are ordered by their average met this criterion: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Armenia, Bangladesh, percentile rank, Iceland is in 14th place. Belarus, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Co- More complex aggregation meth- lombia, the Czech Republic, Egypt, Ethi- ods—such as principal components and opia, Guatemala, Honduras, Hong Kong unobserved components—yield a nearly (China), Indonesia, the Islamic Republic identical ranking.1 The choice of aggre- of Iran, Jordan, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz gation method has little influence on the Republic, Liberia, FYR Macedonia, Mali, rankings because the 10 sets of indicators Mauritius, Moldova, Montenegro, Peru, in Doing Business provide sufficiently the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, broad coverage across topics. So Doing Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Tajiki- Business uses the simplest method. stan, the United Arab Emirates and the The ease of doing business index is Republic of Yemen (table 15.2). Second, limited in scope. It does not account for Doing Business ranks these economies on The ease of doing business index ranks a economy’s proximity to large markets, the increase in their ranking on the ease economies from 1 to 183. For each econ- the quality of its infrastructure services of doing business from the previous year omy the index is calculated as the rank- (other than services related to trading using comparable rankings. ing on the simple average of its percentile across borders), the strength of the fi- rankings on each of the 10 topics covered nancial system, the security of property in Doing Business 2010, i.e. exclusive of from theft and looting, macroeconomic the electricity pilot data. The ranking on conditions or the strength of underlying 1. See Djankov and others (2005). each topic is the simple average of the institutions. There remains a large unfin- percentile rankings on its component ished agenda for research into what regu- indicators (table 15.1). lation constitutes binding constraints, If an economy has no laws or reg- what package of reforms is most effective ulations covering a specific area—for and how these issues are shaped by the example, bankruptcy—it receives a “no context on an economy. The Doing Busi- practice” mark. Similarly, an economy ness indicators provide a new empirical receives a “no practice” or “not possible” data set that may improve understanding mark if regulation exists but is never of these issues. used in practice or if a competing regula- Doing Business also uses a simple tion prohibits such practice. Either way, a method to calculate the top reformers. “no practice” mark puts the economy at First, it selects the economies that re- the bottom of the ranking on the relevant TABLE 15.1 indicator. Which indicators make up the ranking? Here is one example of how the Starting a business Protecting investors ranking is constructed. In Iceland it takes Procedures, time, cost and paid-in minimum Strength of investor protection index: extent of 5 procedures, 5 days and 3% of annual capital to open a new business disclosure index, extent of director liability index income per capita in fees to open a and ease of shareholder suits index business. The minimum capital required Dealing with construction permits Paying taxes amounts to 15.8% of income per capita. Procedures, time and cost to obtain construction Number of tax payments, time to prepare and file permits, inspections and utility connections tax returns and to pay taxes, total taxes as a share On these 4 indicators Iceland ranks in of profit before all taxes borne the 14th, 4th, 19th and 67th percentiles. Employing workers Trading across borders So on average Iceland ranks in the 26th Difficulty of hiring index, rigidity of hours index, Documents, time and cost to export and import percentile on the ease of starting a busi- difficulty of redundancy index, redundancy cost ness. It ranks in the 50th percentile on Registering property Enforcing contracts protecting investors, 38th percentile on Procedures, time and cost to transfer commercial Procedures, time and cost to resolve a trading across borders, 8th percentile real estate commercial dispute on enforcing contracts, 8th percentile Getting credit Closing a business on closing a business and so on. Higher Strength of legal rights index, depth of credit Recovery rate in bankruptcy rankings indicate simpler regulation and information index 98 DOING BUSINESS 2010 TABLE 15.2 Reforms in 2008/09 Dealing with Trading Starting a construction Employing Registering Getting Protecting Paying across Enforcing Closing a Economy business permits workers property credit investors taxes borders contracts business Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt, Arab Rep. Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business EASE OF DOING BUSINESS 99 Reforms in 2008/09 Dealing with Trading Starting a construction Employing Registering Getting Protecting Paying across Enforcing Closing a Economy business permits workers property credit investors taxes borders contracts business El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong, China Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, Rep. Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business 100 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms in 2008/09 Dealing with Trading Starting a construction Employing Registering Getting Protecting Paying across Enforcing Closing a Economy business permits workers property credit investors taxes borders contracts business Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Samoa São Tomé and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business EASE OF DOING BUSINESS 101 Reforms in 2008/09 Dealing with Trading Starting a construction Employing Registering Getting Protecting Paying across Enforcing Closing a Economy business permits workers property credit investors taxes borders contracts business Spain Sri Lanka St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taiwan, China Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela, R.B. Vietnam West Bank and Gaza Yemen, Rep. Zambia Zimbabwe Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business Country tables COUNTRY TABLES 103 AFGHANISTAN South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 429 Ease of doing business (rank) 160 Low income Population (m) 27.2 Starting a business (rank) 23 Registering property (rank) 164 Trading across borders (rank) 183 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 9 Documents to export (number) 12 Time (days) 7 Time (days) 250 Time to export (days) 74 Cost (% of income per capita) 30.2 Cost (% of property value) 4.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 3,350 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 11 Getting credit (rank) 127 Time to import (days) 77 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 149 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 3,000 Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 340 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 164 Cost (% of income per capita) 12,877.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 47 Time (days) 1,642 Employing workers (rank) 69 Protecting investors (rank) 183 Cost (% of claim) 25.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 0 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 0 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 20 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 0.7 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 30 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 55 Payments (number per year) 8 Time (hours per year) 275 Total tax rate (% of profit) 36.4 ALBANIA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 3,836 Ease of doing business (rank) 82 Lower middle income Population (m) 3.1 Starting a business (rank) 46 Registering property (rank) 70 Trading across borders (rank) 66 Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 5 Time (days) 42 Time to export (days) 19 Cost (% of income per capita) 17.0 Cost (% of property value) 3.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 725 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 18 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 173 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 710 Procedures (number) 24 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 331 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 9.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 91 Cost (% of income per capita) 386.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 390 Employing workers (rank) 105 Protecting investors (rank) 15 Cost (% of claim) 38.7 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 9 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 10 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 25 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 7.3 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 56 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 138 Payments (number per year) 44 Time (hours per year) 244 Total tax rate (% of profit) 44.9 ALGERIA Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 4,260 Ease of doing business (rank) 136 Upper middle income Population (m) 34.4 Starting a business (rank) 148 Registering property (rank) 160 Trading across borders (rank) 122 Procedures (number) 14 Procedures (number) 11 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 24 Time (days) 47 Time to export (days) 17 Cost (% of income per capita) 12.1 Cost (% of property value) 7.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,248 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 31.0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 23 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 110 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,428 Procedures (number) 22 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2 Time (days) 240 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 123 Cost (% of income per capita) 39.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 46 Time (days) 630 Employing workers (rank) 122 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 21.9 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 51 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 2.5 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 41 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 7.0 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 17 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 41.7 Paying taxes (rank) 168 Payments (number per year) 34 Time (hours per year) 451 Total tax rate (% of profit) 72.0 104 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business ANGOLA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 3,447 Ease of doing business (rank) 169 Lower middle income Population (m) 18.0 Starting a business (rank) 165 Registering property (rank) 173 Trading across borders (rank) 171 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 11 Time (days) 68 Time (days) 184 Time to export (days) 65 Cost (% of income per capita) 151.1 Cost (% of property value) 11.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,250 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 29.0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 59 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 123 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 3,240 Procedures (number) 12 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 328 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 2.5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 181 Cost (% of income per capita) 597.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 46 Time (days) 1,011 Employing workers (rank) 178 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 44.4 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 67 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 60 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 144 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 70 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 6.2 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 66 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 22.0 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 58 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 10.0 Paying taxes (rank) 139 Payments (number per year) 31 Time (hours per year) 272 Total tax rate (% of profit) 53.2 ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 13,617 Ease of doing business (rank) 50 High income Population (m) 0.1 Starting a business (rank) 59 Registering property (rank) 103 Trading across borders (rank) 53 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 21 Time (days) 26 Time to export (days) 15 Cost (% of income per capita) 9.6 Cost (% of property value) 10.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,133 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 15 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 21 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,633 Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 156 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 71 Cost (% of income per capita) 21.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 45 Time (days) 351 Employing workers (rank) 54 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 22.7 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 64 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 3.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) 7.0 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 52 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 35.5 Paying taxes (rank) 127 Payments (number per year) 56 Time (hours per year) 207 Total tax rate (% of profit) 41.5 ARGENTINA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 7,201 Ease of doing business (rank) 118 Upper middle income Population (m) 39.9 Starting a business (rank) 138 Registering property (rank) 115 Trading across borders (rank) 110 Procedures (number) 15 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 9 Time (days) 27 Time (days) 52 Time to export (days) 13 Cost (% of income per capita) 11.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,480 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 2.9 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 16 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 169 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,810 Procedures (number) 28 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 338 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 34.3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 46 Cost (% of income per capita) 145.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 590 Employing workers (rank) 101 Protecting investors (rank) 109 Cost (% of claim) 16.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 86 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 12.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 21 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.7 Cost (% of estate) 2.8 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 95 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 29.8 Paying taxes (rank) 142 Payments (number per year) 9 Time (hours per year) 453 Total tax rate (% of profit) 108.1 COUNTRY TABLES 105 ARMENIA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 3,354 Ease of doing business (rank) 43 Lower middle income Population (m) 3.1 Starting a business (rank) 21 Registering property (rank) 5 Trading across borders (rank) 102 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 15 Time (days) 4 Time to export (days) 17 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.6 Cost (% of property value) 0.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,731 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 20 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 72 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,096 Procedures (number) 20 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 137 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 4.4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 62 Cost (% of income per capita) 104.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 34.5 Procedures (number) 48 Time (days) 285 Employing workers (rank) 62 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 19.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 49 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 10 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 1.9 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 21 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 4 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 41.8 Paying taxes (rank) 153 Payments (number per year) 50 Time (hours per year) 958 Total tax rate (% of profit) 36.2 AUSTRALIA OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 40,351 Ease of doing business (rank) 9 High income Population (m) 21.4 Starting a business (rank) 3 Registering property (rank) 34 Trading across borders (rank) 27 Procedures (number) 2 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 2 Time (days) 5 Time to export (days) 9 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.8 Cost (% of property value) 4.9 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,060 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 8 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 62 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,119 Procedures (number) 16 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 221 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 16 Cost (% of income per capita) 12.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Procedures (number) 28 Time (days) 395 Employing workers (rank) 1 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 20.7 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 14 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 1.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 0 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 8 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 78.8 Paying taxes (rank) 47 Payments (number per year) 12 Time (hours per year) 107 Total tax rate (% of profit) 48.0 AUSTRIA OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 46,264 Ease of doing business (rank) 28 High income Population (m) 8.3 Starting a business (rank) 122 Registering property (rank) 39 Trading across borders (rank) 24 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 4 Time (days) 28 Time (days) 32 Time to export (days) 7 Cost (% of income per capita) 5.1 Cost (% of property value) 4.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,180 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 52.0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 8 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 54 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,195 Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 194 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 1.4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 11 Cost (% of income per capita) 71.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 39.2 Procedures (number) 25 Time (days) 397 Employing workers (rank) 60 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 18.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 33 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 20 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 1.1 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 24 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) 18 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 2 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 71.5 Paying taxes (rank) 102 Payments (number per year) 22 Time (hours per year) 170 Total tax rate (% of profit) 55.5 106 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business AZERBAIJAN Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 3,829 Ease of doing business (rank) 38 Lower middle income Population (m) 8.7 Starting a business (rank) 17 Registering property (rank) 9 Trading across borders (rank) 177 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 9 Time (days) 10 Time (days) 11 Time to export (days) 46 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.9 Cost (% of property value) 0.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,980 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 14 Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 50 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 158 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 3,480 Procedures (number) 31 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 207 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 6.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 26 Cost (% of income per capita) 369.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 237 Employing workers (rank) 33 Protecting investors (rank) 20 Cost (% of claim) 18.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 84 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 10 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 2.7 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.7 Cost (% of estate) 8 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 22 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 30.1 Paying taxes (rank) 108 Payments (number per year) 22 Time (hours per year) 376 Total tax rate (% of profit) 40.9 BAHAMAS, THE Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 22,907 Ease of doing business (rank) 68 High income Population (m) 0.3 Starting a business (rank) 61 Registering property (rank) 149 Trading across borders (rank) 37 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 31 Time (days) 48 Time to export (days) 16 Cost (% of income per capita) 8.5 Cost (% of property value) 12.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 930 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 13 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 100 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,380 Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 197 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 120 Cost (% of income per capita) 208.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 49 Time (days) 427 Employing workers (rank) 42 Protecting investors (rank) 109 Cost (% of claim) 28.9 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 2 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 31 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 5.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 13 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.7 Cost (% of estate) 4 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 26 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 54.7 Paying taxes (rank) 43 Payments (number per year) 17 Time (hours per year) 58 Total tax rate (% of profit) 47.0 BAHRAIN Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 27,248 Ease of doing business (rank) 20 High income Population (m) 0.8 Starting a business (rank) 63 Registering property (rank) 22 Trading across borders (rank) 32 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 2 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 9 Time (days) 31 Time to export (days) 14 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.5 Cost (% of property value) 0.9 Cost to export (US$ per container) 955 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 195.2 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 15 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 14 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 995 Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 43 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 117 Cost (% of income per capita) 54.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 34.9 Procedures (number) 48 Time (days) 635 Employing workers (rank) 13 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 14.7 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 26 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 2.5 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 10 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 63.2 Paying taxes (rank) 13 Payments (number per year) 25 Time (hours per year) 36 Total tax rate (% of profit) 15.0 COUNTRY TABLES 107 BANGLADESH South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 516 Ease of doing business (rank) 119 Low income Population (m) 160.0 Starting a business (rank) 98 Registering property (rank) 176 Trading across borders (rank) 107 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 44 Time (days) 245 Time to export (days) 25 Cost (% of income per capita) 36.2 Cost (% of property value) 10.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 970 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 29 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 118 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,375 Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2 Time (days) 231 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 180 Cost (% of income per capita) 645.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 41 Time (days) 1,442 Employing workers (rank) 124 Protecting investors (rank) 20 Cost (% of claim) 63.3 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 Closing a business (rank) 108 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 4.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 28 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.7 Cost (% of estate) 8 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 104 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 23.2 Paying taxes (rank) 89 Payments (number per year) 21 Time (hours per year) 302 Total tax rate (% of profit) 35.0 BELARUS Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 5,384 Ease of doing business (rank) 58 Upper middle income Population (m) 9.7 Starting a business (rank) 7 Registering property (rank) 10 Trading across borders (rank) 129 Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 6 Time (days) 18 Time to export (days) 16 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.7 Cost (% of property value) 0.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,772 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 21 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 44 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 2 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,770 Procedures (number) 15 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 161 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 23.4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 12 Cost (% of income per capita) 35.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 28 Time (days) 225 Employing workers (rank) 32 Protecting investors (rank) 109 Cost (% of claim) 23.4 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 74 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 5.8 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 11 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.7 Cost (% of estate) 22 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 22 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 33.4 Paying taxes (rank) 183 Payments (number per year) 107 Time (hours per year) 900 Total tax rate (% of profit) 99.7 BELGIUM OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 44,326 Ease of doing business (rank) 22 High income Population (m) 10.7 Starting a business (rank) 31 Registering property (rank) 167 Trading across borders (rank) 43 Procedures (number) 3 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 4 Time (days) 4 Time (days) 79 Time to export (days) 8 Cost (% of income per capita) 5.3 Cost (% of property value) 12.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,619 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 19.4 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 9 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 46 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,600 Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 169 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 56.5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 21 Cost (% of income per capita) 63.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 25 Time (days) 505 Employing workers (rank) 48 Protecting investors (rank) 16 Cost (% of claim) 16.6 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 8 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 0.9 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 17 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 7.0 Cost (% of estate) 4 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 16 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 86.3 Paying taxes (rank) 73 Payments (number per year) 11 Time (hours per year) 156 Total tax rate (% of profit) 57.3 108 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business BELIZE Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 3,819 Ease of doing business (rank) 80 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.3 Starting a business (rank) 147 Registering property (rank) 128 Trading across borders (rank) 117 Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 44 Time (days) 60 Time to export (days) 21 Cost (% of income per capita) 50.6 Cost (% of property value) 4.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,710 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 21 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,870 Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 66 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 168 Cost (% of income per capita) 17.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 51 Time (days) 892 Employing workers (rank) 23 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 27.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 25 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 1.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 23 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 24 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 63.4 Paying taxes (rank) 57 Payments (number per year) 40 Time (hours per year) 147 Total tax rate (% of profit) 28.9 BENIN Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 687 Ease of doing business (rank) 172 Low income Population (m) 8.7 Starting a business (rank) 155 Registering property (rank) 126 Trading across borders (rank) 128 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 31 Time (days) 120 Time to export (days) 30 Cost (% of income per capita) 155.5 Cost (% of property value) 11.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,251 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 290.8 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 32 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 134 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,400 Procedures (number) 15 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1 Time (days) 410 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 10.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 177 Cost (% of income per capita) 254.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 42 Time (days) 825 Employing workers (rank) 139 Protecting investors (rank) 154 Cost (% of claim) 64.7 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 39 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 133 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 4.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 40 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.3 Cost (% of estate) 22 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 36 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 16.7 Paying taxes (rank) 167 Payments (number per year) 55 Time (hours per year) 270 Total tax rate (% of profit) 73.3 BHUTAN South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 1,896 Ease of doing business (rank) 126 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.7 Starting a business (rank) 80 Registering property (rank) 41 Trading across borders (rank) 153 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 46 Time (days) 64 Time to export (days) 38 Cost (% of income per capita) 8.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,210 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 11 Getting credit (rank) 177 Time to import (days) 38 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 127 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 2 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,140 Procedures (number) 25 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 183 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 33 Cost (% of income per capita) 149.0 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 47 Time (days) 225 Employing workers (rank) 12 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 0.1 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 3 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 10 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 90 Payments (number per year) 18 Time (hours per year) 274 Total tax rate (% of profit) 40.6 COUNTRY TABLES 109 BOLIVIA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 1,457 Ease of doing business (rank) 161 Lower middle income Population (m) 9.7 Starting a business (rank) 167 Registering property (rank) 135 Trading across borders (rank) 121 Procedures (number) 15 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 50 Time (days) 92 Time to export (days) 19 Cost (% of income per capita) 99.2 Cost (% of property value) 4.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,425 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 2.5 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 23 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 101 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 1 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,747 Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 249 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 11.6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 136 Cost (% of income per capita) 107.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 33.9 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 591 Employing workers (rank) 183 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 33.2 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 78 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 1 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 53 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 62 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 100 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 1.8 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 77 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) NOT POSSIBLE Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 37.3 Paying taxes (rank) 177 Payments (number per year) 42 Time (hours per year) 1,080 Total tax rate (% of profit) 80.0 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 4,506 Ease of doing business (rank) 116 Upper middle income Population (m) 3.8 Starting a business (rank) 160 Registering property (rank) 139 Trading across borders (rank) 63 Procedures (number) 12 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 60 Time (days) 84 Time to export (days) 16 Cost (% of income per capita) 15.8 Cost (% of property value) 5.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,125 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 29.8 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 16 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 136 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,090 Procedures (number) 16 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 255 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 23.2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 124 Cost (% of income per capita) 564.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 64.3 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 595 Employing workers (rank) 111 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 38.4 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 56 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 63 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 3.3 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 33 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 31 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 35.9 Paying taxes (rank) 128 Payments (number per year) 51 Time (hours per year) 422 Total tax rate (% of profit) 27.1 BOTSWANA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 6,471 Ease of doing business (rank) 45 Upper middle income Population (m) 1.9 Starting a business (rank) 83 Registering property (rank) 44 Trading across borders (rank) 150 Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 61 Time (days) 16 Time to export (days) 30 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.1 Cost (% of property value) 5.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,810 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 41 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 122 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 3,264 Procedures (number) 24 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 167 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 79 Cost (% of income per capita) 246.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 51.9 Procedures (number) 29 Time (days) 687 Employing workers (rank) 71 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 28.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 27 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 1.7 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 13 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 90 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 60.3 Paying taxes (rank) 18 Payments (number per year) 19 Time (hours per year) 140 Total tax rate (% of profit) 17.1 110 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business BRAZIL Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 7,351 Ease of doing business (rank) 129 Upper middle income Population (m) 192.0 Starting a business (rank) 126 Registering property (rank) 120 Trading across borders (rank) 100 Procedures (number) 16 Procedures (number) 14 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 120 Time (days) 42 Time to export (days) 12 Cost (% of income per capita) 6.9 Cost (% of property value) 2.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,540 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 16 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 113 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,440 Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 411 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 23.7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 100 Cost (% of income per capita) 50.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 59.2 Procedures (number) 45 Time (days) 616 Employing workers (rank) 138 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 16.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 78 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 60 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 Closing a business (rank) 131 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 4.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 46 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 12 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 46 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 17.1 Paying taxes (rank) 150 Payments (number per year) 10 Time (hours per year) 2,600 Total tax rate (% of profit) 69.2 BRUNEI DARUSSALAM East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 37,053 Ease of doing business (rank) 96 High income Population (m) 0.4 Starting a business (rank) 153 Registering property (rank) 183 Trading across borders (rank) 48 Procedures (number) 18 Procedures (number) NO PRACTICE Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 116 Time (days) NO PRACTICE Time to export (days) 28 Cost (% of income per capita) 9.8 Cost (% of property value) NO PRACTICE Cost to export (US$ per container) 630 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 19 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 75 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 708 Procedures (number) 32 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 163 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 160 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 58 Time (days) 540 Employing workers (rank) 4 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 36.6 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 37 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 2.5 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 0 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 4 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 47.2 Paying taxes (rank) 22 Payments (number per year) 15 Time (hours per year) 144 Total tax rate (% of profit) 30.3 BULGARIA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 5,487 Ease of doing business (rank) 44 Upper middle income Population (m) 7.6 Starting a business (rank) 50 Registering property (rank) 56 Trading across borders (rank) 106 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 18 Time (days) 15 Time to export (days) 23 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.7 Cost (% of property value) 2.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,551 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 20.7 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 21 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 119 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,666 Procedures (number) 24 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 139 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 34.8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 87 Cost (% of income per capita) 436.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 6.2 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 564 Employing workers (rank) 53 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 23.8 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 10 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 78 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 3.3 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 19 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 32.1 Paying taxes (rank) 95 Payments (number per year) 17 Time (hours per year) 616 Total tax rate (% of profit) 31.4 COUNTRY TABLES 111 BURKINA FASO Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 479 Ease of doing business (rank) 147 Low income Population (m) 15.2 Starting a business (rank) 115 Registering property (rank) 114 Trading across borders (rank) 176 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 11 Time (days) 14 Time (days) 59 Time to export (days) 41 Cost (% of income per capita) 50.3 Cost (% of property value) 13.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,262 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 428.2 Documents to import (number) 11 Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 49 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 80 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 3,830 Procedures (number) 15 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1 Time (days) 132 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 1.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 110 Cost (% of income per capita) 721.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 37 Time (days) 446 Employing workers (rank) 82 Protecting investors (rank) 147 Cost (% of claim) 83.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 112 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 10 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 4.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 21 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.7 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 34 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 21.7 Paying taxes (rank) 144 Payments (number per year) 46 Time (hours per year) 270 Total tax rate (% of profit) 44.9 BURUNDI Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 135 Ease of doing business (rank) 176 Low income Population (m) 8.1 Starting a business (rank) 130 Registering property (rank) 118 Trading across borders (rank) 175 Procedures (number) 11 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 9 Time (days) 32 Time (days) 94 Time to export (days) 47 Cost (% of income per capita) 151.6 Cost (% of property value) 6.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,747 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 167 Time to import (days) 71 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 172 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 2 Cost to import (US$ per container) 4,285 Procedures (number) 22 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1 Time (days) 212 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 172 Cost (% of income per capita) 7,968.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 44 Time (days) 832 Employing workers (rank) 88 Protecting investors (rank) 154 Cost (% of claim) 38.6 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 53 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 28 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.3 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 26 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 116 Payments (number per year) 32 Time (hours per year) 140 Total tax rate (% of profit) 278.6 CAMBODIA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 603 Ease of doing business (rank) 145 Low income Population (m) 14.7 Starting a business (rank) 173 Registering property (rank) 116 Trading across borders (rank) 127 Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 11 Time (days) 85 Time (days) 56 Time to export (days) 22 Cost (% of income per capita) 138.4 Cost (% of property value) 4.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 732 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 36.6 Documents to import (number) 11 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 30 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 145 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 872 Procedures (number) 23 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 709 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 141 Cost (% of income per capita) 53.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 44 Time (days) 401 Employing workers (rank) 134 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 102.7 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 33 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 9 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 36 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 39 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 58 Payments (number per year) 39 Time (hours per year) 173 Total tax rate (% of profit) 22.7 112 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business CAMEROON Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,153 Ease of doing business (rank) 171 Lower middle income Population (m) 18.9 Starting a business (rank) 174 Registering property (rank) 143 Trading across borders (rank) 149 Procedures (number) 12 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 10 Time (days) 34 Time (days) 93 Time to export (days) 23 Cost (% of income per capita) 121.1 Cost (% of property value) 17.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,250 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 182.9 Documents to import (number) 11 Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 26 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 164 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,002 Procedures (number) 15 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2 Time (days) 426 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 1.8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 174 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,242.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 43 Time (days) 800 Employing workers (rank) 126 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 46.6 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 28 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 98 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 70 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 3.2 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 39 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 33 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 25.5 Paying taxes (rank) 170 Payments (number per year) 41 Time (hours per year) 1,400 Total tax rate (% of profit) 50.5 CANADA OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 41,729 Ease of doing business (rank) 8 High income Population (m) 33.3 Starting a business (rank) 2 Registering property (rank) 35 Trading across borders (rank) 38 Procedures (number) 1 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 3 Time (days) 5 Time (days) 17 Time to export (days) 7 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.4 Cost (% of property value) 1.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,610 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 11 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 29 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,660 Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 75 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 58 Cost (% of income per capita) 100.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 570 Employing workers (rank) 17 Protecting investors (rank) 5 Cost (% of claim) 22.3 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 9 Closing a business (rank) 4 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 0.8 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 4 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 8.3 Cost (% of estate) 4 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 28 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 88.7 Paying taxes (rank) 28 Payments (number per year) 9 Time (hours per year) 119 Total tax rate (% of profit) 43.6 CAPE VERDE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 3,131 Ease of doing business (rank) 146 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.5 Starting a business (rank) 136 Registering property (rank) 126 Trading across borders (rank) 58 Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 24 Time (days) 73 Time to export (days) 19 Cost (% of income per capita) 17.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,325 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 38.9 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 18 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 83 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 2 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,129 Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2 Time (days) 120 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 23.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 38 Cost (% of income per capita) 523.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 37 Time (days) 425 Employing workers (rank) 167 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 21.8 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 1 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 33 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 70 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 46 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 93 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 112 Payments (number per year) 56 Time (hours per year) 100 Total tax rate (% of profit) 49.7 COUNTRY TABLES 113 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 408 Ease of doing business (rank) 183 Low income Population (m) 4.4 Starting a business (rank) 159 Registering property (rank) 138 Trading across borders (rank) 181 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 9 Time (days) 22 Time (days) 75 Time to export (days) 54 Cost (% of income per capita) 244.9 Cost (% of property value) 18.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 5,491 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 507.1 Documents to import (number) 17 Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 62 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 147 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 5,554 Procedures (number) 21 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2 Time (days) 239 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 2.1 Enforcing contracts (rank) 171 Cost (% of income per capita) 275.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 43 Time (days) 660 Employing workers (rank) 144 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 82.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 61 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 4.8 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 50 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) 76 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 22 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 179 Payments (number per year) 54 Time (hours per year) 504 Total tax rate (% of profit) 203.8 CHAD Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 535 Ease of doing business (rank) 178 Low income Population (m) 11.1 Starting a business (rank) 182 Registering property (rank) 136 Trading across borders (rank) 169 Procedures (number) 19 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 75 Time (days) 44 Time to export (days) 75 Cost (% of income per capita) 176.7 Cost (% of property value) 22.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 5,497 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 369.3 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 100 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 73 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 6,150 Procedures (number) 9 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1 Time (days) 181 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 170 Cost (% of income per capita) 985.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 41 Time (days) 743 Employing workers (rank) 118 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 77.4 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 39 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 33 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 36 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 133 Payments (number per year) 54 Time (hours per year) 122 Total tax rate (% of profit) 60.9 CHILE Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 9,396 Ease of doing business (rank) 49 Upper middle income Population (m) 16.8 Starting a business (rank) 69 Registering property (rank) 42 Trading across borders (rank) 56 Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 27 Time (days) 31 Time to export (days) 21 Cost (% of income per capita) 6.9 Cost (% of property value) 1.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 745 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 21 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 66 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 795 Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 155 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 32.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 69 Cost (% of income per capita) 97.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 33.9 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 480 Employing workers (rank) 72 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 28.6 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 114 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 4.5 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 18 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 52 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 21.3 Paying taxes (rank) 45 Payments (number per year) 10 Time (hours per year) 316 Total tax rate (% of profit) 25.3 114 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business CHINA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,775 Ease of doing business (rank) 89 Lower middle income Population (m) 1,325.6 Starting a business (rank) 151 Registering property (rank) 32 Trading across borders (rank) 44 Procedures (number) 14 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 37 Time (days) 29 Time to export (days) 21 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.9 Cost (% of property value) 3.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 500 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 130.9 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 24 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 180 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 545 Procedures (number) 37 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 336 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 62.1 Enforcing contracts (rank) 18 Cost (% of income per capita) 579.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 34 Time (days) 406 Employing workers (rank) 140 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 11.1 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 10 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 33 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 65 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 1.7 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 31 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 22 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 91 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 35.3 Paying taxes (rank) 130 Payments (number per year) 7 Time (hours per year) 504 Total tax rate (% of profit) 78.5 COLOMBIA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 4,658 Ease of doing business (rank) 37 Upper middle income Population (m) 44.5 Starting a business (rank) 74 Registering property (rank) 51 Trading across borders (rank) 97 Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 20 Time (days) 20 Time to export (days) 14 Cost (% of income per capita) 12.8 Cost (% of property value) 2.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,770 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 14 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 32 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,750 Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 51 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 152 Cost (% of income per capita) 402.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 60.5 Procedures (number) 34 Time (days) 1,346 Employing workers (rank) 63 Protecting investors (rank) 5 Cost (% of claim) 52.6 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 32 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 3.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 8.3 Cost (% of estate) 1 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 59 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 52.8 Paying taxes (rank) 115 Payments (number per year) 20 Time (hours per year) 208 Total tax rate (% of profit) 78.7 COMOROS Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 751 Ease of doing business (rank) 162 Low income Population (m) 0.6 Starting a business (rank) 168 Registering property (rank) 96 Trading across borders (rank) 133 Procedures (number) 11 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 10 Time (days) 24 Time (days) 24 Time to export (days) 30 Cost (% of income per capita) 182.1 Cost (% of property value) 20.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,073 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 261.8 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 167 Time to import (days) 21 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 66 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,057 Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 164 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 153 Cost (% of income per capita) 72.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 43 Time (days) 506 Employing workers (rank) 164 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 89.4 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 39 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 40 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 100 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 41 Payments (number per year) 20 Time (hours per year) 100 Total tax rate (% of profit) 41.1 COUNTRY TABLES 115 CONGO, DEM. REP. Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 153 Ease of doing business (rank) 182 Low income Population (m) 64.2 Starting a business (rank) 154 Registering property (rank) 157 Trading across borders (rank) 165 Procedures (number) 13 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 149 Time (days) 57 Time to export (days) 44 Cost (% of income per capita) 391.0 Cost (% of property value) 9.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,607 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 167 Time to import (days) 63 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 146 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,483 Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 322 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 172 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,485.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 43 Time (days) 625 Employing workers (rank) 174 Protecting investors (rank) 154 Cost (% of claim) 151.8 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 72 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 47 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 3 Closing a business (rank) 152 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 70 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 5.2 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 63 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.3 Cost (% of estate) 29 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 31 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 5.4 Paying taxes (rank) 157 Payments (number per year) 32 Time (hours per year) 308 Total tax rate (% of profit) 322.0 CONGO, REP. Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,973 Ease of doing business (rank) 179 Lower middle income Population (m) 3.6 Starting a business (rank) 166 Registering property (rank) 169 Trading across borders (rank) 178 Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 11 Time (days) 37 Time (days) 116 Time to export (days) 50 Cost (% of income per capita) 86.5 Cost (% of property value) 10.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,490 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 96.5 Documents to import (number) 12 Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 62 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 69 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,959 Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2 Time (days) 169 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 3.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 159 Cost (% of income per capita) 265.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 44 Time (days) 560 Employing workers (rank) 169 Protecting investors (rank) 154 Cost (% of claim) 53.2 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 78 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 120 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 70 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 3.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 63 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.3 Cost (% of estate) 24 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 33 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 20.4 Paying taxes (rank) 180 Payments (number per year) 61 Time (hours per year) 606 Total tax rate (% of profit) 65.5 COSTA RICA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 6,063 Ease of doing business (rank) 121 Upper middle income Population (m) 4.5 Starting a business (rank) 127 Registering property (rank) 49 Trading across borders (rank) 60 Procedures (number) 12 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 60 Time (days) 21 Time to export (days) 13 Cost (% of income per capita) 20.0 Cost (% of property value) 3.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,190 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 15 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 129 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,190 Procedures (number) 23 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 191 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 24.3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 132 Cost (% of income per capita) 183.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 56.0 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 852 Employing workers (rank) 110 Protecting investors (rank) 165 Cost (% of claim) 24.3 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 78 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 2 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 101 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 Time (years) 3.5 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 39 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.0 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 29 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 25.4 Paying taxes (rank) 154 Payments (number per year) 42 Time (hours per year) 282 Total tax rate (% of profit) 54.8 116 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business CÔTE D’IVOIRE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 984 Ease of doing business (rank) 168 Lower middle income Population (m) 20.6 Starting a business (rank) 172 Registering property (rank) 145 Trading across borders (rank) 160 Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 10 Time (days) 40 Time (days) 62 Time to export (days) 25 Cost (% of income per capita) 133.3 Cost (% of property value) 13.9 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,969 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 204.9 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 36 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 167 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,577 Procedures (number) 22 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1 Time (days) 629 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 2.7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 127 Cost (% of income per capita) 230.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 33 Time (days) 770 Employing workers (rank) 129 Protecting investors (rank) 154 Cost (% of claim) 41.7 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 47 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 71 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 2.2 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 33 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.3 Cost (% of estate) 18 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 49 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 34.0 Paying taxes (rank) 152 Payments (number per year) 66 Time (hours per year) 270 Total tax rate (% of profit) 44.7 CROATIA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 13,574 Ease of doing business (rank) 103 High income Population (m) 4.4 Starting a business (rank) 101 Registering property (rank) 109 Trading across borders (rank) 96 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 22 Time (days) 104 Time to export (days) 20 Cost (% of income per capita) 8.4 Cost (% of property value) 5.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,281 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 13.4 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 16 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 144 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,141 Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 420 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 45 Cost (% of income per capita) 895.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 77.0 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 561 Employing workers (rank) 163 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 13.8 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 61 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 1 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 82 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 3.1 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 50 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 39 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 30.5 Paying taxes (rank) 39 Payments (number per year) 17 Time (hours per year) 196 Total tax rate (% of profit) 32.5 CYPRUS Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 24,940 Ease of doing business (rank) 40 High income Population (m) 0.9 Starting a business (rank) 25 Registering property (rank) 64 Trading across borders (rank) 15 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 8 Time (days) 34 Time to export (days) 7 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.3 Cost (% of property value) 10.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 820 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 5 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 77 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,030 Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 677 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 107 Cost (% of income per capita) 50.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 43 Time (days) 735 Employing workers (rank) 93 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 16.4 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 21 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 1.5 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 24 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 64 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 70.7 Paying taxes (rank) 37 Payments (number per year) 27 Time (hours per year) 149 Total tax rate (% of profit) 28.8 COUNTRY TABLES 117 CZECH REPUBLIC OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 16,605 Ease of doing business (rank) 74 High income Population (m) 10.4 Starting a business (rank) 113 Registering property (rank) 62 Trading across borders (rank) 53 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 4 Time (days) 15 Time (days) 78 Time to export (days) 17 Cost (% of income per capita) 9.2 Cost (% of property value) 3.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,060 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 30.5 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 20 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 76 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,165 Procedures (number) 36 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 150 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 4.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 82 Cost (% of income per capita) 16.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 73.1 Procedures (number) 27 Time (days) 611 Employing workers (rank) 25 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 33.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 2 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 116 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 6.5 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 11 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 22 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 20.9 Paying taxes (rank) 121 Payments (number per year) 12 Time (hours per year) 613 Total tax rate (% of profit) 47.2 DENMARK OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 59,128 Ease of doing business (rank) 6 High income Population (m) 5.5 Starting a business (rank) 28 Registering property (rank) 47 Trading across borders (rank) 6 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 4 Time (days) 6 Time (days) 42 Time to export (days) 5 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 744 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 38.6 Documents to import (number) 3 Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 5 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 10 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 744 Procedures (number) 6 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 69 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 28 Cost (% of income per capita) 58.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 5.2 Procedures (number) 34 Time (days) 380 Employing workers (rank) 9 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 23.3 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 7 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 1.1 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) 4 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 86.5 Paying taxes (rank) 13 Payments (number per year) 9 Time (hours per year) 135 Total tax rate (% of profit) 29.2 DJIBOUTI Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,130 Ease of doing business (rank) 163 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.8 Starting a business (rank) 177 Registering property (rank) 140 Trading across borders (rank) 34 Procedures (number) 11 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 37 Time (days) 40 Time to export (days) 19 Cost (% of income per capita) 195.1 Cost (% of property value) 13.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 836 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 500.5 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 177 Time to import (days) 18 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 102 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 1 Cost to import (US$ per container) 911 Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1 Time (days) 195 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 161 Cost (% of income per capita) 948.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 1,225 Employing workers (rank) 151 Protecting investors (rank) 178 Cost (% of claim) 34.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 67 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 135 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 0 Time (years) 5.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 46 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 2.3 Cost (% of estate) 18 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 56 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 15.9 Paying taxes (rank) 65 Payments (number per year) 35 Time (hours per year) 114 Total tax rate (% of profit) 38.7 118 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business DOMINICA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 4,767 Ease of doing business (rank) 83 Upper middle income Population (m) 0.1 Starting a business (rank) 38 Registering property (rank) 113 Trading across borders (rank) 86 Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 14 Time (days) 42 Time to export (days) 13 Cost (% of income per capita) 22.6 Cost (% of property value) 13.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,297 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 15 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 25 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,310 Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 182 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 167 Cost (% of income per capita) 11.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 47 Time (days) 681 Employing workers (rank) 80 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 36.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 15 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 58 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 68 Payments (number per year) 38 Time (hours per year) 120 Total tax rate (% of profit) 37.0 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 4,392 Ease of doing business (rank) 86 Upper middle income Population (m) 9.8 Starting a business (rank) 107 Registering property (rank) 112 Trading across borders (rank) 36 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 19 Time (days) 60 Time to export (days) 9 Cost (% of income per capita) 17.3 Cost (% of property value) 3.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 916 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 10 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 92 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,150 Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 214 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 29.7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 86 Cost (% of income per capita) 131.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 46.1 Procedures (number) 34 Time (days) 460 Employing workers (rank) 97 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 40.9 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 146 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 3.5 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 21 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 38 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 88 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 8.9 Paying taxes (rank) 70 Payments (number per year) 9 Time (hours per year) 324 Total tax rate (% of profit) 39.0 ECUADOR Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 3,643 Ease of doing business (rank) 138 Lower middle income Population (m) 13.5 Starting a business (rank) 163 Registering property (rank) 69 Trading across borders (rank) 125 Procedures (number) 13 Procedures (number) 9 Documents to export (number) 9 Time (days) 64 Time (days) 16 Time to export (days) 20 Cost (% of income per capita) 37.7 Cost (% of property value) 2.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,345 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 10.6 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 29 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 86 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,332 Procedures (number) 19 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 155 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 37.2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 101 Cost (% of income per capita) 230.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 46.0 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 588 Employing workers (rank) 160 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 27.2 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 1 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 134 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 5.3 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 38 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) 18 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 135 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 16.1 Paying taxes (rank) 77 Payments (number per year) 8 Time (hours per year) 600 Total tax rate (% of profit) 34.9 COUNTRY TABLES 119 EGYPT, ARAB REP. Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,801 Ease of doing business (rank) 106 Lower middle income Population (m) 81.5 Starting a business (rank) 24 Registering property (rank) 87 Trading across borders (rank) 29 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 7 Time (days) 72 Time to export (days) 14 Cost (% of income per capita) 16.1 Cost (% of property value) 0.9 Cost to export (US$ per container) 737 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 15 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 156 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 823 Procedures (number) 25 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 218 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 2.5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 148 Cost (% of income per capita) 331.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 8.2 Procedures (number) 41 Time (days) 1,010 Employing workers (rank) 120 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 26.2 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 3 Closing a business (rank) 132 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 60 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 4.2 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 27 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 22 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 132 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 16.8 Paying taxes (rank) 140 Payments (number per year) 29 Time (hours per year) 480 Total tax rate (% of profit) 43.0 EL SALVADOR Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 3,482 Ease of doing business (rank) 84 Lower middle income Population (m) 6.1 Starting a business (rank) 121 Registering property (rank) 46 Trading across borders (rank) 61 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 17 Time (days) 31 Time to export (days) 14 Cost (% of income per capita) 38.7 Cost (% of property value) 3.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 880 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 2.9 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 10 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 128 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 820 Procedures (number) 34 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 155 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 21.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 50 Cost (% of income per capita) 166.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 94.6 Procedures (number) 30 Time (days) 786 Employing workers (rank) 106 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 19.2 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 81 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 4.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 24 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 86 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 30.8 Paying taxes (rank) 134 Payments (number per year) 53 Time (hours per year) 320 Total tax rate (% of profit) 35.0 EQUATORIAL GUINEA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 14,980 Ease of doing business (rank) 170 High income Population (m) 0.7 Starting a business (rank) 178 Registering property (rank) 76 Trading across borders (rank) 138 Procedures (number) 20 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 136 Time (days) 23 Time to export (days) 30 Cost (% of income per capita) 100.4 Cost (% of property value) 6.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,411 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 12.4 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 49 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 90 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,411 Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2 Time (days) 201 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 3.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 72 Cost (% of income per capita) 128.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 553 Employing workers (rank) 182 Protecting investors (rank) 147 Cost (% of claim) 18.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 67 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 60 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 70 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 66 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.7 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 133 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 163 Payments (number per year) 46 Time (hours per year) 296 Total tax rate (% of profit) 59.5 120 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business ERITREA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 299 Ease of doing business (rank) 175 Low income Population (m) 5.0 Starting a business (rank) 181 Registering property (rank) 171 Trading across borders (rank) 164 Procedures (number) 13 Procedures (number) 12 Documents to export (number) 9 Time (days) 84 Time (days) 101 Time to export (days) 50 Cost (% of income per capita) 76.5 Cost (% of property value) 5.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,431 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 297.0 Documents to import (number) 13 Getting credit (rank) 177 Time to import (days) 60 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 183 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 2 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,581 Procedures (number) 22 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 188 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 579.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 405 Employing workers (rank) 86 Protecting investors (rank) 109 Cost (% of claim) 22.6 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 20 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.7 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 69 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 110 Payments (number per year) 18 Time (hours per year) 216 Total tax rate (% of profit) 84.5 ESTONIA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 14,270 Ease of doing business (rank) 24 High income Population (m) 1.3 Starting a business (rank) 37 Registering property (rank) 13 Trading across borders (rank) 3 Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 3 Time (days) 7 Time (days) 18 Time to export (days) 5 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.7 Cost (% of property value) 0.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 730 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 23.2 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 5 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 20 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 740 Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 118 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 49 Cost (% of income per capita) 26.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 20.6 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 425 Employing workers (rank) 161 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 26.3 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 60 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 3 Closing a business (rank) 61 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 60 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 3.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 51 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 35 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 37.5 Paying taxes (rank) 38 Payments (number per year) 10 Time (hours per year) 81 Total tax rate (% of profit) 49.1 ETHIOPIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 282 Ease of doing business (rank) 107 Low income Population (m) 80.7 Starting a business (rank) 93 Registering property (rank) 110 Trading across borders (rank) 159 Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 10 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 9 Time (days) 41 Time to export (days) 49 Cost (% of income per capita) 18.9 Cost (% of property value) 2.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,940 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 492.4 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 127 Time to import (days) 45 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 60 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,993 Procedures (number) 12 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2 Time (days) 128 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.1 Enforcing contracts (rank) 57 Cost (% of income per capita) 561.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 37 Time (days) 620 Employing workers (rank) 98 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 15.2 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 77 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 3.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 28 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 40 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 32.2 Paying taxes (rank) 43 Payments (number per year) 19 Time (hours per year) 198 Total tax rate (% of profit) 31.1 COUNTRY TABLES 121 FIJI East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 3,934 Ease of doing business (rank) 54 Upper middle income Population (m) 0.8 Starting a business (rank) 104 Registering property (rank) 43 Trading across borders (rank) 116 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 13 Time (days) 46 Time (days) 68 Time to export (days) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 25.3 Cost (% of property value) 2.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 654 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 13 Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 24 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 58 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 630 Procedures (number) 19 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 135 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 65 Cost (% of income per capita) 50.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 48.6 Procedures (number) 34 Time (days) 397 Employing workers (rank) 31 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 38.9 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 122 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 1.8 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 38 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 22 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 20.1 Paying taxes (rank) 81 Payments (number per year) 33 Time (hours per year) 150 Total tax rate (% of profit) 41.2 FINLAND OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 48,125 Ease of doing business (rank) 16 High income Population (m) 5.3 Starting a business (rank) 30 Registering property (rank) 27 Trading across borders (rank) 4 Procedures (number) 3 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 4 Time (days) 14 Time (days) 14 Time to export (days) 8 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.9 Cost (% of property value) 4.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 540 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 7.2 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 8 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 47 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 620 Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 38 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 8 Cost (% of income per capita) 119.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 14.7 Procedures (number) 32 Time (days) 375 Employing workers (rank) 132 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 10.4 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 5 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 0.9 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 41 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 4 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 26 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 87.3 Paying taxes (rank) 71 Payments (number per year) 8 Time (hours per year) 243 Total tax rate (% of profit) 47.7 FRANCE OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 43,550 Ease of doing business (rank) 31 High income Population (m) 62.0 Starting a business (rank) 22 Registering property (rank) 159 Trading across borders (rank) 25 Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 2 Time (days) 7 Time (days) 98 Time to export (days) 9 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.9 Cost (% of property value) 6.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,078 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 2 Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 11 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 17 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,248 Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 137 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 32.5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 6 Cost (% of income per capita) 22.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 29 Time (days) 331 Employing workers (rank) 155 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 17.4 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 67 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 10 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 60 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 42 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 1.9 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 52 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 32 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 44.7 Paying taxes (rank) 59 Payments (number per year) 7 Time (hours per year) 132 Total tax rate (% of profit) 65.8 122 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business GABON Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 7,243 Ease of doing business (rank) 158 Upper middle income Population (m) 1.4 Starting a business (rank) 152 Registering property (rank) 130 Trading across borders (rank) 135 Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 58 Time (days) 39 Time to export (days) 20 Cost (% of income per capita) 17.8 Cost (% of property value) 10.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,945 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 26.5 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 22 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 63 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,955 Procedures (number) 16 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2 Time (days) 210 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 3.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 150 Cost (% of income per capita) 34.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 1,070 Employing workers (rank) 165 Protecting investors (rank) 154 Cost (% of claim) 34.3 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 60 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 137 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 80 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 5.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 52 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.3 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 43 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 15.2 Paying taxes (rank) 107 Payments (number per year) 26 Time (hours per year) 272 Total tax rate (% of profit) 44.7 GAMBIA, THE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 393 Ease of doing business (rank) 140 Low income Population (m) 1.7 Starting a business (rank) 114 Registering property (rank) 117 Trading across borders (rank) 81 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 27 Time (days) 371 Time to export (days) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 215.1 Cost (% of property value) 4.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 831 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 23 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 79 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 922 Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 146 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 67 Cost (% of income per capita) 336.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 32 Time (days) 434 Employing workers (rank) 85 Protecting investors (rank) 172 Cost (% of claim) 37.9 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 2 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 123 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 3.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 27 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 2.7 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 26 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 19.5 Paying taxes (rank) 176 Payments (number per year) 50 Time (hours per year) 376 Total tax rate (% of profit) 292.4 GEORGIA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 2,472 Ease of doing business (rank) 11 Lower middle income Population (m) 4.4 Starting a business (rank) 5 Registering property (rank) 2 Trading across borders (rank) 30 Procedures (number) 3 Procedures (number) 2 Documents to export (number) 4 Time (days) 3 Time (days) 3 Time to export (days) 10 Cost (% of income per capita) 3.7 Cost (% of property value) 0.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,270 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 13 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,250 Procedures (number) 10 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 98 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 41 Cost (% of income per capita) 21.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 12.2 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 285 Employing workers (rank) 9 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 29.9 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 95 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 3.3 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 4 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 27.9 Paying taxes (rank) 64 Payments (number per year) 18 Time (hours per year) 387 Total tax rate (% of profit) 15.3 COUNTRY TABLES 123 GERMANY OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 42,436 Ease of doing business (rank) 25 High income Population (m) 82.1 Starting a business (rank) 84 Registering property (rank) 57 Trading across borders (rank) 14 Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 4 Time (days) 18 Time (days) 40 Time to export (days) 7 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.7 Cost (% of property value) 5.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 872 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 7 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 18 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 937 Procedures (number) 12 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 100 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 7 Cost (% of income per capita) 60.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 98.3 Procedures (number) 30 Time (days) 394 Employing workers (rank) 158 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 14.4 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 53 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 35 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 1.2 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 42 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 8 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 69 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 52.2 Paying taxes (rank) 71 Payments (number per year) 16 Time (hours per year) 196 Total tax rate (% of profit) 44.9 GHANA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 674 Ease of doing business (rank) 92 Low income Population (m) 23.4 Starting a business (rank) 135 Registering property (rank) 33 Trading across borders (rank) 83 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 33 Time (days) 34 Time to export (days) 19 Cost (% of income per capita) 26.4 Cost (% of property value) 1.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,013 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 13.4 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 29 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 153 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,203 Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 220 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 47 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,099.0 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 487 Employing workers (rank) 133 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 23.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 106 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 1.9 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 27 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 22 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 178 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 24.0 Paying taxes (rank) 79 Payments (number per year) 33 Time (hours per year) 224 Total tax rate (% of profit) 32.7 GREECE OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 28,650 Ease of doing business (rank) 109 High income Population (m) 11.2 Starting a business (rank) 140 Registering property (rank) 107 Trading across borders (rank) 80 Procedures (number) 15 Procedures (number) 11 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 19 Time (days) 22 Time to export (days) 20 Cost (% of income per capita) 10.9 Cost (% of property value) 4.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,153 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 21.4 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 25 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 50 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,265 Procedures (number) 15 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 169 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 89 Cost (% of income per capita) 50.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 46.9 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 819 Employing workers (rank) 147 Protecting investors (rank) 154 Cost (% of claim) 14.4 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 1 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 67 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 43 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 2.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 50 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.3 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 24 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 44.2 Paying taxes (rank) 76 Payments (number per year) 10 Time (hours per year) 224 Total tax rate (% of profit) 47.4 124 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business GRENADA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 5,709 Ease of doing business (rank) 91 Upper middle income Population (m) 0.1 Starting a business (rank) 52 Registering property (rank) 162 Trading across borders (rank) 79 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 20 Time (days) 77 Time to export (days) 14 Cost (% of income per capita) 24.6 Cost (% of property value) 7.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,226 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 19 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 15 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,479 Procedures (number) 10 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 149 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 162 Cost (% of income per capita) 25.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 47 Time (days) 688 Employing workers (rank) 49 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 32.6 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 15 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 29 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 82 Payments (number per year) 30 Time (hours per year) 140 Total tax rate (% of profit) 45.3 GUATEMALA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 2,679 Ease of doing business (rank) 110 Lower middle income Population (m) 13.7 Starting a business (rank) 156 Registering property (rank) 24 Trading across borders (rank) 119 Procedures (number) 11 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 10 Time (days) 29 Time (days) 27 Time to export (days) 17 Cost (% of income per capita) 45.4 Cost (% of property value) 1.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,182 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 23.5 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 17 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 150 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,302 Procedures (number) 22 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 178 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 16.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 103 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,079.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 28.4 Procedures (number) 31 Time (days) 1,459 Employing workers (rank) 127 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 26.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 3 Closing a business (rank) 93 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 3.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 28 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 101 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.2 Paying taxes (rank) 109 Payments (number per year) 24 Time (hours per year) 344 Total tax rate (% of profit) 40.9 GUINEA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 442 Ease of doing business (rank) 173 Low income Population (m) 9.8 Starting a business (rank) 179 Registering property (rank) 163 Trading across borders (rank) 130 Procedures (number) 13 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 41 Time (days) 104 Time to export (days) 33 Cost (% of income per capita) 139.2 Cost (% of property value) 13.9 Cost to export (US$ per container) 855 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 489.7 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 167 Time to import (days) 32 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 170 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,391 Procedures (number) 32 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 255 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 131 Cost (% of income per capita) 249.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 50 Time (days) 276 Employing workers (rank) 79 Protecting investors (rank) 172 Cost (% of claim) 45.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 111 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 1 Time (years) 3.8 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 24 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 2.7 Cost (% of estate) 8 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 26 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 22.0 Paying taxes (rank) 171 Payments (number per year) 56 Time (hours per year) 416 Total tax rate (% of profit) 49.9 COUNTRY TABLES 125 GUINEA-BISSAU Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 245 Ease of doing business (rank) 181 Low income Population (m) 1.6 Starting a business (rank) 183 Registering property (rank) 177 Trading across borders (rank) 115 Procedures (number) 16 Procedures (number) 9 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 213 Time (days) 211 Time to export (days) 23 Cost (% of income per capita) 323.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,545 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 779.9 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 22 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 114 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,349 Procedures (number) 15 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1 Time (days) 167 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 1.1 Enforcing contracts (rank) 143 Cost (% of income per capita) 2,020.0 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 41 Time (days) 1,140 Employing workers (rank) 175 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 25.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 67 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 27 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 70 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 54 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 87 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 129 Payments (number per year) 46 Time (hours per year) 208 Total tax rate (% of profit) 45.9 GUYANA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 1,416 Ease of doing business (rank) 101 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.8 Starting a business (rank) 97 Registering property (rank) 72 Trading across borders (rank) 76 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 34 Time (days) 34 Time to export (days) 20 Cost (% of income per capita) 32.8 Cost (% of property value) 4.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 730 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 24 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 39 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 730 Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 133 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 75 Cost (% of income per capita) 229.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 581 Employing workers (rank) 87 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 25.2 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 129 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 3.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 19 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 29 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 56 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 17.6 Paying taxes (rank) 113 Payments (number per year) 34 Time (hours per year) 288 Total tax rate (% of profit) 38.9 HAITI Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 661 Ease of doing business (rank) 151 Low income Population (m) 9.8 Starting a business (rank) 180 Registering property (rank) 129 Trading across borders (rank) 144 Procedures (number) 13 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 195 Time (days) 405 Time to export (days) 35 Cost (% of income per capita) 227.9 Cost (% of property value) 6.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,005 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 22.4 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 33 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 126 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,545 Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2 Time (days) 1,179 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 92 Cost (% of income per capita) 569.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 35 Time (days) 508 Employing workers (rank) 28 Protecting investors (rank) 165 Cost (% of claim) 42.6 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 2 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 3 Closing a business (rank) 155 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 5.7 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.0 Cost (% of estate) 30 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 17 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 2.7 Paying taxes (rank) 99 Payments (number per year) 42 Time (hours per year) 160 Total tax rate (% of profit) 40.1 126 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business HONDURAS Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 1,799 Ease of doing business (rank) 141 Lower middle income Population (m) 7.2 Starting a business (rank) 144 Registering property (rank) 91 Trading across borders (rank) 114 Procedures (number) 13 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 14 Time (days) 23 Time to export (days) 20 Cost (% of income per capita) 47.3 Cost (% of property value) 5.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,163 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 17.3 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 23 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 74 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,190 Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 106 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 21.7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 175 Cost (% of income per capita) 465.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 58.7 Procedures (number) 45 Time (days) 900 Employing workers (rank) 168 Protecting investors (rank) 165 Cost (% of claim) 35.2 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 100 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 0 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 118 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 3.8 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 57 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.0 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 95 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 20.8 Paying taxes (rank) 146 Payments (number per year) 47 Time (hours per year) 224 Total tax rate (% of profit) 48.3 HONG KONG, CHINA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 31,422 Ease of doing business (rank) 3 High income Population (m) 7.0 Starting a business (rank) 18 Registering property (rank) 75 Trading across borders (rank) 2 Procedures (number) 3 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 4 Time (days) 6 Time (days) 45 Time to export (days) 6 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.8 Cost (% of property value) 5.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 625 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 5 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 1 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 10 Cost to import (US$ per container) 583 Procedures (number) 7 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 67 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 3 Cost (% of income per capita) 18.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 71.9 Procedures (number) 24 Time (days) 280 Employing workers (rank) 6 Protecting investors (rank) 3 Cost (% of claim) 19.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 10 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 13 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 1.1 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 0 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 9.0 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 10 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 79.8 Paying taxes (rank) 3 Payments (number per year) 4 Time (hours per year) 80 Total tax rate (% of profit) 24.2 HUNGARY OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 12,810 Ease of doing business (rank) 47 High income Population (m) 10.0 Starting a business (rank) 39 Registering property (rank) 61 Trading across borders (rank) 70 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 4 Time (days) 17 Time to export (days) 18 Cost (% of income per capita) 8.0 Cost (% of property value) 11.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,225 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 10.2 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 17 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 88 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,215 Procedures (number) 31 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 204 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 14 Cost (% of income per capita) 9.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 10.3 Procedures (number) 33 Time (days) 395 Employing workers (rank) 77 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 13.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 2 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 67 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 58 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 2.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 22 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 35 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 38.4 Paying taxes (rank) 122 Payments (number per year) 14 Time (hours per year) 330 Total tax rate (% of profit) 57.5 COUNTRY TABLES 127 ICELAND OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 40,074 Ease of doing business (rank) 14 High income Population (m) 0.3 Starting a business (rank) 33 Registering property (rank) 13 Trading across borders (rank) 73 Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 5 Time (days) 4 Time to export (days) 19 Cost (% of income per capita) 3.0 Cost (% of property value) 2.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,532 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 15.8 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 14 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 31 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,674 Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 75 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 22.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Procedures (number) 26 Time (days) 417 Employing workers (rank) 56 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 6.2 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 16 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 1.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 21 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 4 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 76.6 Paying taxes (rank) 31 Payments (number per year) 31 Time (hours per year) 140 Total tax rate (% of profit) 25.0 INDIA South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 1,066 Ease of doing business (rank) 133 Lower middle income Population (m) 1,140.0 Starting a business (rank) 169 Registering property (rank) 93 Trading across borders (rank) 94 Procedures (number) 13 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 30 Time (days) 44 Time to export (days) 17 Cost (% of income per capita) 66.1 Cost (% of property value) 7.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 945 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 210.9 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 20 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 175 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 960 Procedures (number) 37 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 195 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 182 Cost (% of income per capita) 2,394.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 10.2 Procedures (number) 46 Time (days) 1,420 Employing workers (rank) 104 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 39.6 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 138 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 70 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 7.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 30 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 56 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 15.1 Paying taxes (rank) 169 Payments (number per year) 59 Time (hours per year) 271 Total tax rate (% of profit) 64.7 INDONESIA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,007 Ease of doing business (rank) 122 Lower middle income Population (m) 228.2 Starting a business (rank) 161 Registering property (rank) 95 Trading across borders (rank) 45 Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 60 Time (days) 22 Time to export (days) 21 Cost (% of income per capita) 26.0 Cost (% of property value) 10.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 704 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 59.7 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 27 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 61 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 660 Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 160 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 22.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 146 Cost (% of income per capita) 194.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 570 Employing workers (rank) 149 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 122.7 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 61 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 10 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 142 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 60 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 5.5 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 40 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 18 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 108 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 13.7 Paying taxes (rank) 126 Payments (number per year) 51 Time (hours per year) 266 Total tax rate (% of profit) 37.6 128 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 4,732 Ease of doing business (rank) 137 Lower middle income Population (m) 72.0 Starting a business (rank) 48 Registering property (rank) 153 Trading across borders (rank) 134 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 9 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 9 Time (days) 36 Time to export (days) 25 Cost (% of income per capita) 3.9 Cost (% of property value) 10.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,061 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.8 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 38 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 141 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,706 Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 3 Time (days) 322 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 31.3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 53 Cost (% of income per capita) 365.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 520 Employing workers (rank) 137 Protecting investors (rank) 165 Cost (% of claim) 17.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 27 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 109 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 0 Time (years) 4.5 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 29 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.0 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 87 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 23.1 Paying taxes (rank) 117 Payments (number per year) 22 Time (hours per year) 344 Total tax rate (% of profit) 44.2 IRAQ Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 2,815 Ease of doing business (rank) 153 Lower middle income Population (m) 30.1 Starting a business (rank) 175 Registering property (rank) 53 Trading across borders (rank) 180 Procedures (number) 11 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 10 Time (days) 77 Time (days) 8 Time to export (days) 102 Cost (% of income per capita) 75.9 Cost (% of property value) 7.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 3,900 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 30.3 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 167 Time to import (days) 101 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 94 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 3,900 Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 215 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 139 Cost (% of income per capita) 397.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 51 Time (days) 520 Employing workers (rank) 59 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 27.3 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 24 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 53 Payments (number per year) 13 Time (hours per year) 312 Total tax rate (% of profit) 28.4 IRELAND OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 49,592 Ease of doing business (rank) 7 High income Population (m) 4.5 Starting a business (rank) 9 Registering property (rank) 79 Trading across borders (rank) 21 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 4 Time (days) 13 Time (days) 38 Time to export (days) 7 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.3 Cost (% of property value) 6.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,109 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 12 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 30 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,121 Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 185 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 37 Cost (% of income per capita) 44.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Procedures (number) 20 Time (days) 515 Employing workers (rank) 27 Protecting investors (rank) 5 Cost (% of claim) 26.9 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 10 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 6 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 0.4 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 8.3 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 18 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 86.6 Paying taxes (rank) 6 Payments (number per year) 9 Time (hours per year) 76 Total tax rate (% of profit) 26.5 COUNTRY TABLES 129 ISRAEL Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 24,698 Ease of doing business (rank) 29 High income Population (m) 7.3 Starting a business (rank) 34 Registering property (rank) 147 Trading across borders (rank) 11 Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 34 Time (days) 144 Time to export (days) 12 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.2 Cost (% of property value) 5.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 665 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 12 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 120 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 605 Procedures (number) 20 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 235 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 99 Cost (% of income per capita) 107.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 89.8 Procedures (number) 35 Time (days) 890 Employing workers (rank) 90 Protecting investors (rank) 5 Cost (% of claim) 25.3 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 9 Closing a business (rank) 41 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 4.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 17 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 8.3 Cost (% of estate) 23 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 91 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 44.9 Paying taxes (rank) 83 Payments (number per year) 33 Time (hours per year) 230 Total tax rate (% of profit) 32.6 ITALY OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 35,236 Ease of doing business (rank) 78 High income Population (m) 59.9 Starting a business (rank) 75 Registering property (rank) 98 Trading across borders (rank) 50 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 4 Time (days) 10 Time (days) 27 Time to export (days) 20 Cost (% of income per capita) 17.9 Cost (% of property value) 4.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,231 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 9.7 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 18 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 85 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,231 Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 257 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 12.2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 156 Cost (% of income per capita) 137.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 77.5 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 1,210 Employing workers (rank) 99 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 29.9 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 29 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 1.8 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 38 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 22 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 11 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 56.6 Paying taxes (rank) 135 Payments (number per year) 15 Time (hours per year) 334 Total tax rate (% of profit) 68.4 JAMAICA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 4,871 Ease of doing business (rank) 75 Upper middle income Population (m) 2.7 Starting a business (rank) 19 Registering property (rank) 122 Trading across borders (rank) 104 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 8 Time (days) 55 Time to export (days) 21 Cost (% of income per capita) 5.3 Cost (% of property value) 9.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,750 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 22 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 49 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,420 Procedures (number) 10 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 156 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 128 Cost (% of income per capita) 265.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 35 Time (days) 655 Employing workers (rank) 39 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 45.6 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 23 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 1.1 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 4 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 18 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 62 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 64.5 Paying taxes (rank) 174 Payments (number per year) 72 Time (hours per year) 414 Total tax rate (% of profit) 51.3 130 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business JAPAN OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 38,207 Ease of doing business (rank) 15 High income Population (m) 127.7 Starting a business (rank) 91 Registering property (rank) 54 Trading across borders (rank) 17 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 4 Time (days) 23 Time (days) 14 Time to export (days) 10 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.5 Cost (% of property value) 5.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 989 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 11 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 45 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,047 Procedures (number) 15 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 187 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 20 Cost (% of income per capita) 19.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 76.2 Procedures (number) 30 Time (days) 360 Employing workers (rank) 40 Protecting investors (rank) 16 Cost (% of claim) 22.7 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 7 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 1 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 0.6 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 16 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 7.0 Cost (% of estate) 4 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 92.5 Paying taxes (rank) 123 Payments (number per year) 13 Time (hours per year) 355 Total tax rate (% of profit) 55.7 JORDAN Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 3,306 Ease of doing business (rank) 100 Lower middle income Population (m) 5.9 Starting a business (rank) 125 Registering property (rank) 106 Trading across borders (rank) 71 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 13 Time (days) 21 Time to export (days) 17 Cost (% of income per capita) 49.5 Cost (% of property value) 7.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 730 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 19.9 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 127 Time to import (days) 19 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 92 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,290 Procedures (number) 19 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2 Time (days) 87 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 1.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 124 Cost (% of income per capita) 697.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 689 Employing workers (rank) 51 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 31.2 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 96 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 60 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 4.3 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 24 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 27.3 Paying taxes (rank) 26 Payments (number per year) 26 Time (hours per year) 101 Total tax rate (% of profit) 31.1 KAZAKHSTAN Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 6,140 Ease of doing business (rank) 63 Upper middle income Population (m) 15.7 Starting a business (rank) 82 Registering property (rank) 31 Trading across borders (rank) 182 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 11 Time (days) 20 Time (days) 40 Time to export (days) 89 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.8 Cost (% of property value) 0.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 3,005 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 13.4 Documents to import (number) 13 Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 76 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 143 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 3,055 Procedures (number) 37 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 211 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 34 Cost (% of income per capita) 119.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 29.5 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 390 Employing workers (rank) 38 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 22.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 54 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 1.5 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 17 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 40.6 Paying taxes (rank) 52 Payments (number per year) 9 Time (hours per year) 271 Total tax rate (% of profit) 35.9 COUNTRY TABLES 131 KENYA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 767 Ease of doing business (rank) 95 Low income Population (m) 38.5 Starting a business (rank) 124 Registering property (rank) 125 Trading across borders (rank) 147 Procedures (number) 12 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 9 Time (days) 34 Time (days) 64 Time to export (days) 27 Cost (% of income per capita) 36.5 Cost (% of property value) 4.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,055 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 25 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 34 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 10 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,190 Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 120 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 126 Cost (% of income per capita) 161.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 2.3 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 465 Employing workers (rank) 78 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 47.2 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 79 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 10 Time (years) 4.5 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 17 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 22 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 47 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 31.6 Paying taxes (rank) 164 Payments (number per year) 41 Time (hours per year) 417 Total tax rate (% of profit) 49.7 KIRIBATI East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 1,995 Ease of doing business (rank) 79 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.1 Starting a business (rank) 119 Registering property (rank) 66 Trading across borders (rank) 77 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 21 Time (days) 513 Time to export (days) 21 Cost (% of income per capita) 38.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,070 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 20.5 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 21 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 71 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,070 Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 160 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 80 Cost (% of income per capita) 422.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 32 Time (days) 660 Employing workers (rank) 29 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 25.8 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 17 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 10 Payments (number per year) 7 Time (hours per year) 120 Total tax rate (% of profit) 31.8 KOREA, REP. OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 21,525 Ease of doing business (rank) 19 High income Population (m) 48.6 Starting a business (rank) 53 Registering property (rank) 71 Trading across borders (rank) 8 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 3 Time (days) 14 Time (days) 11 Time to export (days) 8 Cost (% of income per capita) 14.7 Cost (% of property value) 5.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 742 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 3 Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 8 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 23 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 742 Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 34 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 5 Cost (% of income per capita) 135.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 93.8 Procedures (number) 35 Time (days) 230 Employing workers (rank) 150 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 10.3 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 12 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 1.5 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 38 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 4 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 91 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 80.5 Paying taxes (rank) 49 Payments (number per year) 14 Time (hours per year) 250 Total tax rate (% of profit) 31.9 132 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business KOSOVO Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 1,800 Ease of doing business (rank) 113 Lower middle income Population (m) 2.1 Starting a business (rank) 164 Registering property (rank) 68 Trading across borders (rank) 132 Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 52 Time (days) 33 Time to export (days) 17 Cost (% of income per capita) 43.3 Cost (% of property value) 1.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,270 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 169.5 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 16 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 176 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,330 Procedures (number) 21 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 3 Time (days) 320 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 18.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 157 Cost (% of income per capita) 1291.0 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 53 Time (days) 420 Employing workers (rank) 34 Protecting investors (rank) 172 Cost (% of claim) 61.2 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 28 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 2 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 2.7 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 30 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 56.8 Paying taxes (rank) 50 Payments (number per year) 33 Time (hours per year) 163 Total tax rate (% of profit) 28.3 KUWAIT Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 45,920 Ease of doing business (rank) 61 High income Population (m) 2.7 Starting a business (rank) 137 Registering property (rank) 89 Trading across borders (rank) 109 Procedures (number) 13 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 35 Time (days) 55 Time to export (days) 17 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,060 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 59.2 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 19 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 81 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,217 Procedures (number) 25 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 104 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 113 Cost (% of income per capita) 124.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 30.4 Procedures (number) 50 Time (days) 566 Employing workers (rank) 24 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 18.8 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 Closing a business (rank) 69 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 4.2 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 0 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) 1 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 78 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 34.5 Paying taxes (rank) 11 Payments (number per year) 15 Time (hours per year) 118 Total tax rate (% of profit) 15.5 KYRGYZ REPUBLIC Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 741 Ease of doing business (rank) 41 Low income Population (m) 5.3 Starting a business (rank) 14 Registering property (rank) 19 Trading across borders (rank) 154 Procedures (number) 3 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 11 Time (days) 5 Time to export (days) 63 Cost (% of income per capita) 5.2 Cost (% of property value) 2.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 3,000 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 72 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 40 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 10 Cost to import (US$ per container) 3,250 Procedures (number) 12 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 3 Time (days) 137 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 54 Cost (% of income per capita) 165.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 5.9 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 260 Employing workers (rank) 47 Protecting investors (rank) 12 Cost (% of claim) 29.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 Closing a business (rank) 140 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 4.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 18 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 7.7 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 17 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 14.2 Paying taxes (rank) 156 Payments (number per year) 75 Time (hours per year) 202 Total tax rate (% of profit) 59.4 COUNTRY TABLES 133 LAO PDR East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 740 Ease of doing business (rank) 167 Low income Population (m) 6.2 Starting a business (rank) 89 Registering property (rank) 161 Trading across borders (rank) 168 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 9 Documents to export (number) 9 Time (days) 100 Time (days) 135 Time to export (days) 50 Cost (% of income per capita) 12.3 Cost (% of property value) 4.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,860 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 50 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 115 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,040 Procedures (number) 24 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 172 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 111 Cost (% of income per capita) 144.0 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 42 Time (days) 443 Employing workers (rank) 107 Protecting investors (rank) 182 Cost (% of claim) 31.6 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 0 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 3 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 20 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 1.7 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 162 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 113 Payments (number per year) 34 Time (hours per year) 362 Total tax rate (% of profit) 33.7 LATVIA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 11,864 Ease of doing business (rank) 27 Upper middle income Population (m) 2.3 Starting a business (rank) 51 Registering property (rank) 58 Trading across borders (rank) 22 Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 16 Time (days) 45 Time to export (days) 13 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.1 Cost (% of property value) 2.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 600 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 14.2 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 12 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 78 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 801 Procedures (number) 25 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 187 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 46.5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 15 Cost (% of income per capita) 17.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 27 Time (days) 309 Employing workers (rank) 128 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 23.1 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 50 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 88 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 3.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 43 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 13 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 17 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 29.0 Paying taxes (rank) 45 Payments (number per year) 7 Time (hours per year) 279 Total tax rate (% of profit) 33.0 LEBANON Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 6,353 Ease of doing business (rank) 108 Upper middle income Population (m) 4.1 Starting a business (rank) 108 Registering property (rank) 111 Trading across borders (rank) 95 Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 9 Time (days) 25 Time to export (days) 26 Cost (% of income per capita) 78.2 Cost (% of property value) 5.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,002 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 51.0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 35 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 125 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,203 Procedures (number) 20 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 211 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 8.3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 121 Cost (% of income per capita) 194.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 37 Time (days) 721 Employing workers (rank) 66 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 30.8 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 9 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 124 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 4.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 25 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 22 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 17 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 19.0 Paying taxes (rank) 34 Payments (number per year) 19 Time (hours per year) 180 Total tax rate (% of profit) 30.2 134 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business LESOTHO Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,080 Ease of doing business (rank) 130 Lower middle income Population (m) 2.0 Starting a business (rank) 131 Registering property (rank) 142 Trading across borders (rank) 143 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 40 Time (days) 101 Time to export (days) 44 Cost (% of income per capita) 27.0 Cost (% of property value) 8.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,549 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 11.9 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 49 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 155 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,715 Procedures (number) 15 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 601 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 105 Cost (% of income per capita) 670.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 41 Time (days) 695 Employing workers (rank) 67 Protecting investors (rank) 147 Cost (% of claim) 19.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 2 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 72 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 2.6 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 14 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.7 Cost (% of estate) 8 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 44 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 33.9 Paying taxes (rank) 63 Payments (number per year) 21 Time (hours per year) 324 Total tax rate (% of profit) 18.5 LIBERIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 167 Ease of doing business (rank) 149 Low income Population (m) 3.8 Starting a business (rank) 57 Registering property (rank) 174 Trading across borders (rank) 112 Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 10 Documents to export (number) 10 Time (days) 20 Time (days) 50 Time to export (days) 17 Cost (% of income per capita) 52.9 Cost (% of property value) 13.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,232 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 15 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 135 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,212 Procedures (number) 24 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1 Time (days) 77 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 166 Cost (% of income per capita) 28,295.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 41 Time (days) 1,280 Employing workers (rank) 121 Protecting investors (rank) 147 Cost (% of claim) 35.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 148 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 3.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 27 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.7 Cost (% of estate) 43 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 84 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 8.3 Paying taxes (rank) 85 Payments (number per year) 32 Time (hours per year) 158 Total tax rate (% of profit) 43.7 LITHUANIA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 11,871 Ease of doing business (rank) 26 Upper middle income Population (m) 3.4 Starting a business (rank) 99 Registering property (rank) 4 Trading across borders (rank) 28 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 2 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 26 Time (days) 3 Time to export (days) 10 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.4 Cost (% of property value) 0.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 870 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 31.1 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 11 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 64 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 980 Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 162 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 12.1 Enforcing contracts (rank) 17 Cost (% of income per capita) 95.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 18.4 Procedures (number) 30 Time (days) 275 Employing workers (rank) 119 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 23.6 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 60 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 36 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 1.5 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 38 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 7 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 30 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 49.4 Paying taxes (rank) 51 Payments (number per year) 12 Time (hours per year) 166 Total tax rate (% of profit) 42.7 COUNTRY TABLES 135 LUXEMBOURG OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 84,892 Ease of doing business (rank) 64 High income Population (m) 0.5 Starting a business (rank) 72 Registering property (rank) 131 Trading across borders (rank) 31 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 24 Time (days) 29 Time to export (days) 6 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.8 Cost (% of property value) 10.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,420 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 19.9 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 6 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 43 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,420 Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 217 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 19.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 26 Time (days) 321 Employing workers (rank) 170 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 9.7 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 67 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 60 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 50 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 2.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 56 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 52 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 41.7 Paying taxes (rank) 15 Payments (number per year) 22 Time (hours per year) 59 Total tax rate (% of profit) 20.9 MACEDONIA, FYR Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 4,138 Ease of doing business (rank) 32 Upper middle income Population (m) 2.0 Starting a business (rank) 6 Registering property (rank) 63 Trading across borders (rank) 62 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 4 Time (days) 58 Time to export (days) 12 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.5 Cost (% of property value) 3.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,436 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 11 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 137 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,420 Procedures (number) 21 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 146 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 28.1 Enforcing contracts (rank) 64 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,604.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 37 Time (days) 370 Employing workers (rank) 58 Protecting investors (rank) 20 Cost (% of claim) 33.1 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 9 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 Closing a business (rank) 115 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 10 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 2.9 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 14 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.7 Cost (% of estate) 28 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 26 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 20.9 Paying taxes (rank) 26 Payments (number per year) 40 Time (hours per year) 75 Total tax rate (% of profit) 16.4 MADAGASCAR Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 406 Ease of doing business (rank) 134 Low income Population (m) 19.1 Starting a business (rank) 12 Registering property (rank) 152 Trading across borders (rank) 111 Procedures (number) 2 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 4 Time (days) 7 Time (days) 74 Time to export (days) 21 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.1 Cost (% of property value) 9.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,279 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 167 Time to import (days) 26 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 108 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 2 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,660 Procedures (number) 16 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1 Time (days) 178 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.1 Enforcing contracts (rank) 155 Cost (% of income per capita) 630.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 871 Employing workers (rank) 152 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 42.4 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 89 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 56 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 30 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 74 Payments (number per year) 23 Time (hours per year) 201 Total tax rate (% of profit) 39.2 136 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business MALAWI Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 288 Ease of doing business (rank) 132 Low income Population (m) 14.3 Starting a business (rank) 128 Registering property (rank) 101 Trading across borders (rank) 172 Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 11 Time (days) 39 Time (days) 88 Time to export (days) 41 Cost (% of income per capita) 108.0 Cost (% of property value) 3.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,713 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 51 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 163 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,570 Procedures (number) 21 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 213 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 142 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,094.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 42 Time (days) 432 Employing workers (rank) 92 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 142.4 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 Closing a business (rank) 130 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 2.6 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 21 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 25 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 84 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 17.5 Paying taxes (rank) 24 Payments (number per year) 19 Time (hours per year) 157 Total tax rate (% of profit) 25.8 MALAYSIA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 6,967 Ease of doing business (rank) 23 Upper middle income Population (m) 27.0 Starting a business (rank) 88 Registering property (rank) 86 Trading across borders (rank) 35 Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 11 Time (days) 144 Time to export (days) 18 Cost (% of income per capita) 11.9 Cost (% of property value) 2.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 450 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 1 Time to import (days) 14 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 109 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 10 Cost to import (US$ per container) 450 Procedures (number) 25 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 261 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 48.5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 59 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 82.0 Procedures (number) 30 Time (days) 585 Employing workers (rank) 61 Protecting investors (rank) 4 Cost (% of claim) 27.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 10 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 9 Closing a business (rank) 57 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 2.3 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 8.7 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 75 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 38.6 Paying taxes (rank) 24 Payments (number per year) 12 Time (hours per year) 145 Total tax rate (% of profit) 34.2 MALDIVES South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 3,626 Ease of doing business (rank) 87 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.3 Starting a business (rank) 49 Registering property (rank) 183 Trading across borders (rank) 126 Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) NO PRACTICE Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 9 Time (days) NO PRACTICE Time to export (days) 21 Cost (% of income per capita) 10.0 Cost (% of property value) NO PRACTICE Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,348 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 4.0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 20 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,348 Procedures (number) 9 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 118 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 92 Cost (% of income per capita) 21.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 41 Time (days) 665 Employing workers (rank) 41 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 16.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 0 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 126 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 6.7 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 18 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 4 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 18.2 Paying taxes (rank) 1 Payments (number per year) 1 Time (hours per year) - Total tax rate (% of profit) 9.1 COUNTRY TABLES 137 MALI Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 579 Ease of doing business (rank) 156 Low income Population (m) 12.7 Starting a business (rank) 139 Registering property (rank) 99 Trading across borders (rank) 156 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 15 Time (days) 29 Time to export (days) 32 Cost (% of income per capita) 89.2 Cost (% of property value) 20.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,075 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 334.6 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 37 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 94 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,955 Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1 Time (days) 185 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 4.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 135 Cost (% of income per capita) 818.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 626 Employing workers (rank) 100 Protecting investors (rank) 147 Cost (% of claim) 52.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 117 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 3.6 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 31 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.7 Cost (% of estate) 18 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 31 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 20.9 Paying taxes (rank) 158 Payments (number per year) 58 Time (hours per year) 270 Total tax rate (% of profit) 52.1 MARSHALL ISLANDS East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 3,273 Ease of doing business (rank) 98 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.1 Starting a business (rank) 39 Registering property (rank) 183 Trading across borders (rank) 64 Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) NO PRACTICE Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 17 Time (days) NO PRACTICE Time to export (days) 21 Cost (% of income per capita) 16.2 Cost (% of property value) NO PRACTICE Cost to export (US$ per container) 945 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 33 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 945 Procedures (number) 10 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 55 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 63 Cost (% of income per capita) 33.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 476 Employing workers (rank) 4 Protecting investors (rank) 154 Cost (% of claim) 27.4 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 2 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 0 Closing a business (rank) 128 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 2.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 0 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.3 Cost (% of estate) 38 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 17.9 Paying taxes (rank) 93 Payments (number per year) 21 Time (hours per year) 128 Total tax rate (% of profit) 64.9 MAURITANIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 906 Ease of doing business (rank) 166 Low income Population (m) 3.2 Starting a business (rank) 149 Registering property (rank) 74 Trading across borders (rank) 163 Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 11 Time (days) 19 Time (days) 49 Time to export (days) 39 Cost (% of income per capita) 34.7 Cost (% of property value) 5.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,520 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 450.4 Documents to import (number) 11 Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 42 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 154 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,523 Procedures (number) 25 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1 Time (days) 201 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 83 Cost (% of income per capita) 506.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 46 Time (days) 370 Employing workers (rank) 125 Protecting investors (rank) 147 Cost (% of claim) 23.2 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 56 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 3 Closing a business (rank) 150 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 8.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 39 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.7 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 31 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 6.7 Paying taxes (rank) 175 Payments (number per year) 38 Time (hours per year) 696 Total tax rate (% of profit) 86.1 138 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business MAURITIUS Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 6,401 Ease of doing business (rank) 17 Upper middle income Population (m) 1.3 Starting a business (rank) 10 Registering property (rank) 66 Trading across borders (rank) 19 Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 6 Time (days) 26 Time to export (days) 14 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.1 Cost (% of property value) 10.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 737 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 14 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 42 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 689 Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 3 Time (days) 107 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 36.8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 66 Cost (% of income per capita) 35.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 720 Employing workers (rank) 36 Protecting investors (rank) 12 Cost (% of claim) 17.4 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 33 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 73 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 1.7 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 18 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 7.7 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 33.6 Paying taxes (rank) 12 Payments (number per year) 7 Time (hours per year) 161 Total tax rate (% of profit) 22.9 MEXICO Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 9,981 Ease of doing business (rank) 51 Upper middle income Population (m) 106.4 Starting a business (rank) 90 Registering property (rank) 99 Trading across borders (rank) 74 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 13 Time (days) 74 Time to export (days) 14 Cost (% of income per capita) 11.7 Cost (% of property value) 5.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,472 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 8.9 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 17 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 37 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,050 Procedures (number) 12 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 138 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 81 Cost (% of income per capita) 113.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 77.5 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 415 Employing workers (rank) 136 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 32.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 24 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 70 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 1.8 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 41 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 18 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 52 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 64.2 Paying taxes (rank) 106 Payments (number per year) 6 Time (hours per year) 517 Total tax rate (% of profit) 51.0 MICRONESIA, FED. STS. East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,338 Ease of doing business (rank) 127 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.1 Starting a business (rank) 79 Registering property (rank) 183 Trading across borders (rank) 98 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) NO PRACTICE Documents to export (number) 3 Time (days) 16 Time (days) NO PRACTICE Time to export (days) 30 Cost (% of income per capita) 136.9 Cost (% of property value) NO PRACTICE Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,295 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 30 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 11 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,295 Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 73 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 149 Cost (% of income per capita) 19.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 34 Time (days) 965 Employing workers (rank) 14 Protecting investors (rank) 172 Cost (% of claim) 66.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 0 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 0 Closing a business (rank) 154 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 5.3 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 2.7 Cost (% of estate) 38 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 3.5 Paying taxes (rank) 86 Payments (number per year) 21 Time (hours per year) 128 Total tax rate (% of profit) 58.7 COUNTRY TABLES 139 MOLDOVA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 1,469 Ease of doing business (rank) 94 Lower middle income Population (m) 3.6 Starting a business (rank) 77 Registering property (rank) 17 Trading across borders (rank) 140 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 10 Time (days) 5 Time to export (days) 32 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.9 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,815 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 11.4 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 35 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 161 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,945 Procedures (number) 30 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 292 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 22 Cost (% of income per capita) 120.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 31 Time (days) 365 Employing workers (rank) 141 Protecting investors (rank) 109 Cost (% of claim) 20.9 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 90 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 2.8 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 41 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.7 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 37 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.6 Paying taxes (rank) 101 Payments (number per year) 48 Time (hours per year) 228 Total tax rate (% of profit) 31.1 MONGOLIA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 1,676 Ease of doing business (rank) 60 Lower middle income Population (m) 2.6 Starting a business (rank) 78 Registering property (rank) 25 Trading across borders (rank) 155 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 13 Time (days) 11 Time to export (days) 46 Cost (% of income per capita) 3.0 Cost (% of property value) 2.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,131 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 44.0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 47 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 103 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,274 Procedures (number) 21 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 3 Time (days) 215 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 22.2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 36 Cost (% of income per capita) 61.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 32 Time (days) 314 Employing workers (rank) 44 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 30.6 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 110 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 4.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 17 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) 8 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 22.0 Paying taxes (rank) 69 Payments (number per year) 43 Time (hours per year) 192 Total tax rate (% of profit) 22.8 MONTENEGRO Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 6,440 Ease of doing business (rank) 71 Upper middle income Population (m) 0.6 Starting a business (rank) 85 Registering property (rank) 131 Trading across borders (rank) 47 Procedures (number) 12 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 13 Time (days) 86 Time to export (days) 14 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.6 Cost (% of property value) 3.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 775 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 14 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 160 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 890 Procedures (number) 19 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2 Time (days) 230 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 27.6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 133 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,086.0 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 49 Time (days) 545 Employing workers (rank) 46 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 25.7 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 44 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 2.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 13 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) 8 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 28 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 43.7 Paying taxes (rank) 145 Payments (number per year) 89 Time (hours per year) 372 Total tax rate (% of profit) 28.9 140 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business MOROCCO Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 2,579 Ease of doing business (rank) 128 Lower middle income Population (m) 31.2 Starting a business (rank) 76 Registering property (rank) 123 Trading across borders (rank) 72 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 12 Time (days) 47 Time to export (days) 14 Cost (% of income per capita) 16.1 Cost (% of property value) 4.9 Cost to export (US$ per container) 700 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 11.8 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 17 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 99 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,000 Procedures (number) 19 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 163 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 108 Cost (% of income per capita) 263.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 14.0 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 615 Employing workers (rank) 176 Protecting investors (rank) 165 Cost (% of claim) 25.2 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 89 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 67 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 1 Time (years) 1.8 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 60 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.0 Cost (% of estate) 18 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 85 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 35.1 Paying taxes (rank) 125 Payments (number per year) 28 Time (hours per year) 358 Total tax rate (% of profit) 41.7 MOZAMBIQUE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 373 Ease of doing business (rank) 135 Low income Population (m) 21.8 Starting a business (rank) 96 Registering property (rank) 151 Trading across borders (rank) 136 Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 26 Time (days) 42 Time to export (days) 23 Cost (% of income per capita) 19.3 Cost (% of property value) 11.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,100 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 127 Time to import (days) 30 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 159 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 2 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,475 Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 381 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 2.3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 129 Cost (% of income per capita) 632.0 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 30 Time (days) 730 Employing workers (rank) 156 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 142.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 67 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 33 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 136 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 5.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 40 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 134 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 15.2 Paying taxes (rank) 97 Payments (number per year) 37 Time (hours per year) 230 Total tax rate (% of profit) 34.3 NAMIBIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 4,200 Ease of doing business (rank) 66 Upper middle income Population (m) 2.1 Starting a business (rank) 123 Registering property (rank) 134 Trading across borders (rank) 151 Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 9 Documents to export (number) 11 Time (days) 66 Time (days) 23 Time to export (days) 29 Cost (% of income per capita) 20.4 Cost (% of property value) 9.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,686 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 24 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 38 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,813 Procedures (number) 12 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 139 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 41 Cost (% of income per capita) 124.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 57.7 Procedures (number) 33 Time (days) 270 Employing workers (rank) 43 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 35.8 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 55 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 1.5 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 13 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 24 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 39.5 Paying taxes (rank) 97 Payments (number per year) 37 Time (hours per year) 375 Total tax rate (% of profit) 9.6 COUNTRY TABLES 141 NEPAL South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 404 Ease of doing business (rank) 123 Low income Population (m) 28.6 Starting a business (rank) 87 Registering property (rank) 26 Trading across borders (rank) 161 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 9 Time (days) 31 Time (days) 5 Time to export (days) 41 Cost (% of income per capita) 53.6 Cost (% of property value) 4.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,764 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 35 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 131 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,825 Procedures (number) 15 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2 Time (days) 424 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 122 Cost (% of income per capita) 221.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.3 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 735 Employing workers (rank) 148 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 26.8 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 67 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 105 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 70 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 5.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 46 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 90 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 24.5 Paying taxes (rank) 124 Payments (number per year) 34 Time (hours per year) 338 Total tax rate (% of profit) 38.8 NETHERLANDS OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 50,150 Ease of doing business (rank) 30 High income Population (m) 16.4 Starting a business (rank) 70 Registering property (rank) 29 Trading across borders (rank) 13 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 2 Documents to export (number) 4 Time (days) 10 Time (days) 5 Time to export (days) 6 Cost (% of income per capita) 5.6 Cost (% of property value) 6.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 895 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 49.4 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 6 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 104 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 942 Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 230 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 30 Cost (% of income per capita) 107.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 83.5 Procedures (number) 25 Time (days) 514 Employing workers (rank) 123 Protecting investors (rank) 109 Cost (% of claim) 24.4 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 10 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 70 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 1.1 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 42 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.7 Cost (% of estate) 4 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 17 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 82.7 Paying taxes (rank) 33 Payments (number per year) 9 Time (hours per year) 164 Total tax rate (% of profit) 39.3 NEW ZEALAND OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 27,936 Ease of doing business (rank) 2 High income Population (m) 4.3 Starting a business (rank) 1 Registering property (rank) 3 Trading across borders (rank) 26 Procedures (number) 1 Procedures (number) 2 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 1 Time (days) 2 Time to export (days) 10 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.4 Cost (% of property value) 0.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 868 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 9 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 850 Procedures (number) 7 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 65 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 10 Cost (% of income per capita) 37.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Procedures (number) 30 Time (days) 216 Employing workers (rank) 15 Protecting investors (rank) 1 Cost (% of claim) 22.4 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 10 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 9 Closing a business (rank) 17 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 10 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 10 Time (years) 1.3 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 9.7 Cost (% of estate) 4 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 76.2 Paying taxes (rank) 9 Payments (number per year) 8 Time (hours per year) 70 Total tax rate (% of profit) 32.8 142 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business NICARAGUA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 1,079 Ease of doing business (rank) 117 Lower middle income Population (m) 5.7 Starting a business (rank) 95 Registering property (rank) 143 Trading across borders (rank) 99 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 39 Time (days) 124 Time to export (days) 29 Cost (% of income per capita) 111.7 Cost (% of property value) 3.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,340 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 29 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 138 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,420 Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 219 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 16.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 67 Cost (% of income per capita) 719.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 28.4 Procedures (number) 35 Time (days) 540 Employing workers (rank) 84 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 26.8 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 60 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 70 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 2.2 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 27 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 22 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 34.3 Paying taxes (rank) 165 Payments (number per year) 64 Time (hours per year) 240 Total tax rate (% of profit) 63.2 NIGER Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 329 Ease of doing business (rank) 174 Low income Population (m) 14.7 Starting a business (rank) 157 Registering property (rank) 85 Trading across borders (rank) 173 Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 17 Time (days) 35 Time to export (days) 59 Cost (% of income per capita) 118.7 Cost (% of property value) 11.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 3,545 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 613.7 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 64 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 166 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 3,545 Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1 Time (days) 265 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 138 Cost (% of income per capita) 2,355.0 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 545 Employing workers (rank) 173 Protecting investors (rank) 154 Cost (% of claim) 59.6 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 100 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 53 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 141 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 5.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 68 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.3 Cost (% of estate) 18 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 35 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 14.0 Paying taxes (rank) 141 Payments (number per year) 41 Time (hours per year) 270 Total tax rate (% of profit) 46.5 NIGERIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,161 Ease of doing business (rank) 125 Lower middle income Population (m) 151.3 Starting a business (rank) 108 Registering property (rank) 178 Trading across borders (rank) 146 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 13 Documents to export (number) 10 Time (days) 31 Time (days) 82 Time to export (days) 25 Cost (% of income per capita) 76.7 Cost (% of property value) 20.9 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,263 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 41 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 162 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,440 Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 350 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 94 Cost (% of income per capita) 573.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 457 Employing workers (rank) 37 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 32.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 Closing a business (rank) 94 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 2.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 22 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 50 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.0 Paying taxes (rank) 132 Payments (number per year) 35 Time (hours per year) 938 Total tax rate (% of profit) 32.2 COUNTRY TABLES 143 NORWAY OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 87,067 Ease of doing business (rank) 10 High income Population (m) 4.8 Starting a business (rank) 35 Registering property (rank) 8 Trading across borders (rank) 9 Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 1 Documents to export (number) 4 Time (days) 7 Time (days) 3 Time to export (days) 7 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.9 Cost (% of property value) 2.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 830 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 18.7 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 7 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 65 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 729 Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 252 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 4 Cost (% of income per capita) 41.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Procedures (number) 33 Time (days) 280 Employing workers (rank) 114 Protecting investors (rank) 20 Cost (% of claim) 9.9 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 61 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 3 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 0.9 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 44 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.7 Cost (% of estate) 1 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 89.0 Paying taxes (rank) 17 Payments (number per year) 4 Time (hours per year) 87 Total tax rate (% of profit) 41.6 OMAN Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 18,988 Ease of doing business (rank) 65 High income Population (m) 2.8 Starting a business (rank) 62 Registering property (rank) 20 Trading across borders (rank) 123 Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 2 Documents to export (number) 10 Time (days) 12 Time (days) 16 Time to export (days) 22 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.2 Cost (% of property value) 3.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 821 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 273.6 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 127 Time to import (days) 26 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 130 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,037 Procedures (number) 16 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2 Time (days) 242 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 17.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 106 Cost (% of income per capita) 427.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 51 Time (days) 598 Employing workers (rank) 21 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 13.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 66 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 Time (years) 4.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 13 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 4 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 35.1 Paying taxes (rank) 8 Payments (number per year) 14 Time (hours per year) 62 Total tax rate (% of profit) 21.6 PAKISTAN South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 981 Ease of doing business (rank) 85 Lower middle income Population (m) 166.0 Starting a business (rank) 63 Registering property (rank) 119 Trading across borders (rank) 78 Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 9 Time (days) 20 Time (days) 50 Time to export (days) 22 Cost (% of income per capita) 5.8 Cost (% of property value) 7.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 611 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 18 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 105 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 680 Procedures (number) 12 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 223 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 5.6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 158 Cost (% of income per capita) 716.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 1.5 Procedures (number) 47 Time (days) 976 Employing workers (rank) 146 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 23.8 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 78 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 56 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 2.8 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 43 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) 4 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 90 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 39.2 Paying taxes (rank) 143 Payments (number per year) 47 Time (hours per year) 560 Total tax rate (% of profit) 31.6 144 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business PALAU East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 8,646 Ease of doing business (rank) 97 Upper middle income Population (m) 0.02 Starting a business (rank) 103 Registering property (rank) 18 Trading across borders (rank) 124 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 28 Time (days) 14 Time to export (days) 29 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.3 Cost (% of property value) 0.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,190 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 11.6 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 183 Time to import (days) 33 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 54 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 0 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,132 Procedures (number) 25 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 118 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 144 Cost (% of income per capita) 5.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 885 Employing workers (rank) 8 Protecting investors (rank) 172 Cost (% of claim) 35.3 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 0 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 0 Closing a business (rank) 59 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 1.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 4 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 2.7 Cost (% of estate) 23 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 38.2 Paying taxes (rank) 91 Payments (number per year) 19 Time (hours per year) 128 Total tax rate (% of profit) 73.0 PANAMA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 6,178 Ease of doing business (rank) 77 Upper middle income Population (m) 3.4 Starting a business (rank) 27 Registering property (rank) 65 Trading across borders (rank) 10 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 3 Time (days) 12 Time (days) 32 Time to export (days) 9 Cost (% of income per capita) 10.3 Cost (% of property value) 2.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 729 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 9 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 68 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 879 Procedures (number) 20 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 116 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 119 Cost (% of income per capita) 107.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 45.9 Procedures (number) 31 Time (days) 686 Employing workers (rank) 177 Protecting investors (rank) 109 Cost (% of claim) 50.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 78 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 1 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 60 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 75 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 60 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 2.5 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 66 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.7 Cost (% of estate) 18 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 44 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 32.4 Paying taxes (rank) 173 Payments (number per year) 59 Time (hours per year) 482 Total tax rate (% of profit) 50.1 PAPUA NEW GUINEA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 1,009 Ease of doing business (rank) 102 Lower middle income Population (m) 6.4 Starting a business (rank) 104 Registering property (rank) 83 Trading across borders (rank) 89 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 56 Time (days) 72 Time to export (days) 26 Cost (% of income per capita) 20.5 Cost (% of property value) 5.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 664 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 29 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 121 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 722 Procedures (number) 24 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 217 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 162 Cost (% of income per capita) 82.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 42 Time (days) 591 Employing workers (rank) 26 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 110.3 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 104 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 3.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 4 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 23 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 39 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 24.7 Paying taxes (rank) 96 Payments (number per year) 33 Time (hours per year) 194 Total tax rate (% of profit) 42.3 COUNTRY TABLES 145 PARAGUAY Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 2,180 Ease of doing business (rank) 124 Lower middle income Population (m) 6.2 Starting a business (rank) 100 Registering property (rank) 79 Trading across borders (rank) 152 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 35 Time (days) 46 Time to export (days) 33 Cost (% of income per capita) 56.7 Cost (% of property value) 3.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,440 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 33 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 106 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,750 Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 291 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 10.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 104 Cost (% of income per capita) 298.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 47.4 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 591 Employing workers (rank) 179 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 30.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 56 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 53 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 119 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 60 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 3.9 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 56 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 99 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 20.7 Paying taxes (rank) 110 Payments (number per year) 35 Time (hours per year) 328 Total tax rate (% of profit) 35.0 PERU Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 3,987 Ease of doing business (rank) 56 Upper middle income Population (m) 28.8 Starting a business (rank) 112 Registering property (rank) 28 Trading across borders (rank) 91 Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 41 Time (days) 14 Time to export (days) 23 Cost (% of income per capita) 24.5 Cost (% of property value) 3.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 875 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 24 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 116 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 895 Procedures (number) 21 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 205 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 23.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 114 Cost (% of income per capita) 130.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 31.8 Procedures (number) 41 Time (days) 428 Employing workers (rank) 112 Protecting investors (rank) 20 Cost (% of claim) 35.7 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 99 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 60 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 3.1 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 39 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.7 Cost (% of estate) 7 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 17 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 25.4 Paying taxes (rank) 87 Payments (number per year) 9 Time (hours per year) 380 Total tax rate (% of profit) 40.3 PHILIPPINES East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 1,886 Ease of doing business (rank) 144 Lower middle income Population (m) 90.3 Starting a business (rank) 162 Registering property (rank) 102 Trading across borders (rank) 68 Procedures (number) 15 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 52 Time (days) 33 Time to export (days) 16 Cost (% of income per capita) 28.2 Cost (% of property value) 4.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 816 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 5.5 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 127 Time to import (days) 16 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 111 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 819 Procedures (number) 24 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 3 Time (days) 203 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 118 Cost (% of income per capita) 81.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 6.1 Procedures (number) 37 Time (days) 842 Employing workers (rank) 115 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 26.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 56 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 2 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 153 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 5.7 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 29 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) 38 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 91 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 4.4 Paying taxes (rank) 135 Payments (number per year) 47 Time (hours per year) 195 Total tax rate (% of profit) 49.4 146 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business POLAND Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 11,883 Ease of doing business (rank) 72 Upper middle income Population (m) 38.1 Starting a business (rank) 117 Registering property (rank) 88 Trading across borders (rank) 42 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 32 Time (days) 197 Time to export (days) 17 Cost (% of income per capita) 17.9 Cost (% of property value) 0.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 884 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 15.3 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 25 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 164 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 884 Procedures (number) 30 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 308 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 75 Cost (% of income per capita) 124.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 68.3 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 830 Employing workers (rank) 76 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 12.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 33 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 85 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 3.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 25 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 20 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 29.8 Paying taxes (rank) 151 Payments (number per year) 40 Time (hours per year) 395 Total tax rate (% of profit) 42.5 PORTUGAL OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 20,556 Ease of doing business (rank) 48 High income Population (m) 10.6 Starting a business (rank) 60 Registering property (rank) 52 Trading across borders (rank) 19 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 4 Time (days) 6 Time (days) 12 Time to export (days) 16 Cost (% of income per capita) 6.4 Cost (% of property value) 7.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 685 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 33.5 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 15 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 111 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 999 Procedures (number) 19 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 287 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 81.3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 25 Cost (% of income per capita) 52.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 16.4 Procedures (number) 31 Time (days) 547 Employing workers (rank) 171 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 13.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 47 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 22 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 2.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 43 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 97 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 69.4 Paying taxes (rank) 80 Payments (number per year) 8 Time (hours per year) 328 Total tax rate (% of profit) 42.9 PUERTO RICO Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 15,630 Ease of doing business (rank) 35 High income Population (m) 4.0 Starting a business (rank) 15 Registering property (rank) 124 Trading across borders (rank) 105 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 7 Time (days) 194 Time to export (days) 15 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.7 Cost (% of property value) 1.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,250 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 16 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 148 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,250 Procedures (number) 22 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 209 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 97 Cost (% of income per capita) 506.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 73.8 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 620 Employing workers (rank) 22 Protecting investors (rank) 16 Cost (% of claim) 24.3 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 30 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 3.8 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 14 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 7.0 Cost (% of estate) 8 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 55.2 Paying taxes (rank) 104 Payments (number per year) 16 Time (hours per year) 218 Total tax rate (% of profit) 64.7 COUNTRY TABLES 147 QATAR Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 93,204 Ease of doing business (rank) 39 High income Population (m) 1.3 Starting a business (rank) 68 Registering property (rank) 55 Trading across borders (rank) 41 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 10 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 6 Time (days) 16 Time to export (days) 21 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.1 Cost (% of property value) 0.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 735 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 59.0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 20 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 28 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 657 Procedures (number) 19 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2 Time (days) 76 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 95 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 43 Time (days) 570 Employing workers (rank) 68 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 21.6 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 33 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 2.8 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 13 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 22 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 69 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 52.7 Paying taxes (rank) 2 Payments (number per year) 1 Time (hours per year) 36 Total tax rate (% of profit) 11.3 ROMANIA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 7,928 Ease of doing business (rank) 55 Upper middle income Population (m) 21.5 Starting a business (rank) 42 Registering property (rank) 92 Trading across borders (rank) 46 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 10 Time (days) 48 Time to export (days) 12 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.9 Cost (% of property value) 1.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,275 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.9 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 13 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 91 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,175 Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 243 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 5.7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 55 Cost (% of income per capita) 87.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 30.2 Procedures (number) 31 Time (days) 512 Employing workers (rank) 113 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 28.9 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 67 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 9 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 91 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 3.3 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 46 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) 11 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.5 Paying taxes (rank) 149 Payments (number per year) 113 Time (hours per year) 202 Total tax rate (% of profit) 44.6 RUSSIAN FEDERATION Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 9,623 Ease of doing business (rank) 120 Upper middle income Population (m) 141.8 Starting a business (rank) 106 Registering property (rank) 45 Trading across borders (rank) 162 Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 30 Time (days) 43 Time to export (days) 36 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.7 Cost (% of property value) 0.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,850 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 1.8 Documents to import (number) 13 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 36 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 182 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,850 Procedures (number) 54 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 704 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 19 Cost (% of income per capita) 2,140.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 14.3 Procedures (number) 37 Time (days) 281 Employing workers (rank) 109 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 13.4 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 92 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 3.8 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 38 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 17 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.2 Paying taxes (rank) 103 Payments (number per year) 11 Time (hours per year) 320 Total tax rate (% of profit) 48.3 148 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business RWANDA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 407 Ease of doing business (rank) 67 Low income Population (m) 9.7 Starting a business (rank) 11 Registering property (rank) 38 Trading across borders (rank) 170 Procedures (number) 2 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 9 Time (days) 3 Time (days) 60 Time to export (days) 38 Cost (% of income per capita) 10.1 Cost (% of property value) 0.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 3,275 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 35 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 89 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 5,070 Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2 Time (days) 210 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 40 Cost (% of income per capita) 456.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 24 Time (days) 260 Employing workers (rank) 30 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 78.7 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 9 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 10 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 26 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 60 Payments (number per year) 34 Time (hours per year) 160 Total tax rate (% of profit) 31.3 SAMOA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,778 Ease of doing business (rank) 57 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.2 Starting a business (rank) 20 Registering property (rank) 81 Trading across borders (rank) 88 Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 9 Time (days) 147 Time to export (days) 27 Cost (% of income per capita) 9.9 Cost (% of property value) 1.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 820 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 127 Time to import (days) 31 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 48 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 848 Procedures (number) 18 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 88 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 83 Cost (% of income per capita) 79.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 44 Time (days) 455 Employing workers (rank) 18 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 19.7 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 139 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 2.5 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 8 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) 38 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 14.3 Paying taxes (rank) 67 Payments (number per year) 37 Time (hours per year) 224 Total tax rate (% of profit) 18.9 SÃO TOMÉ AND PRINCIPE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,020 Ease of doing business (rank) 180 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.2 Starting a business (rank) 140 Registering property (rank) 156 Trading across borders (rank) 90 Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 144 Time (days) 62 Time to export (days) 27 Cost (% of income per capita) 81.7 Cost (% of property value) 10.9 Cost to export (US$ per container) 690 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 167 Time to import (days) 29 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 116 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 577 Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 255 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 179 Cost (% of income per capita) 631.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 43 Time (days) 1,185 Employing workers (rank) 180 Protecting investors (rank) 154 Cost (% of claim) 50.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 50 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 67 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 60 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 59 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.3 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 91 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 160 Payments (number per year) 42 Time (hours per year) 424 Total tax rate (% of profit) 47.2 COUNTRY TABLES 149 SAUDI ARABIA Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 19,345 Ease of doing business (rank) 13 High income Population (m) 24.6 Starting a business (rank) 13 Registering property (rank) 1 Trading across borders (rank) 23 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 2 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 5 Time (days) 2 Time to export (days) 17 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.7 Cost (% of property value) 0.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 681 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 61 Time to import (days) 18 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 33 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 678 Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 94 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 140 Cost (% of income per capita) 32.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 17.9 Procedures (number) 43 Time (days) 635 Employing workers (rank) 73 Protecting investors (rank) 16 Cost (% of claim) 27.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 9 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 60 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 1.5 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 13 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 7.0 Cost (% of estate) 22 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 80 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 37.5 Paying taxes (rank) 7 Payments (number per year) 14 Time (hours per year) 79 Total tax rate (% of profit) 14.5 SENEGAL Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 968 Ease of doing business (rank) 157 Low income Population (m) 12.2 Starting a business (rank) 102 Registering property (rank) 166 Trading across borders (rank) 57 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 8 Time (days) 124 Time to export (days) 11 Cost (% of income per capita) 63.7 Cost (% of property value) 20.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,098 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 206.9 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 14 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 124 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,940 Procedures (number) 16 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1 Time (days) 220 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 4.4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 151 Cost (% of income per capita) 463.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 44 Time (days) 780 Employing workers (rank) 172 Protecting investors (rank) 165 Cost (% of claim) 26.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 72 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 53 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 80 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 Time (years) 3.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 59 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.0 Cost (% of estate) 7 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 38 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 31.6 Paying taxes (rank) 172 Payments (number per year) 59 Time (hours per year) 666 Total tax rate (% of profit) 46.0 SERBIA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 5,705 Ease of doing business (rank) 88 Upper middle income Population (m) 7.3 Starting a business (rank) 73 Registering property (rank) 105 Trading across borders (rank) 69 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 13 Time (days) 111 Time to export (days) 12 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.1 Cost (% of property value) 2.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,398 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 6.1 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 14 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 174 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,559 Procedures (number) 20 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 279 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 97 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,907.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 94.2 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 635 Employing workers (rank) 94 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 28.9 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 78 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 7 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 102 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 2.7 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 35 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 23 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 25 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 25.4 Paying taxes (rank) 137 Payments (number per year) 66 Time (hours per year) 279 Total tax rate (% of profit) 34.0 150 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business SEYCHELLES Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 10,292 Ease of doing business (rank) 111 Upper middle income Population (m) 0.1 Starting a business (rank) 81 Registering property (rank) 59 Trading across borders (rank) 93 Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 38 Time (days) 33 Time to export (days) 17 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.3 Cost (% of property value) 7.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,839 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 19 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 56 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,839 Procedures (number) 19 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 144 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 70 Cost (% of income per capita) 30.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 720 Employing workers (rank) 130 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 14.3 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 36 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 39 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 34 Payments (number per year) 16 Time (hours per year) 76 Total tax rate (% of profit) 44.1 SIERRA LEONE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 321 Ease of doing business (rank) 148 Low income Population (m) 5.6 Starting a business (rank) 58 Registering property (rank) 175 Trading across borders (rank) 137 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 12 Time (days) 236 Time to export (days) 26 Cost (% of income per capita) 118.8 Cost (% of property value) 12.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,573 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 127 Time to import (days) 31 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 171 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,639 Procedures (number) 25 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 283 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 144 Cost (% of income per capita) 368.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 515 Employing workers (rank) 166 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 149.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 Closing a business (rank) 147 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 2.6 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 41 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) 42 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 189 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 8.5 Paying taxes (rank) 160 Payments (number per year) 29 Time (hours per year) 357 Total tax rate (% of profit) 235.6 SINGAPORE East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 34,762 Ease of doing business (rank) 1 High income Population (m) 4.8 Starting a business (rank) 4 Registering property (rank) 16 Trading across borders (rank) 1 Procedures (number) 3 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 4 Time (days) 3 Time (days) 5 Time to export (days) 5 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.7 Cost (% of property value) 2.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 456 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 3 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 2 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 10 Cost to import (US$ per container) 439 Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 25 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 13 Cost (% of income per capita) 19.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 40.3 Procedures (number) 21 Time (days) 150 Employing workers (rank) 1 Protecting investors (rank) 2 Cost (% of claim) 25.8 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 10 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 9 Closing a business (rank) 2 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 0.8 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 0 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 9.3 Cost (% of estate) 1 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 91.3 Paying taxes (rank) 5 Payments (number per year) 5 Time (hours per year) 84 Total tax rate (% of profit) 27.8 COUNTRY TABLES 151 SLOVAK REPUBLIC OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 14,541 Ease of doing business (rank) 42 High income Population (m) 5.4 Starting a business (rank) 66 Registering property (rank) 11 Trading across borders (rank) 113 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 16 Time (days) 17 Time to export (days) 20 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,445 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 23.8 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 25 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 56 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,445 Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 287 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 1.4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 61 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 44.0 Procedures (number) 30 Time (days) 565 Employing workers (rank) 81 Protecting investors (rank) 109 Cost (% of claim) 30.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 39 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 4.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 22 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.7 Cost (% of estate) 18 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 26 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 45.9 Paying taxes (rank) 120 Payments (number per year) 31 Time (hours per year) 257 Total tax rate (% of profit) 48.6 SLOVENIA Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 24,013 Ease of doing business (rank) 53 High income Population (m) 2.0 Starting a business (rank) 26 Registering property (rank) 108 Trading across borders (rank) 84 Procedures (number) 3 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 6 Time (days) 391 Time to export (days) 20 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.0 Cost (% of property value) 2.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,075 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 43.3 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 21 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 59 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,130 Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2 Time (days) 197 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 2.7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 60 Cost (% of income per capita) 79.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 32 Time (days) 1,290 Employing workers (rank) 162 Protecting investors (rank) 20 Cost (% of claim) 12.7 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 78 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 53 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 9 Closing a business (rank) 40 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 2.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 54 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.7 Cost (% of estate) 8 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 37 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 45.5 Paying taxes (rank) 84 Payments (number per year) 22 Time (hours per year) 260 Total tax rate (% of profit) 37.5 SOLOMON ISLANDS East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 1,180 Ease of doing business (rank) 104 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.5 Starting a business (rank) 111 Registering property (rank) 172 Trading across borders (rank) 82 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 10 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 57 Time (days) 297 Time to export (days) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 52.7 Cost (% of property value) 4.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,023 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 167 Time to import (days) 21 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 40 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,237 Procedures (number) 12 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 62 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 108 Cost (% of income per capita) 504.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 37 Time (days) 455 Employing workers (rank) 65 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 78.9 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 Closing a business (rank) 107 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 1.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 14 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 38 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 44 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 23.6 Paying taxes (rank) 48 Payments (number per year) 33 Time (hours per year) 80 Total tax rate (% of profit) 36.3 152 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business SOUTH AFRICA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 5,819 Ease of doing business (rank) 34 Upper middle income Population (m) 48.7 Starting a business (rank) 67 Registering property (rank) 90 Trading across borders (rank) 148 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 22 Time (days) 24 Time to export (days) 30 Cost (% of income per capita) 5.9 Cost (% of property value) 8.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,531 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 2 Time to import (days) 35 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 52 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,807 Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 174 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 85 Cost (% of income per capita) 24.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 54.7 Procedures (number) 30 Time (days) 600 Employing workers (rank) 102 Protecting investors (rank) 10 Cost (% of claim) 33.2 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 56 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 76 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 2.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 35 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 8.0 Cost (% of estate) 18 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 24 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 32.2 Paying taxes (rank) 23 Payments (number per year) 9 Time (hours per year) 200 Total tax rate (% of profit) 30.2 SPAIN OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 31,963 Ease of doing business (rank) 62 High income Population (m) 45.6 Starting a business (rank) 146 Registering property (rank) 48 Trading across borders (rank) 59 Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 47 Time (days) 18 Time to export (days) 9 Cost (% of income per capita) 15.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,221 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 12.8 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 10 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 53 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,221 Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 233 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 45.3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 52 Cost (% of income per capita) 60.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 7.6 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 515 Employing workers (rank) 157 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 17.2 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 78 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 19 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 1.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 49 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 56 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 73.2 Paying taxes (rank) 78 Payments (number per year) 8 Time (hours per year) 213 Total tax rate (% of profit) 56.9 SRI LANKA South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 1,788 Ease of doing business (rank) 105 Lower middle income Population (m) 20.0 Starting a business (rank) 41 Registering property (rank) 148 Trading across borders (rank) 65 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 38 Time (days) 83 Time to export (days) 21 Cost (% of income per capita) 5.9 Cost (% of property value) 5.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 715 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 20 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 168 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 745 Procedures (number) 22 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 214 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 137 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,458.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 14.3 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 1,318 Employing workers (rank) 96 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 22.8 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 45 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 60 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 1.7 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 20 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 5 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 217 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 43.4 Paying taxes (rank) 166 Payments (number per year) 62 Time (hours per year) 256 Total tax rate (% of profit) 63.7 COUNTRY TABLES 153 ST. KITTS AND NEVIS Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 10,961 Ease of doing business (rank) 76 Upper middle income Population (m) 0.05 Starting a business (rank) 86 Registering property (rank) 153 Trading across borders (rank) 53 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 45 Time (days) 81 Time to export (days) 12 Cost (% of income per capita) 11.9 Cost (% of property value) 13.3 Cost to export (US$ per container) 850 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 13 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,138 Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 67 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 114 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 47 Time (days) 578 Employing workers (rank) 19 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 20.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 10 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 100 Payments (number per year) 24 Time (hours per year) 155 Total tax rate (% of profit) 52.7 ST. LUCIA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 5,530 Ease of doing business (rank) 36 Upper middle income Population (m) 0.2 Starting a business (rank) 36 Registering property (rank) 76 Trading across borders (rank) 103 Procedures (number) 5 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 14 Time (days) 16 Time to export (days) 14 Cost (% of income per capita) 21.8 Cost (% of property value) 7.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,600 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 18 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 12 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,645 Procedures (number) 9 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 139 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 165 Cost (% of income per capita) 29.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 47 Time (days) 635 Employing workers (rank) 20 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 37.3 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 47 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 2.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 0 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 56 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 42.9 Paying taxes (rank) 40 Payments (number per year) 32 Time (hours per year) 92 Total tax rate (% of profit) 34.4 ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 5,141 Ease of doing business (rank) 70 Upper middle income Population (m) 0.1 Starting a business (rank) 45 Registering property (rank) 137 Trading across borders (rank) 52 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 11 Time (days) 38 Time to export (days) 12 Cost (% of income per capita) 21.0 Cost (% of property value) 11.9 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,290 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 11 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,290 Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 74 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 102 Cost (% of income per capita) 6.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 45 Time (days) 394 Employing workers (rank) 57 Protecting investors (rank) 27 Cost (% of claim) 30.3 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 8 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.3 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 54 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 62 Payments (number per year) 32 Time (hours per year) 117 Total tax rate (% of profit) 41.0 154 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business SUDAN Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,125 Ease of doing business (rank) 154 Lower middle income Population (m) 41.3 Starting a business (rank) 118 Registering property (rank) 37 Trading across borders (rank) 142 Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 36 Time (days) 9 Time to export (days) 32 Cost (% of income per capita) 36.0 Cost (% of property value) 3.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,050 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 46 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 139 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,900 Procedures (number) 19 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 271 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 146 Cost (% of income per capita) 206.4 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 53 Time (days) 810 Employing workers (rank) 153 Protecting investors (rank) 154 Cost (% of claim) 19.8 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 39 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 0 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 36 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.3 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 118 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 94 Payments (number per year) 42 Time (hours per year) 180 Total tax rate (% of profit) 36.1 SURINAME Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 4,990 Ease of doing business (rank) 155 Upper middle income Population (m) 0.5 Starting a business (rank) 171 Registering property (rank) 168 Trading across borders (rank) 101 Procedures (number) 13 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 694 Time (days) 197 Time to export (days) 25 Cost (% of income per capita) 112.8 Cost (% of property value) 13.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 975 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.7 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 25 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 97 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 885 Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 431 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 178 Cost (% of income per capita) 95.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 44 Time (days) 1,715 Employing workers (rank) 70 Protecting investors (rank) 180 Cost (% of claim) 37.1 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 1 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 0 Closing a business (rank) 149 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 5.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 21 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 2.0 Cost (% of estate) 30 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 26 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 8.1 Paying taxes (rank) 32 Payments (number per year) 17 Time (hours per year) 199 Total tax rate (% of profit) 27.9 SWAZILAND Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 2,522 Ease of doing business (rank) 115 Lower middle income Population (m) 1.2 Starting a business (rank) 158 Registering property (rank) 158 Trading across borders (rank) 158 Procedures (number) 13 Procedures (number) 11 Documents to export (number) 9 Time (days) 61 Time (days) 46 Time to export (days) 21 Cost (% of income per capita) 33.9 Cost (% of property value) 7.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,184 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.5 Documents to import (number) 11 Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 33 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 24 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 6 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,249 Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 93 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 130 Cost (% of income per capita) 91.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 42.3 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 972 Employing workers (rank) 55 Protecting investors (rank) 180 Cost (% of claim) 23.1 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 0 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 68 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 2.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 2.0 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 53 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 34.9 Paying taxes (rank) 53 Payments (number per year) 33 Time (hours per year) 104 Total tax rate (% of profit) 36.6 COUNTRY TABLES 155 SWEDEN OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 50,943 Ease of doing business (rank) 18 High income Population (m) 9.2 Starting a business (rank) 43 Registering property (rank) 20 Trading across borders (rank) 7 Procedures (number) 3 Procedures (number) 2 Documents to export (number) 4 Time (days) 15 Time (days) 15 Time to export (days) 8 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.6 Cost (% of property value) 3.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 697 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 28.5 Documents to import (number) 3 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 6 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 19 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 735 Procedures (number) 8 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 116 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 51 Cost (% of income per capita) 103.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Procedures (number) 30 Time (days) 508 Employing workers (rank) 117 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 31.2 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 18 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 2.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 38 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 26 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 75.1 Paying taxes (rank) 42 Payments (number per year) 2 Time (hours per year) 122 Total tax rate (% of profit) 54.6 SWITZERLAND OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 65,334 Ease of doing business (rank) 21 High income Population (m) 7.6 Starting a business (rank) 71 Registering property (rank) 15 Trading across borders (rank) 39 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 4 Time (days) 20 Time (days) 16 Time to export (days) 8 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,537 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 26.4 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 15 Time to import (days) 9 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 35 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,540 Procedures (number) 14 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 154 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 29 Cost (% of income per capita) 49.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 22.5 Procedures (number) 31 Time (days) 417 Employing workers (rank) 16 Protecting investors (rank) 165 Cost (% of claim) 24.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 0 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 38 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 3.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.0 Cost (% of estate) 4 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 46.8 Paying taxes (rank) 21 Payments (number per year) 24 Time (hours per year) 63 Total tax rate (% of profit) 29.7 SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 2,094 Ease of doing business (rank) 143 Lower middle income Population (m) 21.2 Starting a business (rank) 133 Registering property (rank) 82 Trading across borders (rank) 118 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 17 Time (days) 19 Time to export (days) 15 Cost (% of income per capita) 27.8 Cost (% of property value) 28.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,190 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 1,012.5 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 181 Time to import (days) 21 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 132 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 1 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,625 Procedures (number) 26 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 128 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 176 Cost (% of income per capita) 540.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 55 Time (days) 872 Employing workers (rank) 91 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 29.3 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 87 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 Time (years) 4.1 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 20 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 80 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 29.5 Paying taxes (rank) 105 Payments (number per year) 20 Time (hours per year) 336 Total tax rate (% of profit) 42.9 156 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business TAIWAN, CHINA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 17,273 Ease of doing business (rank) 46 High income Population (m) 22.7 Starting a business (rank) 29 Registering property (rank) 30 Trading across borders (rank) 33 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 3 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 23 Time (days) 5 Time to export (days) 13 Cost (% of income per capita) 3.9 Cost (% of property value) 6.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 720 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 12 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 97 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 732 Procedures (number) 28 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 142 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 90 Cost (% of income per capita) 96.2 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 63.2 Procedures (number) 47 Time (days) 510 Employing workers (rank) 153 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 17.7 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 78 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 11 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 1.9 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 46 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 4 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 91 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 80.9 Paying taxes (rank) 92 Payments (number per year) 18 Time (hours per year) 281 Total tax rate (% of profit) 40.4 TAJIKISTAN Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 596 Ease of doing business (rank) 152 Low income Population (m) 6.8 Starting a business (rank) 143 Registering property (rank) 78 Trading across borders (rank) 179 Procedures (number) 12 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 10 Time (days) 25 Time (days) 37 Time to export (days) 82 Cost (% of income per capita) 24.3 Cost (% of property value) 4.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 3,150 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 9.9 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 167 Time to import (days) 83 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 177 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 4,550 Procedures (number) 32 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 250 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 39 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,022.9 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 34 Time (days) 430 Employing workers (rank) 143 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 25.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 73 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 100 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 3.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 49 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 30 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 25.4 Paying taxes (rank) 162 Payments (number per year) 54 Time (hours per year) 224 Total tax rate (% of profit) 85.9 TANZANIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 432 Ease of doing business (rank) 131 Low income Population (m) 42.5 Starting a business (rank) 120 Registering property (rank) 145 Trading across borders (rank) 108 Procedures (number) 12 Procedures (number) 9 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 29 Time (days) 73 Time to export (days) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 36.8 Cost (% of property value) 4.4 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,262 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 31 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 178 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,475 Procedures (number) 22 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 328 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 31 Cost (% of income per capita) 3,281.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 462 Employing workers (rank) 131 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 14.3 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 100 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 113 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 3.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 54 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 22 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 18 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 21.3 Paying taxes (rank) 119 Payments (number per year) 48 Time (hours per year) 172 Total tax rate (% of profit) 45.2 COUNTRY TABLES 157 THAILAND East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,844 Ease of doing business (rank) 12 Lower middle income Population (m) 67.4 Starting a business (rank) 55 Registering property (rank) 6 Trading across borders (rank) 12 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 2 Documents to export (number) 4 Time (days) 32 Time (days) 2 Time to export (days) 14 Cost (% of income per capita) 6.3 Cost (% of property value) 1.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 625 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 3 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 13 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 13 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 795 Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 156 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 12.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 32.9 Procedures (number) 35 Time (days) 479 Employing workers (rank) 52 Protecting investors (rank) 12 Cost (% of claim) 12.3 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 10 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 Closing a business (rank) 48 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 2.7 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 11 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 7.7 Cost (% of estate) 36 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 54 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 42.4 Paying taxes (rank) 88 Payments (number per year) 23 Time (hours per year) 264 Total tax rate (% of profit) 37.2 TIMOR-LESTE East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,464 Ease of doing business (rank) 164 Lower middle income Population (m) 1.1 Starting a business (rank) 150 Registering property (rank) 183 Trading across borders (rank) 85 Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) NO PRACTICE Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 83 Time (days) NO PRACTICE Time to export (days) 25 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.1 Cost (% of property value) NO PRACTICE Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,010 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 202.9 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 181 Time to import (days) 26 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 87 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 1 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,015 Procedures (number) 22 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 208 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 183 Cost (% of income per capita) 38.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 51 Time (days) 1,435 Employing workers (rank) 89 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 163.2 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 50 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 32 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 17 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 19 Payments (number per year) 6 Time (hours per year) 276 Total tax rate (% of profit) 0.2 TOGO Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 404 Ease of doing business (rank) 165 Low income Population (m) 6.5 Starting a business (rank) 170 Registering property (rank) 155 Trading across borders (rank) 87 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 75 Time (days) 295 Time to export (days) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 205.0 Cost (% of property value) 13.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 940 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 514.0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 29 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 152 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 963 Procedures (number) 15 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 1 Time (days) 277 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 2.7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 154 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,285.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 41 Time (days) 588 Employing workers (rank) 159 Protecting investors (rank) 147 Cost (% of claim) 47.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 83 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 97 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 3.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 54 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 3.7 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 36 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 26.6 Paying taxes (rank) 155 Payments (number per year) 53 Time (hours per year) 270 Total tax rate (% of profit) 52.7 158 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business TONGA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,561 Ease of doing business (rank) 52 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.1 Starting a business (rank) 32 Registering property (rank) 121 Trading across borders (rank) 51 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 25 Time (days) 108 Time to export (days) 19 Cost (% of income per capita) 8.2 Cost (% of property value) 10.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 650 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 24 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 35 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 725 Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 76 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 55 Cost (% of income per capita) 317.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 37 Time (days) 350 Employing workers (rank) 11 Protecting investors (rank) 109 Cost (% of claim) 30.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 3 Closing a business (rank) 103 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 2.7 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.7 Cost (% of estate) 22 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 25.2 Paying taxes (rank) 30 Payments (number per year) 20 Time (hours per year) 164 Total tax rate (% of profit) 27.5 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 16,538 Ease of doing business (rank) 81 High income Population (m) 1.3 Starting a business (rank) 65 Registering property (rank) 170 Trading across borders (rank) 49 Procedures (number) 9 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 43 Time (days) 162 Time to export (days) 14 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.7 Cost (% of property value) 7.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 866 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 26 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 82 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,100 Procedures (number) 20 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 261 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 169 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 41.7 Procedures (number) 42 Time (days) 1,340 Employing workers (rank) 45 Protecting investors (rank) 20 Cost (% of claim) 33.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 9 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.7 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 67 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 56 Payments (number per year) 40 Time (hours per year) 114 Total tax rate (% of profit) 33.1 TUNISIA Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 3,292 Ease of doing business (rank) 69 Lower middle income Population (m) 10.3 Starting a business (rank) 47 Registering property (rank) 59 Trading across borders (rank) 40 Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 5 Time (days) 11 Time (days) 39 Time to export (days) 15 Cost (% of income per capita) 5.7 Cost (% of property value) 6.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 783 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 87 Time to import (days) 21 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 107 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 3 Cost to import (US$ per container) 858 Procedures (number) 20 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 84 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 19.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 77 Cost (% of income per capita) 998.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 565 Employing workers (rank) 108 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 21.8 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 28 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 34 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 80 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 6 Time (years) 1.3 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 40 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 7 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 17 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 52.3 Paying taxes (rank) 118 Payments (number per year) 22 Time (hours per year) 228 Total tax rate (% of profit) 62.8 COUNTRY TABLES 159 TURKEY Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 9,345 Ease of doing business (rank) 73 Upper middle income Population (m) 73.9 Starting a business (rank) 56 Registering property (rank) 36 Trading across borders (rank) 67 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 6 Time (days) 6 Time to export (days) 14 Cost (% of income per capita) 14.2 Cost (% of property value) 3.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 990 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 9.5 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 15 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 133 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,063 Procedures (number) 25 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 188 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 15.9 Enforcing contracts (rank) 27 Cost (% of income per capita) 218.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 42.9 Procedures (number) 35 Time (days) 420 Employing workers (rank) 145 Protecting investors (rank) 57 Cost (% of claim) 18.8 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 44 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 9 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 121 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 3.3 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 35 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.7 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 95 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 20.2 Paying taxes (rank) 75 Payments (number per year) 15 Time (hours per year) 223 Total tax rate (% of profit) 44.5 UGANDA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 419 Ease of doing business (rank) 112 Low income Population (m) 31.7 Starting a business (rank) 129 Registering property (rank) 149 Trading across borders (rank) 145 Procedures (number) 18 Procedures (number) 13 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 25 Time (days) 77 Time to export (days) 37 Cost (% of income per capita) 84.4 Cost (% of property value) 3.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 3,190 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 7 Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 34 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 84 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 3,390 Procedures (number) 16 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 143 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 116 Cost (% of income per capita) 584.0 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 510 Employing workers (rank) 7 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 44.9 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 2 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 53 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 2.2 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 0 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) 30 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 41.1 Paying taxes (rank) 66 Payments (number per year) 32 Time (hours per year) 161 Total tax rate (% of profit) 35.7 UKRAINE Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 3,213 Ease of doing business (rank) 142 Lower middle income Population (m) 46.3 Starting a business (rank) 134 Registering property (rank) 141 Trading across borders (rank) 139 Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 10 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 27 Time (days) 93 Time to export (days) 31 Cost (% of income per capita) 5.8 Cost (% of property value) 2.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,230 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 153.5 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 36 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 181 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,430 Procedures (number) 30 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 3 Time (days) 476 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 43 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,449.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 3.0 Procedures (number) 30 Time (days) 345 Employing workers (rank) 83 Protecting investors (rank) 109 Cost (% of claim) 41.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 145 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 2.9 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 31 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.7 Cost (% of estate) 42 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 9.1 Paying taxes (rank) 181 Payments (number per year) 147 Time (hours per year) 736 Total tax rate (% of profit) 57.2 160 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 54,607 Ease of doing business (rank) 33 High income Population (m) 4.5 Starting a business (rank) 44 Registering property (rank) 7 Trading across borders (rank) 5 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 1 Documents to export (number) 4 Time (days) 15 Time (days) 2 Time to export (days) 8 Cost (% of income per capita) 6.2 Cost (% of property value) 2.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 593 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 9 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 27 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 4 Cost to import (US$ per container) 579 Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 5 Time (days) 64 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 7.3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 134 Cost (% of income per capita) 30.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 12.6 Procedures (number) 49 Time (days) 537 Employing workers (rank) 50 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 26.2 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 Closing a business (rank) 143 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 Time (years) 5.1 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 7 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 30 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 84 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 10.2 Paying taxes (rank) 4 Payments (number per year) 14 Time (hours per year) 12 Total tax rate (% of profit) 14.1 UNITED KINGDOM OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 45,394 Ease of doing business (rank) 5 High income Population (m) 61.4 Starting a business (rank) 16 Registering property (rank) 23 Trading across borders (rank) 16 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 2 Documents to export (number) 4 Time (days) 13 Time (days) 8 Time to export (days) 9 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.7 Cost (% of property value) 4.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,030 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 4 Getting credit (rank) 2 Time to import (days) 8 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 16 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,160 Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 95 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 23 Cost (% of income per capita) 69.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Procedures (number) 30 Time (days) 399 Employing workers (rank) 35 Protecting investors (rank) 10 Cost (% of claim) 23.4 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 10 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 7 Closing a business (rank) 9 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 1.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 10 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 8.0 Cost (% of estate) 6 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 22 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 84.2 Paying taxes (rank) 16 Payments (number per year) 8 Time (hours per year) 110 Total tax rate (% of profit) 35.9 UNITED STATES OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 47,577 Ease of doing business (rank) 4 High income Population (m) 304.1 Starting a business (rank) 8 Registering property (rank) 12 Trading across borders (rank) 18 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 4 Time (days) 6 Time (days) 12 Time to export (days) 6 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.7 Cost (% of property value) 0.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,050 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 5 Getting credit (rank) 4 Time to import (days) 5 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 25 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,315 Procedures (number) 19 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 40 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 8 Cost (% of income per capita) 12.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Procedures (number) 32 Time (days) 300 Employing workers (rank) 1 Protecting investors (rank) 5 Cost (% of claim) 14.4 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 0 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 9 Closing a business (rank) 15 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 9 Time (years) 1.5 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 0 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 8.3 Cost (% of estate) 7 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 76.7 Paying taxes (rank) 61 Payments (number per year) 10 Time (hours per year) 187 Total tax rate (% of profit) 46.3 COUNTRY TABLES 161 URUGUAY Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 8,259 Ease of doing business (rank) 114 Upper middle income Population (m) 3.3 Starting a business (rank) 132 Registering property (rank) 165 Trading across borders (rank) 131 Procedures (number) 11 Procedures (number) 9 Documents to export (number) 10 Time (days) 65 Time (days) 66 Time to export (days) 19 Cost (% of income per capita) 40.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,100 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 10 Getting credit (rank) 43 Time to import (days) 22 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 140 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 5 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,330 Procedures (number) 30 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 6 Time (days) 234 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 17.8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 96 Cost (% of income per capita) 87.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 97.2 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 720 Employing workers (rank) 64 Protecting investors (rank) 93 Cost (% of claim) 19.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 46 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 8 Time (years) 2.1 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 18 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.0 Cost (% of estate) 7 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 31 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 43.0 Paying taxes (rank) 159 Payments (number per year) 53 Time (hours per year) 336 Total tax rate (% of profit) 46.7 UZBEKISTAN Eastern Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 906 Ease of doing business (rank) 150 Low income Population (m) 27.3 Starting a business (rank) 92 Registering property (rank) 133 Trading across borders (rank) 174 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 12 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 15 Time (days) 78 Time to export (days) 71 Cost (% of income per capita) 11.2 Cost (% of property value) 1.5 Cost to export (US$ per container) 3,100 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 13.8 Documents to import (number) 11 Getting credit (rank) 135 Time to import (days) 92 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 142 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 2 Cost to import (US$ per container) 4,600 Procedures (number) 26 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 3 Time (days) 260 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 2.6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 44 Cost (% of income per capita) 74.8 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 2.1 Procedures (number) 42 Time (days) 195 Employing workers (rank) 95 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 22.2 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 4 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 33 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 125 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 3 Time (years) 4.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 32 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 10 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 22 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 18.7 Paying taxes (rank) 178 Payments (number per year) 106 Time (hours per year) 356 Total tax rate (% of profit) 94.9 VANUATU East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,332 Ease of doing business (rank) 59 Lower middle income Population (m) 0.2 Starting a business (rank) 110 Registering property (rank) 104 Trading across borders (rank) 141 Procedures (number) 8 Procedures (number) 2 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 39 Time (days) 188 Time to export (days) 26 Cost (% of income per capita) 42.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.0 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,497 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 71 Time to import (days) 30 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 22 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,392 Procedures (number) 7 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 51 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 73 Cost (% of income per capita) 273.5 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 30 Time (days) 430 Employing workers (rank) 75 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 74.7 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 5 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 52 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5 Time (years) 2.6 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 14 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 38 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 56 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 41.2 Paying taxes (rank) 20 Payments (number per year) 31 Time (hours per year) 120 Total tax rate (% of profit) 8.4 162 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Reforms making it easier to do business Reforms making it more difficult to do business VENEZUELA, R.B. Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 9,226 Ease of doing business (rank) 177 Upper middle income Population (m) 27.9 Starting a business (rank) 142 Registering property (rank) 97 Trading across borders (rank) 166 Procedures (number) 16 Procedures (number) 8 Documents to export (number) 8 Time (days) 141 Time (days) 47 Time to export (days) 49 Cost (% of income per capita) 24.0 Cost (% of property value) 2.2 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,590 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 177 Time to import (days) 71 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 94 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 2 Cost to import (US$ per container) 2,868 Procedures (number) 11 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 395 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 74 Cost (% of income per capita) 233.0 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 29 Time (days) 510 Employing workers (rank) 181 Protecting investors (rank) 178 Cost (% of claim) 43.7 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 67 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 2 Closing a business (rank) 151 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 100 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 Time (years) 4.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 69 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 2.3 Cost (% of estate) 38 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) NOT POSSIBLE Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 6.0 Paying taxes (rank) 182 Payments (number per year) 71 Time (hours per year) 864 Total tax rate (% of profit) 61.1 VIETNAM East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 892 Ease of doing business (rank) 93 Low income Population (m) 86.3 Starting a business (rank) 116 Registering property (rank) 40 Trading across borders (rank) 74 Procedures (number) 11 Procedures (number) 4 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 50 Time (days) 57 Time to export (days) 22 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.3 Cost (% of property value) 1.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 756 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 8 Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 21 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 69 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 8 Cost to import (US$ per container) 940 Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 4 Time (days) 194 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 19.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 32 Cost (% of income per capita) 248.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 34 Time (days) 295 Employing workers (rank) 103 Protecting investors (rank) 172 Cost (% of claim) 28.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 13 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 0 Closing a business (rank) 127 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 40 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 Time (years) 5.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 21 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 2.7 Cost (% of estate) 15 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 87 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 18.0 Paying taxes (rank) 147 Payments (number per year) 32 Time (hours per year) 1,050 Total tax rate (% of profit) 40.1 WEST BANK AND GAZA Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,564 Ease of doing business (rank) 139 Lower middle income Population (m) 3.8 Starting a business (rank) 176 Registering property (rank) 73 Trading across borders (rank) 92 Procedures (number) 11 Procedures (number) 7 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 49 Time (days) 47 Time to export (days) 25 Cost (% of income per capita) 55.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.7 Cost to export (US$ per container) 835 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 220.4 Documents to import (number) 6 Getting credit (rank) 167 Time to import (days) 40 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 157 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 0 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,225 Procedures (number) 21 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 3 Time (days) 199 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 6.5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 111 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,110.6 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 44 Time (days) 600 Employing workers (rank) 135 Protecting investors (rank) 41 Cost (% of claim) 21.2 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 33 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Closing a business (rank) 183 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) NO PRACTICE Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 31 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 91 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 28 Payments (number per year) 27 Time (hours per year) 154 Total tax rate (% of profit) 16.8 COUNTRY TABLES 163 YEMEN, REP. Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 950 Ease of doing business (rank) 99 Low income Population (m) 23.1 Starting a business (rank) 53 Registering property (rank) 50 Trading across borders (rank) 120 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 12 Time (days) 19 Time to export (days) 27 Cost (% of income per capita) 83.0 Cost (% of property value) 3.8 Cost to export (US$ per container) 1,129 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 150 Time to import (days) 25 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 50 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 2 Cost to import (US$ per container) 1,475 Procedures (number) 15 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 2 Time (days) 107 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 35 Cost (% of income per capita) 144.1 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 520 Employing workers (rank) 74 Protecting investors (rank) 132 Cost (% of claim) 16.5 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 6 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 20 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4 Closing a business (rank) 89 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 30 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 2 Time (years) 3.0 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 24 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.0 Cost (% of estate) 8 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 17 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.6 Paying taxes (rank) 148 Payments (number per year) 44 Time (hours per year) 248 Total tax rate (% of profit) 47.8 ZAMBIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 950 Ease of doing business (rank) 90 Low income Population (m) 12.6 Starting a business (rank) 94 Registering property (rank) 94 Trading across borders (rank) 157 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 6 Documents to export (number) 6 Time (days) 18 Time (days) 39 Time to export (days) 53 Cost (% of income per capita) 28.4 Cost (% of property value) 6.6 Cost to export (US$ per container) 2,664 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 1.3 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 30 Time to import (days) 64 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 151 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 9 Cost to import (US$ per container) 3,335 Procedures (number) 17 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 3 Time (days) 254 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 87 Cost (% of income per capita) 912.7 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.4 Procedures (number) 35 Time (days) 471 Employing workers (rank) 116 Protecting investors (rank) 73 Cost (% of claim) 38.7 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 3 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 33 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 6 Closing a business (rank) 83 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 20 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Time (years) 2.7 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 21 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 5.3 Cost (% of estate) 9 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 178 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 30.2 Paying taxes (rank) 36 Payments (number per year) 37 Time (hours per year) 132 Total tax rate (% of profit) 16.1 ZIMBABWE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 237 Ease of doing business (rank) 159 Low income Population (m) 12.5 Starting a business (rank) 145 Registering property (rank) 84 Trading across borders (rank) 167 Procedures (number) 10 Procedures (number) 5 Documents to export (number) 7 Time (days) 96 Time (days) 31 Time to export (days) 53 Cost (% of income per capita) 499.5 Cost (% of property value) 10.1 Cost to export (US$ per container) 3,280 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Documents to import (number) 9 Getting credit (rank) 113 Time to import (days) 73 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 178 Strength of legal rights index (0-10) 7 Cost to import (US$ per container) 5,101 Procedures (number) 19 Depth of credit information index (0-6) 0 Time (days) 1,426 Public registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 78 Cost (% of income per capita) 24,468.3 Private bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 410 Employing workers (rank) 142 Protecting investors (rank) 119 Cost (% of claim) 32.0 Difficulty of hiring index (0-100) 0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 8 Rigidity of hours index (0-100) 40 Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Closing a business (rank) 156 Difficulty of redundancy index (0-100) 60 Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Time (years) 3.3 Rigidity of employment index (0-100) 33 Strength of investor protection index (0-10) 4.3 Cost (% of estate) 22 Redundancy cost (weeks of salary) 446 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Paying taxes (rank) 130 Payments (number per year) 51 Time (hours per year) 270 Total tax rate (% of profit) 39.4 164 DOING BUSINESS 2009 Acknowledgments Contact details for local partners Doing Business 2010 was prepared by a management and outreach activities are are available on the Doing team led by Sylvia Solf, Penelope Brook under the direction and guidance of (through May 2009) and Neil Gregory Suzanne Smith. Business website at http://www. (from June 2009) under the general di- We are grateful for valuable com- doingbusiness.org rection of Michael Klein (through May ments provided by colleagues across the 2009) and Penelope Brook (from June World Bank Group and for the guidance 2009). The team comprised Svetlana of World Bank Group Executive Direc- Bagaudinova, Karim O. Belayachi, Mema tors. Beye, Frederic Bustelo, César Chaparro Oliver Hart and Andrei Shleifer pro- Yedro, Maya Choueiri, Santiago Croci vided academic advice on the project. Downes, Sarah Cuttaree, Marie Delion, The paying taxes project was conducted Allen Dennis, Jacqueline den Otter, Ale- in collaboration with Pricewaterhouse jandro Espinosa-Wang, Kjartan Fjeld- Coopers, led by Robert Morris. The de- sted, Carolin Geginat, Cemile Hacibeyo- velopment of the getting electricity in- glu, Sabine Hertveldt, Nan Jiang, Palarp dicators was financed by the Norwegian Jumpasut, Dahlia Khalifa, Jean Michel Trust Fund. Lobet, Oliver Lorenz, Valerie Marechal, Alison Strong copyedited the manu- Andres Martinez, Alexandra Mincu, Jo- script. Gerry Quinn designed the report anna Nasr, C. Njemanze, Dana Omran, and the graphs, and Alexandra Quinn Caroline Otonglo, Camille Ramos, Yara provided desktopping services. Salem, Pilar Salgado-Otónel, Umar The report was made possible by Shavurov, Jayashree Srinivasan, Susanne the generous contributions of more than Szymanski, Tea Trumbic, Marina Tur- 8,000 lawyers, accountants, judges, busi- lakova, Caroline van Coppenolle and nesspeople and public officials in 183 Lior Ziv. Sebastian Fitzgerald and Bryan economies. Global and regional con- Welsh assisted in the months prior to tributors are firms that have completed publication. multiple surveys in their various offices The online service of the Doing Busi- around the world. ness database is managed by Ramin Ali- Quotations in this report are from yev, Preeti Endlaw, Felipe Iturralde and Doing Business partners unless oth- Graeme Littler. The Doing Business 2010 erwise indicated. The names of those report media and marketing strategy wishing to be acknowledged individu- is managed by Nadine Ghannam. The ally are listed below. Contact details are events and road show strategy is man- posted on the Doing Business website at aged by Jamile Ramadan. All knowledge http://www.doingbusiness.org. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 165 G L OBA L C ON T R I BU TOR S Ledia Beçi Miranda Ramajj Mohamed El-Amine Haddad Hoxha, Memi & Hoxha Bank of Albania Avocat Allen & Overy LLP Baker & McKenzie Ilir Bejleri Ermira Rapush Sakina Haddad Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP Son Group, Engineering TBI Law Firm Crédit Populaire d’Algerie and Construction Hawkamah - The Institute for Corporate Governance Anisa Rrumbullaku Farid Hatou Ius Laboris, Alliance of Labor, Employment, Benefits and Alban Bello Kalo & Associates Sar Dar Pneus Pensions Law Firms IKRP Rokas & Partners Ardjana Shehi Goussanem Khaled KPMG Jona Bica Kalo & Associates Law Firm Goussanem & Law Society of England and Wales Kalo & Associates Aloui Ketrin Topciu Lex Mundi, Association of Independent Law Firms Rene Bijvoet TBI Law Firm Ahmed Khedim Mayer Brown LLP PricewaterhouseCoopers Inspection de Gerhard Velaj l’enregistrement et du Noronha Advogados Artan Bozo Boga & Associates Timbre Panalpina TBI Law Firm Silva Velaj Arezki Khelout PricewaterhouseCoopers Dorian Collaku Boga & Associates Ministère des Finances, PricewaterhouseCoopers Legal Services Bank of Albania Agim Vërshevci Direction Generale du Russell Bedford International Domaine National Dael Dervishi Alimenti Naturali & PB SDV International Logistics OPTIMA Legal and BALFIN sh.p.k, Balkan Nadira Laissaoui Toboc Inc. Financial Ghellal & Mekerba Finance Investment Group R E G I ONA L C ON T R I BU TOR S Distribution System Selena Ymeri Nawel Lammari Operator Albanian Power Ministère de la Justice APL Ltd Corporation Tonucci & Partners A.P. Moller - Maersk Group Enida Zeneli Karine Lasne Eniana Dupi BNT TBI Law Firm Landwell & Associés - AECO consulting PricewaterhouseCoopers Consortium of European Building Control Dyrrahsped SH P.K A L G E R IA Legal Services Federación Interamericana de la Industria de la Construcción Eduart Gjokutaj Michel Lecerf Branka Achari-Djokic Alleance advisory Maroc García & Bodán Al-Tax Studio Banque d’Algérie Globalink Transportation & Logistics Worldwide LLP Valbona Gjonçari Abdelmadjid Mahreche Mohamed Afir Direction Generale des Grata Law Firm Boga & Associates Lefèvre Pelletier & Douanes D’Algerie IKRP Rokas & Partners Manetci, Trading, associés Manica Africa Pty. Ltd. Construction, Investment Tahar Melakhessou L. Aimene Cabinet Notarial Talal Abu-Ghazaleh Legal (Tag-Legal) Emel Haxhillari Ministère de la Justice Melakhessou The Adora Group Ltd (Freightnet) Kalo & Associates Mohamed Atbi Adnane Merad The International Union of Notaries (U.I.N.L) Shpati Hoxha Etude notariale Mohamed Etude de Me Kaddour Transunion International Hoxha, Memi & Hoxha Atbi Merad University of South Pacific Oltjan Hoxholli Khodja Bachir Mohamed Mokrane Kalo & Associates SNC Khodja & Co. Ministère des Finances, A F G HA N I STA N Zahoor Malla Erald Ibro Hassan Djamel Belloula Direction Generale du Zig Consulting Firm Cabinet Belloula Domaine National Globalink Logistics Group Naseem Akbar Fares Ouzegdouh AISA Tali Mohammed Olsi Ibro Tayeb Belloula Zig Consulting Firm Cabinet Belloula Béjaia Mediterranean Afghanistan Investment Terminal Sayed Javed Andish Support Agency Kabul Group Consulting Ilir Johollari Mohammed Tahar Benabid Ahmed Rahou Kevin O’Brien Hoxha, Memi & Hoxha Cabinet Mohammed Tahar Joshua Atkinson Benabid Ministère des Finances, Deloitte Consulting LLP Taulant Jorgji Direction Generale du MBC Construction Gul Pacha IKRP Rokas & Partners Samir Benslimane Domaine National A. Farid Barakzai Afghanistan Investment Cabinet Benslimane TNT International Express Përparim Kalo Dib Said Support Agency Adnane Bouchaib Banque d’Algérie Kalo & Associates Abdul Karim Hamid Rahmatulla Qazizada Bouchaib Law Firm Artur Kociaj Aloui Salima Muslimul Haq Afghan Transit Company Fatima-Zohra Bouchemla Law Firm Goussanem & Shega Group S.A. Afghanistan Banks Najibullah Rahimi Lefèvre Pelletier & Aloui Association Majlinda Kraja Associés Export Promotion Agency SDV Logistics Ltd. of Afghanistan EME Partners Abdul Wassay Haqiqi Mohamed Bourouina Haqiqi Legal Services Renata Leka Marc Veuillot Rajab Ali Sanna Cabinet Bourouina Alleance advisory Maroc AARAS Shipping & Logistics Boga & Associates Saduddin Haziq Hamid Djamouh Afghanistan International Riaz Ali Sanna Georgios K. Lemonis Cabinet Djamouh A N G OL A Bank AARAS Shipping & Logistics IKRP Rokas & Partners Souhila Djamouh Chaib José Rodrigues Alentejo Rashid Ibrahim Said Mubin Shah Elton Lula Cabinet Djamouh Câmara de Comércio e A.F. Ferguson & Co., AISA Kalo & Associates Indústria de Angola a member firm of Asmaa El Ouazzani PricewaterhouseCoopers Mirza Taqi Ud-Din Ahmad Nelea Moraru Landwell & Associés - Amorbelo Esanju Amos PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers Martins M. Azam Kargar Legal Services Loreno Nele EDEL-EP Afghan Transit Company Abdul Rahman Watanwal MBC Construction TBI Law Firm Malik Elkettas Fernando Barros Rozbey Kargar Elkettas International Kostanca Papa PricewaterhouseCoopers Afghan Transit Company A L BA N IA TBI Law Firm Brahim Embouazza Alain Brachet M. Wissal Khan MCDConsulting American Bank of Albania Loreta Peci SDV AMI International Mandviwalla & Zafar Logistics PricewaterhouseCoopers Mohamed Lehbib Goubi Waseem Ahmed Khan Erjola Aliaj IKRP Rokas & Partners Kristaq Profkola Banque d’Algérie Pedro Calixto AARAS Shipping & Logistics PricewaterhouseCoopers Boga & Associates Salim Gourine Gaurav Lekh Raj Kukreja Artur Asllani Tonucci & Partners Laura Qorlaze Cabinet Djamouh Maurice Campbell Afghan Container Crown Agents Transport Company PricewaterhouseCoopers Nicolas Granier Sabine Baboci EME Partners Artila Rama Alleance Advisory Maroc Boga & Associates 166 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Caetano Capitão A N T I G UA A N D Carla Branca Fabián Hilal José Puccinelli Centro de Apoio BA R BU DA PricewaterhouseCoopers Campos, Etcheverry & Estudio Beccar Varela Empresarial- CAE Asociados Neil Coates Fernando Campelo Julio Pueyrredón Beatriz Soares Catumbela Álvarez Prado & Asociados Daniel Intile PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers Ministério da Justiça Daniel Intile & Assoc. Registro Predial de Luanda Brian D’Ornellas Javier Canosa Member of Russell Bedford Michael Rattagan (1ª Secção) OBM International, Canosa Abogados International Rattagan, Macchiavello Antigua Ltd. Arocena & Peña Robirosa Anacleta Cipriano Agustina Caratti Martin Jebsen Abogados Faria de Bastos, Sebastião Vernon Edwards Jr. PricewaterhouseCoopers Jebsen & Co. e Lopes - Advogados Sebastián Rodrigo Freight Forwarding & Mariano E. Carricart Walter Keiniger Associados Deconsolidating Alfaro Abogados Fornieles Law Firm Marval, O’Farrell & Fátima Freitas Ann Henry Mairal, member of Lex Ignacio Rodriguez Luis Casares PricewaterhouseCoopers Fátima Freitas Advogados Henry & Burnette G. Breuer Mundi Brian Glazier Hugh C. Marshall Santiago Laclau Galo Rodríguez Vázquez Gustavo Casir Quattrini, Laprida & EDI architecture Inc. Marshall & Co. Quattrini, Laprida & Marval, O’Farrell & Mairal, member of Lex Asociados Raul Gomes Septimus A. Rhudd Asociados Mundi Florencia Romero ATS Logistics Co. Rhudd & Associates Pablo L. Cavallaro Francisco Lagger Quattrini, Laprida & Helder da Conceição José Patsy Richards Estudio Cavallaro Asociados Abogados Severgnini Robiola Instituto de Planeamento Marshall & Co. Grinberg & Larrechea e Gestão Urbana do Nicolás Rossi Bunge Stacy A. Richards-Anjo Roberto H. Crouzel Marval, O’Farrell & Governo Provincial de María Lattanzi Richards & Co. Estudio Beccar Varela Mairal, member of Lex Luanda Marval, O’Farrell & Hernán Gonzalo Cuenca Mairal, member of Lex Mundi Victor Leonel Cathrona Samuel Martínez Mundi Mariana Sanchez Ordem dos Arquiitectos Antigua Public Utilities Authority PricewaterhouseCoopers María Manuela Lava Quattrini, Laprida & Paulette Lopes Legal Services Asociados Lester Samuel Marval, O’Farrell & Faria de Bastos, Sebastião Carlos Marcelo D’Alessio Mairal, member of Lex e Lopes - Advogados Investment Authority Liliana Cecilia Segade Union Internacional del Mundi Quattrini, Laprida & Associados Patricia Simon-Forde Notariado Dolores Madueño Asociados Teresinha Lopes Chambers Patricia Simon- Oscar Alberto del Río Jebsen & Co. Faria de Bastos, Sebastião Forde Adolfo Tombolini Central Bank of Rodrigo Marchan Daniel Intile & Assoc. e Lopes - Advogados Tish Smith Argentina Associados GYPM Member of Russell Bedford S & R Electrical Sales & Sabrina Diaz Ibarra International Manuel Malufuene Services Pablo Mastromarino Fortunati Pablo Trevisán Ordem dos Arquiitectos Arthur Thomas Estudio Beccar Varela Julio C. Durand Estudio Trevisán Josephine Matambo Thomas, John & Co. Sean McCormick Cassagne Abogados Hernan Verly KPMG Charles Walwyn Severgnini Robiola Andrés Edelstein Grinberg & Larrechea Alfaro Abogados Rosa Gameiro Mcmahon PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers Julian Melis Abraham Viera KPMG Hesketh Williams Mercedes Escriña Candioti Gatto Bicain & Planosnet.com Consultoria Julio Gabriel Nunes Monteiro Ministry of Labor Ocantos Municipal Quattrini, Laprida & EDEL-EP Asociados A RG E N T I NA José Oscar Mira Federico Villarino Janota Nzogi Juan M. Espeso Central Bank of Álvarez Prado & Asociados EDEL-EP María Agustina Vítolo Jebsen & Co. Argentina Eduardo J. Viñales Walter Paixão Vitolo Abogados Funes de Rioja & Asociados, Diego Etchepare Jorge Miranda PricewaterhouseCoopers Dolores Aispuru PricewaterhouseCoopers Clippers S.A. member of Ius Laboris Alexandre Pegado PricewaterhouseCoopers Daniel Roque Vítolo Federico Fernández Zavalía Santiago Montezanti Alexandre Pegado - Carlos Alfaro Estudio Trevisán Fortunati Vitolo Abogados Escritório de Advogados Alfaro Abogados Diego M. Fissore Natalia Muller Agustin Waisman Douglas Pillinger Lisandro A. Allende De Dios & Goyena Fortunati G. Breuer Panalpina World Brons & Salas Abogados Abogados Consultores Transport Alejandro D. Fiuza Joaquín Emilio Zappa María Florencia Angélico Marval, O’Farrell & Miguel P. Murray J.P. O’Farrell Abogados Luis Filipe Pizarro Canosa Abogados Murray, Díaz Cordero & Mairal, member of Lex Octavio Miguel Zenarruza AG & LP Mundi Sirito de Zavalía Ignacio E. Aramburu Álvarez Prado & Asociados Laurinda Prazeres Rattagan, Macchiavello Ignacio Funes de Rioja Isabel Muscolo Faria de Bastos, Sebastião Carlos Zima Arocena & Peña Robirosa Funes de Rioja & Asociados, Quattrini, Laprida & PricewaterhouseCoopers e Lopes - Advogados Abogados member of Ius Laboris Asociados Associados Sofia Zuloaga Vanesa Balda Claudia Gizzi Damián Mauricio Najenson Pedro Manuel Sebastiao Rattagan, Macchiavello Vitale, Manoff & GYPM Estudio Spota Arocena & Peña Robirosa EDEL-EP Feilbogen Pablo González del Solar Alfredo Miguel O’Farrell Abogados N’Gunu Tiny Gonzalo Carlos Ballester Marval, O’Farrell & PricewaterhouseCoopers RCJE Advogados Asociados J.P. O’Farrell Abogados Mairal, member of Lex A R M E N IA Diego Brian Gosis Mundi Isabel Tormenta Walter Beveraggi de la Serna Armen L. Alaverdyan Remaggi, Pico, Jessen & Guichet Unico da Empresa Quattrini, Laprida & Asoc Silvina Pandre State Revenue Committee Maikel Steve Asociados Severgnini Robiola of the Government Matías Grinberg Grinberg & Larrechea Center for Javier M. Gatto Bicain Severgnini Robiola Sevak Alexanyan Entrepreneurship in Candioti Gatto Bicain & Grinberg & Larrechea Mariano Payaslian Investment Law Group LLC Cazenga Ocantos GYPM Claudio Guarnieri Karen Andreasyan Van Dunen Sebastian Bittner María Ximena Pérez Dirrocco Registro de la propiedad Defense Ltd. Augostino Neto law Jebsen & Co. inmueble de la Capital Marval, O’Farrell & school Federal Mairal, member of Lex Artak Arzoyan Matias Borderes Mundi ACRA Credit Bureau António Vicente Marques Fortunati Sandra S. Guillan AVM Advogados De Dios & Goyena Alejandro Poletto Sayad S. Badalyan Mariano Bourdieu Fortunati Investment Law Group LLC Abogados Consultores Severgnini Robiola Grinberg & Larrechea Luis Ponsati Vahe Balayan J.P. O’Farrell Abogados Ameria cjsc ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 167 Vardan Bezhanyan Yervand Khoundkaryan AU S T R A L IA Mark Kingston Georg Brandstetter Law Faculty, Yerevan State Civil Court of Appeal Tradesafe Australia Pty. Brandstetter Pritz & University Paul Agnew Ltd. Partner Nelly Kirakosyan McKay Solicitors Vahe Chibukhchyan Central Bank of Armenia John Martin Silvia Breyer Ministry of Economy Elizabeth Allen Thomson Playford PricewaterhouseCoopers Vache Kirakosyan PricewaterhouseCoopers Paul Cooper Ministry of Economy Louise Massey Kraus & Co PricewaterhouseCoopers Matthew Allison PricewaterhouseCoopers Warenhandelsgesellschaft Martin Stepanyan Veda Advantage Legal Services mbH Andrew Coxshall Hayaudit LLC KPMG Uma Awasthi Mitchell Mathas Carina Buerger Gurgen Migranovich Amerinde Consolidated, Deacons PricewaterhouseCoopers Samvel Danielyan Minasyan Inc. Yerevan Municipality Union of Builders of Nathan Mattock Esther De Raymaeker Amrenia Lynda Brumm Marque Lawyers Graf & Pitkowitz Kristina Dudukchyan PricewaterhouseCoopers Rechtsanwälte GMBH KPMG Armen Mkoyan Mark McGrath ”Elite Group” CSJC David Buda McKay Solicitors Martin Eckel Electrical Networks of RBHM Commercial Lawyers e|n|w|c Natlacen Armenia Tatevik Mkrtchyan Scott McSwan Walderdorff Cancola Trans-Alliance Alicia Castillo McKay Solicitors Rechtsanwälte GmbH Courtney Fowler Alicia Castillo Wealthing PricewaterhouseCoopers Tatul Movsisyan Group Louise Murphy Agnes Eigner Samvel Gevorgyan TM Audit Marque Lawyers Brandstetter Pritz & Gaibrielle Cleary Partner BSC LLC Ashot Mysayan Gould Ralph Pty Ltd, a Enjel Phoon Shoghik Gharibyan The State Committee member firm of Russell Marque Lawyers Tibor Fabian of the Real Property Bedford International Binder Grösswang KPMG Cadastre Mark Pistilli Rechtsanwälte Hayk Ghazazyan Andrew Coates Chang, Pistilli & Simmons Rajiv Nagri McKay Solicitors Julian Feichtinger KPMG Globalink Logistics Group Michael Quinlan CHSH Cerha Hempel Hakob Grigoryan Marcus Connor Allens Arthur Robinson Spiegelfeld Hlawati Nerses Nersisyan Chang, Pistilli & Simmons Hayaudit LLC PricewaterhouseCoopers John Reid Ferdinand Graf Narek Grigoryan Tim Cox Office of State Revenue, Graf & Pitkowitz Marianna Nikoghosyan PricewaterhouseCoopers NSW Treasury The State Committee Rechtsanwälte GMBH Global SPC of the Real Property David Cross Bob Ronai Patric Grosse Cadastre Artur Nikoyan Deacons Import-Export Services Wolf Theiss Sargis Grigoryan Trans-Alliance Pty. Ltd. Michael Daniel Friederike Hager GPartners Karen Petrosyan PricewaterhouseCoopers Luke Sayers e|n|w|c Natlacen Tigran Grigoryan Investment Law Group LLC PricewaterhouseCoopers Walderdorff Cancola Jenny Davis Ameria cjsc Vahe Petrosyan Dean Schiller Rechtsanwälte GmbH EnergyAustralia Hrayr Gyonjyan Logicon Development LLC Claus Schmidt Birgit Harasser Kathryn Dent Centre for Socio Economic Aram Poghosyan Panalpina World DLA Piper Weiss-Tessbach Gadens Lawyers Rechtsanwälte GmbH Research and Analysis Grant Thornton Amyot Transport Pty Ltd Anna Dileo Peter Hoffmann Davit Iskandarian Gagik Sahakyan SDV Logistics Ltd. PricewaterhouseCoopers CHSH Cerha Hempel HSBC Bank Ameria cjsc Legal Services Nicholas Sedgwick Spiegelfeld Hlawati Sargis H. Martirosyan David Sargsyan Megan Dyball Marque Lawyers Trans-Alliance Ameria cjsc Rudolf Kaindl PricewaterhouseCoopers Amber Sharp Koehler, Kaindl, Duerr Armine Hakobyan Artak Shaboyan Joan Fitzhenry Marque Lawyers & Partner, Civil Law Global SPC State Revenue Committee Baker & McKenzie Damian Sturzaker Notaries Edvard Hambaryan of the Government Marque Lawyers Mark Geniale Susanne Kappel Hayaudit LLC Thomas Samuelian Office of State Revenue, Mark Swan Kunz Schima Wallentin Davit Harutyunyan Arlex International CJSC NSW Treasury PricewaterhouseCoopers Rechtsanwälte KEG, Legal Services member of Ius Laboris PricewaterhouseCoopers Gayane Shimshiryan Mark Grdovich Central Bank of Armenia Blake Dawson Theo Tavoularis Alexander Klauser Karina Harutyunyan McKay Solicitors Brauneis Klauser Prändl 3R Strategy LLC Tigran Sukiasyan Douglas Hall Rechtsanwälte GmbH Lernik Harutyunyan OSCE Len Hewitt & Company Roland Taylor Ulrike Langwallner Paradigma Armenia’ CJSC Aleqsey Suqoyan Eric Herding McKay Solicitors Schönherr Rechtsanwälte Arayilc Hautunyan Court of First Instance Panalpina World Simon Truskett GmbH / Attorneys-at-Law The State Committee Hakob Tadevosyan Transport Pty Ltd Clayton Utz, member of Peter Madl of the Real Property Grant Thornton Amyot David Hing Lex Mundi Schönherr Rechtsanwälte Cadastre PricewaterhouseCoopers David Twigg GmbH / Attorneys-at-Law Tigran Yedigaryan Elena Kaeva Hayaudit LLC Michael Hope EnergyAustralia Irene Mandl PricewaterhouseCoopers Baker & McKenzie Kathleen Ward Austrian Institute for SME Artur Tunyan Artashes F. Kakoyan Judicial Reform Project PricewaterhouseCoopers Research Eva Hucker Investment Law Group LLC Baker & McKenzie Andrew Wheeler Wolfgang Messeritsch Aliya Utegaliyeva Vahe G. Kakoyan PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers National Bank of Austria Ian Humphreys Investment Law Group LLC Blake Dawson Leon Zwier Nella Nella Hengstler Araik Vardanyan Arshak Kamalyan Chamber of Commerce and Arnold Bloch Leibler Austrian Embassy Eric Ip The State Committee Industry Onward Business Alfred Nepf of the Real Property Consultants PTY LTD AU S T R IA Ministry of Finance Cadastre Doug Jones Franz Althuber Thomas Oberholzner Ishkhan Karapetyan DLA Piper Weiss-Tessbach Clayton Utz, member of Austrian Institute for SME Small & Medium Lex Mundi Rechtsanwälte GmbH Research Entrepreneurship Development National Morgan Kelly Austrian Regulatory Ayten Pacariz Center Ferrier Hodgson Limited Authority KSV 1870 Argam Khachatryan Sanjay Kinger Clemens Baerenthaler Barbara Pogacar Hayaudit LLC Fortune Law Group DLA Piper Weiss-Tessbach Law Partners Rechtsanwälte GmbH 168 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Friedrich Roedler Mehriban Efendiyeva Murad Yahyayev Haider Alnoaimi Ali Akbar PricewaterhouseCoopers Michael Wilson & Partners Unibank Mohamed Salahuddin Ruma Leather Industries Ltd. Consulting Engineering Ltd. Heidi Scheichenbauer Mahmud Yusifli Bureau Austrian Institute for SME Rovshan Farzaliyev Baker & McKenzie Tanjib-ul Alam Research Trans Caspian Alliance Shaji Alukkal Dr. Kamal Hossain & Ltd Ismail Zargarli Panalpina World Associates Gottfried Schellmann OMNI Law Firm Transport Brauneis Klauser Prändl Zaur Fati-zadeh Ashfaq Amin Rechtsanwälte GmbH Ministry of Taxes Nazim Ziyadov Maaria Ashraf Integrated Transportation OMNI Law Firm Hatim S. Zu’bi & Partners Services Ltd., Agent of Georg Schima Courtney Fowler Panalpina Kunz Schima Wallentin PricewaterhouseCoopers BA HA M AS , T H E Mohammed Mirza A. Hussain Rechtsanwälte KEG, Bin Jaffer Akram Ansari member of Ius Laboris Rashad Gafarov Michela Elaine Barnett Ministry of Municipalities SAS Corporation Panalpina World Graham, Thompson & Co. & Agriculture Affairs. Stephan Schmalzl Transport Municipal One Stop Shop Noorul Azhar Graf & Pitkowitz Kevin Basden Azhar & Associates Rechtsanwälte GMBH Abbas Guliyev Michael Durgavich Bahamas Electricity Probir Barua Baker & McKenzie Corporation Al Sarraf & Al Ruwayeh Ernst Schmidt Knitwear Yarn Dyeing, Halpern & Prinz Elchin Habibov Rodney W. Braynen Nicolas Galoppin Ltd. National Bank of Design Häus Al Sarraf & Al Ruwayeh Karin Schöpp Azerbaijan Md. Halim Bepari Binder Grösswang Tara Cooper Akram Hage Halim Law Associate Rechtsanwälte Faiq Haci-Ismaylov Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Higgs & Johnson Utpal Bhattacharjee INCE MMC (TAG-Legal) Franz Schwarzinger Surinder Deal Infrastructure Investment Revisionstreuhand, a Adil Hajaliyev Abdulwahid A. Janahi Facilitation Center Higgs & Johnson member firm of Russell BM International LLC. The Benefit Company Bedford International John Delaney Badrud Doulah Arzu Hajiyeva Jawad Habib Jawad Doulah & Doulah Higgs & Johnson Benedikt Spiegelfeld Ernst & Young BDO Jawad Habib Advocates CHSH Cerha Hempel Chaunece M. Ferguson Nigar Hajiyeva Lim Ming Huey Nasirud Doulah Spiegelfeld Hlawati Mackay & Moxey Chambers Baker & McKenzie PricewaterhouseCoopers Doulah & Doulah Eva-Maria Springauf Amos J. Ferguson jr. Advocates Faig Huseynov Sara Jawahery National Bank of Austria Ferguson Associates & Unibank Planners Elham Ali Hassan & Moin Ghani Thomas Trettnak Jeyhun Huseynzada Associates Dr. Kamal Hossain & CHSH Cerha Hempel Anthony Forbes Associates PricewaterhouseCoopers Bahamas Electricity Ebrahim Karolia Spiegelfeld Hlawati Zumrud Ibrahim Corporation PricewaterhouseCoopers Ummay Habiba Sharmin Birgit Vogt-Majarek Lee, Khan & Partners Baker & McKenzie Wendy Forsythe Elie Kassis Kunz Schima Wallentin Rechtsanwälte KEG, Afkan Isazade Import Export Brokers Agility Logistics K M A Halim member of Ius Laboris Deposit Insurance Fund Ltd. Upright Textile Supports Mubeen Khadir Peter Voithofer Delara Israfilova Bethsheba G. Haven Ernst & Young Md. Nazmul Hasan Austrian Institute for SME BM International LLC. Graham, Thompson & Co. Protex International Abdul-Haq Mohammed Research McKinney, Bancroft & Trowers & Hamlins Kazi Rashed Hassan Ferdous Vagif Karimly Gerhard Wagner Baker & McKenzie Hughes Proactive Gautam R. Mundkur KSV 1870 Portia Nicholson Mohamed Salahuddin Ajmal Hossain Gunduz Karimov Irene Welser Baker & McKenzie Higgs & Johnson Consulting Engineering Hoque Tannery CHSH Cerha Hempel Bureau Nuran Kerimov Michael L. Paton Kamal Hossain Spiegelfeld Hlawati Lennox Paton Najma A. Redha Hasan Deloitte Md. Sanwar Hossains Gerhard Winkler Ministry of Municipalities Abdulfat Maherramov Castino D. Sands & Agriculture Affairs. Sanwar Hossains Law Firm National Bank of Austria Lennox Paton Ministry of Labor and Municipal One Stop Shop Rafique-ul Huq Rita Wittmann Social Protection Rochelle Sealy Huq and Co. DLA Piper Weiss-Tessbach Mohamed Salahuddin Nariman Mamedov PricewaterhouseCoopers Mohamed Salahuddin Abdul Hye Rechtsanwälte GmbH Blue Water Shipping Kevin Seymour Consulting Engineering Bank of Bangladesh Gerold Zeiler Caspian Ltd Bureau PricewaterhouseCoopers Amir-Ul Islam Schönherr Rechtsanwälte GmbH / Attorneys-at-Law Kamal Mamedzade Everette Sweeting Thamer Salahuddin Amir & Amir Law Salans Bahamas Electricity Mohamed Salahuddin Associates, member of Lex Marcus Zuccato Consulting Engineering Mundi Asim Mammadov Corporation Ministry of Finance Bureau Deloitte Md Aminul Islam BA H R A I N Ali Sheikh A Z E R BA I JA N Kamil Mammadov Al Sarraf & Al Ruwayeh City Apparel-Tex Co. Mammadov & Partners Aysha Abdul Malik Shariful Islam Elchin Akberov Esmond Hugh Stokes Law Firm Elham Ali Hassan & PricewaterhouseCoopers Associates (EAH Law) Hatim S. Zu’bi & Partners Rabeya Jamali Zaur Mammadov Huq and Co. Aliagha Akhundov Khaled Hassan Ajaji Robin Watson Ernst & Young Baker & McKenzie Ministry of Justice & The Benefit Company Bahzad Joarder Rena Mammadova Islamic Affairs Huq and Co. Roman Alloyarov Adrian Woodcock Deloitte OMNI Law Firm Nawaf Bin Ebrahim Al Khalifa Norton Rose Margub Kabir Faiq S. Manafov Electricity & Water Huq and Co. Aykhan Asadov Ivan Zoricic Unibank Authority Baker & McKenzie Ernst & Young Sohel Kasem Daniel Matthews Seema Al- Thawadi A. Qasem & Co Natavan Baghirova Hatim S. Zu’bi Baker & McKenzie Ministry of Municipalities BM International LLC. Hatim S. Zu’bi & Partners Ali Asif Khan Farhad Mirzayev & Agriculture Affairs. Amir & Amir Law Sabit A. Bagirov Municipal One Stop Shop Entrepreneurship BM International LLC. BA NG L A DE SH Associates, member of Lex Al-Twaijri & Partners Law Mundi Development Foundation Ruslan Mukhtarov Firm Md. Abdul Maleque Mian Md. Mydul H. Khan Bakielektrikshebeke BM International LLC. Abdullah Samer Al-Ajjawi Lee, Khan & Partners Samir Balayev Movlan Pashayev Credit Information Ernst & Young Bureau, Bangladesh Bank Swapan Mistry Unibank PricewaterhouseCoopers Zainul Abedin Sukumar & Associates Emma Silyayeva Salans A. Qasem & Co ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 169 Md. Abu Nayeem Gomeltransneft Druzhba Alexander Shevko Stephan Legein Kareem D. Musa Nayeem & Associates Olga Grechko National Bank Federal Public Service Musa & Balderamos Finance Eva Quasem Vlasova Mikhel & Partners Lubov Slobodchikova Patricia Rodriguez Amir & Amir Law National Bank Luc Legon Belize Companies and Oleg Grushevich Associates, member of Lex PricewaterhouseCoopers Corporate Affairs Registry Mundi Ernst & Young Paulina Smykovskaya Stepanovski, Papakul and Axel Maeterlinck Dawn Sampson Ahmedur Rahim Antonina Ivanova Partners Ltd. Simont Braun Belize Electricity Ltd. Registrar, Joint Stock DICSA Audit, Law & Companies & Firms Consulting Natalia Talai Philippe Massart Janelle Tillett Aleh Karalevich Vlasova Mikhel & Partners Sibelga Eurocaribe Belize Shipping Al Amin Rahman Services Al Amin Rahman & DICSA Audit, Law & Pavel Tzarou Dominique Mougenot Associates Consulting RE VERA Group Commercial Court Mons Saidi Vaccaro Uljana Karpekina Arguelles & Company LLC Mizanur Rahman Svetlana Valueva Didier Muraille A. Qasem & Co RE VERA Group Stepanovski, Papakul and National Bank Adelfino Vasquez Alexander Khrapoutsky Partners Ltd. Ministry of Labour, Local Shahriar Syeed Stephan Neetens Government and Rural V-Teac Fashion Pvt Ltd. Vashkevich, Sapego & Alexander Vasilevsky Development Khrapoutsky Sabrina Otten Valex Consult Abbas Uddin PricewaterhouseCoopers C. Phillip Waight Sergei Klimenko Igor Verkhovodko Huq and Co. Stéphane Robyns Waight & Associates DSV Transport (BY) Ltd Businessconsult Law Firm Abdul Wahab DLA Piper LLP Lionel L. R. Welch Nina Knyazeva Wilo Bel A. Wahab & Co. Frédéric Souchon Supreme Court Businessconsult Law Firm Nurul Wahab Maria Yurieva PricewaterhouseCoopers Carlton Young Irina Koikova Vlasova Mikhel & Partners A. Wahab & Co. Stibbe Young’s Engineering DICSA Audit, Law & Consultancy Ltd. Consulting Pavel S. Yurkevich B E L A RU S Jan van Celst The Supreme Economic Alexander Kononov Court DLA Piper LLP BENIN Yevgeny Achinovich Ernst & Young Ilse van de Mierop DICSA Audit, Law & Ekaterina Zabello Safia Abdoulaye Oksana Kotel Vlasova Mikhel & Partners DLA Piper LLP Consulting Cabinet d’Avocats RE VERA Group MedicCleanAir Olga G. Adameyko Andrey Zhuk Diaby Aboubakar The Supreme Economic Mikhail Kozlov KPMG Sibylle Vandenberghe BCEAO Court AsstrA Weissrussland Ltd PricewaterhouseCoopers Darya Zhuk Irène Adjagba Ichola Alexey Anischenko Anatol A. Kozlovsky Glimstedt Marie-Noëlle Vanderhoven Etude notariale Adjagba Vlasova Mikhel & Partners Belstroycenter PricewaterhouseCoopers Ichola Dmitri Antonevich Belcard OJSC BELGIUM Tom Vantroyen Saïdou Agbantou Municipality of Minsk Elena Kulchitskaya Allen & Overy LLP Altius Cabinet d’Avocats Dmitry Arkhipenko AsstrA Weissrussland Ltd Hubert André-Dumont Reinout Vleugels Paul Agbonihoue RE VERA Group Dmitry Labetsky McGuire Woods LLP Squire, Sanders & Dempsey Societe Beninoise D’Energie Businessconsult Law Firm L.L.P. Electrique (SBEE) Olga Baraulya Yves Brosens National Bank Vitaly Lagatsky DLA Piper LLP Johan Vonckers Jean-Paul T. Hervé Ahoyo INSTAR Logistics McGuire Woods LLP Societe Beninoise D’Energie Ron J. Barden Gilles Carbonez Electrique (SBEE) PricewaterhouseCoopers Sergey A. Lazovsky McGuire Woods LLP Bram Vuylsteke Sybel Akuesson Andrey Bartashevich Minsk Cable (Electrical) Pol Cools Christian Willems Network FCA INSTAR Logistics McGuire Woods LLP Loyens & Loeff Oksana Loban Rafikou Alabi Irina A. Belskaya Adriaan Dauwe Dirk Wouters Ernst & Young Cabinet Me Alabi The Supreme Economic Altius WVM-Bedrijfsrevisoren Court Oksana Lyakhova BVBA, a member of Russell Moïse Atchade Steven de Schrijver Bedford International Cabinet de Maitre Atchade Vladimir G. Biruk Glimstedt Van Bael & Bellis Capital Ltd. Dmitry Matveyev BELIZE Innocent Sourou Avognon Kris de Schutter Tribunal de Premiere Dmitry Bokhan Law Group Argument Loyens & Loeff Emil Arguelles Instance de Cotonou Businessconsult Law Firm Konstantin Mikhel Olivier Debray Arguelles & Company LLC Continental Bank Sergey Borisyuk Vlasova Mikhel & Partners Claeys & Engels, member Sherman Ferguson Alice Codjia-Sohouenou State Customs Committee Tatiana I. Miller of Ius Laboris Belize Electricity Ltd. Cabinet Agbantou Saidou Alexander Botian The Supreme Economic Amaury Della Faille Court Gian C. Gandhi Johannès Dagnon Borovtsov & Salei Law PricewaterhouseCoopers Offices International Financial Groupe Helios Afrique Valentina Nazaruk Jean-Michel Detry Services Commission Aliaksandr Danilevich Ministry of Architecture DLA Piper LLP Dae Stores Limited and Building Rodolfo Gutierrez Danilevich Olivier Dansou Frank Dierckx Belize Electricity Ltd. Aleksey Daryin Anatoly Nichkasov Imoteph PricewaterhouseCoopers Mirna Lara RE VERA Group Ministry of Architecture and Building David Du Pont Eurocaribe Belize Shipping Henri Fadonougbo Madudin Nikolai Dmitrievich Ashurst Services Tribunal de Premiere The Supreme Economic Magdalena Patrzyk Instance de Cotonou PricewaterhouseCoopers Mario Flamee Russell Longsworth Court Guy Médard Agbo Fayemi Dexia Bank S.A. Caribbean Shipping Dmitry Dorofeev Olga Pepenina Agencies Ltd. Ordre National des National Bank Glimstedt Pierrette Fraisse Architectes et des SPF Finances - AGDP Reynaldo F. Magana Urbanistes Sergei Dubovik Tatiana Polonskaya Frontier International National Bank The Supreme Economic Ghislaine Goes Business Services Ltd. Sèglan Raymond Cyr Court DLA Piper LLP Gbessemehlan Marina Dymovich Tania Moody Cabinet Agbantou Saidou Borovtsov & Salei Law Vassili I. Salei Sandrine Hirsch Barrow & Williams Offices Borovtsov & Salei Law Simont Braun Jean-Claude Gnamien Offices Jose Moreno FIDAFRICA / Andrej Ermolenko Thibaut Hollanders Belize Electricity Ltd. PricewaterhouseCoopers Vlasova Mikhel & Partners Katerina Sereda DLA Piper LLP Law Group Argument Gereld Morris Dominique Lales Sergey Fedorov Thomas Hürner Frontier International Addax & Oryx Group State Customs Committee National Bank Business Services Ltd. 170 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Evelyne M’Bassidgé Alexandra Blanco Mariela Rojas Saša Lemez Patience Mokgadi FIDAFRICA / Guevara & Gutiérrez S.C. Entidad De Servicios De Central Bank Armstrongs Attorneys, PricewaterhouseCoopers Información Enserbic S.A. member of Lex Mundi Walter B. Calla Cardenas Anja Margetić Aline Edwige Odje Colegio Departamental de Patricio Rojas Central Bank Mmatshipi Motsepe Cabinet Agbantou Saidou Arquitectos de La Paz C.R. & F. Rojas, member of Manica Africa Pty. Ltd. Lex Mundi Branko Marić Balkissou Osseni Osho Mauricio Costa du Rels Branko Marić Law Office Jack Allan Mutua Cabinet d’Avocats Würth Kim Costa du Rels Pilar Salasar Tectura International Bufete Aguirre Soc. Civ. JP Elektroprivreda Botswana Dakehoun Armand S. Raoul Carlos Ferreira BiH Podružnica Ministere des Mines, de C.R. & F. Rojas, member of Sandra Salinas “Elektrodistribucija” Rajesh Narasimhan l’Energie et de L’eau Lex Mundi C.R. & F. Rojas, member of Sarajevo Grant Thornton Lex Mundi Emir Pasanović Olagnika Salam Nicolas Franulic Casasnovas Kwadwo Osei-Ofei Office Notarial Olagnika Infocred - Servicio de Rodolpho Raul Sanjines DLA Piper Osei-Ofei Swabi & Co. Informacion Crediticia Elizagoyen Adegbindin Saliou Edisa Peštek Butler Phirie BIC s.a. Sanjinés & Asociados Soc. Hauvy Seka Mathieu Civ. Abogados Đorđe Racković PricewaterhouseCoopers Jose E. Gamboa T. FIDAFRICA / Maria Kim Shin Central Bank Caroline Polder Colegio Departamental de PricewaterhouseCoopers Arquitectos de La Paz Würth Kim Costa du Rels Alma Ramezić Collins Newman & Co. Didier Sterlingot Petronila Gismondi A. Mauricio Torrico Galindo PricewaterhouseCoopers Claudio Rossi SDV - SAGA Consultora “Gismondi” - Quintanilla, Soria & Adina Salkanović Sharps Electrical (Pty) Dominique Taty Contable Tributario Nishizawa Soc. Civ Ltd Hasib Salkić FIDAFRICA / Primitivo Gutiérrez Roberto Viscafé Ureña Interšped Sipho Ziga PricewaterhouseCoopers Guevara & Gutiérrez S.C. PricewaterhouseCoopers Armstrongs Attorneys, Nihad Sijerčić member of Lex Mundi Konzo Traore Carlos Alberto Iacia Mauricio Zambrana Cuéllar Law Office Spaho BCEAO PricewaterhouseCoopers Infocred - Servicio de Mehmed Spaho BRAZIL Jean-Bosco Todjinou Informacion Crediticia Jorge Luis Inchauste BIC s.a. Law Office Spaho Antonio Aires Ordre National des Guevara & Gutiérrez S.C. Architectes et des Anisa Strujić Demarest e Almeida Urbanistes Paola Justiniano Arias B O SN IA A N D Branko Marić Law Office Advogados Konate Yacouba Sanjinés & Asociados Soc. H E R Z E G OV I NA Diogo Sales Flores Alves Civ. Abogados Bojana Tkalčić-Djulić France Transfo Aida Ajanović Lawyers’ Office Bojana Themag Engenharia e Mario Kempff IKRP Rokas & Partners Tkalcic-Djulic & Olodar Gerenciamento S/C Ltda. Emmanuel Yehouessi C.R. & F. Rojas, member of Prebanic Glauco Alves Martins BCEAO Lex Mundi Dunja Arnaut Law Office Spaho Belma Zorlak Fleury Malheiros, B H U TA N César Lora Branko Marić Law Office Gasparini, De Cresci e PricewaterhouseCoopers Feđa Bičakčić Nogueira de Lima Kincho Dorjee Daniel Mariaca Law Office Spaho B OT S WA NA Lucia Aragao Leko Packers Sead Bijedić Veirano Advogados Criales, Urcullo & John Carr-Hartley N.B. Gurung Antezana Central Bank Mariana Aranha Armstrongs Attorneys DHL Dario Biščević Machado, Meyer, Sendacz Gonzalo Mendieta Romero Asamiah Chilume Sonam Gyeltshen Estudio de Abogados DB Schenker e Opice Chilume & Company Bhutan Power Mendieta Romero & Mubera Brković Pedro Vitor Araujo da Costa Corporation Ltd. Asociados Yvonne K. Chilume Escritorio de Advocacia PricewaterhouseCoopers Tshering Tobgey Jaime Merida Alvarez Chilume & Company Gouvêa Vieira Sabina Čelik Gyelsa -Tewa Real Estate Colegio Departamental de Rizwan Desai Flavia Bailone Marcilio Developer (GRED) Arquitectos de La Paz PricewaterhouseCoopers Collins Newman & Co. Barbosa Karma Tshering Ariel Morales Vasquez Višnja Dizdarević Veirano Advogados Diba M. Diba Lhaki Group C.R. & F. Rojas, member of Branko Marić Law Office Minchin & Kelly Flavia Bailoni Marcilio Lex Mundi Emir Hadžić Barbosa Tshering Wangchuk Guri Dobo Royal Court of Justice Daniela Murialdo Lopez Branko Marić Law Office Veirano Advogados Dobson and Company, Estudio de Abogados Alma Hadžiosmanović Certified Public Priscyla Barbosa Sonam P. Wangdi Mendieta Romero & Nedal d.o.o. Accountants Veirano Advogados Ministry of Economic Asociados Affairs Besim Hadžiosmanović Edward W. Fasholé-Luke II Juliana Bastianello Baldin Pablo Ordonez Nedal d.o.o. Luke & Associates Tashi Yezer Machado, Meyer, Sendacz Ayoroa & Ordonez e Opice Royal Securities Exchange Senada Havić Hrenovica Vincent Galeromeloe of Bhutan Ltd. Alejandro Peláez Kay LRC Credit Bureau Transunion Guilherme Bertolini Indacochea & Asociados Fernandes dos Santos B OL I V IA Ismeta Huremović M. Gilika Mariana Pereira Nava Botswana Unified Revenue Fleury Malheiros, Land Registry Office of Gasparini, De Cresci e Fernando Aguirre Indacochea & Asociados the Sarajevo Municipal Service (BURS) Nogueira de Lima Bufete Aguirre Soc. Civ. Oscar Antonio Plaza Ponte Court Laknath Jayawickrama Entidad De Servicios De Roberta Bessa Carolina Aguirre Urioste Nusmir Huskić PricewaterhouseCoopers Información Enserbic S.A. Machado, Meyer, Sendacz Bufete Aguirre Soc. Civ. Branko Marić Law Office Akheel Jinabhai e Opice Oswaldo Alvarez Wills Julio Quintanilla Quiroga Arela Jusufbasić Akheel Jinabhai & Quintanilla, Soria & Camila Biral S&V Asociados S.R.L. Lawyers’ Office Bojana Associates Nishizawa Soc. Civ Demarest e Almeida Tkalcic-Djulic & Olodar Laurence Khupe Advogados Eduardo Aramayo Prebanic Carlos Ramírez Collins Newman & Co. PricewaterhouseCoopers Richard Blanchet C.R. & F. Rojas, member of Kerim Karabdić Raúl A. Baldivia Lex Mundi Dineo Makati-Mpho Loeser e Portela Advokati Salih & Kerim Advogados Baldivia Unzaga & Karabdić Collins Newman & Co. Angélica Roca Asociados Finola McMahon Adriano Boni YPFB Andina S.A Almedina Karšić Adrián Barrenechea Osei-Ofei Swabi & Co. Noronha Advogados Diego Rojas Law Office of Emir Criales, Urcullo & Kovačević Diniar Minwalla Adriano Borges Antezana C.R. & F. Rojas, member of Lex Mundi Muhidin Karšić PricewaterhouseCoopers De Vivo, Whitaker, Castro Hugo Berthin e Gonçalves Advogados Fernando Rojas Law Office of Emir Tsemetse Mmolai BDO Berthin Amengual & Kovačević Botswana Stock Exchange Altimiro Boscoli Asociados C.R. & F. Rojas, member of Lex Mundi Demarest e Almeida Advogados ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 171 Sergio Bronstein Maria Fernanda de Paulo Carlos Alberto Iacia Andrea Oricchio Kirsh Milena Tesser Veirano Advogados Antoneli PricewaterhouseCoopers Viseu Cunha Oricchio Rayes, Fagundes e Oliveira Fleury Malheiros, Advogados Ramos Clarissa Bruzzi Gasparini, De Cresci e Marcelo Inglez de Souza Noronha Advogados Nogueira de Lima Demarest e Almeida Adriana Pallis Romano Marcos Tiraboschi Advogados Machado, Meyer, Sendacz Veirano Advogados Julio Bueno Nadia Demoliner Lacerda e Opice Pinheiro Neto Advogados Mesquita Barros Eduardo Takemi Kataoka Carlos Tortelli Advogados, member of Ius Castro, Barros, Sobral, Rafael Passaro Consult Group (Member Júlio César Bueno Gomes Advogados Machado, Meyer, Sendacz of Russell Bedford Pinheiro Neto Advogados Laboris e Opice International) Felipe Di Marzo Trezza Fernando Koury Lopes Hugo Buser Maria Fernanada Pecora Paulo Trani Elotrans Transportes Fleury Malheiros, José Paulo Lago Alves Gasparini, De Cresci e Pequeno Veirano Advogados Noronha Advogados Internacionais Ltda Nogueira de Lima Noronha Advogados Fabio Luis Pereira Barboza Juliana Vasconcelos Paulo Campana Viseu Cunha Oricchfio ApexBrasil Mayna Dias Melo Fernando Loeser Felsberg, Pedretti, Advogados Mannrich e Aidar Machado, Meyer, Sendacz Loeser e Portela José Wahle Advogados e Consultores e Opice Advogados Lilian Pimentel Veirano Advogados Legais Renato Din Oikawa Ricardo Loureiro Fleury Malheiros, Gasparini, De Cresci e Eduardo Guimarães Gustavo Carmona Fleury Malheiros, Serasa S.A. Wanderley Gasparini, De Cresci e Nogueira de Lima PricewaterhouseCoopers Marina Maccabelli Veirano Advogados Nogueira de Lima Erika Pizardo Plinio Cesar Romanini Demarest e Almeida Noronha Advogados Gabriela Weirich Mottin José Ricardo dos Santos Luz Advogados Banco Central do Brasil Júnior Veirano Advogados Durval Portela Renato Chiodaro Duarte Garcia, Caselli Viviane Maria Barbosa da Marcos Yanaka Silva Loeser e Portela De Vivo, Whitaker, Castro Guimarães e Terra Advogados MBM Trading e Gonçalves Advogados Advogados Machado, Meyer, Sendacz Fernanda Cirne Montorfano Joao Paulo F.A. Fagundes e Opice Rodrigo Eduardo Pricoli B RU N E I Escritorio de Advocacia Rayes, Fagundes e Oliveira Georges Louis Martens Filho Rayes, Fagundes e Oliveira DA RU S S A L A M Ramos Gouvêa Vieira Ramos De Vivo, Whitaker, Castro e Gonçalves Advogados Daniela Prieto Aaron Goh Flávia Coelho Warde Vanessa Felício PricewaterhouseCoopers Jose Augusto Martins Machado, Meyer, Sendacz Demarest e Almeida Veirano Advogados e Opice Baker & McKenzie Cyndhia Kong Advogados Thomas Benes Felsberg Maria Fernanda Principe Widdows Kong & Ana Amélia Corrêa Contro Felsberg, Pedretti, Thiago Martins Candotti Associates Noronha Advogados Mannrich e Aidar Araújo e Policastro Fleury Malheiros, Advogados e Consultores Advogados Felicia Kong Gilberto Deon Corrêa Junior Gasparini, De Cresci e B.T. Forwarding Company Legais Nogueira de Lima Veirano Advogados Andrea Massei Rossi Sabrina Fernandes Machado, Meyer, Sendacz Nancy Lai Sidinei Corrêa Marques Ronaldo Rayes Lee Corporatehouse Rayes, Fagundes e Oliveira e Opice Rayes, Fagundes e Oliveira Banco Central do Brasil Ramos Associates Laura Massetto Meyer Ramos Mirella da Costa Andreola Mariana Fernandes Conrado Pinheiro Guimarães Kevin Lee Domingos Fernando Refinetti Wisma Management Noronha Advogados Noronha Advogados Advogados Machado, Meyer, Sendacz Gisela da Silva Freire Alexsander Fernandes de Rodrigo Matos e Opice Kin Chee Lee Fleury Malheiros, Andrade MBM Trading Lee Corporatehouse Jose Ribeiro do Pardo Junior Associates Gasparini, De Cresci e Duarte Garcia, Caselli Nogueira de Lima Eduardo Augusto Mattar Machado, Meyer, Sendacz Guimarães e Terra e Opice Lennon Lee Advogados Pinheiro Guimarães Adriana Daiuto Advogados PricewaterhouseCoopers Eliane Ribeiro Gago Demarest e Almeida Eliana Maria Filippozzi Yew Choh Lee Advogados Marianne Mendes Webber Duarte Garcia, Caselli Noronha Advogados Guimarães e Terra Y.C. Lee & Lee Advocates & Noronha Advogados Cleber Dal Rovere Peluzo Silvia Fiszman Advogados Solicitors Viseu Cunha Oricchio Machado, Meyer, Sendacz Victor Menezes Lopes Gomes Noronha Advogados Lia Roston Kelvin Lim Advogados e Opice Rayes, Fagundes e Oliveira K. Lim & Co. Marina Dall´Aglio Pastore Florencia Ortiz Freuler Cássio Mesquita Barros Ramos Sampaio Mesquita Barros Colin Ong Machado, Meyer, Sendacz Marta Saft Dr. Colin Ong Legal Noronha Advogados e Opice Advogados, member of Ius Laboris Veirano Advogados Services Bruno Henrique de Aguiar Rafael Frota Indio do Brasil Ricardo Messias Sapag José Samurai Saiani David Price Rayes, Fagundes e Oliveira Ferraz Ramos Itatrans ltda Machado, Meyer, Sendacz Arkitek Ibrahim Escritorio de Advocacia e Opice Sólon de Almeida Cunha Gouvêa Vieira Renata Morelli See Tiat Quek Rayes, Fagundes e Oliveira Bruno Sanchez Belo PricewaterhouseCoopers Machado, Meyer, Sendacz Rafael Gagliardi e Opice Ramos Noronha Advogados Demarest e Almeida Shazali Sulaiman Eduardo de Andrade Castro Advogados Anneliese Moritz Juliano Sarmento Barra KPMG Banco Central do Brasil Pedro Paulo Gasparini Felsberg, Pedretti, Machado, Meyer, Sendacz Fleury Malheiros, Mannrich e Aidar e Opice BU L G A R IA Aldo de Cresci Neto Advogados e Consultores Gasparini, De Cresci e Carolina Schreier Svetlin Adrianov Fleury Malheiros, Nogueira de Lima Legais Gasparini, De Cresci e KLA-Koury Lopes Penkov, Markov & Partners Nogueira de Lima Thiago Giantomassi Paulo Nasser Advogados Demarest e Almeida Nikolay Bandakov Andréia Laís de Melo Silva Demarest e Almeida Ingrid Schwarz R. de Advogados Advogados Mendonça Kambourov & Partners Vargas Banco Central do Brasil Michelle Giraldi Lacerda Jorge Nemr Noronha Advogados Christo Batchvarov PricewaterhouseCoopers Leite, Tosto e Barros Elaine Shimoda PricewaterhouseCoopers Edilson De Morais Serasa S.A. Lara Gomes Dias Walter Abrahão Nimir Junior Serasa S.A. Kalin Bonev Machado, Meyer, Sendacz De Vivo, Whitaker, Castro Walter Stuber Tsvetkova Bebov & Luiz Gustavo de Oliveira e Gonçalves Advogados Partners,(Landwell Ramos e Opice Walter Stuber Consultoria Bulgaria) Rayes, Fagundes e Oliveira Adriana Grizante de Almeida João Paulo Nogueira Barros Juridica Ramos Escritorio de Advocacia Nikolai Bozhilov PricewaterhouseCoopers Enrique Tello Hadad Gouvêa Vieira Unimasters Logistics Plc. Enrique Hadad Loeser e Portela Advogados Emil Cholakov Loeser e Portela Advogados LM Legal Services Ltd. 172 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Maria Danailova Polina Marinova Stefan Tzakov Gilbert Kibtonre Moussa Sogodogo Wolf Theiss Landwell & Associés - Kambourov & Partners CEFAC Hyppolite Tapsoba PricewaterhouseCoopers Borislav Dimitrov Legal Services Maria Urmanova Clarisse Kienou Tribunal d’Instance de Landwell & Associés - Landwell & Associés - Centre de Formalites des Ouagadougou PricewaterhouseCoopers Slavi Mikinski PricewaterhouseCoopers Entreprises Dominique Taty Legal Services Legalex Legal Services Eddie Komboïgo FIDAFRICA / George Dimitrov Vladimir Natchev Jasmina Uzova Komboïgo & Associes PricewaterhouseCoopers Dimitrov, Petrov & Co. Arsov Natchev Ganeva Djingov, Gouginski, Telem Kyutchukov & Velichkov Michel Konate Kristina Dimitrova Yordan Naydenov Banque Commerciale du Guichet unique du Landwell & Associés - Borislav Boyanov & Co. Miroslav Varnaliev Burkina Commerce PricewaterhouseCoopers Unimasters Logistics Plc. Fousséni Traoré Legal Services Nelii Nedkova Raphael Kouraogo Wolf Theiss Venzi Vassilev SONABEL FIDAFRICA / Vesselin Dinkov Rex Consulting Ltd, a PricewaterhouseCoopers Landwell & Associés - Violeta Nikolova member firm of Russell Messan Lawson Arsov Natchev Ganeva Societe Nationale de Kassoum Traore PricewaterhouseCoopers Bedford International Legal Services Transit du Burkina Direction Generale des Darina Oresharova Impots Lora Docheva Experian Bulgaria EAD BU R K I NA FAS O Colette Lefebvre Inspection du Travail Konzo Traore PricewaterhouseCoopers Yulia Peeva Diaby Aboubakar BCEAO Silvia Dulevska Rex Consulting Ltd, a BCEAO Zinago Lingani member firm of Russell Direction Generale des Moussa Traore Bulgarian National Bank Seydou Balama Bedford International Impots Maison de l’entreprise Yanitsa Ganeva Etude Maître Balama Vladimir Penkov Seydou Evelyne M’Bassidgé Yacouba Traoré Djingov, Gouginski, Kyutchukov & Velichkov Penkov, Markov & Partners FIDAFRICA / Commune de Ouagadougou Siaka Barro PricewaterhouseCoopers Georgy Georgiev Galina Petkova Agence Barro Laurent Traore Sy Landwell & Associés - Arsov Natchev Ganeva Denise Ouedraogo ONEA Josephine Bassolet Etude de Maître PricewaterhouseCoopers Irena Petkova SONABEL Lorcendy L. Traore Legal Services Ouedraogo LConsult Banque Commerciale du Babou Bayili Martin Ouedraogo Burkina Plamen Georgiev Borislava Pokrass LNBTP Union Internationale de Economou International Stoeva, Kuyumdjieva & Bouba Yaguibou Shipping Agency Limited Issaka Belem Notariat Latin Vitliemov SCPA Yaguibou & Yanogo Velislava Georgieva SDV N. Henri Ouedraogo Gergana Popova Seydou Roger Yamba Economou International Dolphyne Benny Ministere des Finances et Georgiev, Todorov & Co. du Budget Cabinet Maitre Sankara Shipping Agency Limited Maersk Nikolay Radev Oumarou Ouedraogo Emmanuel Yehouessi Marieta Getcheva Fortune Bicaba BCEAO Dobrev, Kinkin & Cabinet Ouedraogo & PricewaterhouseCoopers Lyutskanov Cabinet d’Avocats Fortuné Bicaba Bonkoungou Amado Yoni Ralitsa Gougleva Alexander Rangelov Cabinet d’Avocats Djingov, Gouginski, Dieudonne Bonkoungou Ousmane Honore Ouedraogo PricewaterhouseCoopers Maison de l’entreprise Barthélemy Kere Kyutchukov & Velichkov Cabinet Ouedraogo & Registry Agency Bonkoungou Patrick Herve Ouedraogo Francis Zagre Katerina Gramatikova SONABEL Dobrev, Kinkin & Stela Slavcheva Rene Bonou Banque Commerciale du Lyutskanov Aspolly Carrass SAFTRANS (Societe Burkina Abdel Mumin Zampalegre International Ltd. d’Affretement et de Pascal Ouedraogo Bank of Africa Stella Iossifova Violeta Slavova Transit) Cabinet d’Avocats Bassinaly Zerbo Stoeva, Kuyumdjieva & Vitliemov Experian EAD A Theophile Campene Barthélemy Kere Societe Nationale SDV Thierry Ismael Ouedraogo d’Electricite Ginka Iskrova Yasser Spassov PricewaterhouseCoopers Tsvetkova, Bebov and Co. B. Thierry Compaoré Direction Générale Rahmatou Zongo Ingenierie-Design- du Tresor et de la Cabinet Yaguibou & Stela Ivanova Martin Stanchev Comptabilité Publique Yanogo Architecture BNT Dobrev, Kinkin & Lyutskanov Bobson Coulibaly Roger Omer Ouédraogo Rosine Zongo Angel Kalaidjiev Association Chambre Nationale des Roman Stoyanov Cabinet d’Avocats Kalaidjiev, Georgiev & Barthélemy Kere professionnelle Huissiers de Justice Minchev Penkov, Markov & Partners des Transitaires & Charlotte Coulibaly Commissionnaires en Ousmane Prosper Zoungrana Yavor Kambourov Margarita Stoyanova Douane Agrées Tribunal de Grande Cabinet d’Avocats Kambourov & Partners Kambourov & Partners Barthélemy Kere Instance de Ouagadougou Koumbatouressour Palenfo Hristina Kirilova Yordan Terziev Denis Dawende Cabinet Ouedraogo & Jean Celéstin Zoure Kambourov & Partners Arsov Natchev Ganeva Office Notarial Me Jean Bonkoungou Office Notarial Me Jean Lilia Kisseva Laura Thomas Celestin Zoure Celestin Zoure Aminata Pare Djingov, Gouginski, LM Legal Services Ltd. Daouda Diallo Cabinet Yaguibou & Théophane Noël Zoure Kyutchukov & Velichkov Fisc Consulting Yanogo Office Notarial Me Jean Anastassia Timanova Donko Kolev Experian EAD International Celestin Zoure Sawadogo W. Pulchérie Bedor Excem Ambroise Farama Tribunal d’Instance de Kaloyan Todorov Ouagadougou BU RU N DI Nikolay Kolev Wolf Theiss Sibi Desire Gouba Borislav Boyanov & Co. Office Notarial Me Jean Marie Jeanne Saba Banque de Credit de Nikolay Todorov Bujumbura Ilya Komarevsky LConsult Celestin Zoure Direction Generale des Tsvetkova, Bebov and Co. Impots Joseph Bahizi Svilen Todorov Fulgence Habiyaremye Cabinet d’Avocats Bénéwendé S. Sankara Banque de la République Boika Komsulova Todorov & Doykova Law du Burundi PricewaterhouseCoopers Firm Barthélemy Kere Cabinet Maitre Sankara Oumarou Idani Hermann Sanon Soter Barahirage Stephan Kyutchukov Matea Tsenkova Etude Notariale Djingov, Gouginski, Djingov, Gouginski, Laangande Transports Office Notarial Me Jean Celestin Zoure Barahiraje Kyutchukov & Velichkov Kyutchukov & Velichkov Issaka Kargougou Adama Saouadogo Olivier Binyingo Dessislava Lukarova Georgi Tsvetkov Maison de l’entreprise du Burkina Faso ONEA Mkono & Co. Advocates Arsov Natchev Ganeva Djingov, Gouginski, Kyutchukov & Velichkov Barthélémy Kere Boukary Savadogo Dismas Bucumi Jordan Manahilov Direction de la Propriete Bulgarian National Bank Irina Tsvetkova Cabinet d’Avocats Ministere des Finances et Barthélemy Kere du Budget Fonciere PricewaterhouseCoopers ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 173 Gervais Gatunange Song Khun C A M E RO ON Marie-Andrée Ngwe Susan Leslie Faculte de Droit a RAF International Cabinet Maître Marie First Canadian Title l’Universite de Burundi Forwarding Inc. Roland Abeng Andrée NGWE Abeng Law Firm Charles Magerman Eddy Karerwa Chhung Kong Pierre Njigui Baker & McKenzie Deloitte DFDL Mekong Law Group Mobeh Andre ABB Cameroon Maersk S.A. Terry McCann Nestor Kayobera Jean Loi Patrice Guy Njoya MLG Enterprises Ltd. PricewaterhouseCoopers Gilbert Awah Bongam Cabinet Maître Marie Pascal Kirahagazwe William McCarthy Achu and Fon-Ndikum Law Andrée NGWE Mkono & Co. Advocates Alexander May Firm First Canadian Title DFDL Mekong Law Group Marie Louise Nkoue Dominik Kohlhagen Pierre Bertin Simbafo Artem Miakichev Etude Me Nkoue Chercheur au Laboratoire Long Mom BICEC Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt d’Anthropologie Juridique RAF International Jules Blaise Nonga LLP de Paris Forwarding Inc. Hiol Bonheur Nimba Conseil SARL Cabinet SFR Michael Nowina Herve LE Guen Kaing MoniKa Lucien Onanga Otando Baker & McKenzie SDV Transami - Groupe The Garment Miafo Bonnybonn BEAC Bolloré Manufacturers Bonnybonn Enterprises Thomas O’Brien Association Guy Piam PricewaterhouseCoopers Augustin Mabushi David Boyo Nimba Conseil SARL A & JN Mabushi Cabinet Vichhra Mouyly Jing & Partners Eric Paton d’Avocats Arbitration Council Julienne Piam PricewaterhouseCoopers Foundation Anne Marie Diboundje Nimba Conseil SARL Mathias Manirakiza Njocke John Pirie Ecobank Chong Ngov Cabinet Ekobo Bolleri Pym Baker & McKenzie PricewaterhouseCoopers Nimba Conseil SARL Ildephonse Nahimana Paul Marie Djamen Jonathan Rabinovitch Banque de la République Pin Pisetha BICEC Joseph Mbi Tanyi Heenan Blaikie LLP, du Burundi Meng Hong Ing Builder Tanyi MBI & Partners member of Ius Laboris Co., Ltd. Emmanuel Ekobo Lambert Nigarura Cabinet Ekobo Dominique Taty Bruce Reynolds Mkono & Co. Advocates Soleil Della Pong FIDAFRICA / Borden Ladner Gervais LLP HR Inc. (Cambodia) Co., Marie Marceline Enganalim PricewaterhouseCoopers Bernard Ntahiraja Etude Me Enganalim Damian Rigolo Ltd. Paul Tchagna Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt Cabinet Willy Rubeya Marceline Allen Prak FIDAFRICA / LLP Antoine Ntisigana Philippe Fouda Fouda PricewaterhouseCoopers B.N.G. - Advocates & Paul Robinson SODETRA Ltd. Solicitors BEAC Nadine Tinen Tchangoum Corporations Canada Happy Ntwari Red Furnesse Co Ltd Lucas Florent Essomba FIDAFRICA / Mkono & Co. Advocates Cabinet Essomba & PricewaterhouseCoopers Kelly Russell Kuntheapini Saing Associés PricewaterhouseCoopers Déogratias Nzemba Arbitration Council Jude Yong Yeh Badjeck Esther Cadire Paul Schabas Prosper Ringuyeneza Foundation Jing & Partners Blake, Cassels & Graydon, Architecture et Muny Samreth member of Lex Mundi Construction (A.C.) Atsishi Fon Ndikum C A NA DA PricewaterhouseCoopers Irina Schnitzer Willy Rubeya Achu and Fon-Ndikum Law David Bish Marie Seng Firm Davis LLP Cabinet Willy Rubeya Saggara Corporation Goodmans LLP Caroline Idrissou-Belingar SDV Logistics Ltd. Benjamin Rufagari Chanthy Sin Cassandra Brown Deloitte BEAC Blake, Cassels & Graydon, Toronto Hydro Linex Angoh Angoh Jacob member of Lex Mundi Sharon Vogel Fabien Segatwa Sorya Sin Etude Me Segatwa Legal Power Law Firm Colin L. Campbell Borden Ladner Gervais LLP SHA Transport Express Co. Ltd. Paul Jing Superior Court of Justice Gabriel Sinarinzi Jing & Partners of Ontario C A P E V E R DE Cabinet Me Gabriel Billie Jean Slott Sinarinzi Serge Jokung Jay A. Carfagnini Hermínio Afonso Sciaroni & Associates Cabinet Maître Marie Goodmans LLP PricewaterhouseCoopers Audace Sunzu Lor Sok REGIDESO-Burundi Andrée NGWE Allan Coleman Mary Braz de Andrade Arbitration Council Foundation Alain Serges Mbebi Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt Firma Braz de Andrade Egide Uwimana LLP Tribunal du Travail de Cadire Susana Caetano Chamnan Som Bujumbura Jean Michel Mbock Biumla Rod Davidge PricewaterhouseCoopers Cambodian Federation of Employers and Business M & N Law Firm, cabinet Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt Alain George Wakama LLP Ilíldio Cruz Faculte de Droit a Associations d’avocats Gabinete de Advocacia l’Universite de Burundi Sorphea Sou Augustin Yves Mbock Keked Jeremy Fraiberg Consultoria e Arbitration Council Cadire Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt Procuradoria Juridica C A M B ODIA Foundation LLP João Dono Rosine Mekeu Sar Chesda Christine Soutif Nimba Conseil SARL Anne Glover João Dono Advogados Arbitration Council SDV Ltd. Blake, Cassels & Graydon, Valerie Moussombo member of Lex Mundi Florentino Jorge Fonseca Jesus Foundation Municipality of Praia David Symansky Cabinet Maître Marie Rithy Chey Andrée NGWE Steven Golick HR Co., Ltd. Joana Gomes Rosa B.N.G. - Advocates & Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt Michael Tan Henri Moutalen LLP Agnaldo Laice Solicitors RAF International FIDAFRICA / Maersk Line Oknha Seng Chhay Our PricewaterhouseCoopers Pamela S. Hughes Forwarding Inc. Seng Enterprises Co., Ltd Blake, Cassels & Graydon, Jose Manuel Fausto Lima Janvibol Tip Aimé Ndock Len member of Lex Mundi Electra Praia Sokcheng Chou Tip & Partners M & N Law Firm, cabinet d’avocats Christopher Jovellanos Maria de Fatima Lopes Varela Arbitration Council Foundation Sinath Un Borden Ladner Gervais LLP Banco Central de Cabo DFDL Mekong Law Group Marcelin Ndoum Matthew Kindree Verde Rob Force Etude de notaire Wo’o DFDL Mekong Law Group Seng Vantha Baker & McKenzie Francisco Melo Seng Enterprises Co., Ltd Simon Pierre Nemba Joshua Kochath PricewaterhouseCoopers Svay Hay Cabinet Maître Marie Acleda Bank Plc. Potim Yun Andrée NGWE Forwarding Unlimited Inc. João M.A. Mendes DFDL Mekong Law Group Michelle Lee AUDITEC - Auditores & Tim Holzer Julius Ngu Tabe Achu PricewaterhouseCoopers Consultores DFDL Mekong Law Group Achu and Fon-Ndikum Law Firm Ana Morais Visal Iv PricewaterhouseCoopers Electricite du Cambodge 174 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Milton Paiva Bako Sah Sandra Benedetto Rodrigo Muñoz Elizabeth Soto Provoste D. Hopffer Almada E Nicolas Tiangaye PricewaterhouseCoopers Núñez Muñoz y Cia Ltda Bofill Mir & Alvarez Associados Abogados Hinzpeter Jana Nicolas Tiangaye Law Firm José Benitez José Manuel Pinto Monteiro PricewaterhouseCoopers Cristian Olavarria Alan Spencer Bienvenue Clarisse Yackota Advogados & Legal Services Philippi, Yrarrazaval, Alessandri & Compañía Jurisconsultos Guichet Unique de Pulido & Brunner, Formalités des Entreprises Enrique Benitez Urrutia Abogados Ltda Sebastián Valdivieso Eldetrudes Pires Neves (GUFE) Urrutia & Cía Yrarrázaval, Ruiz - Tagle Araújo, Neves, Santos Karem Fabiola Opazo Lobos Goldenburg, Lagos & Silva & Miranda, Advogados C HA D Jorge Benitez Urrutia Universidad de Santiago Associados Urrutia & Cía Osvaldo Villagra Mahamat Hassan Abakar Gerardo Ovalle Mahns PricewaterhouseCoopers Armando J.F. Rodrigues Mario Bezanilla Yrarrázaval, Ruiz - Tagle Cabinet Me Mahamat Alcaíno, Rodríguez & Sahli Arturo Yrarrázaval PricewaterhouseCoopers Hassan Abakar Goldenburg, Lagos & Silva Limitada Covarrubias Tito Lívio Santos Oliveira Abdelkerim Ahmat Juan Eduardo Palma Jr. Yrarrázaval, Ruiz - Tagle Ramos Miguel Capo Valdes Vial y Palma Abogados Goldenburg, Lagos & Silva SDV Logistics Ltd. Besalco S.A. Engic Gabriel Nathé Amady Luis Parada Hoyl Sebastián Yunge Henrique Semedo Borges Héctor Carrasco Bahamondez, Alvarez & Guerrero, Olivos, Novoa y Oscar D’Estaing Deffosso Superintendencia de Zegers Errázuriz Arnaldo Silva FIDAFRICA / Bancos e Instituciones Arnaldo Silva & PricewaterhouseCoopers Financieras Pablo Paredes Jean Paul Zalaquett Associados Albagli Zaliasnik Chilectra Baba Dina Paola Casorzo Abogados João Carlos Tavares Fidalgo SAGA/STAT Philippi, Yrarrazaval, Matías Zegers Banco Central de Cabo Pulido & Brunner, Daniela Peña Fergadiott Bahamondez, Alvarez & Verde Thomas Dingamgoto Abogados Ltda Barros & Errázuriz Zegers Cabinet Thomas Jorge Lima Teixeira Dingamgoto Andrés Chirgwin Fernando Penailillo Rony Zimerman M. Lisa Helena Vaz Bofill Mir & Alvarez Databusiness Bofill Mir & Alvarez N’Doningar Djimasna Hinzpeter Jana Hinzpeter Jana PricewaterhouseCoopers Faculté de Droit, Alberto Pulido A. Camilo Cortés Philippi, Yrarrazaval, Leendert Verschoor Université de N’Djamena Guerrero, Olivos, Novoa y Pulido & Brunner, C H I NA PricewaterhouseCoopers Philippe Fouda Fouda Errázuriz Abogados Ltda Allen & Overy LLP BEAC C E N T R A L A F R IC A N María Alejandra Corvalán Beatriz Recart Daniel Chan R E P U B L IC Caroline Idrissou-Belingar Yrarrázaval, Ruiz - Tagle Baker & McKenzie DLA Piper BEAC Goldenburg, Lagos & Silva Jean Christophe Bakossa Ricardo Riesco Rex Chan Gérard Leclaire Camila Costagliola Philippi, Yrarrazaval, L’ordre Centraficain des PricewaterhouseCoopers Architectes Béchir Madet Guerrero, Olivos, Novoa y Pulido & Brunner, Errázuriz Abogados Ltda Elliott Youchun Chen Michel Desprez Office Notarial Jun Ze Jun Law Offices SDV Narcisse Madjiyore Dongar Cristián S. Eyzaguirre Sebastián Riesco Eyzaguirre & Cía. Eyzaguirre & Cía. Jie Chen Marie-Edith Douzima-Lawson Commission Nationale Justice et Paix Jun He Law Offices, member Cabinet Douzima & Rodrigo Galleguillos Edmundo Rojas García of Lex Mundi Ministère de la fonction Issa Ngarmbassa Núñez Muñoz y Cia Ltda Conservador de Bienes publique Abogados Raíces de Santiago Rong Chen Etude Me Issa Ngar mbassa Davis Polk & Wardwell Energie Centrafricaine Lucien Onanga Otando Cristian Garcia-Huidobro Alvaro Rosenblut (ENERCA) Boletin Comercial Albagli Zaliasnik Xiaojie Chen BEAC Abogados Broad & Bright Law Firm Philippe Fouda Fouda Nissaouabé Passang Marcelo Giovanazzi BEAC Alcaíno, Rodríguez & Sahli Pamela Rubio Hugh Dong Etude Me Passang Limitada Núñez Muñoz y Cia Ltda Mayer Brown LLP Dolly Gotilogue Gilles Schwarz Abogados Christian Hermansen Grace Fang Isidore Grothe SDV Logistics Ltd. Rebolledo Carlos Saavedra Pinsent Masons Ministère des Finances et Nisrine Senoussi ACTIC Consultores Cruz & Cia. Abogados du Budget Wei Gao FIDAFRICA / Javier Hurtado Marco Salgado PricewaterhouseCoopers ZY & Partners Groupe Kamach Cámara Chilena de la Alcaíno, Rodríguez & Sahli Kene Soba Construcción Limitada Leo Ge Gabriel Houndoni Tribunal de Commerce Global Star Logistics Co. Club OHADA Fernando Jamarne Andrés Sanfuentes Ltd. Caroline Idrissou-Belingar Dominique Taty Alessandri & Compañía Philippi, Yrarrazaval, Pulido & Brunner, Alexander Gong BEAC FIDAFRICA / Daniela Lanel PricewaterhouseCoopers Abogados Ltda Baker & McKenzie Noel Kelembho Bofill Mir & Alvarez Nadine Tinen Tchangoum Hinzpeter Jana Erich Schnake Kejun Guo SDV DeHeng Law Offices FIDAFRICA / Núñez Muñoz y Cia Ltda Serge Médard Missamou Didier Lara Abogados PricewaterhouseCoopers Lawrence Guo Club OHADA PricewaterhouseCoopers Sobdibé Zoua SDV S.A Broad & Bright Law Firm Yves Namkomokoina León Larrain Cabinet Sobdibe Zoua Francisco Selamé Hebei Rising Chemical Co., Magistrat, Commerce Baker & McKenzie PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltd. Tribunal CHILE Cristóbal Leighton Helen Han Jacob Ngaya Vial y Palma Abogados Cristián Sepúlveda Daniela Arrese Barros & Errázuriz K&L Gates LLP Direction Generale des George Lever Impots Bofill Mir & Alvarez Kian Heong Hew Hinzpeter Jana Boletin Comercial Marcela Silva Philippi, Yrarrazaval, Pinsent Masons Lucien Onanga Otando Carolina Masihy Carlos Astudillo Pulido & Brunner, Jinquan Hu BEAC Carey y Cía Ltda. Boletin Comercial Abogados Ltda King & Wood PRC Lawyers Gina Roosalem Juan Pablo Matus Luis Avello Luis Fernando Silva Ibañez Hebei Xingshuo Saw Co., Chambre des Notaires de Cariola Diez Perez- Centrafrique PricewaterhouseCoopers Yrarrázaval, Ruiz - Tagle Ltd. Legal Services Copatos & Cia Goldenburg, Lagos & Silva François Sabegala Mingyan Jiang Angeles Barría Enrique Munita Cristobal Smythe Guichet Unique de Broad & Bright Law Firm Philippi, Yrarrazaval, Philippi, Yrarrazaval, Bahamondez, Alvarez & Formalités des Entreprises Pulido & Brunner, Yu Jiang (GUFE) Pulido & Brunner, Zegers Abogados Ltda Abogados Ltda Broad & Bright Law Firm Kerry EAS Logistics Ltd ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 175 John T. Kuzmik Yang Wang Marco Bernal José Antonio Lloreda José Luis Suárez Baker Botts LLP Broad & Bright Law Firm Posse Herrera & Ruiz José Lloreda Camacho Gómez-Pinzón Zuleta & Co. Abogados S.A. Meng Lai Cassie Wong Gloria María Borrero Restrepo Davis Polk & Wardwell PricewaterhouseCoopers Corporación Excelencia en Ernesto López Raúl Alberto Suárez Arcila la Justicia Cárdenas & Cárdenas Jose Alejandro Torres Ian Lewis Kent Woo Mayer Brown LLP Guangda Law Firm Leonardo Calderón Perdomo Natalia López Posse Herrera & Ruiz Colegio de Registradores Posse Herrera & Ruiz Lina Beatriz Torres Clare Li Shanshan Wu de Instrumentos Públicos Noronha Advogados Broad & Bright Law Firm de Colombia Adriana Lopez Moncayo Gómez-Pinzón Zuleta Curaduria Urbana 3 Abogados S.A. Sherry Li Tina Xin Maria Paula Camacho Lovells Mayer Brown LLP Daniel Lucio Ricardo Trejos CAMACOL Rodriguez & Cavelier Baker & McKenzie Deng Liang Frank Yang Mario Camargo Jun He Law Office, member Mayer Brown LLP Gabriela Mancero Beatriz Uribe Botero HM & Company LTDA of Lex Mundi Cavelier Abogados CAMACOL Sha Yang Darío Cárdenas Berry Lin Jun He Law Offices, member Carlos Marchena Verónica Velásquez Cárdenas & Cárdenas SDV Logistics Ltd. of Lex Mundi Rodriguez & Cavelier Posse Herrera & Ruiz María Catalina Carmona Derek Liu Natalie Yu Valentina Marin Carolina Villadiego Burbano Cavelier Abogados Lovells Shu Jin Law Firm Rodriguez & Cavelier Corporación Excelencia en Ernesto Cavelier la Justicia Linfei Liu Laura Yuan Rodriguez & Cavelier Maria Marquez Jun He Law Office, member King & Wood PRC Lawyers Cavelier Abogados Maria Carolina Villegas of Lex Mundi Nohora Cortes Cuellar Rodriguez & Cavelier Xing Yuan Curaduria Urbana 4 María Nella Marquez Sherry Liu Broad & Bright Law Firm Cavelier Abogados Alberto Zuleta Noronha Advogados Felipe Cuberos Gómez-Pinzón Zuleta Shuo Zhan Prieto & Carrizosa S.A. Ana Maria Navarrete Abogados S.A. Yucui Liu People’s Bank of China Posse Herrera & Ruiz Broad & Bright Law Firm Pablo de la Torre C OM ORO S Sarah Zhang Rodriguez & Cavelier Luis Carlos Neira Mejía Zhiqiang Liu Lovells Holguín, Neira & Pombo María Helena Díaz Méndez Mohamed Abdallah Halifa King & Wood PRC Lawyers Abogados Yi Zhang PricewaterhouseCoopers Groupe Hassanati Soilihi - Lucy Lu King & Wood PRC Lawyers María Neira Tobón Groupe Hasoil King & Wood PRC Lawyers José Antonio Duran Holguín, Neira & Pombo Johnson Zheng Aboubakar Abdou Excellentia Strategic Abogados Wei Lu Xiamen All Carbon Conseiller Juridique de Broad & Bright Law Firm Corporation EINCE Ltda. Mónica Pedroza Garcés líIle Autonome de la Corporación Excelencia en Grande Comore Ling Pan Hao Zhu Emilio Ferrero la Justicia Harimia Ahmed Ali Broad & Bright Law Firm Fortune Law Group Cavelier Abogados Esteban Pizarro Cabinet Me Harimia Gustavo Rabello Judy Zhu Carlos Fradique-Méndez Gómez-Pinzón Zuleta Hassani Assoumani Noronha Advogados Mayer Brown LLP Brigard & Urrutia, member Abogados S.A. of Lex Mundi C.V.P.-Biocom Stephen Rynhart Jones Lang LaSalle C OL OM B IA Luis Hernando Gallo Medina Carlo Polo Said Ali Said Athouman Computec ñ DataCrédito Access Global Logistics Gallo Medina Abogados Union of the Chamber of Sichuan Metals & Minerals Asociados Carolina Posada Commerce Import & Export Corp. Ltd Isabella Gandini Posse Herrera & Ruiz Remy Grondin Han Shen Carlos Alcala José Lloreda Camacho Rodriguez & Cavelier Raul Quevedo Vitogaz Comores Davis Polk & Wardwell José Lloreda Camacho & Co. Nathalia García Ahamada Mahamoudou Cathy Shi & Co. Enrique Alvarez Posse Herrera & Ruiz Mohamed Maoulida Orrick, Herrington & Ana María Ramos Serrano Sutcliffe LLP José Lloreda Camacho Juan Antonio Gaviria Audit et Conseil & Co. Corporación Excelencia en International Rodriguez & Cavelier la Justicia Tina Shi Mayer Brown LLP Asociación Colombiana de GENELEC Ltda. Said Ibrahim Mourad Ingenieros Electricistas, Daniel Reyes Ming Sun Mecánicos, Electrónicos y Ana Giraldo Curaduria Urbana 3 Ibrahim A. Mzimba Broad & Bright Law Firm Afines (ACIEM) Prieto & Carrizosa S.A. Cabinet Mzimba Avocats Irma Rivera Emily Tang Mauricio Angulo Clara Inés Gómez Brigard & Urrutia, member Daoud Saidali Toihiri Orrick, Herrington & Computec - DataCrédito José Lloreda Camacho of Lex Mundi Ministry of Promotion and Sutcliffe LLP & Co. Employment Laurena Arambula Carlos Rodriguez Jessie Tang Cárdenas & Cárdenas Santiago Gutiérrez PricewaterhouseCoopers Youssouf Yahaya Global Star Logistics Co. José Lloreda Camacho Jaime Rodriguez C ON G O, DE M . R E P. Eliana Bernal Castro & Co. Ltd. Notaria 13 de bogotá PricewaterhouseCoopers Xin Tong Catherine Hernández Mukoko Aloni Patricia Arrazola Bustillo Sonia Elizabeth Rojas Izaquita Université de Kinshasa Samsung Mobile PricewaterhouseCoopers Gómez-Pinzón Zuleta Gallo Medina Abogados Terence Tung Abogados S.A. Viviana Hernández Grajales Asociados Jholy Batupe Mayer Brown LLP CAMACOL Cabinet Jean Bosco Muaka Bernardo Avila Cristina Rueda Londoño & Associates Venus Holdings HK Co., Rodriguez & Cavelier John Herreno Baker & McKenzie Ltd. HM & Company LTDA Philippe Bihan María Camila Bagés Paula Samper Salazar Saga Congo - Groupe Celia Wang Brigard & Urrutia, member Santiago Higuera Gómez-Pinzón Zuleta Bolloré PricewaterhouseCoopers of Lex Mundi CAMACOL Abogados S.A. Jean Adolphe Bitenu Hongyu Wang Luis Alfredo Barragán Andres Isaza SGS Colombia S.A. ANAPI DeHeng Law Offices Brigard & Urrutia, member Rodriguez & Cavelier Pablo Sierra of Lex Mundi Etienne Blocaille Jin Wang Jorge Lara-Urbaneja Posse Herrera & Ruiz FIDAFRICA / Lovells Aurora Barroso Baker & McKenzie Paola Spada PricewaterhouseCoopers Rodriguez & Cavelier Corporación Excelencia en Liang Wang Alejandro Linares-Cantillo Jean-Paul Bokoo Lovells Juan Guillermo Becerra Gómez-Pinzón Zuleta la Justicia Cabinet d’avocat JCC & A PricewaterhouseCoopers Abogados S.A. Juan Reinaldo Suarez William Wang Patrick Bondonga Lesambo PricewaterhouseCoopers Claudia Benavides Cristina Lloreda Curaduria Urbana 1 Cabinet Emery Mukendi Gómez-Pinzón Zuleta Brigard & Urrutia, member Wafwana & Associés Abogados S.A. of Lex Mundi 176 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Mathias Buabua wa Kayembe Marius Muzembe Mpungu Chimène Prisca Nina Pongui V. Andrés Gómez Jean-François Chauveau ANAPI Cabinet Kabasele - Mfumu Etude de Me Chimène PricewaterhouseCoopers Cabinet Jean-François & Associés Prisca Nina Pongui Chauveau Armand Ciamala Andrea González Ciamala & Partners Joseph Ngalamulume Lukalu Roberto Prota BLP Abogados Bnetd Cabinet Yoko et Associés SDV COTAM Edmond Cibamba Diata Paola Gutiérrez Mora Cabinet Emery Mukendi Victorine Bibiche Nsimba Francis Sassa LEX Counsel Dorothée K. Dreesen Wafwana & Associés Kilembe Cabinet d’Avocats Jean Mario Gutiérrez Quintero Etude Maitre Dreesen Barreau de Kinshasa/ Petro Victor Créspel Musafiri Matete LEX Counsel Bertrand Fleury Cabinet d’avocat JCC & A Yves Simon Tchicamboud Société Minière de María del Mar Herrera SDV - SAGA CI Cabinet d’Avocats Gomes Regis de Oliveira Développement/RJ Traders BLP Abogados Seyanne Groga Agetraf s.a.r.l. - SDV C O S TA R I C A Cabinet Jean-François Société Nationale Randall Zamora Hidalgo Yves Debiesme d’Electricité (SNEL) Costa Rica ABC Chauveau Agetraf s.a.r.l. - SDV Aisha Acuña Christie Madudu Sulubika André Tinoco Abogados Yin Ho Guillaume Koffi Prosper Djuma Bilali Cabinet Madudu Sulubika Teletec S.A. Conseil National De Cabinet Masamba John Aguilar L’Ordre des Architectes Dominique Taty Aguilar Castillo Love Vicente Lines Eugénie Elanga Monkango FIDAFRICA / Arias & Muñoz Kiyobien Kone Cabinet Emery Mukendi PricewaterhouseCoopers Arnoldo André Société civile Wafwana & Associés André Tinoco Abogados Ivannia Méndez Rodríguez professionnelle d’Avocats ( Bénoit Tshibangu Ilunga Oller Abogados SCPA) Le Paraclet David Guarnieri Cabinet Emery Mukendi Luis Fdo. Andrés Jácome PricewaterhouseCoopers Wafwana & Associés Compañía Nacional de Andres Mercado Mahoua Kone Legal Services Fuerza y Luz Oller Abogados Etude de Maître Kone Sylvie Tshilanda Kabongo Mahoua Amisi Herady Cabinet Madudu Sulubika Carlos Araya Gabriela Miranda ANAPI Quirós & Asociados Oller Abogados Anne Marie Kouassi Toto Wa Kinkela Central Law SCPA Dogué-Abbé Yao & José Ilunga Kapanda Toto & Associés Cabinet Eduardo Montoya Solano Associés Cabinet Emery Mukendi d’Avocats Luis Diego Barahona Superintendencia General Wafwana & Associés PricewaterhouseCoopers de Entidades Financieras Charlotte-Yolande Mangoua C ON G O, R E P. Legal Services Etude de Maître Mangoua Sandra Kabuya Cecilia Naranjo Cabinet Jean Bosco Muaka Carlos Barrantes LEX Counsel Evelyne M’Bassidgé Roland Bembelly PricewaterhouseCoopers FIDAFRICA / & Associates Cabinet d’Avocats Gomes Pedro Oller PricewaterhouseCoopers Ngalamulume Kalala Alejandro Bettoni Traube Oller Abogados Prosper Bizitou Doninelli & Doninelli Georges N’Goan emmanuel Ramón Ortega FIDAFRICA / - Asesores Jurídicos Cabinet N’Goan, Asman & Barreau de Kinshasa/ PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers Matete Asociados Associés David Bourion Mauricio Bonilla Laura Perez Patricia N’guessan Kafua Katako FIDAFRICA / Oller Abogados CINDE Cabinet Jean-François Robert Katambu PricewaterhouseCoopers Chauveau Eduardo Calderón-Odio Sergio Perez Cabinet Jean Bosco Muaka Claude Coelho & Associates BLP Abogados André Tinoco Abogados Karim Ouattara Cabinet d’Avocats Claude SCPA Dogué-Abbé Yao & Pierre Kazadi Tshibanda Coelho Adriana Calero Mainor Quesada TELETEC S.A. Associés Cabinet Masamba PricewaterhouseCoopers Mathias Essereke Legal Services SABKA Phistian Kubangusu Makiese Cabinet d’Avocats Claude Manrique Rojas Cabinet Masamba Coelho Bernardo Calvo M. André Tinoco Abogados SIMAT Grupo Mega de Costa Rica Miguel Ruiz Herrera Athanase Raux Pierre-Pépin Kwampuku Latur Philippe Fouda Fouda BR, S.A Cabinet Pepin Kwampuku BEAC LEX Counsel Cabinet Raux, Amien & Gastón Certad Associés G. Le Dourain Henriette Lucie Arlette Galiba Andrea Saenz Batalla & Asociados Aguilar Castillo Love Dominique Taty Agetraf s.a.r.l. - SDV Office Notarial Me Galiba Silvia Chacon FIDAFRICA / Jean-Délphin Lokonde Alexis Vincent Gomes Sergio Salas PricewaterhouseCoopers Alfredo Fournier & SEYSA Consultoría y Mvulukunda Cabinet d’Avocats Gomes Asociados Construcción Fatoumata Konaté Touré Bebo Cabinet Masamba Caroline Idrissou-Belingar Daniel Chaves Cabinet de notaire Konaté Léon Lubamba BEAC Fernando Sánchez Touré Bebo CINDE Russell Bedford Costa Conservation des Titres Sylvert Bérenger Kymbassa Fousséni Traoré Immobiliers de la Lukunga Marybeth Chinchilla Rica, member of Russell Boussi André Tinoco Abogados Bedford International FIDAFRICA / Vital Lwanga Bizanbila Etude Maitre Béatrice PricewaterhouseCoopers Dianzolo, Huissier de Compañía Nacional de Luis Sibaja Cabinet d’avocat JCC & A Konzo Traore Justice Fuerza y Luz LEX Counsel Eugénie Makangha Dunn BCEAO François Lavanant Colegio de Ingenieros Marianela Vargas Jean Paul Matanga SDV Electricistas, Mecánicos e PricewaterhouseCoopers Jean Christian Turkson Cabinet Jean Bosco Muaka Industriales CIE & Associates Emmanuel Le Bras Rocio Vega FIDAFRICA / Melania Dittel Grupo Mega de Costa Rica Nadia Vanie Jean Claude Mbaki Siluzaku PricewaterhouseCoopers Arias & Muñoz BR, S.A Cabinet N’Goan, Asman & Cabinet Mbaki et Associés Associés Parfait Euloge Linvani Luis Escalante Rodrigo Zapata Didier Mopiti Cabinet d’Avocats Gomes Grupo Mega S.A LEX Counsel Abbé Yao MBM Conseil SCPA Dogué-Abbé Yao & Salomon Louboula Roberto Esquivel Jafet Zúñiga Salas Associés Louman Mpoy Etude Notariale Senghor Oller Abogados Superintendencia General Cabinet Mpoy - Louman & de Entidades Financieras Emmanuel Yehouessi Associés Thierry Mamimoue Leticia Garcia BCEAO Cabinet d’Avocats Gomes Quirós & Asociados C ÔT E D’ I VOI R E Jean Bosco Muaka Central Law Cabinet Jean Bosco Muaka Norbert Diétrich M’Foutou C ROAT IA Ingrid Jiménez Godoy Any Ray & Partners & Associates Etude de Maitres Séraphin Andrea August Mcakosso-Douta et PricewaterhouseCoopers Diaby Aboubakar Emery Mukendi Wafwana Legal Services HITRO.HR Norbert M’Foutou BCEAO Cabinet Emery Mukendi Zoran Avramović Wafwana & Associés Lucien Onanga Otando Miguel Golcher Valverde César Asman Colegio de Ingenieros Ministry of Justice BEAC Cabinet N’Goan, Asman & Jacques Munday Electricistas, Mecánicos e Associés Ivana Bandov Cabinet Ntoto et Nswal Industriales CMS Zagreb ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 177 Zoran Bohaček Branko Kirin Eugen Zadravec John G. Lefas Kristýna Fišerová Croatian Banking Čačić & Partners Eugen Zadravec Law Firm Electricity Authority of Peterka & Partners Association Cyprus Margita Kiš-Kapetanović Michal Forytek Andrej Bolfek Porobija & Porobija Law C Y P RU S George M. Leptos Linklaters Leko & Partners Firm Alexandros Alexandrou Leptos Group Jakub Hajek Marko Borsky Kopgrad Projekt d.o.o. Tornaritis Law LLC George V. Markides Ambruz & Dark Law Firm Divjak, Topić & Marija Krizanec Xeni Anastasiou KPMG Bahtijarević Michal Hanko Jurić Law Offices Info Credit Group Pieris M. Markou Bubnik, Myslil & Partners Marijana Božić Andreas Andreou Deloitte Anita Krizmanić Jarmila Hanzalova Divjak, Topić & Cyprus Global Logistics Bahtijarević Mačešić & Partners, Christos Mavrellis PRK Partners s.r.o. Odvjetnicko drustvo Harry S. Charalambous Chrysses Demetriades & Co advokátní kancelář Irena Brezovecki Dubravka Lacković KPMG Neophytos Neophytou Radek Horký Vidan Law Office CMS Zagreb Antonis Christodoulides Ernst & Young Notary Chamber Lana Brlek Miroslav Leko PricewaterhouseCoopers Christina Papakyriakou Michal Hrncir PricewaterhouseCoopers Leko & Partners Christophoros Christophi Antis Triantafyllides & Ambruz & Dark Law Firm Belinda Čačić Sons LLC Krešimir Ljubić Christophi & Associates Katarina Hybenová Čačić & Partners Leko & Partners Kypros Chrysostomides Leandros Papaphilippou Squire, Sanders & Dempsey, Jasmina Crnalić Papaphilippou & Co., v.o.s. advokát kancelář Marko Lovirić DRK. Chrysostomides & Co. CMS Zagreb Advocates and Legal Divjak, Topić & Alexis Danos Consultants Jaroslava Ignacikova Tamara Crnkić Bahtijarević Ambruz & Dark Law Firm Danos & Associates Marios Pelekanos Mamić Reberski & Partners Mate Lovrić Chrysostomos Danos Mesaritis Pelekanos Pavel Jakab Ivan Ćuk Laktić & Partners Architects - Engineers Peterka & Partners Danos & Associates Vukmir Law Office Ana Lubura Achilleas Demetriades Lambros Soteriou Ludvik Juřička Stefanija Čukman Gark Konzalting d.o.o. Michael Kyprianou & Co. Ambruz & Dark Law Firm Lellos P Demetriades Law Jurić Law Offices Miroljub Mačešić Office LLC Andreas D. Symeon Alena Klierová Saša Divjak Mačešić & Partners, Haris Fereos Government of Cyprus Eurotrend s.r.o, a member Divjak, Topić & Odvjetnicko drustvo firm of Russell Bedford Fereos & Associates Citron Tornaritis Bahtijarević Vladimir Mamić International Angela T. Frangou Tornaritis Law LLC Anela Dizdarević Mamić Reberski & Partners Veronika Kocova Cyprus Stock Exchange Stelios Triantafyllides Ana Sihtar Attorneys- Josip Marohnić Peterka & Partners at-Law Stefani Gabriel Antis Triantafyllides & Divjak, Topić & Sons LLC Sofia Komrsková Elektro Kros d.o.o. and Bahtijarević PricewaterhouseCoopers Eurotrend s.r.o, a member Elektro Juric d.o.o. Christina Hadjidemetriou Panikos Tsiailis firm of Russell Bedford Andrej Matijevich Ivana Dominković Christodoulos G. PricewaterhouseCoopers International Matijevich Law Office CMS Zagreb Vassiliades & Co LLC Christodoulos Vassiliades Adela Krbcová Daša Musulin Daria Dubajić Marios N. Hadjigavriel Christodoulos G. Peterka & Partners Marović & Partners Vassiliades & Co LLC Porobija & Porobija Law Antis Triantafyllides & Aleš Kubáč Firm Hrvoje Petrić Sons LLC C Z E C H R E P U B L IC Ambruz & Dark Law Firm Petrić Law Firm Spyros Hadjinicolaou Gregor Famira Petr Kucera CMS Zagreb Marija Petrović Antis Triantafyllides & Allen & Overy LLP Sons LLC CCB - Czech Banking Divjak, Topić & Credit Bureau Tamiko Rochelle Franklin Bahtijarević Viet Anh Nguyen Iacovos Hadjivarnavas Peterka & Partners Matijevich Law Office Dina Lasova Sanja Porobija Cyprus General Bonded Lino Fučić and Transit Stores Tomas Babacek PRK Partners s.r.o. Porobija & Porobija Law advokátní kancelář Ministry of Env. Prot., Firm Association Ambruz & Dark Law Firm Phisical Planning and Samantha G. Hellicar Libor Basl Zuzana Luklova Construction, Tihana Posavec Antis Triantafyllides & Baker & McKenzie Ambruz & Dark Law Firm Divjak, Topić & Ivan Gjurgjan Bahtijarević Sons LLC Tomáö Běhounek Ondrej Machala Law firm Gjurgjan & Šribar Anthony Indianos bnt - pravda & partner, Notary Chamber Radić Ana Sihtar Ana Sihtar Attorneys- Costas Indianos & Co v.o.s. Jiří Markvart Kresimir Golubić at-Law Martin Bohuslav Ambruz & Dark Law Firm Christina Ioannidou Tom Hadzija Dragutin Sikirić Ioannides Demetriou Ambruz & Dark Law Firm Peter Maysenhölder Sikiric Hadzija Attorney Sikiric Hadzija Attorney Stephen B. Booth BNT - pravda & partner, Partnership Panicos Kaouris Partnership PricewaterhouseCoopers v.o.s. PricewaterhouseCoopers Lidija Hanžek Irena Šribar Radić Petr Mestanek George Karakannas Alena Brichackova HROK Law firm Gjurgjan & Šribar Linklaters CH.P. Karakannas Peterka & Partners HEP Distribution System Radić Electrical Ltd Michal Buchta Veronika Mistova Operator Ltd. Mario Štefanić PRK Partners s.r.o. Andreas Karmios Ambruz & Dark Law Firm Jana Hitrec Transadria advokátní kancelář First Cyprus Credit Bureau Jiří Černý Čačić & Partners Goranka Šumonja Laktić Lenka Mrazova Thomas Keane Peterka & Partners Branimir Iveković Laktić & Partners PricewaterhouseCoopers Chrysses Demetriades & Co Marian Cuprik Vidan Law Office Ivana Sverak David Musil Spyros G. Kokkinos DLA Piper LLP Irina Jelčić Porobija & Porobija PricewaterhouseCoopers Ministry of Commerce, Matěj Daněk Hanžeković, Radaković & Trast Industry and Tourism Jarmila Musilova Partners, member of Lex PRK Partners s.r.o. Vesna Veselin Christina Kotsapa advokátní kancelář Czech National Bank Mundi Ministry of Env. Prot., Antis Triantafyllides & Ondřej Dušek Robert Nemec Marijana Jelić Physical Planning and Sons LLC Peterka & Partners PRK Partners s.r.o. Law Office Jelic Construction advokátní kancelář Nicholas Ktenas Janos Kelemen Hrvoje Vidan Tereza Erényi Andreas Neocleous & Co. Petr Novotny PricewaterhouseCoopers Vidan Law Office Legal Consultants PRK Partners s.r.o. advokátní kancelář Ambruz & Dark Law Firm Mirna Kette Arn Willems Menelaos Kyprianou Jörg Nürnberger PricewaterhouseCoopers Pavel Ficek CB Richard Ellis d.o.o. Michael Kyprianou & Co. DLA Piper LLP Panalpina s.r.o. 178 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Athanassios Pantazopoulos Cargo World A/S Luc Deruyer D OM I N I C A N Xavier Marra Martínez IKRP Rokas & Partners and Frants Dalgaard-Knudsen Société Maritime L. Savon REPUBLIC Dhimes & Marra Dr. A. Pantazopoulos & Ries Plesner Carla Alsina Fernando Marranzini Martina Pavelkova Ali Dini Headrick Rizik Alvarez & Mogens Ebeling Biaggi & Messina Panalpina s.r.o. Electricité de Djibouti Fernández Jonas Bruun Lissette Balbuena Markéta Protivankova Félix Emok N’Dolo Carlos Marte Eivind Einersen Stewart Title Dominicana, Vejmelka & Wünsch, s.r.o. CHD Group S.A. Agencia de Comercio Philip & Partnere Exterior CM Nataša Randlová Mourad Farah Caroline Bono Lars Fogh Melina Martinez PRK Partners s.r.o. PricewaterhouseCoopers advokátní kancelář Accura Ibrahim Hamadou Hassan González & Coiscou Advokataktieselskab Banque Pour le Commerce Ana Isabel Caceres Tomas Richter et LíIndustrie Fabiola Medina Lita Misozi Hansen Troncoso y Caceres Clifford Chance LLP/ Medina & Rizek, Abogados Institute of Economic PricewaterhouseCoopers Fatouma Mahamoud Hassan Juan Manuel Caceres Studies, Faculty of Cabinet Mahamoud Elizabeth Mena Jens Hjortskov Troncoso y Caceres Social Sciences, Charles Pellerano & Herrera, Philip & Partnere Mayank Metha Giselle Castillo member of Lex Mundi University Heidi Hoelgaard Maersk Sealand Line Superintendencia de Zdenek Rosicky Natia Núñez Experian Northern Europe Ibrahim Mohamed Omar Bancos Squire, Sanders & Dempsey, Headrick Rizik Alvarez & v.o.s. advokát kancelář Peter Honoré Cabinet CECA Rodolfo Colon Fernández Kromann Reumert, member Oubah Mohamed Omar Estrella & Tupete Ana Ortega Terrero Leona Ševčíková of Lex Mundi Panalpina s.r.o. Société Maritime L. Savon Laureana Corral Agencia de Comercio Jens Steen Jensen & Ries Estrella & Tupete Exterior CM Robert Sgariboldi Kromann Reumert, member Panalpina s.r.o. Jerome Passicos Leandro Corral Ramón Ortega of Lex Mundi Société Maritime L. Savon PricewaterhouseCoopers Estrella & Tupete Dana Sládečková Camilla Jørgensen & Ries Czech National Bank Mariano Corral Luis R. Pellerano Philip & Partnere Lantosoa Hurfin Ralaiarinosy Pellerano & Herrera, Estrella & Tupete Marika Slamova Jeppe Jørgensen Groupement Cosmezz member of Lex Mundi DLA Piper LLP Djibouti S.A. José Cruz Campillo Bech-Bruun Law Firm Edward Piña Fernandez Jiménez Cruz Peña Steven Snaith William Kanta Aicha Youssouf Abdi Biaggi & Messina PricewaterhouseCoopers Cabinet CECA Marcos de Leon Kromann Reumert, member Julio Pinedo of Lex Mundi Superintendencia de Petra Sochorova PricewaterhouseCoopers Havel & Holásek s.r.o., D OM I N I C A Bancos Dorte Kjærgaard Maria Portes advokátní kancelář Sarah de León Accura Kirtiste Augustus Castillo y Castillo Advokataktieselskab Headrick Rizik Alvarez & Ondřej Špetla Waterfront and Alied Fernández Eurotrend s.r.o, a member Workers Union Alejandro Miguel Ramirez Aage Krogh Suzaña firm of Russell Bedford Juan Carlos De Moya Magnusson Joffrey C.G. Harris Rizik y Asoc International González & Coiscou Christine Larsen Harris & Harris Anna Stankova Romeo Del Valle TransUnion Plesner Svane Grønborg Marvlyn Estrado Havel & Holásek s.r.o., Advokatfirma González & Coiscou Carolina Silié KPB Chartered advokátní kancelář Accountants Rosa Díaz Headrick Rizik Alvarez & Jakob Hüttel Larsen Fernández Marie Strachotová Philip & Partnere F. Adler Hamlet Jiménez Cruz Peña Peterka & Partners Realco Company Limited Rafael Dickson Morales Maricell Silvestre Rodriguez Susanne Schjølin Larsen Jiménez Cruz Peña Růžena Trojánková Kromann Reumert, member Stephen K.M. Isidore MG&A Medina Garnes & Linklaters of Lex Mundi Asociados Abogados Juan Tejeda Emanuel & Isidore Klara Valentova Chambers Joaquín Guillermo Estrella PricewaterhouseCoopers Lars Lindencrone Ambruz & Dark Law Firm Ramia Urbano Tupete Bech-Bruun Law Firm Foued Issa Estrella & Tupete Estrella & Tupete Jana Večerníková Alexander M. P. Johannessen Issa Trading Ltd. Notary Chamber Alejandro Fernández de Guiraldis Velásquez Ramos Kromann Reumert, member Alick C. Lawrence Castro of Lex Mundi Lawrence Alick C. Dhimes & Marra DE N M A R K Chambers PricewaterhouseCoopers Helle Næsager Vilma Verras Terrero Mary Fernández Rodríguez Elsebeth Aaes-Jørgensen Lett Law Firm Severin McKenzie Jiménez Cruz Peña Headrick Rizik Alvarez & Norrbom Vinding, member Andreas Nielsen McKenzie Architectural & Fernández Chery Zacarias of Ius Laboris Construction Services Inc. Jonas Bruun Jose Ernesto Garcia A. Medina & Rizek, Abogados Peter Bang Richard Peterkin Susanne Nørgaard Transglobal Logistic Plesner Svane Grønborg PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers E C UA D OR Advokatfirma Gloria Gasso Joan K.R. Prevost Gerardo Aguirre Thomas Bang Jim Øksnebjerg Headrick Rizik Alvarez & Prevost & Roberts Fernández Vivanco & Vivanco Lett Law Firm Advokataktieselskabet Horten J. Gildon Richards Jetti Gomez Pablo Aguirre Mads Bierfreund J. Gildon Richards PricewaterhouseCoopers Niels Bang Sørensen Biaggi & Messina Kromann Reumert, member Chambers of Lex Mundi Gorrissen Federspiel Pablo Gonzalez Tapia Diego Cabezas-Klaere Kierkegaard Mark Riddle Cabezas & Cabezas-Klaere Thomas Booker González & Coiscou Kim Trenskow DOMLEC Accura Ralvin Gross Xavier Andrade Cadena Advokataktieselskab Kromann Reumert, member Eugene G. Royer Andrade Veloz & of Lex Mundi Headrick Rizik Alvarez & Eugene G. Royer Chartered Fernández Asociados Ole Borch Architect Bech-Bruun Law Firm DJ I B OU T I Jason Timothy Fabio Guzmán-Ariza Lucía Cordero Ledergerber Guzmán-Ariza Falconi Puig Abogados Christian Bredtoft Guldmann Rahma Abdi Abdillahi DOMLEC Kromann Reumert, member Banque Centrale de José Antonio Logroño Morales Renato Coronel of Lex Mundi Laurina Vidal Pinto & Garces Asoc. Cia Djibouti Adams Guzman & Logroño Lawrence Alick C. Ltda, member of Russell Peter Burhøj Abdillahi Aidid Farah Chambers José Ramón Logroño Morales Bedford International Kromann Reumert, member Adams Guzman & Logroño of Lex Mundi Wabat Daoud Fernando Del Pozo Contreras Annie Luna Gallegos, Valarezo & Jeppe Buskov Jean Phillipe Delarue Pellerano & Herrera, Neira Kromann Reumert, member Société Maritime L. Savon member of Lex Mundi of Lex Mundi & Ries ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 179 Juan Carlos Gallegos Happle Nermin Abulata Hasan El Shafiey Tarek Fouad Riad America Hernandez Gallegos, Valarezo & Ministry of Trade & Nadoury & Nahas Law Kosheri, Rashed & Riad Ale Cargo S.A. de C.V. Niera Industry Offices Mohamed Serry Gloria Lizama de Funes Leopoldo González R. Ghada Adel Karim Elhelaly Serry Law Office Organo Judicial de El Paz Horowitz PricewaterhouseCoopers Al-Ahl Firm Salvador Safwat Sobhy Vanessa Izquierdo D. Ahmed Adel Kamel Ashraf Elibrachy PricewaterhouseCoopers Thelma Dinora Lizama de Izquierdo Abogados/API Karim Adel Law Office Ibrachy Law Firm Osorio Ecuador South Cairo Electricity Superintendencia del Hazem Ahmed Fathi Mohamed El-Labboudy Distribution Company Sistema Financiero Rodrigo Jijón Hassouna & Abou Ali Nadoury & Nahas Law Randa Tharwat Jerson Lopez Pérez, Bustamante y Ponce, Offices member of Lex Mundi Rana Al Nahal Nacita Corporation Gold Service / MSI Sarwat A. Shahid Law Firm Rana El-Nahal Francisco Javier Naranjo Greiss Youssef Fidel Márquez Sarwat A. Shahid Law Firm Grijalva Yousef AlAmly Afifi World Transport Arias & Muñoz Paz Horowitz Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Mustafa Elshafei Eman Zakaria Daniel Martinez (TAG-Legal) Ibrachy Law Firm MZ Sistemas Electricos y Ministry of Manpower & García & Bodán Electronicos Yasmin Al-Gharbawie Sherihan Elshal Migration Shalakany Law Office, Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Diego Martin-Menjivar María Dolores Orbe Mona Zobaa member of Lex Mundi (TAG-Legal) Consortium Centro Vivanco & Vivanco Ministry of Investment América Abogados Abd El Wahab Aly Ibrahim Hassan Fahmy Esteban Ortiz Mona Zulficar Luis Alonso Medina Lopez Abd El Wahab Sons Ministry of Investment Pérez, Bustamante y Ponce, Shalakany Law Office, Rusconi, Valdez, Medina & member of Lex Mundi Tim Armsby Tarek Gadallah member of Lex Mundi Asociados Trowers & Hamlins Ibrachy Law Firm Pablo Padilla Muirragui Amr Mohamed Mahmoud Tareq Gadallah E L S A LVA D OR Astrud María Meléndez Ecuador Cargo System Asociación Protectora de Atta Ibrachy Law Firm Carlos Roberto Alfaro Créditos de El Salvador Daniel Pino Arroba Karim Adel Law Office Ashraf Gamal El-Din PricewaterhouseCoopers (PROCREDITO) Coronel y Pérez Abdelhamid Attalla Egyptian Institute of Miguel Angel José Walter Meléndez Ramiro Pinto KPMG Directors Ale Cargo S.A. de C.V. Customs Pinto & Garces Asoc. Cia Ltda, member of Russell Khaled Balbaa Ahmed Gawish Ana Margoth Arévalo Jorge Mendez Bedford International KPMG Ministry of Transport Superintendencia del Romero Pineda & Patricia Ponce Arteta Louis Bishara Karim Adel Kamel Ghobrial Sistema Financiero Asociados, member of Lex Bishara Textile & Garment Karim Adel Law Office Mundi Bustamante y Bustamante Ernesto Argueta Manufacturing Co BDO Figueroa Jiménez Antonio R. Mendez Llort Martin Portilla Zeinab Saieed Gohar Karim Dabbous Central Bank of Egypt & Co. Romero Pineda & Vivanco & Vivanco Asociados, member of Lex Sherif Dabbous, Auditors Francisco Armando Arias Diego Ramírez Meseo & Financial Consultancies, Maha Hassan Mundi Rivera Fabara & Compañia a member firm of Russell Afifi World Transport Edgar Mendoza Arias & Muñoz Abogados Bedford International Omneia Helmy PricewaterhouseCoopers Irene Arrieta de Díaz Nuila Sandra Reed Sherif Dabbous Egyptian Center for Pedro Alejandro Mendoza Economic Studies Arrieta Bustamante Pérez, Bustamante y Ponce, Sherif Dabbous, Auditors Espino Nieto & Asociados, member of Lex Mundi & Financial Consultancies, Lobna Mohamed Hilal Francisco José Barrientos member of Ius Laboris Veronica Sofia Ruales Díaz a member firm of Russell Central Bank of Egypt Aguilar Castillo Love Bedford International Miriam Eleana Mixco Reyna Bustamante & Bustamante Mohamed Hussein Andrew Bennett Gold Service / MSI Sameh Dahroug BDO Figueroa Jiménez German Saona Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Jocelyn Mónico Ibrachy & Dermarkar Law (TAG-Legal) & Co. PricewaterhouseCoopers Firm Aguilar Castillo Love Ashraf Ihab Carlos Castillo César Vélez Calderón Ibrahim Hassan Daker Ramón Ortega Shalakany Law Office, Romero Pineda & Covelcal Karim Adel Law Office Asociados, member of Lex PricewaterhouseCoopers member of Lex Mundi Mundi E G Y P T, A R A B R E P. Said Diab Mohamed Kamel Susana Palacios Sherif Dabbous, Auditors Diana Castro Arias & Muñoz Abdel Aal Aly Al Kamel Law Office & Financial Consultancies, Lexincorp Afifi World Transport a member firm of Russell Ghada Kaptan Carlos Pastrana Bedford International Ricardo Cevallos Colegio de Arquitectos de Naguib Abadir Shalakany Law Office, member of Lex Mundi Consortium Centro El Salvador Nacita Corporation Abdallah El Adly América Abogados PricewaterhouseCoopers Mohanna Khaled Jessica Pineda Machuca Mohamed Abd El-Sadek Walter Chávez Velasco ACZALAW Mahmoud El Gharabawy BDO, Khaled & Co Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Gold Service / MSI (TAG-Legal) Nadoury & Nahas Law Taha Khaled Mónica Guadalupe Pineda Offices Geraldo Cruz Machuca Girgis Abd El-Shahid BDO, Khaled & Co García & Bodán ACZALAW Sarwat A. Shahid Law Firm Mohamed El Gharably Sally Kotb Nadoury & Nahas Law Laura de Jimenez Francisco Eduardo Portillo Sara Abdel Gabbar Nadoury & Nahas Law Offices Offices Asociación Protectora de CEPA Trowers & Hamlins Créditos de El Salvador Mohamed EL Gindy Mustafa Makram (PROCREDITO) Ana Patricia Portillo Reyes Ibrahim Mustafa Ibrahim Waad Trade & Guandique Segovia Abdel Khalek BDO, Khaled & Co Mayra de Morán Development Co. Quintanilla General Authority for Sherif Mansour Presidential Program El Investment GAFI Mohamed Refaat El Houshy Salvador Eficiente Hector Rios PricewaterhouseCoopers The Egyptian Credit Consortium Centro Ahmed Abdel Warith Bureau I-Score Diaa Mohamed Maria Marta Delgado América Abogados AAW Consulting Engineers Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Arias & Muñoz Hassan El Maraashly Roxana Romero Mohamed Abdelaal (TAG-Legal) Roberta Gallardo de AAW Consulting Engineers Romero Pineda & Ibrachy & Dermarkar Law Mostafa Mostafa Cromeyer Asociados, member of Lex Firm Amr El Monayer Al Kamel Law Office Arias & Muñoz Mundi Ministry of Finance Ramez Mounir Abdel-Nour Ashraf Nadoury Erwin Alexander Haas Adonay Rosales Karim Adel Law Office Mohamed El Sayed Nadoury & Nahas Law Quinteros PricewaterhouseCoopers Nadoury & Nahas Law Offices Rusconi, Valdez, Medina & Ahmed Abou Ali Offices Asociados Manuel Telles Suvillaga Hassouna & Abou Ali Ragia Omran Lexincorp Shalakany Law Office, Carlos Henriquez Sameh Abu Zeid Gold Service / MSI Carlos Torres member of Lex Mundi Capital Market Authority ACZALAW 180 DOING BUSINESS 2010 María Alejandra Tulipano Daniel Haab Tarmo Peterson Wossen Teshome Bokan Eddielin Almonte Consortium Centro Paul Varul Attorneys- Paul Varul Attorneys- Teshome Gabre-Mariam PricewaterhouseCoopers América Abogados at-Law at-Law Law Firm John Apted Mauricio Antonio Urrutia Pirkko-Liis Harkmaa Leho Pihkva Teferra Demiss Munro Leys Notaries Superintendencia del Lepik & Luhaäär LAWIN Sorainen Legal and Insurance Public Sistema Financiero Consultant and Attorney Marget Henriksen Kristiina Puuste Nehla Basawaiya Julio Valdés MAQS Law Firm KPMG Shimelise Eshete Munro Leys Notaries Arias & Muñoz MIDROC Construction PLC Public Triinu Hiob Ants Ratas Luis Mario Villalta Lepik & Luhaäär LAWIN CF&S AS Nega Getahun Mahendra Chand Consortium Centro City Administration of Munro Leys Notaries América Abogados Risto Hübner Dmitri Rosenblat Addis Ababa Public Law Office Tark & Co. Lepik & Luhaäär LAWIN Jennifer Gohlke Jamnadas Dilip E QUATOR IA L Andres Juss Piret Saartee GE Foundation Jamnadas and Associates GUINEA Estonian Land Board Ministry of Justice Yosef Kebede Aca Domolailai Gabriel Amugu Peep Kalamae Martin Simovart Dashen Bank S.C. Colonial Bank Interactivos GE PricewaterhouseCoopers Lepik & Luhaäär LAWIN Berhe Kinfe Delores Elliott Leoncio-Mitogo Edjang Avoro Aidi Kallavus Monika Tamm EEPCo KPMG Lepik & Luhaäär LAWIN Florence Fenton Philippe Fouda Fouda Getachew Kitaw Yitateku Munro Leys Notaries BEAC Ants Karu Marjaa Teder Ethiopian Bar Association Public Lextal Law Office Luiga Mody Hääl Borenius Caroline Idrissou-Belingar Taddesse Lencho Anita Jowitt BEAC Gerli Kilusk Villi Tõntson Addis Ababa University University of the South Lepik & Luhaäär LAWIN PricewaterhouseCoopers Pacific Mariam Laine Yared Lencho Airfreight Ermo Kosk Veikko Toomere SUR Construction PLC Paul McDonnell Lepik & Luhaäär LAWIN MAQS Law Firm Cromptons Solicitors Sébastien Lechêne Yirga Tadesse Matewos PricewaterhouseCoopers / Igor Kostjuk Maris Tudre The Federal Ministry Litiana Morris Fidafrica Hough, Hübner, Hütt & Centre of Registers & of Justice, Documents Howards Lawyers Partners Information Systems Authentication and Paulino Mbo Obama Richard Naidu Oficina de estudieos - Villu Kõve Kristi Uibo Registration Office Munro Leys Notaries ATEG Estonian Supreme Court Ministry of Justice Molla Mengistu Public François Münzer Tanja Kriisa Urmas Ustav Addis Ababa University Vandnha Narayan PricewaterhouseCoopers / PricewaterhouseCoopers Lextal Law Office Belachew Moges Colonial Bank Fidafrica EEPCo Kaia Läänemets Neve Uudelt Nalin Patel Honorio Ndong Obama Law Office Tark & Co. Raidla Lejins & Norcous Getahun Nana PKF Fiji Jenaro Obuno Ela Priit Lepasepp Paul Varul National Bank of Ethiopia Pradeep Patel Ministerio de Hacienda y Sorainen Paul Varul Attorneys- Hailye Sahle Seifu PKF Fiji Presupuesto at-Law Indrek Link Sintayehu Tefera Mekonnen Ana Rasovo Lucien Onanga Otando Hough, Hübner, Hütt & Urmas Veinberg The Federal Ministry Howards Lawyers BEAC Partners MAQS Law Firm of Justice, Documents Authentication and Varun Shandil Dominique Taty Liina Linsi Vahur Verte Munro Leys Notaries FIDAFRICA / Registration Office Lepik & Luhaäär LAWIN Luiga Mody Hääl Borenius Public PricewaterhouseCoopers Eyasu Tequame Karin Madisson Peeter Viirsalu Om Dutt Sharma Jehoiachin Techno Pvt. ERITREA Sorainen Paul Varul Attorneys- Ltd. Co. Fiji Electricity Authority at-Law Siiri Malmberg Tibebu Tesfaye Haile Dudley Simpson Biniam Fesehatzion Mirjam Vili Hansa Law Offices Tibebu Tesfaye Haile Legal Cromptons Solicitors Berhane Gila-Michael BNT Legal & Tax Law Firm Olger Marjak Consultant Shelvin Singh Law Office Tark & Co. Andres Vinkel Seyoum Yonhannes Tesfy Parshotam & Co. Berhane Gila-Michael Hansa Law Offices Addis Ababa University Berhane Gila-Michael Johan Maunsbach Narotam Solanki Law Firm MAQS Law Firm Joel Zernask Mesfin Tilahun PricewaterhouseCoopers Kebreab Habte Michael KPMG Main City Administration Marko Mehilane Moto Solvalu Kebreab Habte Michael Lepik & Luhaäär LAWIN of Addis Ababa Legal Consulting E T H I OP IA Williams & Gosling Ltd. Veiko Meos Wolde Tsadik Someno Chirk Yam Tekeste Mesghenna Krediidiinfo A.S. Teodros Abraham Ministry of Trade & PricewaterhouseCoopers MTD Enterprises PLC SDV Transami Ltd. Industry Jaanus Mody Eddie Yuen Adem Ahmed Amsale Tsehaye E S TON IA Luiga Mody Hääl Borenius Express Transit Service Amsale Tsehaye & Williams & Gosling Ltd. Margus Mugu Enterprise PLC. Associates Law Office Angela Agur Luiga Mody Hääl Borenius FINLAND MAQS Law Firm Yoseph Alemu Aklilu Woldemariam Kaspar Noor Ministry of Trade & Ethiopian Investment Sakari Aalto Katrin Altmets Roschier Attorneys Ltd., MAQS Law Firm Industry Agency Sorainen member of Ius Laboris & Arne Ots Befukado Assefa Marcos Wolde-Sanbet Lobicka Lex Mundi Aet Bergmann Raidla Lejins & Norcous Lewa PLC Law Firm Marcos Wolde- Law Office Luiga Mody Sanbet Lobicka Miia Aho Hääl Borenius Karl J. Paadam Bekure Assefa Roschier Attorneys Ltd., Sorainen Bekure Assefa Law Office Tameru Wondmagegnehu member of Ius Laboris & Mark Butzmann Tameru Wondmagegnehu Lex Mundi BNT Legal & Tax Raino Paron Yonas Ayalew Law Offices Jane Eespõld Raidla Lejins & Norcous SUR Construction PLC Manne Airaksinen Sorainen Kirsti Pent Berhanu Yegezu Beyene FIJI Roschier Attorneys Ltd., member of Ius Laboris & Indrek Ergma Law Office Tark & Co. GAD construction PLC Lex Mundi David Aidney Sorainen Kaitti Persidski Teshome Gabre-Mariam Williams & Gosling Ltd. Kasper Björkstén Estonian Chamber of Bokan Valters Gencs Caroll Sela Ali Helen Sähköverkko Oy Notaries Teshome Gabre-Mariam Gencs Valters Law Firm Law Firm Cromptons Solicitors Claudio Busi Castrén & Snellman Attorneys Ltd. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 181 Cargoworld Ab/Oy Jyrki Prusila Philipe Guibert François Coron Alhaji Jallow Mikko Eerola Roschier Attorneys Ltd., FIEEC Panalpina S.A. National Water & member of Ius Laboris & Electricity Company Ltd. Waselius & Wist Lex Mundi Sabrina Henocq Jean Delahaye Delsol & Associés Bolloré Cherno Alieu Jallow Marja Eskola Marja Ramm-Schmidt Deloitte PricewaterhouseCoopers Krogerus Attorneys Ltd Marc Jobert Léopold Effah Jobert & Associés Etude Mekam’Ne & Effah Lamin S. Jatta Tuukka Fabritius Mikko Reinikainen Avocats Associés Deloitte Roschier Attorneys Ltd., PricewaterhouseCoopers Daniel Arthur Laprès member of Ius Laboris & Cabinet d’Avocats Augustin Fang Zainab Jawara-Alami Lex Mundi Petri Seppälä Gambia Revenue Authority Nicolas Mordaunt-Crook Philippe Fouda Fouda Esa Halmari PricewaterhouseCoopers Landwell & Associés - BEAC Sulayman M. Joof Hedman Partners Tatu Simula PricewaterhouseCoopers S.M. Joof Agency Anne Gey Bekale Johanna Haltia-Tapio Roschier Attorneys Ltd., Legal Services member of Ius Laboris & Caroline Idrissou-Belingar Nani Juwara Hannes Snellman Lex Mundi Nathalie Morel National Water and Attorneys at Law Ltd. BEAC Mayer Brown Electricity Company Ltd. Sini Soini Jacques Lebama Tuija Hartikainen Anne-Marie Moulin Abdou Rahman Mboob Roschier Attorneys Ltd., Ministere de la Justice, PricewaterhouseCoopers member of Ius Laboris & Banque de France Garde des Sceaux Thomas Nielsen Risto Hietanen Lex Mundi Agathe Penning-Reef Gambia Shipping Agencies Pélagie Massamba Mouckocko National Board of Patents Suomen Asiakastieto Oy - Confédération & Registration FIDAFRICA / Omar Njie Finska Française du Commerce PricewaterhouseCoopers Interentreprises Law Firm Omar Njie Jani Hovila Helena Viita Jean Mbagou Mary Abdoulie Samba- Hannes Snellman Roschier Attorneys Ltd., Jacques Pourciel Attorneys at Law Ltd. Banque Internationale Christensen member of Ius Laboris & Paris Notaire pour le Commerce et Legal Practitioner Mia Hukkinen Lex Mundi Arnaud Raynouard l’Industrie du Gabon Roschier Attorneys Ltd., Mama Fatima Singhateh Anna Vuori University Paris IX Abel Mouloungui member of Ius Laboris & Dauphine GT Bank Hedman Partners Lex Mundi Celestin Ndelia Hawa Sisay-Sabally Gunnar Westerlund Bernard Reynis Etude Maitre Ndelia Lauri Jääskeläinen Roschier Attorneys Ltd., Etude Notariale Darcy White Célestin Building Control member of Ius Laboris & PricewaterhouseCoopers Department of the City of Frédéric Roussel Ruben Mindonga Ndongo Lex Mundi Helsinki Fontaine, Roussel & Kai Wist Associés Cabinet Me Anguiler G E ORG IA Juuso Jokela PricewaterhouseCoopers Thierry Ngomo Suomen Asiakastieto Oy - Hugues Roux Natalia Babakishvili ArchiPro International Finska Banque de France Mgaloblishvili, Kipiani, FRANCE Lubin Ntoutoume Dzidziguri (MKD) Law Firm Sakari Kauppinen Isabelle Smith Monnerville National Board of Patents Allen & Overy LLP Vaughan Avocats Josette Cadie Olendo Merab Barbakadze & Registration Kempton Bedell-Harper Cabinet Olendo Giorgi Begiashvili Caroline Stéphane Gisela Knuts Russell Bedford Delsol & Associés Lucien Onanga Otando Begiashvili & Co. Limited Roschier Attorneys Ltd., International BEAC Law Offices Salli A. Swartz member of Ius Laboris & Franck Buffaud Marie-Jose Ongo Mendou Ketevan Beradze Lex Mundi Phillips Giraud Naud et Delsol & Associés Swartz FFA Juridique & Fiscal BGI Legal Olli Koikkalainen Arnaud Chastel Carine Peron Sandro Bibilashvili Samia Tighilt National Board of Patents Landwell & Associés - Union Gabonaise de banque BGI Legal & Registration Landwell & Associés - PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers Legal Services Laurent Pommera Zaza Bibilashvili Elina Kumpulainen BGI Legal Sandra Tripathi FIDAFRICA / PricewaterhouseCoopers Frédérique Chifflot Bourgeois PricewaterhouseCoopers Legal Services Gide Loyrette Nouel. Vladimer Chkhaidze Christian Courivaud Philippe Xavier-Bender Christophe A. Relongoué National Agency of Public Kirsi Lahtinen SCP Courivaud - Morange Registry Gide Loyrette Nouel FIDAFRICA / National Board of Patents - Volniac PricewaterhouseCoopers & Registration Claire Zuliani Paul Cooper Ann Creelman Dominique Taty PricewaterhouseCoopers Mina Lang Transparence, a member Vatier & Associés of Russel Bedford FIDAFRICA / Castrén & Snellman Aaron Crouch Raphaëlle de Ruffi de Pontevès International PricewaterhouseCoopers Attorneys Ltd. Deloitte Landwell & Associés - Patrik Lindfors PricewaterhouseCoopers G A B ON G A M B IA , T H E Tsotne Ebralidze P. Lindfors & Co, Legal Services ARCI Architecture & Attorneys-at-Law Ltd. Charles Adenet Victoria Andrews Development Isabelle Didier FIDAFRICA / Amie Bensouda & Co. Tomas Lindholm Cabinet Isabelle Didier & PricewaterhouseCoopers ENERGO PRO Georgia Roschier Attorneys Ltd., Associés Alpha Amadou Barry Y.A. Adetona Deloitte Courtney Fowler member of Ius Laboris & Lex Mundi Jean-Philippe Dom Cabinet Fidexce PricewaterhouseCoopers Landwell & Associés - Abdul Aziz Bensouda Risto Löf Marcellin Massila Amie Bensouda & Co. Unana Gogokhia PricewaterhouseCoopers BGI Legal PricewaterhouseCoopers Legal Services Akendengue Amie N.D. Bensouda SEEG, Societe d’Energie et Mamuka Gordeziani Tuomas Lukkarinen Electricité de France d’Eau du Gabon Amie Bensouda & Co. National Land Survey GTS Trans Logistics Benoit Fauvelet Gianni Ardizzone Lamin B.S. Camara Vuori Marko Dandimayo Cambers Levan Gotua Banque de France Panalpina World Krogerus Attorneys Ltd Georgian Financial Sylvie Ghesquiere Transport Sulayman B. Chune Supervisory Agency Ilona Paakkala Banque de France Marie Carmel Ketty Taf Construction Batu Gvasalia PricewaterhouseCoopers Ayimambenwe A.N.M Ousainu Darboe Guillaume Glon National Agency of Public Mikko Peltoniemi Landwell & Associés - Banque Internationale Basangsang Chambers Registry Waselius & Wist PricewaterhouseCoopers pour le Commerce et l’Industrie du Gabon Abeku Gyan-Quansah Irakli Gvilia Ilkka Pesonen Florence Grillier PricewaterhouseCoopers Credit Info Georgia Claude Barone Wabuco Oy Cabinet TAJ Birgitta Hardmark David Kakabadze GETMA Kevin Grossmann Maersk Line Georgian Legal Henri Bernhardt Partnership Mayer Brown GETMA 182 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Maka Khutsishvili Andrea Gruss Christopher Schauenburg Adwoa S. Asamoah Addo Margarita Flerianou CaucastransExpress Ashurst Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Fugar & Co. Economou International Hamilton LLP Shipping Agencies Anastasia Kipiani Klaus Günther Adam Imoru Ayarna PricewaterhouseCoopers Linklaters Oppenhoff & Ralf M. Schnaittacher Maersk Logistics Ltd. Leonidas Georgopoulos Rädler Mayer Brown LLP Kyriakides Georgopoulos & Sergi Kobakhidze Ellen Bannerman Daniolos Issaias PricewaterhouseCoopers Robert Gutte Friedrich Tobias Schoene Bruce-Lyle Bannerman & Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hogan & Hartson LLP Thompson Sotiris Gioussios Aieti Kukava Hamilton LLP Grant Thornton Alliance Group Holding Marc Schuett Kojo Bentsi-Enchill Rüdiger Harms Latham & Watkins LLP Bentsi-Enchill & Letsa, Periklis Kakkavas Kakhaber Nariashvil Cleary Gottlieb Steen & member of Lex Mundi John M. Tripidakis and Georgian Legal Hamilton LLP Thomas Schulz Associates Partnership Nörr Stiefenhofer Lutz, Stella Bentsi-Enchill Ilka Heinemeyer member of Lex Mundi Lexconsult and Company Elina Kanataki Vakhtang Paresishvili SJ Berwin LLP Drakopoulos Law Firm DLA Piper Gvinadze & Ingrid Seitz Sarah Adei Brown Partners LP Manfred Heinrich Deutsche Bundesbank DS Global Logistics Constantinos Kapitsinos Deutsche Bundesbank Spyridakis Tsoukala Law Irakli Pipia Bernd Siebers Jeremiah Coleman Firm (ST LAW FIRM) DLA Piper Gvinadze & Stefan Heinrich DLA Piper LLP Clearfreight Shipping Partners LP Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Agencies Ltd. Evangelos Karaindros Hamilton LLP Hanno Sperlich Evangelos Karaindros Law Joseph Salukvadze Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Kwasi Darkwah Firm Tbilisi State University Silvanne Helle Hamilton LLP Ghana Investment Linklaters Oppenhoff & Promotion Centre Fotini D. Katrakaza Manzoor Shah Rädler Dirk Stiller Law Office T. J. Koutalidis Globalink Logistics Group PricewaterhouseCoopers William Edem Fugar Götz-Sebastian Hök Legal AG Fugar & Co. Anna Kazantzidou Rusa Sreseli Dr. Hök Stieglmeier & Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft Panagopoulos, Vainanidis, PricewaterhouseCoopers Partner John Robert Jenkins Schina, Economou Tobias Taetzner Golden Jubilee Terminal Avto Svadnize Markus Jakoby PricewaterhouseCoopers Yannis Kelemenis DLA Piper Gvinadze & Jakoby Rechtsanwälte George Kwatia Kelemenis & Co. Partners LP Holger Thomas PricewaterhouseCoopers Christof Kautzsch SJ Berwin LLP Evita Kirykopoulou Anna Tabidze Salans Kenneth D. Laryea Kremalis Law Firm, member Mgaloblishvili, Kipiani, Valentin Todorow Laryea, Laryea & Co. P.C. of Ius Laboris Dzidziguri (MKD) Law Firm Henrik Kirchhoff Hogan & Hartson LLP Latham & Watkins LLP Lackson Agbeko Legah Constantinos Klissouras Giorgi Tavartkiladze Christoph Torwegge Logistics @ Legacy Ltd. Anagnostopoulos Bazinas Deloitte Jörg Kraffel PricewaterhouseCoopers White & Case Legal AG Sam Okudzeto Paul Knoll GERMANY Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft Sam Okudzeto & Associates George A. Callitsis Succsrs Peter Limmer S.A. Notare Dr. Limmer & Dr. Heiko Vogt Kingsford Otoo Allen & Overy LLP Golden Jubilee Terminal Friederich Panalpina Welttransport Alexandra Kondyli Gabriele Apfelbacher GmbH Kingsley Owusu-Ewli Karatzas & Partners Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Christoph Lindenau PricewaterhouseCoopers Katharina von Rosenstiel PricewaterhouseCoopers Nicholas Kontizas Hamilton LLP Legal AG Orrick Hölters & Elsing Jacob Saah Zepos & Yannopoulos, Sven Bäumler Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft member of Lex Mundi Raimund E. Walch Saah & Co. Vattenfall Europe Distribution Hamburg Frank Lohrmann Wendler Tremml Lois Tankam Panos Koromantzos GmbH Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Rechtsanwälte Bahas, Gramatidis & Hamilton LLP Darcy White Partners Henning Berger Lena Wallenhorst PricewaterhouseCoopers White & Case Cornelia Marquardt Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Dimitrios Kremalis Norton Rose Hamilton LLP Adwoa Yarney Professor K. Kremalis & Astrid Berle Saah & Co. Partners, member of Ius SCHUFA Holding AG Susanne Mattern Torsten Wehrhahn Laboris PricewaterhouseCoopers Latham & Watkins LLP Smart Yeboah Jennifer Bierly Electricity Company of Tom Kyriakopoulos Avocado rechtsanwälte Jan Geert Meents Annekatren Werthmann- Ghana Kelemenis & Co. DLA Piper LLP Feldhues Michael Brems PricewaterhouseCoopers Vassiliki G. Lazarakou Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Werner Meier Legal AG GREECE Zepos & Yannopoulos, Hamilton LLP Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft member of Lex Mundi Hamilton LLP Ioanna Argyraki Manon Brindöpke Senatsverwaltung für Kyriakides Georgopoulos & Konstantinos Logaras Linklaters Oppenhoff & Thomas Miller Stadtentwicklung Berlin Daniolos Issaias Zepos & Yannopoulos, Rädler Krohn Rechtsanwälte member of Lex Mundi Stefan Wirsch Nektaria Berikou Thomas Büssow Eike Najork Latham & Watkins LLP Ministry of Development Charis Loizou PricewaterhouseCoopers C·B·H Rechtsanwälte Elias Paraskevas Attorneys Gerlind Wisskirchen Alkistis - Marina Christofilou Wolfgang Nardi IKRP Rokas & Partners 1933 Thomas Buhl CMS Hasche Sigle Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Kirkland & Ellis LLP Viktoria - Maria Louri Vassilis Chryssomalis Hamilton LLP Germany Munich G HA NA Sarantitis Law Firm Spyridakis Tsoukala Law Isaschar Nicolaysen Firm (ST LAW FIRM) Curtis Mallet - Prevost, Seth Adom-Asomaning Sotiris Constantinou Colt & Mosle LLP DLA Piper LLP Evangelia Martinovits Peasah-Boadu & Co. Grant Thornton Helge Dammann Dirk Otto IKRP Rokas & Partners Kwame Agati Theodora D. Karagiorgou PricewaterhouseCoopers Norton Rose John Mazarakos Law Offices of Kwame Law Office T. J. Koutalidis Legal AG Daniel Panajotow Agati Elias Paraskevas Attorneys Andreas Eckhardt Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Eleni Dikonimaki 1933 Benjamin Agbotse Teiresias S.A. Interbanking PricewaterhouseCoopers Hamilton LLP Effie G. Mitsopoulou H & G Architects and Information Systems Legal Services Jan Christoph Pfeffer Consultants Kyriakides Georgopoulos & Dieter Endres Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Anastasia Dritsa Daniolos Issaias Nene Amegatcher Kyriakides Georgopoulos & PricewaterhouseCoopers Hamilton LLP Athanassia Papantoniou Sam Okudzeto & Associates Daniolos Issaias Markus J. Goetzmann Peter Polke Kelemenis & Co. Wilfred Kwabena Anim- Alexandra Economou C·B·H Rechtsanwälte Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Odame Dimitris E. Paraskevas Hamilton LLP Drakopoulos Law Firm Bjoern Grund Land Valuation Board Elias Paraskevas Attorneys Sebastian Prügel 1933 Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP White & Case ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 183 Konstantinos Pistiolis G UAT E M A L A Oscar Ernesto Garcia Sierra GUINEA Rui Paulo Coutinho de Elias Paraskevas Attorneys Russell Bedford Mascarenhas Ataíde 1933 Gabriella Aguirre Guatemala García Sierra Aminatou Bah Adelaida Mesa D’Almeida Rodriguez, Castellanos, Y Asociados, S.C., member Nimba Conseil SARL Katerina Politi Solares & Aguilar, S.C. of Russell Bedford Agostinho Joaquim Gomes Kyriakides Georgopoulos & -Consortium legal International Aminata Bah Tall Municipality of Bissau Daniolos Issaias Nimba Conseil SARL Rodolfo Alegria Toruno Veronika Sofia Gonzalez Bran Djamila Mary Pereira Gomes Mary Psylla Carrillo & Asociados Díaz-Durán & Asociados Alpha Bakar Barry PricewaterhouseCoopers Central Law Cabinet Alpha Bakar Barry Josue Gomes de Almeida Ana Rosa Alfaro Projecto de Reabilitacao Alexandros Sakipis Mayora & Mayora, S.C. Juan Jegerlehner Boubacar Barry e Desenvolvimento do PricewaterhouseCoopers Saravia & Muñoz SCP d’Avocats Jurifis Sector Privado Joaquin Alvarado Consult Guinee Vasiliki Salaka Carrillo & Asociados Rossana Lopez José Henriques Duarte Karatzas & Partners Palacios & Asociados Cabinet Ousmane Camara Portline Norka Aragón Constantine Sarantis Guillermo Lopez-Davis Mohamed Camara Mamadú Saliu Jaló Pires Mayora & Mayora, S.C. Zepos & Yannopoulos, Bufete Lopez Cordero SOCOPAO - SDV Conselho judicial da member of Lex Mundi Pedro Aragón magistradura, República María Isabel Luján Pierre-Stéphane Chabert Aragón & Aragón da Guiné - Bissau Katerina Sefteli Zilbermann SOCOPAO- SDV Vivartia S.A Elias Arriaza Quiñones, Ibargüen & Luján Octávio Lopes Oumar Dabo Rodriguez, Castellanos, Octávio Lopes Advogados - Harris Skordakis Solares & Aguilar, S.C. Estuardo Mata Palmieri ARCHI PricewaterhouseCoopers Miranda Alliance -Consortium legal Quiñones, Ibargüen & Luján Aïssata Diakite Legal Services Suzette Maria Lopes da Costa Ruby María Asturias Castillo Eduardo Mayora Alvarado Nimba Conseil SARL Eleftherios Stavropoulos Graça ACZALAW Mayora & Mayora, S.C. Ahmadou Diallo Ministério da Justiça Ministry of Development Amaury Barrera Edgar Mendoza Chambres des notaries Alexia Stratou Emilfreda M. de Oliveira DHV Consultants PricewaterhouseCoopers Abdel Aziz Kaba Ecobank Kremalis Law Firm, member of Ius Laboris Cecilia Bonilla Hugo Menes Nimba Conseil SARL Armando Mango Aguilar Castillo Love Mayora & Mayora, S.C. Lansana Kaba Ordem dos Advogados da John Tripidakis John M. Tripidakis and Maria del Pilar Bonilla Jorge Meoño CARIG Guiné-Bissau Associates Bonilla, Montano, Díaz-Durán & Asociados Lahlou Mohamed Miguel Mango Toriello & Barrios Central Law FIDAFRICA / Audi - Conta Lda Antonios Tsavdaridis IKRP Rokas & Partners Eva Cacacho González Pablo Mogollon PricewaterhouseCoopers Ismael Mendes de Medina Quiñones, Ibargüen & Luján TransUnion Guatemala Guy Piam Octávio Lopes Advogados - Eleni Tsoukala Spyridakis Tsoukala Law Rodrigo Callejas Aquino Amarilis Ondina Navas Nimba Conseil SARL Miranda Alliance Firm (ST LAW FIRM) Carrillo & Asociados Portillo Raffi Raja Julio Albino Nhaga Beltranena, de la Cerda y Cabinet Koûmy Tribunal de Sector Bissau Mania Tsoumita Jose Alfredo Candido Chavez Kelemenis & Co. Superintendencia de Kalissa Safiatou Osiris Francisco Pina Ferreira Bancos Jose Orive FIDAFRICA / Conselho judicial da Vicky Xourafa Arias & Muñoz Kyriakides Georgopoulos & Juan Pablo Carrasco de PricewaterhouseCoopers magistradura, República Daniolos Issaias Groote Roberto Ozaeta da Guiné - Bissau Yansane Soumah Díaz-Durán & Asociados PricewaterhouseCoopers Manquepas Augusto Regala Fredy Yatracou Central Law Legal Services PricewaterhouseCoopers Ibrahima Sory Sow Rogério Reis Alfonso Carrillo Marco Antonio Palacios Banque Centrale de Guinee Rogério Reis Despachante G R E NA DA Carrillo & Asociados Palacios & Asociados Alpha Ousman Camara Dominique Taty Raymond Anthony Juan Carlos Castillo Chacón Luis Rene Pellecer Lopez FIDAFRICA / Ribeiro Raymond Anthony & Co. Aguilar Castillo Love Carrillo & Asociados PricewaterhouseCoopers A. Carlos Ricardo Evelyn Cenac José Cerezo Jose Enrique Pensabene Aboubacar Salimatou Toure Portline Customs PricewaterhouseCoopers Palacios & Asociados Nimba Conseil SARL Legal Services Carlitos Rutt Grenada Electricity Melida Pineda Serviço - BAO Luis Manuel Contreras Carrillo & Asociados G U I N E A- B I S S AU Services Ltd. Amine M. Saad Ramírez Leroy Flavigny Díaz-Durán & Asociados Evelyn Rebuli Diaby Aboubakar Amine Saad & Advogados Customs Central Law Quiñones, Ibargüen & Luján BCEAO Alex Bassucko Santos Lopes Cyrus Griffith Paola van der Beek de Marco Tulio Reyna Duarte Adolfo A. Ussumane So Labour Department Andrino Cámara Guatemalteca de Banco da África la Construcción Ocidental, S.A. Losser Lda Business Cámara Guatemalteca de Development consultants Claudette Joseph la Construcción Amicus Attorneys Alfredo Rodríguez Mahuad José Alves Té Konzo Traore Karla de Mata Rodriguez, Castellanos, Ministério da Justiça Henry Joseph Solares & Aguilar, S.C. BCEAO CPS Logistics Emílio Ano Mendes Pannell Kerr Forster -Consortium legal Djunco Suleiman Ture Rolando De Paz Barrientos Octávio Lopes Advogados - Niel Noel Rodrigo Salguero Miranda Alliance Municipality of Bissau TransUnion Guatemala Henry Hudson - Phillips PricewaterhouseCoopers Carlos Vamain & Co. Samuel Elías Marceano Barbosa Salvador A. Saravia Castillo Registrar Gomes & Vamain PricewaterhouseCoopers Associados David Sinclair Saravia & Muñoz Sinclair Enterprises Lopez Enio Felicidade Brito Abelha José Augusto Toledo Cruz Jan van Maanen Limited TransUnion Guatemala BCEAO Arias & Muñoz Mavegro Trevor St. Bernard Rodolfo Fuentes Jose Carlos Casimiro Arelis Torres de Alfaro João Daniel Vaz Jr. Lewis & Renwick Protectora de Crèdito PRDSP Superintendencia de TransVaz, Lda Comercial Jaimentino Có Phinsley St. Louis Bancos Emmanuel Yehouessi St. Louis Service Jorge Gálvez Ministério do Comércio Elmer Vargas BCEAO BAC / CREDOMATIC Francisco Correa Jr. Supreme Court Registry ACZALAW Rafael Garavito Portline G U YA NA Roselyn Wilkinson Raquel Villeda Bufete Garavito Wilkinson, Wilkinson & Mayora & Mayora, S.C. Geoffrey Da Silva Wilkinson GAUSS, Nacional de Guyana Office for Instaladores, S.A. Ernesto Viteri Arriola Investment Viteri & Viteri Demerara Bank 184 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Lucia Loretta Desir Tatiana Zelaya Bustamante H O N G KON G , James Ngai Zsuzsanna Károlyi D & J Shipping Services TransUnion C H I NA Russell Bedford Hong PRK Bellák & Partners Kong Limited, a member Law Office, member of Ius C. A. Nigel Hughes César Cabrera Allen & Overy LLP firm of Russell Bedford Laboris Hughes, Fields & Stoby TransUnion International Christine Au Daniel Kelemen Rakesh Latchana Jorge Omar Casco Economic & Trade Office Andrea Pellicani Réti, Antall & Madl Ram & McRae Bufete Casco & Asociados Overseas Asia Landwell Law Firm Brian Barron R.N. Poonai Tania Vanessa Casco Baker & McKenzie Martinal Quan Gyula Kőrösy Poonai & Poonai Bufete Casco & Asociados Metopro Associates bpv | Legal Jádi Németh Albert P.C. Chan Limited Christopher Ram Janeth Castañeda de Aquino The Hong Kong Zoltan Krausz Ram & McRae Grupo Cropa Panalpina Polytechnic University Jude Ryan Build-Econ Ltd. Vishwamint Ramnarine Carmen Chevez Orrick, Herrington & Allan Chan Sutcliffe LLP László Mohai PFK Barcellos, Narine CNBS - Comision Nacional The Land Registry & Co de Bancos y Seguros Sara Tong Morley Allen & Overy Nicholas Chan Iroda Republic Bank Jaime Colindres Rosales Temple Chambers Squire, Sanders & Dempsey Judit Nagy William Sampson DYCELES S de R.L. Anita Tsang Vashi Chandi PRK Bellák & Partners Lincoln Chambers & Ramón Discua PricewaterhouseCoopers Law Office, member of Ius Excellence International Associates Batres, Discua, Martinez Laurence Tsong Laboris Abogados Deborah Y. Cheng TransUnion Gidel Thomside Robert Nagy Squire, Sanders & Dempsey National Shipping Lillizeth Garay L.L.P. Tak Kei Wan BISZ Corporation Ltd. CNBS - Comision Nacional CLP Power Limited de Bancos y Seguros William Chong Sándor Németh Josephine Whitehead Billy Wong Szecskay Attorneys-at-Law SDV Logistics Ltd. Cameron & Shepherd Jennifer Gonzalez Garcia Coudert Brothers in García & Bodán Andrew Dale Tamás Pásztor association with Orrick, HA I T I Jessica Handal Coudert Brothers in Herrington & Sutcliffe Nagy és Trócsányi Law association with Orrick, Office, member of Lex Lionel Allen Arias & Muñoz Herrington & Sutcliffe Fergus Wong Mundi Marc Kinson Antoine Camilo Janania PricewaterhouseCoopers Tamás Saád Thomas Duplan A.I. Shipping International Aguilar Castillo Love SDV Logistics Ltd. Jackson Wong Build-Econ Ltd. Jean Baptiste Brown Juan Diego Lacayo Hong Kong Economic & István Sándor Patrick Fontaine Trade Office Brown Legal Group Aguilar Castillo Love Linklaters Kelemen, Meszaros, Sandor Ricky Yiu & Partners Martin Camille Cangé Marcela López Carrillo Bertrand Gruez PricewaterhouseCoopers Baker & McKenzie Andrea Soós Electricité d’Haïti SDV Logistics Ltd. PRK Bellák & Partners Djacaman Charles Heidi Luna Andrew Halkyard H U N G A RY Law Office, member of Ius Cabinet Gassant García & Bodán University of Hong Kong Laboris Mark Balastyai Philippe-Victor Chatelain Doris A. Madrid-Lezama Keith Man Kei Ho Futureal Group Boglárka Szánthó Chatelain Cargo Services Cámara de Comercio e Wilkinson & Grist Nagy és Trócsányi Law Industria de Tegucigalpa Béla Balogh Office, member of Lex Jean Gerard Eveillard Rod Houng-Lee Balogh és Tarsai Ltd., Dennis Matamoros Batson Mundi Cabinet Eveillard PricewaterhouseCoopers member of Russell Bedford Arias & Muñoz International András Szecskay Lucien Fresnel Tam Yuen Hung Iván Alfredo Vigíl Molina Szecskay Attorneys-at-Law Cabinet Gassant Guangdong and Hong Kong Péter Bárdos Ramón Ortega Feeder Association Ltd Dr. Bárdos Attorney-at- Ágnes Szent-Ivány Enerlio Gassant PricewaterhouseCoopers Law Sándor Szegedi Szent-Ivány Cabinet Gassant Simon Kai Komáromi Eversheds Vanessa Oquelí SDV Logistics Ltd. Sándor Békési Gilbert Giordani Viktória Szilágyi García & Bodán Partos & Noblet Lovells Etude Brisson Cassagnol Howard Lam Nagy és Trócsányi Law Dino Rietti Linklaters Judit Bókai Office, member of Lex Marc Hebert Ignace Arquitecnic Dr Bókai Notary Office Mundi Banque de la République Kwok Ho Lam d’Haiti José Rafael Rivera Ferrari CLP Power Limited Hedi Bozsonyik Adrienn Tar Wilhelm E. Lemke, Jr Consortium - J.R. Paz & Szecskay Attorneys-at-Law Szecskay Attorneys-at-Law Damon Law Enmarcolda (D’adesky) Asociados DLA Piper Jan Burmeister Ádám Tóth Kathia Magloire Enrique Rodriguez Burchard Law Firm “bnt Szabó Tom Dr. Tóth & Dr. Gáspár Phila Law Burmeister Ügyvédi Iroda” Cabinet Gassant Aguilar Castillo Love Economic Analysis and Közjegyzői Iroda Fanny Rodríguez del Cid Business Facilitation Unit, Hellmann Worldwide Gábor Varga Alexandrine Nelson Logistics Kft Chatelain Cargo Services Arias & Muñoz Ian Lee BISZ Martha R Saenz Russell Bedford Hong Gabriella Erdos Virág Vass Leon Saint -Louis PricewaterhouseCoopers Zacarías & Asociados Kong Limited, a member PricewaterhouseCoopers Jean Frederic Sales firm of Russell Bedford György Fehér Armando Sarmiento International Cabinet Sales Revenue Executive PRK Bellák & Partners ICEL AND Paul Emile Simon Directorate Honduras Cecil Leung Law Office, member of Ius Linklaters Laboris Halla Ýr Albertsdóttir Salim Succar René Serrano PricewaterhouseCoopers Cabinet Lissade Angie Lim Anna Gáspár Arias & Muñoz Kristján Ásgeirsson Hong Kong Association Build-Econ Ltd. Antoine Turnier Godofredo Siercke of Freight Forwarding & Arkitektastofan OG Firme Turnier - Comptable Csaba Attila Hajdu García & Bodán Logistics Guðrún Bergsteinsdóttir Professionnels Agréés Law Firm “bnt Szabó Tom Conseils de Direction Edgardo H. Sosa Justin Ma Burmeister Ügyvédi Iroda” BBA Legal Empresa Nacional de Linklaters Dóra Horváth Eymundur Einarsson HON D U R AS Energía Eléctrica MAERSK Ltd. Réti, Antall & Madl Endurskoðun og ráðgjöf Marco Valladares Landwell Law Firm ehf, member of Russell José Antonio Abate Cliff Mok Bedford International Consultores Ascodidos Roberto Manuel Zacarías Coudert Brothers in Norbert Izer Urrutia association with Orrick, PricewaterhouseCoopers Ólafur Eiríksson Juan José Alcerro Milla LOGOS, member of Lex Zacarías & Asociados Herrington & Sutcliffe Aguilar Castillo Love IFS Ltd. Mundi Mario Rubén Zelaya Matthew Mui José Simón Azcona Energía Integral S. de R.L. Financial Secretaryís IABSA de C.V. Office ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 185 Erlendur Gíslason Pranav Bhaskar Rajat Joneja Manoj Kumar Singh Ashish Patole LOGOS, member of Lex Fox Mandal KNM & Partners, Law Singh & Associates Accent Trendz Mundi Offices Advocates and Solicitors Varghese Binu Niti Paul Guðrún Guðmundsdóttir Binlees Sumeet Kachwaha Vijay Kumar Singh Amarchand & Mangaldas Jónar Transport Kachwaha & Partners Singh & Associates & Suresh A. Shroff & Co. Ugen Bhutia Advocates and Solicitors Hjördís Gulla Gylfadóttir Fox Mandal Swaminathan Kalyanaraman Portoworld BBA Legal Dakshin Kreations Private Dinesh Kunal Canar Exports Anand Prasad Limited INFOSOL Information Bryndís Gunnlaugsdóttir Solution Word Trilegal Rajarshi Chakrabarti Dinesh Kanabar PricewaterhouseCoopers Prakashdeep Enterprises Kochhar & Co. PricewaterhouseCoopers Shreedhar Kunte Reynir Haraldsson Sharp and Tannan - member Anil Raj Aman Chanda Kandallan Jónar Transport of Russell Bedford Phoenix Legal PricewaterhouseCoopers Municipal Corporation of Jón Ingi Ingibergsson Greater Mumbai Leo Circuit Boards Pvt. Raj Harshala Chandorkar PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltd. Brahma Shipping & Credit Information Bureau A.V. Kane Hrafnhildur Kristinsdóttir Ltd. Manish Madhukar Logistics The Brihan Mumbai LOGOS, member of Lex Jyoti Chaudhari Electric Supply & Infini Juridique Vasanth Rajasekaran Mundi Transport Undertaking Kachwaha & Partners Legasis Services Pvt. Ltd. Som Mandal Ásta Kristjánsdóttir Vaishal Kapadia Fox Mandal Mohan Rajasekharan Prashant Chauhan PricewaterhouseCoopers Shidimo Interaux Pvt. Ltd. Phoenix Legal Legal Services Daizy Chawla Vipender Mann Singh & Associates Rajas Kasbekar KNM & Partners, Law Mohan Ramakrishnan Jóhann Magnús Jóhannsson Little & Co. Offices Advocates and Solicitors Sathya Auto Private LOGOS, member of Lex Limited Mundi Harminder Chawla Anuj Kaul Vaishali Manubarwala Chawla & Co. Legasis Services Pvt. Ltd. Desai & Diwanji Ashok Ramgir Benedetto Nardini Jagdeep Kaur Tushar A. Mavani Harsh Impex BBA Legal Manjula Chawla Phoenix Legal International law Mulla & Mulla & Craigie Ami Ranjan Kristján Pálsson Affiliates Blunt & Caroe Singhania & Partners, Jónar Transport Amanpreet Singh Chhina Solicitors & Advocates Ramandeep Kaur Dara Mehta Gunnar Sturluson Sachin Chugh Little & Co. Dipak Rao LOGOS, member of Lex Singhi Chugh & Kumar, Rajesh Khandelwal Suman Enterprises Jitesh Mehta Singhania & Partners, Mundi Chartered Accountants Solicitors & Advocates Source India Rúnar Svavar Svavarsson Mridul Das Ajay Khatlawala Preeti G. Mehta Rahul Renavikar Orkuveita Reykjavíkur, Fox Mandal Vishwang Desai Kanga & Co. PricewaterhouseCoopers Distribution-Electrical Rajnish Khattar System Desai & Diwanji Roopa Textiles and Amerindé Consolidated Sharad Mishra Prashant Dharia Trimmings Bergþór Þormóðsson Neo Multimedian Anant Industries Vinod Khotari Kehsav Saini ISTAK Saurabh Misra Vinod Kothari & Co., KNM & Partners, Law Omar Torfason Rahul Dhawan Company Secretaries Paras Kuhad & Associates, Fox Mandal Offices Creditinfo Iceland Advocates (PKA) Jawahar Kothari Abhishek Saket Darshana Dubhashi USIndiaTax LLP Sourish Mitra I N DIA G.D. Smabhare and Co. Fox Mandal Infini Juridique Vilas R. Koyanne Sudhir Saksena Dulal Acharyya Thambi Durai Municipal Corporation of Vishwajeet Mohite Parasnath Tech Garments T. Durai & Co. ICFAI School of Financial Greater Mumbai Singhania & Partners, Studies Pvt., Ltd. Emerald International Solicitors & Advocates Abhishek Kumar Aditi Sambhar Amit Agarwal Shrikant Gajjar Singhania & Partners, M/s Globe Exports PricewaterhouseCoopers KNM & Partners, Law Gajjar & Associates Solicitors & Advocates R. Muralidharan Offices Bhavuk Agarwal Rahul Garg Avinash Kumar PricewaterhouseCoopers Richie Sancheti Singhania & Co. LLP PricewaterhouseCoopers Avinash Kumar Satish Murti Nishith Desai Associates Vinod Agarwal Vijay Goel Dalip Kumar Murti & Murti Radhika Sankaran Universal Advisory Singhania & Co. LLP Singhania & Co. LLP International Law Services Practice Fox Mandal Chandrika Gogia Harsh Kumar V. Siva Sankaran Ajit Bhuta and Associates Singhi Chugh & Kumar, Excel Enterprises PricewaterhouseCoopers T.S. Classique Tushar Ajinkya Chartered Accountants Vijay Nair Neha Goyal Ramani Seshadri DSK Legal Mukesh Kumar KNM & Partners, Law Trilegal Offices DPAS Groups Palanikumar Arumugam KNM & Partners, Law Anil Gupta Offices Nine International Mrugank Shah Variety Fashions Hitech Group Desai & Diwanji Aum Architects Parveen Kumar Anand Nivas Chander Gupta Harnandi Shipping & Dragon Express Freight Parag Shah Ameet Awasthi MR Tobacco Pvt., Ltd. Logistics Pvt. Ltd. Parag G Shah and Fortune Law Group Associates Nikhil Gupta Ravindra Kumar Gunita Pahwa Gauri Bajaj PricewaterhouseCoopers Singhania & Co. LLP Singh & Associates Parag Shah KNM & Partners, Law Advocates and Solicitors Fox Mandal Offices Radhika Iyer Sailesh Kumar Nishith Desai Associates Dragon Express Maritime G. Pal Anand Sharma Manik Bakshi Pvt Ltd. Little & Co. R.K. Industries KNM & Partners, Law Ashok Jain Offices Suraj Overseas Saji Kumar Tejas R. Parekh Anuradha Sharma Dragon Express Freight Nishith Desai Associates Kachwaha & Partners P. V. Balasubramaniam Sarul Jain Pvt. Ltd. BFS Legal Avinash Kumar Amir Z. Singh Pasrich Aparna Sharma Suraj Kumar International law Infini Juridique Vikas Bansal Sarul Jain Amarchand & Mangaldas Amarchand & Mangaldas Affiliates Manoranjan Sharma PricewaterhouseCoopers & Suresh A. Shroff & Co. & Suresh A. Shroff & Co. Shreyas Patel KNM & Partners, Law M.L Bhakta Dilip kumar Niranjan Fox Mandal Offices Kanga & Co. Dharmendra Johari Singh & Associates Stonex Inc. Advocates and Solicitors Sanjay Patil Vina Sharma Bhasin International BDH Industries Ltd. Infini Juridique 186 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Vikram Shroff Tony Budidjaja Serafina Muryanti Robertus Winarto Shahrzad Majdameli Nishith Desai Associates Budidjaja & Associates Law Ali Budiardjo, Nugroho, PT Prima Wahana Caraka / International Law Office Offices Reksodiputro, member of PricewaterhouseCoopers of Dr. Behrooz Akhlaghi & Dilip Sidhpura Lex Mundi Associates D.L.Sidhpura Associates S.H Juni Dani Budidjaja & Associates Law Norma Mutalib IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. Malakootian Harsimran Singh Offices Makarim & Taira S. Bank Tejarat of Iran Singh & Associates Mostafa Agah Advocates and Solicitors Mariam Darus Feria Ningsih Agah Law Firm M. R. Matine Mariam Darus & Partners Makarim & Taira S. Najad Akbari Pars Associates Praveen Singh Fox Mandal Kemala Dewi Yusuf Pramono Mohsen Bahrami Arz Aghdas Mansour Missaghian Mariam Darus & Partners Mariam Darus & Partners Chashm Andaze Jahan Ghods Niroo Engineers Ravinder Singh International Tools Co. Utari Dyah Kusuma Ilman Rakhmat Trading Co. Ali Baheshi Moqadam Brigitta I. Rahayoe & KarimSyah Law Firm Behrooz Akhlaghi Mozaffar Mohammadian Ravinder Singhania Partners Singhania & Partners, Muhammad Razikun International Law Office Teema Bar International Solicitors & Advocates Ira A. Eddymurthy MUC Consulting Group, of Dr. Behrooz Akhlaghi & Transport Soewito Suhardiman a member firm of Russell Associates Arvind Sinha Mehrdad Mostaghimi Eddymurthy Kardono Bedford International Hossein Ali Amiri Business Advisors Group Ghods Niroo Engineers Sani Eka Duta Diah Retnosari Mostafa Arafati Lalan Sinha Homayoon Naddaf Shargh Bank Indonesia Mariam Darus & Partners Ghods Niroo Engineers KNM & Partners, Law Port and Maritime Offices Dedet Hardiansyah Arno F. Rizaldi Ebrahim Asadi Organization Expert Budiman and Partners Kusnandar & Co. Electrical Industry Sedigheh Naimian Sumit Sinha Ray Headifen Choriana Saragih Development (EID Trilegal Consultant Co.) Babak Namazi PT Prima Wahana Caraka / Central Jakarta District Atieh Associates Shipra Sukhija PricewaterhouseCoopers Court Reza Askari Fortune Law Group Foreign Legal Affairs Nazari Erwandi Hendarta Mahardikha K. Sardjana Prajakta Telang Group Bank Tejarat of Iran Hadiputranto, Hadinoto & Hadiputranto, Hadinoto & Legasis Services Pvt. Ltd. Partners Partners Saeideh Atefvahid Farmand Pourkarim Thacker Rahayu N. Hoed Nur Asyura Anggini Sari Central Bank of Iran Tehran Municipality Municipal Corporation of Makarim & Taira S. Bank Indonesia Maryam Babayee Saeid Rasaei Greater Mumbai Farjam Law Office Bank Tejarat of Iran Sri Nurhayati Ibrahim Marinza Savanthy Chetan Thakkar Mariam Darus & Partners Widyawan & Partners Malihe Dafnouk Yehya Rayegani Kanga & Co. Bank Tejarat of Iran Farjam Law Office Brigitta Imam Rahayoe Yanty Selviany Damanik Smita Thakur Brigitta I. Rahayoe & Mariam Darus & Partners Gholamhossein Davani Behrooz Rezazadeh Desai & Diwanji Partners Dayarayan Auditing & PSDC Group Indra Setiawan Praveen Tiwary Mohammad Kamal Financial Services Ali Budiardjo, Nugroho, Ghalamreza Saffarpour Fox Mandal Furniture Fikamar Reksodiputro, member of Hamid Derakhshani Ghods Niroo Engineers Kannan Venkatasamy Lex Mundi Chashm Andaze Jahan Iswahjudi A. Karim Jamal Seifi Peripheralconnexions Kevin Omar Sidharta Trading Co. KarimSyah Law Firm Dr. Jamal Seifi & Saji Vijayadas Ali Budiardjo, Nugroho, Morteza Dezfoulian Associates Mirza Karim Reksodiputro, member of Dragon Express Freight KarimSyah Law Firm Mahmoud Ebadi Tabrizi Encyeh Seyed Sadr Pvt. Ltd. Lex Mundi M. Ebadi Tabrizi & International Law Office S.H. Diasha Kashatri Ronny Silitonga Associates Saral Kumar Yadav of Dr. Behrooz Akhlaghi & Budidjaja & Associates Law PT Sucofindo - Denpasar Associates INFOSOL Information Offices Pejman Eshtehardi Solution Word Ricardo Simanjuntak Iran Counselors Mariam Sahrabin H. Kirno Ricardo Simanjuntak & Zedd Trade Shirzad Eslami Khadem Group Municipal Office of Partners Building Licensing Service Mir Shahbiz Shafe’e I N D ON E SIA Manhore Singh Mostafa Farmahini Farahani Dr. Jamal Seifi & Herry N. Kurniawan M & N Management Ghods Niroo Engineers Nafis Adwani Associates Ali Budiardjo, Nugroho, Consultants Ali Ghaemi Ali Budiardjo, Nugroho, Reksodiputro, member of Cyrus Shafizadeh Reksodiputro, member of Lex Mundi Sukhbir Singh Tehran Municipality Tavakoli & Shahabi Lex Mundi M & N Management Mohammad Reza Hajian Rudy Kusmanto Consultants Javad Bahar Shanjani Bambang Agus Setiadi Makarim & Taira S. Central Bank of Iran Farjam Law Office Local Office of Bambang Soelaksono Rouzbeh Hazrati Building Supervision and Winita E. Kusnandar The SMERU Research Farzan Shirranbeigi Kusnandar & Co. Iran Counselors Administration for the Institute Tehran Municipality Province of DKI Jakarta Erma Kusumawati Mehdi Heidarzadeh Galinar R. Kartakusuma Ebrahim Tavakoli Bank Indonesia Alvand Sayan Almer Apon Summitmas International Trading Tavakoli & Shahabi PT Buana Mas Citra Luh Lely Ariestianti Makarim & Taira S. Co, Ltd. Vrej Torossian Lestari Local Office of Darwin Syam Siregar Maryam Hosseini Torossian, Avanessian & Adi Ariantara Buildiing Supervision and City Zoning Office for Associate Administration for the Atieh Associates Jakarta Investment and North Jakarta Nasrin Zandi Promotion Board Province of DKI Jakarta Asadollah Jalalabadi Ernst G. Tehuteru Bank Tejarat of Iran Mahmoud Zirak Feri Astuti Ferry P. Madian Ali Budiardjo, Nugroho, Ali Budiardjo, Nugroho, Abdolhossein Jalili Namini Bank Tejarat of Iran Mariam Darus & Partners Reksodiputro, member of Reksodiputro, member of Lex Mundi Hamud M. Balfas Lex Mundi Kiumars Kermanshahi I R AQ Ali Budiardjo, Nugroho, Rudy Tjandra Iran Trade Promotion Reksodiputro, member of Eric Mancini PT Prima Wahana Caraka / Organization Hadeel Salih Abboud Lex Mundi PT SDV Logistics PricewaterhouseCoopers Al-Janabi Hossein Lotfi Mena Associates, Rukman Basit Ella Melany Gatot Triprasetio H. Lotfi & Associates member of Amereller Ministry of Trade Hanafiah Ponggawa & Widyawan & Partners Rechtsanwälte Partners Majid Mahallati Fabian Buddy Pascoal Adhie Wicaksono Mahallati & Co. Nisreen Abdul Hadi Al Hanafiah Ponggawa & Karen Mills Bank Indonesia Chartered Accountants Hamirie Partners KarimSyah Law Firm New Iraq for Legal Aditya Kesha Wijayanto Practice and Consultancy Widyawan & Partners ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 187 Salman Al Doushan Niamh Murray Nicole Levin Guido Boni Christian Iannacccone Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - LK Shields Solicitors, Nicole Levin Law Offices European University Studio Legale Tributario (TAG-Legal) member of Ius Laboris Institute Associato Michelle Liberman Mohammad Al Jabouri Gavan Neary S. Horowitz & Co., member Gianluca Borghetto Francesco Iodice Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - PricewaterhouseCoopers of Lex Mundi Nunziante Magrone Cleary Gottlieb Steen & (TAG-Legal) Hamilton LLP Regan O’ Driscoll Chaim Nortman Carlo Bruno Aziz Al Jaff Matheson Ormsby Prentice Gideon Fisher & Co. Ashurst Giovanni Izzo New Iraq for Legal Abbatescianni Studio Practice and Consultancy Richard O’Sullivan Hanit Nov Sergio Calderara Legale e Tributario P.J. O’Driscolls Shavit Bar-On Gal-On Tzin Almaviva S.p.A. / G.Matica Hadeel Al Janabi Nov Yagur, Law Offices S.r.l. Maurizio Lauri Mena Associates, Judith Riordan MUC Consulting Group, member of Amereller Mason Hayes & Curran David Rosen Alessandro Cardia a member firm of Russell Rechtsanwälte Idility Consulting Grieco e Associati Bedford International Brendan Sharkey Ahmad Al Jannabi Reddy Charlton McKnight Matt Rosenbaum Cecilia Carrara Paolo Lucarini Mena Associates, Hacohen & Wolf Law Legance PricewaterhouseCoopers Gavin Simons Offices member of Amereller BCM Hanby Wallace Stefano Cesati Rechtsanwälte Stefano Macchi di Cellere Gerry Seligman Pirola Pennuto Zei Jones Day Michael Treacy PricewaterhouseCoopers Associati Farquad Al-Salman Property Registration Barbara Magni F.H. Al-Salman & Co. Authority Yifat Shkedi-Shatz Giorgio Cherubini CBA Studio Legale e Mustafa Alshawi S. Horowitz & Co., member Pirola Pennuto Zei Tributario Colm Walsh of Lex Mundi Associati Iraq Center for Economic Irish International Reform Cristiano Martinez Freight Association Daniel Singerman Domenico Colella Orrick, Herrington & Florian Amereller Business Data Israel + Portolano Colella Sutcliffe LLP Maeve Walsh Personal Check Cavallo Studio Legale Amereller Rechtsanwälte Reddy Charlton McKnight Patrizia Masselli Husam Addin Hatim The Israel Electric Fabrizio Colonna Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Gezairi Transport Iraqi I SR A E L Corporation Ltd.- Dan CBA Studio Legale e Hamilton LLP district Tributario Company Ltd. Paul Baris Gennaro Mazzuoccolo Daphna Tsarfaty Mattia Colonnelli de Gasperis Stephan Jäger Yigal Arnon & Co. Norton Rose Goldfarb Levy Eran Meiri Lombardi Molinari e Amereller Rechtsanwälte Ofer Bar-On Tzafrir & Co. Associati Studio Legale Riccardo Micheli Imad Makki Shavit Bar-On Gal-On Tzin Eylam Weiss Ristuccia & Tufarelli Barbara Corsetti Al Qarya Group Co. Nov Yagur, Law Offices Weiss- Porat & Co. Elena Morini Portolano Colella Raed Raghib Jeremy Benjamin Dave Wolf Cavallo TLS / New Iraq for Legal Goldfarb Levy Eran Meiri PricewaterhouseCoopers Hacohen & Wolf Law Filippo Corsini Legal Services Practice and Consultancy Tzafrir & Co. Offices Chiomenti Studio Legale Ahmed Salih Al-Janabi Dina Brown Francesco Nuzzolo I TA LY CRIF S. P. A. PricewaterhouseCoopers Mena Associates, Elchanan Landau Law member of Amereller Offices Salvatore Cuzzocrea Anna Oneto Allen & Overy LLP PricewaterhouseCoopers Rechtsanwälte Yitzchak Chikorel Norton Rose Deloitte Marianna Abbaticchio Elena Davanzo IRELAND Ristuccia & Tufarelli Studio Legale Tributario Luciano Panzani Koby Cohen Supreme Court Margaret Austin Fabrizio Acerbis Associato PricewaterhouseCoopers Paolo Pasqualis Eugene F. Collins PricewaterhouseCoopers Antonio de Martinis Solicitors Lior Crystal Giovanni Patti Alberto Angeloni Spasaro De Martinis Law PricewaterhouseCoopers Firm Abbatescianni Studio Alan Browning Studio Legale Tributario Danny Dilbary Associato Legale e Tributario LK Shields Solicitors, Claudio Di Falco member of Ius Laboris Goldfarb Levy Eran Meiri Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Cristina Pellegrino Tzafrir & Co. APL Susan Connolly Hamilton LLP Studio Legale Macchi di Ido Gonen Roberto Argeri Cellere Gangemi LK Shields Solicitors, Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Massimo Diterlizzi member of Ius Laboris Goldfarb Levy Eran Meiri Pirola Pennuto Zei Federica Peres Tzafrir & Co. Hamilton LLP Eoin Cunneen Associati Portolano Colella Roee Hecht Gaetano Arnò Cavallo LK Shields Solicitors, TLS / Carlo Falcetto member of Ius Laboris Shavit Bar-On Gal-On Tzin Nunziante Magrone Michael Poole Nov Yagur, Law Offices PricewaterhouseCoopers Richard Curran Legal Services Norton Rose Studio Legale Pier Andrea Fré Torelli LK Shields Solicitors, Aaron Jaffe Massini Laura Prosperetti Maria Pia Ascenzo member of Ius Laboris Yigal Arnon & Co. Carabba & Partners Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Bank of Italy Gavin Doherty Zeev Katz Hamilton LLP Romina Ballanca Leonardo Giani Eugene F. Collins PricewaterhouseCoopers Norton Rose Studio Legale Giuseppe Antonio Recchia PricewaterhouseCoopers Solicitors Vered Kirshner University of Bari Paola Barazzetta Vincenzo Giannantonio ESB Networks PricewaterhouseCoopers Ashurst Marianna Ristuccia TLS / Paul Glenfield Adam Klein PricewaterhouseCoopers Ristuccia & Tufarelli Vincenzo Fabrizio Giglio Matheson Ormsby Prentice Goldfarb Levy Eran Meiri Legal Services Tommaso Edoardo Romolotti Studio Legale Giglio Tzafrir & Co. Gianluigi Baroni CBA Studio Legale e Micheál Grace Antonio Grieco Mason Hayes & Curran Gideon Koren TLS / Tributario PricewaterhouseCoopers Grieco e Associati Gideon Koren & Co. Law Carlo Umberto Rossi Thomas Jhonson Offices Legal Services Paolo Grondona Irish Building Control Rossi Budelli Law Firm Orna Kornreich-Cohen Matteo Bascelli Norton Rose Institute Giovanni B. Sandicchi Shavit Bar-On Gal-On Tzin Orrick, Herrington & Valentino Guarini William Johnston Sutcliffe LLP Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Nov Yagur, Law Offices TLS / Hamilton LLP Arthur Cox, member of Lex PricewaterhouseCoopers Mundi Gil Lazar Susanna Beltramo Legal Services Lamberto Schiona Strauss Lazer & Co, CPA’s Studio Legale Beltramo Bruneau Joseph Studio Legale Schiona Stefano Biagioli Federico Guasti LK Shields Solicitors, Shlomit Lev- Ran SDV Logistics Ltd. TLS / Studio Legale Guasti member of Ius Laboris Gideon Fisher & Co. PricewaterhouseCoopers Goffredo Guerra Massimiliano Silvetti Margaret Masterson Benjamin Leventhal Legal Services Nunziante Magrone Studio Legale Tributario PricewaterhouseCoopers Gideon Fisher & Co. Associato 188 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Jessica Smith Grace Lindo Yuko Inui Akio Yamamoto Mazen Shotar Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Myers, Fletcher & Gordon, Orrick, Herrington & Kajima Corporation Department of Lands and Hamilton LLP member of Lex Mundi Sutcliffe LLP Survey Kazuhiro Yanagida Piervincenzo Spasaro Noelle Llewellyn Heron Michiya Iwasaki Nishimura & Asahi Stephan Stephan Spasaro De Martinis Law Tax Administration Atsumi & Partners PricewaterhouseCoopers Firm Services Department Ishizuka Yoichi Hideki Thurgood Kano Grant Thornton LLP Abu Mariam Tarek Maria Antonietta Tanico Andrine McLaren Anderson Mori & Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Studio Legale Tanico Kingston and St. Andrew Tomotsune JOR DA N (TAG-Legal) Corporation Tedioli Law Firm Susumi Kawaguchi Anas Abunameh Azzam Zalloum Natalie Messado Obayashi Corporation Zalloum & Laswi Law Firm Francesca Tironi Law & Arbitration Centre Clayton Morgan and TLS / Company Kotaku Kimu Maha Al Abdallat Kareem Zureikat PricewaterhouseCoopers Zeirishi-Hojin Ali Sharif Zu’bi, Advocates Legal Services Sandra Minott-Phillips Central Bank of Jordan PricewaterhouseCoopers & Legal Consultants, Franco Toffoletto Myers, Fletcher & Gordon, Eman M. Al-Dabbas member of Lex Mundi member of Lex Mundi Yukie Kurosawa Toffoletto e Soci Law International Business O’Melveny & Myers LLP Legal Associates K A Z A K H S TA N Firm, member of Ius Laboris Janet Morgan DunnCox Yoji Maeda Arafat Alfayoumi Luca Trovato O’Melveny & Myers LLP Timur Abdreimov Curtis Mallet - Prevost, Gina Phillipps-Black Central Bank of Jordan FedEx Colt & Mosle LLP Myers, Fletcher & Gordon, Nobuaki Matsuoka Omar Aljazy Osaka International Law Askar Abubakirov Luca Tufarelli member of Lex Mundi Aljazy & Co.Advocates & Aequitas Law Firm Offices Legal Consultants Ristuccia & Tufarelli Hilary Reid Kirill Afanasyev Myers, Fletcher & Gordon, Toshio Miyatake Sabri S. Al-Khassib Luca Valdameri Adachi, Henderson, Kazakhstan Consulting member of Lex Mundi Amman Chamer of Pirola Pennuto Zei Miyatake & Fujita Zulfiya Akchurina Associati Anneke Rousseau Commerce Michihiro Mori Grata Law Firm Mario Valentini Jamaica Customs Micheal T. Dabit Department Nishimura & Asahi Michael T. Dabit & Anvar Akhmedov Pirola Pennuto Zei Associati Heather Rowe Takafumi Nihei Associates First Credit Bureau Jamaica Public Service Nishimura & Asahi Anwar Elliyan Sabina Barayeva Matilde Vergallo Company Limited Kazutoshi Nishijima The Jordanian Electric JS Venture investment Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP Lisa N. Russell Adachi, Henderson, Power Co. Ltd. (JEPCO) fund JSC Myers, Fletcher & Gordon, Miyatake & Fujita Greater Amman Ildus Bariev Vito Vittore member of Lex Mundi Takuji Nozaka Municipality Globalink Logistics Group Nunziante Magrone Arturo Stewart Atsumi & Partners Tariq Hammouri Jypar Beishenalieva Angelo Zambelli Grant, Stewart, Phillips Naoko Sato Hammouri & Partners Michael Wilson & Partners Dewey & LeBeouf & Co. Anderson Mori & George Hazboun Ltd. Filippo Zucchinelli Paul Tai Tomotsune Ra’ied Hiassat Assel Bekturganova TLS / Nunes, Scholefield DeLeon PricewaterhouseCoopers Takefumi Sato Land and Survey Grata Law Firm & Co. Anderson Mori & Legal Services Directorate Irina Chen Humprey Taylor Tomotsune M&M Logistics Tayseer Ismail JA M A IC A Taylor Construction Ltd. Tetsuro Sato East Echo Co. Almaz Dosserbekov Christopher Bovell Sophia Williams Baker & McKenzie Zeina Jaradat Ardak Dyussembayeva DunnCox National Land Agency Yoshihito Shibata PricewaterhouseCoopers Aequitas Law Firm Theresa Bowen Maliaca Wong Bingham McCutchen Murase, Sakai & Mimura Basel Karwa Kim Tatyana Feliksovna LEX Caribbean Myers, Fletcher & Gordon, member of Lex Mundi Foreign Law Joint Kawar Transport and Marka Audit ACF LLP Robert Colliy Enterprise Transit- KARGO Courtney Fowler Myers, Fletcher & Gordon, JA PA N Sachiko Sugawara Enad Khirfan PricewaterhouseCoopers member of Lex Mundi Atsumi & Partners Ali Sharif Zu’bi, Advocates Allen & Overy Gaikokuho & Legal Consultants, Vladimir P. Furman Natalie Farrell-Ross Kyodo Eri Sugihara member of Lex Mundi McGuire Woods LLP Myers, Fletcher & Gordon, Nishimura & Asahi member of Lex Mundi APL Rasha Laswi Assel Gilmanova Miho Arimura Hidetaka Sumomogi Zalloum & Laswi Law Firm Grata Law Firm Nicole Foga Hatasawa & Wakai Law Nishimura & Asahi Foga Daley Husam Jamil Madanat Oleg Gnoevykh Firm Hiroyuki Suzuki Land and Survey M&M Logistics Dave García Credit Information Center Zeirishi-Hojin Directorate Myers, Fletcher & Gordon, PricewaterhouseCoopers Natalya Grinkevich member of Lex Mundi Corp. Firas Malhas RBS Toyoki Emoto Yuri Suzuki International Business Stephanie Gordon Semion Issyk Atsumi & Partners Atsumi & Partners Legal Associates LEX Caribbean Aequitas Law Firm Mijo Fujita Hiroaki Takahashi Amer Mofleh Herbert Winston Grant Dinara M. Jarmukhanova Adachi, Henderson, Atsumi & Partners International Business Grant, Stewart, Phillips McGuire Woods LLP & Co. Miyatake & Fujita Chikako Tamakoshi Legal Associates Atsumi & Partners Amer Nabulsi Thomas Johnson Errol Greene Tastuya Fukui DLA Piper Denton Wilde Sapte Kingston and St. Andrew Atsumi & Partners Junichi Tobimatsu Corporation Mori Hamada & Mustfa Nasserddin Mariyash Kabikenova Shigeru Hasegawa Matsumoto Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Rehabilitation Manager Corrine N. Henry Zeirishi-Hojin Myers, Fletcher & Gordon, PricewaterhouseCoopers Yoshiki Tsurumaki (TAG-Legal) Pasha Karim member of Lex Mundi Tamotsu Hatasawa Atsumi & Partners Mutasem Nsair Globalink Logistics Group S. Hudson Hatasawa & Wakai Law Masatoshi Ujimori Khalifeh & Partners Assel Kazbekova Jamaica Trade and Invest Firm Atsumi & Partners Osama Y. Sabbagh Michael Wilson & Partners Akiko Hiraoka The Jordanian Electric Ltd. Alicia P. Hussey Jun Yamada Myers, Fletcher & Gordon, Atsumi & Partners Power Co. Ltd. (JEPCO) Alexander Kurganov Anderson Mori & member of Lex Mundi Taro Honda Tomotsune Mohammad Sawafeen M&M Logistics Anthony Jenkinson Atsumi & Partners Michi Yamagami Land and Survey Vsevolod Markov Nunes, Scholefield DeLeon Directorate McGuire Woods LLP Rie Imai Anderson Mori & & Co. O’Melveny & Myers LLP Tomotsune ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 189 Bolat Miyatov William Ikutha Maema Christina Ndiho Min-Sook Chae Sang Il Park Grata Law Firm Iseme, Kamau & Maema Kaplan & Stratton Korea Credit Bureau Hwang Mok Park P.C., Advocates member of Lex Mundi Assel Musina James Ngomeli Hyeong-Tae Cho Denton Wilde Sapte Shellomith Irungu The Kenya Power and Samil Soo-Hwan Park Anjarwalla & Khanna Lighting Company Ltd. PricewaterhouseCoopers Samil Esenbaer Karabi Nuriuly Advocates PricewaterhouseCoopers Urban Planning and Beatrice Nyabira Sun Joo Cho Architecture Department Nigel Jeremy Iseme, Kamau & Maema YEJIN Ae-Ryun Rho of City of Almaty Daly & Figgis Advocates Advocates Kim & Chang Han-Jun Chon Yuliya Penzova James Kamau Julia Nyaga Samil Jeong Seo Aequitas Law Firm Iseme, Kamau & Maema Kaplan & Stratton PricewaterhouseCoopers Kim & Chang Advocates Saniya Perzadayeva Bosire Nyamori Eui Jong Chung Yoo Soon Shim Macleod Dixon Patrick Karara Iseme, Kamau & Maema Bae, Kim & Lee LLC Cheon Ji Accounting PricewaterhouseCoopers Advocates Corporation, a member Yuliya V. Petrenko Sean C. Hayes firm of Russell Bedford McGuire Woods LLP Judith Kavuki Stephen Okello Ahnse Law Offices International SCI Koimburi Tucker & Co. PricewaterhouseCoopers Aliya Prenova Joong Hoon Kwak Yong-Sock Michael Wilson & Partners Hamish Keith Metropol East Africa Ltd. Lee & Ko PANKO Corporation Ltd. Daly & Figgis Advocates Moses Osano Osoro Ju Myung Hwang Won-Il Sohn Elvis Robert Luke Kenei Muriu Mungai & Co Hwang Mok Park P.C., Yulchon M&M Logistics Siginon Freight Ltd Advocates member of Lex Mundi Jin-Ho Song Asem Shaidildinova Peter Kiara Cephas Osoro C.W. Hyun Kim & Chang PricewaterhouseCoopers Peter Kiara- Individual Osoro and Co, Certified Kim & Chang Tax and Advisory LLP Architect Public Accountants Ki Won Suh James I.S. Jeon Cheon Ji Accounting Timur M. Suleimenov Morris Kimuli Don Priestman Sojong Partners Corporation, a member Ministry of Economy and B.M. Musau & Co. The Kenya Power and firm of Russell Bedford Budget Planning Advocates Lighting Company Ltd. Bo-Sup Kim Korea Credit Bureau International Tatyana Suleyeva Francis Kinyua Dominic Rebelo Dong-Suk Wang Aequitas Law Firm Muriu Mungai & Co Daly & Figgis Advocates Gee-Hong Kim Jisung Horizon Korea Credit Bureau Advocates Ruman shipcontractors Zhaniya Ussen Dong Soo Yang Assistance, LLC Law Firm Felix Kioko Limited Hye-Jin Kim Korea Credit Bureau Hwang Mok Park P.C., B.M. Musau & Co. Sonal Sejpal member of Lex Mundi Yekaterina V. Kim Advocates Michael Wilson & Partners Anjarwalla & Khanna Jung-In Kim Jee Yeon Yu Ltd. Meshack T. Kipturgo Advocates Korea Credit Bureau Kim & Chang Siginon Freight Ltd Rodgers Abwire Sekwe Keunyeop Kim Michael Wilson Michael Wilson & Partners Owen Koimburi Muriu Mungai & Co Panalpina IAF Ltd. KO S OVO Ltd. SCI Koimburi Tucker & Co. Advocates Kum-Sun Kim Adem Ajvazi Mario Wolosz Alexandra Kontos Deepen Shah Sojong Partners Commercial Court Kazakhstan Consulting Walker Kontos Advocates Walker Kontos Advocates Kyu-Dong Kim Allied Pickfords Dubek Zhabykenov Georgina Kurutu John Syekei Nyandieka Samil Muriu Mungai & Co PricewaterhouseCoopers Erion Bejko BA Services International SCI Koimburi Tucker & Co. LLC Advocates KPMG Gilbert Langat S.E. Stephan Kim Danat Zhakenov David Tanki Sojong Partners Agron E. Beka Kenya Shippers Council Zhakenov & Partners Lan-X Africa Ltd. Immobilia Anthony Maina Wonhyung Kim in association with Joseph Taracha Yoon Yang Kim Shin & Yu Xhevdet Beqiri Grundberg Mocatta Ameritrans Freight International Central Bank of Kenya KPMG Rakison Ki Hyun Kwon Georges Maina Adrian Topoti Cheon Ji Accounting Imer Berisha Valerie A. Zhakenov Koslex Ameritrans Freight B.M. Musau & Co. Corporation, a member Zhakenov & Partners Advocates firm of Russell Bedford in association with International Shyqiri Bttyqi International Grundberg Mocatta Victor Majani Samuel Wainaina Boga & Associates Rakison Osoro and Co, Certified Kaplan & Stratton Hye Jeong Lee John Burns Public Accountants Ahnse Law Offices K E N YA KPMG K I R I BAT I Jin-Young Lee Nicholas Malonza Customs Administration Abdulwahid Aboo B.M. Musau & Co. Kenneth Barden Samil Abdulwahid Aboo & Advocates PricewaterhouseCoopers Sokol Elmazaj Company, a member firm Rawbeta Beniata Boga & Associates Rosemary Mburu Office of the People’s Jung Myung Lee of Russell Bedford Hwang Mok Park P.C., Maliq Gjyshinca International Institute of Trade Lawyer Development member of Lex Mundi Intereuropa George Arego William Wylie Clarke Evelyn Mukhebi Kyu Wha Lee Musa Gashi Siginon Freight Ltd Anita Jowitt Lee & Ko PricewaterhouseCoopers Customs Anil Madhavan Changwony University of the South Peter Mungai Pacific Sung Whan Lee Mustafa Hasani Siginon Freight Ltd Ahnse Law Offices Siginon Freight Ltd Kosovo Investment Oliver Fowler Lawrence Muller Promotion Agency Murigu Murithi Betio City Council Sun-Kyoo Lee Kaplan & Stratton Samil Ahmet Hasolli ARCS AFRICA Ports Authority Peter Gachuhi PricewaterhouseCoopers Kalo & Associates Kaplan & Stratton Benjamin Musyimi Matereta Raiman Alexandria Freight Ji Woong Lim Menagjer Rarhim Hoxha Wahu Gathuita Ministry of Finance & Yulchon ISARS Forwarders Ltd. Economic Development Muriu Mungai & Co Byung-Hun Nam Virtyt Ibrahimaga Advocates Washington Muthamia Batira Tekanito Alexandria Freight NamSun Industries Co. Dr. Krieg & Kollegen Francis Gichuhi Development Bank of Forwarders Ltd. Kiribati Yon-Kyun Oh Albert Islami Prism Designs Africa Kim & Chang Anthony Mwangi Albert Islami & Partners Edmond Gichuru Ameritrans Freight KOR E A , R E P. Jung-Taek Park Ali Ismajli Post Bank International Kim & Chang Dong-Ook Byun Customs Wachira Ndege Korea Customs Service Credit Reference Bureau Africa Ltd. 190 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Bejtush Isufi K Y RG Y Z R E P U B L I C Barno Marazykova Chris Manley Aigars Gozitis Leka Company J.S.C Law Firm ìPartnerî DFDL Mekong Law Group Raidla Lejins & Norcous Kunduz Abdaldieva Besarta Kllokoqi JDN CO Tatyana Marchenko Ketsana Phommachanh Andris Ignatenko Boga & Associates Lorenz Law Firm Ministry of Justice, Estma Ltd Kadyr Kubanovich Abykeev Law Research and Arben Mustafa Construction Company Anara Mukasheva International Cooperation Janis Irbe Intereuropa ‘Avangard Style’ Ltd Swedesurvey Institute Latvenergo AS Gazmend Pallaska Gulnara Ahmatova Almas Nakipov Thavorn Rujivanarom Aija Klavinska Pallaska & Associates International Business PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers Naim Sahiti Council Karlygash Ospankulova Dainis Leons Vichit Sadettan Kosovo Energy Jannat Aidazalieva Kalikova & Associates Law Lao Freight Forwarder Sadales tīkls AS Corporation J.S.C. Globalink Logistics Group Firm Co. Ltd. Indrikis Liepa Agron Selimaj Niyazbek Aldashev Ekaterina Rumyantseva Siri Sayavong Liepa, Skopiņa/ Borenius Selimaj Law Office Lorenz Law Firm Consultant Holding Lao Law & Consultancy Zane Paeglite Iliriana Osmani Serreqi Natalia Alenkina Nurbek Sabirov Sivath Sengdouangchanh Sorainen Avokatura Osmani Consultant Holding Kalikova & Associates Law Firm Senesakoune Sihanouvong Ivars Pommers Jeton Vokshi Bakyt Asanov DFDL Mekong Law Group Law firm of Glimstedt and Intereuropa Textonic CJSC Aida Satylganova partners Kalikova & Associates Law Khamphone Sipaseuth Shaha Zylfiu Zharkymbai Muktarovich Firm Ministry of Justice Sergejs Rudans Central Bank of the Baiganchuk Liepa, Skopiņa/ Borenius Republic of Kosovo Anastasia Shloeva Khamphui Sisomphone Construction Company Dace Silava-Tomsone ‘KEP-Stroi” Ltd Globalink Logistics Group Legal Aid Clinic, Lao Bar K U WA I T Association Raidla Lejins & Norcous Turar Bekbolotov Maksim Smirnov Kalikova & Associates Law Vilasay Songvilay Marcis Skadmanis Labeed Abdal Law Firm ìPartnerî Law Office “Blueger and Firm Legal Aid Clinic, Lao Bar The Law Firm of Labeed Bekbolot Bekiev Association Plaude” Abdal Alina Stamova Andrei Georgievich Dogadin Kyrgyz Investment Credit Danyel Thomson Sarmis Spilbergs Amal Abdallah Klavins & Slaidins LAWIN Entrepreneurs’ Union of Bank DFDL Mekong Law Group Al-Saleh & Partners Kyrgyzstan Aibek Tolubaev Kerrod Thomas Zane Štālberga – Markvarte Mahmoud Abdulfattah Natalia Dolinskaya Markvarte Lexchange Law Kyrgyz Stock Exchange ANZ Vientiane Commercial The Law Offices of Mishari International Business Bank Ltd Office Al-Ghazali Council Ermek Umankulov Asia Universal Bank Sengdara Tiamtisack Marite Straume-Cerbule Waleed Abdulrahim Akjoltoi Elebesova RE & RE Ltd. Lao Freight Forwarder Abdullah Kh. Al-Ayoub & Credit Information Bureau Gulnara Uskenbaeva Co. Ltd. Associates, member of Lex Alpha Sheersfield Brigita Terauda Ishenim Mundi Andrea Wilson Sorainen Courtney Fowler Azim Usmanov DFDL Mekong Law Group Lina A.K. Adlouni Grata Law Firm Ziedonis Udris PricewaterhouseCoopers Skudra & Udris Law Abdullah Al-Ayoub Valeria Getman Raisa Usupova L AT V IA Offices Abdullah Kh. Al-Ayoub & Chamber of Tax Associates, member of Lex Union of Accountants and Ilze Abika Maris Vainovskis Auditors Consultants Mundi Skudra & Udris Law Eversheds Bitāns - Dmitriy Gorachek Alexander Alexandrovich Offices Attorneys-at-Law Mishari M. Al-Ghazali Vachtel The Law Offices of Mishari Business Klerk Martins Aljens Vilmars Vanags Sentyabr Stroi Ltd Al-Ghazali Anatoliy Inishenko Raidla Lejins & Norcous RE & RE Ltd. Nogaro LTD., Cargo Bakai Zhunushov Al-Twaijri & Partners Law Laura Ausekle Maija Volkova Firm (TLF) Expedition iCAP Investment Latvijas Banka Raidla Lejins & Norcous Firas Al-Saifi Jarkynai Isaeva L AO P DR Elina Bedanova Daiga Zivtina Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Law Firm Partner Raidla Lejins & Norcous Klavins & Slaidins LAWIN (TAG-Legal) Nurilya Isaeva Chan Chan DextraTransport Iveta Berzina Abdullah Bin Ali Lorenz Law Firm Skudra & Udris Law L E BA N ON Packaging and Plastic Saltanat Ismailova Lasonexay Chanthavong Offices Industries Co. (KSC) DFDL Mekong Law Group Wadih Abou Nasr PricewaterhouseCoopers Zana Bule PricewaterhouseCoopers Paul Day Nurbek Ismankulov Sounthorn Chanthavong Klavins & Slaidins LAWIN Al Sarraf & Al Ruwayeh DFDL Mekong Law Group Soha Al Masri M&M Transport Logistic Andis Burkevics Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Nazih Abdul Hameed Services Erin Dann Sorainen (TAG-Legal) Al-Saleh & Partners Ruslan Kagirov Lao Bar Association Andis Čonka Manal Assir Sunil Jose Asia Universal Bank Aristotle David Latvijas Banka UNDP Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Gulnara Kalikova DFDL Mekong Law Group (TAG-Legal) Ainis Dabols Maya Atieh Kalikova & Associates Law Daodeuane Duangdara Latvian Association of Tax Adib & Houalla Law Office Mazen A. Khoursheed Firm PricewaterhouseCoopers Advisers Packaging and Plastic Antoine Baaklini Liudmila Kasyanova Grant Follett Artis Dobrovolskis BAB International Industries Co. (KSC) Bella Kazakbaeva DFDL Mekong Law Group Klavins & Slaidins LAWIN Chirine Krayem Moujaes Tarek Baz Law Firm Lex Walter Heiser Dace Drice Hyam G. Mallat Law Firm The Law Offices of Mishari Al-Ghazali Vitaliy Khabarov DFDL Mekong Law Group Klavins & Slaidins LAWIN Katia Bou Assi Law Firm Partner Trasane Inpeng Zane Džule Moghaizel Law Firm, Dany Labaky The Law Offices of Mishari Diana Kim KPMG Lao Co. Ltd Liepa, Skopiņa/ Borenius member of Lex Mundi Al-Ghazali ”Partner” Real Estate Firm Richard Irwin Elina Eihentale Rita Bou Habib Medhat M. Mubarak Tatyana Kim PricewaterhouseCoopers Latvian Association of Tax Audit Department - VAT Al-Saleh & Partners Chamber of Tax Advisers Directorate Ganesan Kolandevelu Consultants KPMG Lao Co. Ltd Zlata Elksnina-Zascirinska Najib Choucair Anupama Nair Abdullah Kh. Al-Ayoub & Galina Kucheryavaya PricewaterhouseCoopers Central Bank of Lebanon Darika Kriengsuntikul Associates, member of Lex Demir Kyrgyz PricewaterhouseCoopers Valters Gencs Sanaa Daakour Mundi International Bank The Levant Lawyers Somphone Lakenchanh Gencs Valters Law Firm Anna Litvinova Lao Bar Association Bureau of Tax Consultants ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 191 Bassam Darwich Jihane Rizk Khattar Josephys Burgess, Sr. Henry Lewis Sr. Egidijus Bernotas P & G Levant Khattar Associates Ministry of Lands, Mines Liberia Electricity Bernotas & Dominas & Energy Corporation Glimstedt Michel Doueihy Jihad Rizkallah Badri and Salim El Badri and Salim El F. Augustus Caesar, Jr. Jonathan Massaquoi Sr. Arturas Blotnys Meouchi Law Firm, member Meouchi Law Firm, member Caesar Architects, Inc. National Port Authority Vilnius City Municipality of Interleges of Interleges Nelson Chineh Marie Norman Andrius Bogdanovicius Electricité du Liban Rached Sarkis Magisterial Court of City Corporation of JSC “Creditinfo Lietuva” Eddy El-Maghariki Rached Sarkis Office Monrovia Monrovia Sergej Butov Attayyar Law Firm in Camille C. Sifri Henry Reed Cooper Jerome G.N. Nyenka Law Firm Lideika, association with Alem & PricewaterhouseCoopers Cooper & Togbah Law Firm Environmental Protection Petrauskas, Valiūnas ir Associates Agency partneriai LAWIN, member Nady Tyan Sandei Cooper Jr. of Lex Mundi Chadia El Meouchi Tyan & Zgheib Law Firm Ecobank Chan-Chan A. Paegar Badri and Salim El Sherman & Sherman Robertas Ciocys Meouchi Law Firm, member Patricia Yammine Roland Dakagboi Law Firm Lideika, of Interleges PricewaterhouseCoopers Safeway Cargo Handling G. Moses Paegar Petrauskas, Valiūnas ir SVG Sherman & Sherman partneriai LAWIN, member Tarek Farran Rania Yazbeck Tyan & Zgheib Law Firm Frank Musah Dean Patrick W. Paye of Lex Mundi Farran Law Firm Dean & Associates City Corporation of Radville Ciricaite Dania George L E S OT HO Monrovia Daniel D. Doe Foigt & Partners / Regija PricewaterhouseCoopers Borenius Harley & Morris Liberia Water and Sewage Vincent Sackeyfio Samer Ghalayini Corporation Voscon, Certified Public Giedre Dailidenaite The Levant Lawyers Lebereko Lethobane Accountants BNT Attorneys APB Labour Court S. Peter Doe-Kpar Abdallah Hayek Monthly and Probate Bloh Sayeh Vita Dauksaite Hayek Group Qhalehang Letsika Court Center for National Law Firm Lideika, Walid Honein Mei & Mei Attorneys Inc. Documents & Records / Petrauskas, Valiūnas ir Peter Doe-Sumah National Archives Badri and Salim El Bokang Makhaketso Gbehzon Holdings (Liberia) partneriai LAWIN, member Meouchi Law Firm, member Mofolo, Tau - Thabane Inc. Eugene Shannon of Lex Mundi of Interleges and Co. Ministry of Lands, Mines Giedre Domkute Francis S. Dopoh, II & Energy Maher Hoteit Tseliso Daniel Makhaphela Ministry of Finance, AAA Baltic Service The Levant Lawyers Ministry of Local E. Murana Sheriff Company -Law firm Government Patrick S. Fallah Ministry of Lands, Mines Chawkat Houalla Ieva Dosinaite EcoBank & Energy Adib & Houalla Law Office Thakane Makume Raidla Lejins & Norcous Lesotho Electricity James T. Folleh Joseph N. Siaway Dany Issa Vilma Dovidauskiene Company (Pty) Ltd Ministry of Finance, Maersk Ltd. Moghaizel Law Firm, Competent Amerinde member of Lex Mundi Maseru Electro Services Christine Sonpon Freeman Amos Siebo Consolidated Pty Ltd Cooper & Togbah Law Firm Liberia Reconstruction Kornelija Francuzeviciute Marie-Anne Jabbour Mathias Matshe Deweh Gray and Development Bank of Lithuania Badri and Salim El Committee Meouchi Law Firm, member Sheeran & Associates Female Lawyers Dalia Geciene of Interleges Association of Liberia Abraham T. Swen Denis Molyneaux Amerinde Consolidated, Fady Jamaleddine Paul Greene Ministry of Foreign Inc Webber Newdigate Affairs The Levant Lawyers Ministry of Finance Valters Gencs Kuena Mophethe Wilson Tarpeh Elie Kachouh K. Mophethe Law Chambers John C. Harris Gencs Valters Law City Corporation of University of Liberia ELC Transport Services FirmNeringa Grazinyte SAL Theodore Ntlatlapa Monrovia Sampson Toe DNT Architects Sutkiene, Pilkauskas & Georges Kadige Winleta Henries Reeves City Corporation of Partners Jerry Padi Dean & Associates Monrovia Kadige & Kadige Law Firm Simas Gudynas A.R.Thabiso Ramokoena Anthony Henry Nyenati Tuan Law Firm Lideika, Michel Kadige NedBank Lesotho Ltd. Cuttington University Tuan Wreh Law Firm Petrauskas, Valiūnas ir Kadige & Kadige Law Firm Graduate School G. Lahaison Waritay partneriai LAWIN, member Najib Khattar Duduzile Seamatha of Lex Mundi Sheeran & Associates Emmanuel M. Horton Ministry of Public Works Khattar Associates Frank Heemann Lindiwe Sephomolo National Port Authority Francis Weah Georges Mallat BNT Attorneys APB Association of Lesotho David A.B. Jallah Magisterial Court of Hyam G. Mallat Law Firm Monrovia Egle Ivanauskaite Employers and Business David A.B. Jallah Law Firm Nabil Mallat Darcy White Law Firm Lideika, Phoka Thene Cyril Jones Petrauskas, Valiūnas ir Hyam G. Mallat Law Firm PricewaterhouseCoopers Sello-Mafatle Attorneys Jones & Jones partneriai LAWIN, member Rachad Medawar Ben Wolo of Lex Mundi Obeid & Medawar Law Firm L I B E R IA Ernest B. Jones Liberia Ministry of Lands, Mines Eglė Jankauskaitė Joseph Merhy Kelvin Abdallah & Energy Telecommunications Bernotas & Dominas Central Bank of Lebanon Corporation Glimstedt PricewaterhouseCoopers Abu Kamara Fadi Moghaizel Melvin Yates Agne Jonaitytė Christian Allison Ministry of Commerce & Moghaizel Law Firm, Industry Compass Inc., Clearing and Sorainen Central Bank of Liberia Forwarding member of Lex Mundi Amos P. Andrews Mussah Kamara Julija Julija Mario Mohanna Harvy T. Yuan, Sr. EcoBank Central Bank of Liberia Fortune Law Group Patrimoine Conseil SARL Liberia Electricity Landry Bedell Elijah Karnley Corporation Povilas Junevicius Mirvat Mostafa Safeway Cargo Handling Ministry of Public Works Law Firm Lideika, The Levant Lawyers SVG Krubo B. Kollie L I T H UA N IA Petrauskas, Valiūnas ir Rania Mrad partneriai LAWIN, member Amos Z. Benjamin Ministry of Foreign Petras Baltusevicius of Lex Mundi Khattar Associates Investors Choice Affairs DSV Transport UAB International Viktorija Kapustinskaja Toufic Nehme Anthony Kumeh Kim Bartholdy Sorainen Law Office of Albert Betty Lamin Blamol Verdier and Associates DSV Transport UAB Laham Sherman & Sherman Agne Kazlauskiene Martha Lackay Kristina Bartuseviciene Businesslt Mireille Richa Joseph N. Blidi Liberia Electricity PricewaterhouseCoopers Tyan & Zgheib Law Firm J. Nagbe Blidi Law firm & Corporation Jonas Kiauleikis Consultancy, Inc. Foigt & Partners / Regija Borenius 192 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Jurate Kraujalyte LU X E M B OU RG M AC E D ON IA , F Y R Verica Hadzi-Vasileva Nesa Petrusevska Amerinde Consolidated, Markovska Katastar Inc Allen & Overy LLP Artan Abazi AGG National Bank of the Kristijan Polenak Reda Kruope Jalila Bakkali Slobodan Hristovski Polenak Law Firm Republic of Macedonia Law Firm Lideika, PricewaterhouseCoopers Polenak Law Firm Petrauskas, Valiūnas ir Natasa Andreeva Tatjana Popovski Buloski Karine Bellony Natasha Hroneska Polenak Law Firm partneriai LAWIN, member National Bank of the of Lex Mundi PricewaterhouseCoopers Republic of Macedonia Biljana Ickovska Gligor Ralev Egidijus Kundelis Eleonora Broman Svetlana Andreovska Law office Nikolovski Katastar PricewaterhouseCoopers Loyens & Loeff Monevski Law Firm Aleksandar Ickovski Spiro Ristovski Egle Kundrotaite Guy Castegnaro Zlatko Antevski PricewaterhouseCoopers Ministry for Labor and Amerinde Consolidated, Castegnaro Cabinet Lawyers Antevski Social Policy d’avocats, member of Ius Dragan Ivanovski Inc Customs Administration Ljubica Ruben Laboris Aleksandra Arsoska Žilvinas Kvietkus IKRP Rokas & Partners Ilija Janoski Mens Legis Law Firm Paula Crymble Raidla Lejins & Norcous Customs Administration Lidija Sarafimova Danevska Oostvogels Pfister Feyten Rubin Atanasoski Gytis Malinauskas Timelproject Engineering Branuo Jilgougui National Bank of the Christophe Domingos Republic of Macedonia Sorainen Ministry of Transport and Castegnaro Cabinet Dragan Blažev Linas Margevicius d’avocats, member of Ius Timelproject Engineering Communications Valentina Saurek Legal Bureau of Linas Laboris Katerina Jordanova Ministry of Justice Margevicius Vladimir Bocevski Christel Dumont Mens Legis Cakmakova Lawyers Antevski Bob Savic Sergej Markevic Oostvogels Pfister Feyten Advocates Aneta Jovanoska - Trajanovska PricewaterhouseCoopers DSV Transport UAB Thomas Ecker Lawyers Antevski Charapich Sinisha Slavica Bogoeva Tomas Mieliauskas Ville de Luxembourg - National Bank of the Komercijalna Banka AD TIR - International Law Firm Foresta Service de l’électricité Republic of Macedonia Skopje Freight Forwarders Ieva Navickaitė Gérard Eischen Violeta Bogojeska Katerina Jovanovska Tatjana Siskovska Law Firm Zabiela, Chamber of Commerce Central Register Stopanska Banka Ad Polenak Law Firm Zabielaite & Partners Martine Gerber Lemaire Jasna Smileva Goran Bonevski Lence Karpuzovska Simona Oliškevičiūtė- Oostvogels Pfister Feyten Public Revenue Office EVN Securities and Exchange Cicėnienė Commission Anabela Fernandes Gonçalves Jela Boskovic Dejan Knezović Law Firm Lideika, Ivica Smilevski Petrauskas, Valiūnas ir PricewaterhouseCoopers IKRP Rokas & Partners Law Office Knezovic & Associates Strumica partneriai LAWIN, member Groupe AOH S.A. Biljana Briskoska-Boskovski of Lex Mundi Ministry of Justice Zlatko T. Kolevski Aljosa Sopar Anthony Husianycia Žygimantas Pacevičius PricewaterhouseCoopers Biljana Čakmakova Kolevski Law Office Pavlovic Srdjan Foigt & Partners / Regija Mens Legis Cakmakova Antonio Kostanov Lumen Company Borenius Audrey Jarreton Loyens & Loeff Advocates Enforcement Agent Dejan Stojanoski Rytis Paukste Katerina Carceva-Todorova Republic of Macedonia Law Office Pepeljugoski Law Firm Lideika, François Kremer Arendt & Medernach PricewaterhouseCoopers Lidija Krstevska Aleksandar Stojanov Petrauskas, Valiūnas ir partneriai LAWIN, member Tanja Cenova-Mitrovska EU Harmonization Unit Katastar Roxanne Le Ligeour of Lex Mundi Katastar Marija Leova-Dimeska Lujza Tomovska Loyens & Loeff Algirdas Pekšys Aco Damcevski Ministry of Finance Public Securities and Exchange Michael Lockman Revenue Office Commission Sorainen Strumica PricewaterhouseCoopers Laura Remeikaite Irena Mitkovska Magdalena Tondeva Pavlovska Nuria Martin Aspasija Desovska Fortune Law Group Lawyers Antevski PricewaterhouseCoopers Loyens & Loeff EMO Gediminas Sagatys Biljana Mladenovska Stojam Trajanov Séverine Moca Aleksandar Dimić Raidla Lejins & Norcous Lawyers Antevski Ministry for Labor and PricewaterhouseCoopers Polenak Law Firm Valerjan Monevski Social Policy Jolita Salciunaite Aleksandar Dimitrievski Peter Moons Monevski Law Firm Slavica Trckova Amerinde Consolidated, Law office Nikolovski Inc Loyens & Loeff Law Office Trckova Gorgi Naumovski Anne Murrath Dimitar Dimovski Rimantas Simaitis Customs Administration Tina Tutevska PricewaterhouseCoopers Ministry of Transport and Raidla Lejins & Norcous Communications Vladimir Naumovski Law office Nikolovski Julija Solovjova Elisabeth Omes Central Register Vladimir Vasilevski Dragi Dimovski PricewaterhouseCoopers Bonn Schmitt Steichen, Betasped International Member of Lex Mundi Strumica Goran Nikolovski Freight Forwarding Darius Ulvydas Aleksandra Donevska Law office Nikolovski Simon Paul Sanja Veljanovska Bernotas & Dominas Lawyers Antevski Kirl Papazoski Glimstedt Loyens & Loeff Mens Legis Law Firm Jakup Fetai Monevski Law Firm Jurgita Valinciute Wim Piot Metodija Velkov PricewaterhouseCoopers Katastar Vesna Paunkoska Fortune Law Group Polenak Law Firm Daniel Georgievski Directorate for Personal Rolandas Valiunas Judith Raijmakers Data Protection Goce Videvski Loyens & Loeff National Bank of the Law Firm Lideika, Republic of Macedonia Teodor Pecov EMO Petrauskas, Valiūnas ir Jean-Luc Schaus TIR - International Depru Vostovski partneriai LAWIN, member Ljupco Georgievski Loyens & Loeff Freight Forwarders of Lex Mundi Katastar M A DAG AS C A R Paul Wurth S.A. Vasko Pejkov Agne Vilutiene Engineering & Project Angelina Gogusevska Tsiry Andriamisamanana Securities and Exchange Law Firm Foresta Management Strumica Commission Madagascar Conseil Darius Zabiela Alex Schmitt Pavlinka Golejski International Valentin Pepeljugoski Law Firm Zabiela, Bonn Schmitt Steichen, Mens Legis Cakmakova Law Office Pepeljugoski Harimahefa Andriamitantsoa Zabielaite & Partners Member of Lex Mundi Advocates Tribunal de Première Sonja Peshevska Instance Giedre Zalpyte Dara Sychareun Goce Gruevski Law Office Pepeljugoski BNT Attorneys APB Loyens & Loeff Katastar Josoa Lucien Andrianelinjaka Aco Petrov Banque Centrale de Audrius Žvybas Ana Hadzieva Strumica Madagascar Bernotas & Dominas Polenak Law Firm Glimstedt Ilija Petrovski Ministry of Justice, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 193 Andriamanalina Andrianjaka M A L AW I Yuan Yuan Cheng Peter Wee Mahamane I. Cisse Office Notarial de Skrine & Co., member of PricewaterhouseCoopers Cabinet Lexis Conseils Tamatave Sylvia Ali Lex Mundi Knight Frank Keat Ching Wong Boubacar Coulibaly Pascal Bezençon Tze Keong Chung Zul Rafique & Partners, Matrans Mali sarl GasyNet S.A Johann Boshoff CTOS Sdn Bhd Advocate & Solicitors PricewaterhouseCoopers Mamadou Dante Yves Duchateau Elaine Ho Chong Wah Wong Cabinet Dante SDV Kevin M. Carpenter Skrine & Co., member of Skrine & Co., member of PricewaterhouseCoopers Lex Mundi Lex Mundi Famakan Dembele Guy Escarfail Ministere de la Justice, Bureau de Liaison SGS Richard Chakana Ghazali Ismail Ahmad Syahir Yahya Garde des Sceaux 2PS Cargo Co. Companies Commission of Azmi & Associates Raphaël Jakoba Malaysia Sekou Dembele Madagascar Conseil Marshal Chilenga Felicia Yap Peck Yee Etude de Maître Sekou International TF & Partners Mohammed Zanyuin Ismail Russell Bedford LC Dembele Companies Commission of & Company - member Hanna Keyserlingk Alan Chinula Malaysia of Russell Bedford Mady Diakite Cabinet HK Jurifisc. Aamir Rashid Jakhura International Direction Nationale Ismail Kamat du Commerce et de la Pascaline R. Rasamoeliarisoa Fargo Group of Companies Azmi & Associates Kim Hoe Yeo Concurrence Deloitte Kalekeni Kaphale North Port Kumar Kanagasabai Diakite Sahondra Rabenarivo Kalekeni Kaphale Skrine & Co., member of Melina Yong Direction Nationale de Madagascar Law Offices Enoch Kasumbara Lex Mundi Raslan - Loong l’Urbanisme et de l’Habitat Anthony Rabibisoa Kas Freight Geeta Kaur Abou Diallo Maersk Logistics S.A. SDV Sdn Bhd M A L DI V E S API Mali Alfred Majamanda Pierrette Rajaonarisoa Mbendera & Nkhono Chuan Keat Khoo Jatindra Bhattray Ahmadou Diallo SDV Associates PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers Office Notarial Ahmadou Heritianna Rakotosalama Alison Matthews Asma Chan-Rahim Toure, Notaire a Bamako Christopher Lee Madagascar Law Offices Watt Consultancies Wong & Partners Shah, Hussain & Co. Yacouba Diarra Modecai Msisha Barristers & Attorneys Matrans Mali sarl Lanto Tiana Ralison Koon Huan Lim FIDAFRICA / Nyirenda & Msisha Law Skrine & Co., member of Carlos Frias Boubacar S. Diarrah PricewaterhouseCoopers Offices Lex Mundi PricewaterhouseCoopers Ministere de la Justice, Laingoniaina Misheck Msiska Mohamed Hameed Garde des Sceaux Theresa Lim Ramarimbahoaka PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers Antrac Pvt. Ltd. Mohamed Abdoulaye Diop Madagascar Conseil Godwin Mwale SDV International Kok Leong Loh Nadiya Hassan 2PS Cargo Co. Russell Bedford LC Bank of Maldives Plc. Mahamane Djiteye Michel Ramboa & Company - member Jurifis Consult Bernard Ndau Dheena Hussain Madagascar Law Offices of Russell Bedford Grant C. Nyirongo Shah, Hussain & Co. Diafara Doucouré Giannie Ranaivo International Barristers & Attorneys Elemech Designs Ministere des Finances Madagascar Law Offices Caesar Loong Davis Njobvu Rashfa Jaufa Ecobank Seheno Ranaivoson Raslan - Loong Bank of Maldives Plc. Savjani & Co. Kouma Fatoumata Fofana Banque Centrale de Joanne Low Madagascar Dinker A. Raval Laila Manik Etude Kouma Fofana Zain & Co. Shah, Hussain & Co. André Randranto Wilson & Morgan Mansour Haidara Len Toong Low Barristers & Attorneys Randranto Duncan Singano North Port API Mali Fathimath Manike Iloniaina Randranto Savjani & Co. Gaoussou Haîdara Suhara Mohamad Sidik Bank of Maldives Plc. Randranto Samuel Tembenu Azmi & Associates Etude Gaoussou Haidara Aishath Samah William Randrianarivelo Tembenu, Masumbu & Co. Seydou Ibrahim Maiga Azmi Mohd Ali Bank of Maldives Plc. FIDAFRICA / Don Whayo Azmi & Associates Cabinet d’Avocats Seydou PricewaterhouseCoopers Shuaib M. Shah Ibrahim Maiga Knight Frank Zuhaidi Mohd Shahari Shah, Hussain & Co. Sahondra Rasoarisoa Angela Deborah Zakeyu Barristers & Attorneys Modibo Keita Azmi & Associates Deloitte PricewaterhouseCoopers Direction générale des Rajendra Navaratnam Ahmed Shibau Impôts Andrianirina R. Rasolonjatovo SDV M A L AYSIA Azman, Davidson & Co. Mariyam Sunaina Yacouba Massama Keïta Hjh Rokiah Mhd Noor Bank of Maldives Plc. Michael Ratrimo Nor Azimah Abdul Aziz Mamadou Ismaïla Konate Companies Commission of Abdul Mallik Thoufeeg Jurifis Consult Madagascar International Companies Commission of Malaysia Container Terminal Malaysia STELCO Mathias Konate Services Ltd Shahri Omar Sonia Abraham North Port MALI Direction générale des Théodore Raveloarison Azman, Davidson & Co. Impôts JARY - Bureau d’Etudes Gayathiry Ramalingam Imirane Abdoulaye Gaoussou A. G. Konaté Siti Haswanida Ahmad Jais Architecture Ingenierie Zain & Co. Direction Nationale de Cabinet d’Architecture - Azmi & Associates l’Urbanisme et de l’Habitat Andriamisa Ravelomanana S Parameswaran Etudes Techniques Maseru Electro Services Shanmughanathan Diaby Aboubakar FIDAFRICA / Pty Ltd Amadou Maiga PricewaterhouseCoopers Tenaga Nasional Berhad BCEAO Direction Nationale de Michel Barbesier l’Urbanisme et de l’Habitat Jean Marcel Razafimahenina Lay Sim Traore Baba SDV Sdn Bhd Deloitte Russell Bedford LC TMS - Transit Maiga Mamadou Tan Kee Beng & Company - member Manutention Services Kafo Jiginew Njiva Razanatsoa of Russell Bedford SARL SDV Sdn Bhd Banque Centrale de International Adeline Messou Madagascar Azryain Borhan Oumar Bane Hsian Siong FIDAFRICA / Companies Commission of Jurifis Consult PricewaterhouseCoopers Louis Sagot Wong & Partners Malaysia Bouare Cabinet d’Avocat Louis Bérenger Y. Meuke Sagot Hong Yun Chang Ahmed Soffian Labogec Jurifis Consult Tay & Partners Ministry of International Ida Soamiliarimana Trade and Industry Amadou Camara Ministère de l’economie de Madagascar Conseil Boon Hong Chen SCP Camara Traoré l’industrie et du commerce International Skrine & Co., member of Francis Tan Azman, Davidson & Co. Céline Camara Sib Keita Zeïnabou Sacko Dominique Taty Lex Mundi Etude Me Celine Camara API FIDAFRICA / Heng Choon Wan Sib PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers 194 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Sanogo Mine Ould Abdoullah firm of Russell Bedford Oscar de La Vega Rocío Montes Direction de l’Inspection International Basham, Ringe y Correa, PricewaterhouseCoopers Brahim Ould Daddah du Travail Marie Louis Jérome Koenig member of Ius Laboris Cabinet Daddah Conseils Humberto Morales- Barron Nohoum Sidibe Cabinet Notarial Koenig Olea De Noriega Sanchez DeVanny Eseverri, Brahim Ould Ebetty Direction Nationale de Thierry Koenig Barrera, Siqueiros y Torres S.C. l’Urbanisme et de l’Habitat Aliou Sall Landa De Comarmond & Koenig Michelle Muciño Moussa Saïba Sissoko Assurim Consulting Guillermo Escamilla Anthony Leung Shing PMC Asociados Direction nationale des Ndeye Khar Sarr Mexico City Notaries Domaines et du Cadastre PricewaterhouseCoopers College Julio Nunez BSD & Associés Loganayagan Munian Vanguardia Baboucar Sow Dominique Taty Luis Esparza Cabinet Sow & Artisco International PricewaterhouseCoopers Arturo Perdomo FIDAFRICA / Collaborateurs PricewaterhouseCoopers Cristelle Parsooramen Galicia y Robles, S.C. César Fernández Gómez Malick Badara Sow Banymandhub Boolell Barrera, Siqueiros y Torres Juan Manuel Perez Atelier d’Architecture et M AU R I T I U S Chambers Landa PricewaterhouseCoopers d’Urbanisme André Robert Legal Services Bruno Beche Julio Flores Luna Perignama Sylla Kross Border Trust Anjali Roy Goodrich, Riquelme y Erika Pérez Architect DE/AU Services Ltd, a member Etude Guy Rivalland Asociados Skynet firm of Russell Bedford Gabriela Pérez Castro Ponce Dominique Taty International Wenda Sawmynaden Manuel Galicia FIDAFRICA / Galicia y Robles, S.C. de León Cabinet de notaire PricewaterhouseCoopers André Bonieux Sawmynaden Miranda & Estavillo, S.C. PricewaterhouseCoopers Celina Cossette Garcia Fatoma Théra Deviantee Sobarun PricewaterhouseCoopers Fernando Perez-Correa Ministere de la Justice, Urmila Boolell Ministry of Finance & Legal Services Solorzano, Carvajal, Garde des Sceaux Banymandhub Boolell Economic Development Gonzalez y Perez-Correa, Chambers Alexander Christian Gardea S.C. Boubacar Thiam Reza Subratty PricewaterhouseCoopers Nicolas Carcasse Guillermo Piecarchic Ahmadou Toure Maersk Ltd. Gerardo Garreto-Chavez Dagon Ingenieur Conseil PMC Asociados Office Notarial Ahmadou Ltée Vikash Takoor Barrera, Siqueiros y Torres Toure, Notaire a Bamako Landa José Piecarchic Bank of Mauritius Jean Phillipe Chan See PMC Asociados Konzo Traore Maersk Ltd. Parikshat Teeluck Hans Goebel BCEAO Jáuregui, Navarrete y Gerardo Prado-Hernandez Maersk Ltd. D.P. Chinien Nader, S.C. Sanchez DeVanny Eseverri, Mahamadou Traore Registrar of Companies Primecom Ltd. S.C. Emmanuel Yehouessi and Businesses, Office Daniel Gómez Alba Dhanun Ujoodha CAAAREM David Puente-Tostado BCEAO of the Registrar of Companies Kross Border Trust Sanchez DeVanny Eseverri, Services Ltd, a member Teresa de Lourdes Gómez S.C. M A R SHA L L Sootam Chutoori firm of Russell Bedford Neri I SL A N D S International Goodrich, Riquelme y Cecilia Rojas Dagon Ingenieur Conseil Ltée Asociados Galicia y Robles, S.C. Kenneth Barden Muhammad R.C. Uteem Roland Constantin Uteem Chambers Alvaro Gonzalez-Schiaffino Carlos Sánchez-Mejorada y Ave R. Gimao Jr. PricewaterhouseCoopers Velasco Chambers of Notaries Rosemary Yeung Sin Hing Marshall Islands Social Sánchez-Mejorada y Security Administration Bert C. Cunningham Carlos Grimm Asociados Customs and Excise MEXICO Baker & McKenzie Anita Jowitt Cristina Sánchez-Urtiz Department Gabriel I. Aguilar Bustamente Benito Guerrero University of the South Miranda & Estavillo, S.C. Pacific Rajendra Dassyne PricewaterhouseCoopers CAAAREM Fernando Santamaria-Linares Chambers of Notaries Isis Anaya Yves Hayaux-du-Tilly Jerry Kramer PricewaterhouseCoopers Pacific International, Inc. Kalyanee Dayal SEDECO Jáuregui, Navarrete y Legal Services Banymandhub Boolell Francisco Samuel Arias Nader, S.C. Philip A. Okney Monica Schiaffino Pérez Chambers González Jorge Jiménez Land Registration Basham, Ringe y Correa, Administration Authority Martine de Fleuriot de la Notary Public 28 Russell Bedford Mexico, member of Ius Laboris Colinière Alberto Balderas member of Russell Bedford Dennis Reeder International Secretaría de Hacienda y De Comarmond & Koenig Jáuregui, Navarrete y Crédito Público RMI Receiverships Robert Ferrat Nader, S.C. Jorge León-Orantes Scott H. Stege Daniel Sosa Legis & Partners Rafael Barragan Mendoza Goodrich, Riquelme y Law Offices of Scott Stege Asociados Skynet Yannick Fok COMAD, S. C. David M. Strauss Ricardo León-Santacruz Mario Tellez Glover & Glover Chambers Emmanuel Cardenas Rojas Skynet Majuro Chamber of Sanchez DeVanny Eseverri, Commerce Gavin Glover Barrera, Siqueiros y Torres S.C. Landa Juan Francisco Torres Landa Glover & Glover Chambers Ruffo Philip Welch Adriana Lopez Micronesian Shipping Yandraduth Googoolye María Casas López Barrera, Siqueiros y Torres PricewaterhouseCoopers Agencies Inc. Bank of Mauritius Baker & McKenzie Legal Services Landa Darmalingum Goorriah Rodrigo Conesa Gerardo Lozano Alarcón Maribel Trigo Aja M AU R I TA N IA Chambers of Notaries Ritch Mueller, S. C. Goodrich, Riquelme y Holland & Knight- Gallástegui y Lozano, S.C. Asociados Ishagh Ahmed Miske Arvin Halkhoree Santiago Corcuera Cabinet Ishagh Miske CITILAW Curtis Mallet - Prevost, Lucia Manzo Layla Vargas Muga Colt & Mosle LLP Galicia y Robles, S.C. Goodrich, Riquelme y Tidiane Bal Edouard Gregory Hart de Asociados BSD & Associés Keating Eduardo Corzo Ramos José Antonio Marquez Chambers of Notaries Holland & Knight- González Carlos Vela Youssoupha Diallo Gallástegui y Lozano, S.C. PricewaterhouseCoopers BSD & Associés Mikash Hassamal NOTARY PUBLIC 28 Glover & Glover Chambers Jose Covarrubias-Azuela A. Martinez Rafael Villamar-Ramos Fatoumata Diarra Solorzano, Carvajal, Sanchez DeVanny Eseverri, BSD & Associés Nitish Hurnaum Skynet Gonzalez y Perez-Correa, S.C. Mohamed Lemine Bouchraya Glover & Glover Chambers S.C. Carla Mendoza Lam Nirmala Jeetah Raul de la Sierra Scauley Baker & McKenzie BSD & Associés Board of Investment Barrera, Siqueiros y Torres Alonso Martin Montes Wedou Mohamed Landa PricewaterhouseCoopers Jaye C Jingree Maurihandling Legal Services Kross Border Trust Services Ltd, a member ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 195 M IC RON E SIA , F E D. Alexandr Muravschi Baatarsuren Sukhbaatar Momir Miličković Predrag Vujović ST S . Dartax Consulting SRL The Bank of Mongolia Tax Authority Zetatrans Kenneth Barden National Energy Tsogt Tsend Aleksandar Miljković Veselin Vuković Regulatory Agency of the Administrative Court of PricewaterhouseCoopers Central Bank Wayne Bricknell Republic of Moldova Capital City Montenegro Business E - CAD Project Igor Odobescu Arslaa Urjin Alliance M ORO C C O Management ACI Partners Ulaanbaatar Electricity Benali Abdelmajid Sarah Dorsett Montenegrin Commercial Aelita Orhei Distribution Network Bank AD Podgorica Exp Services Pohnpei State Government Company Gladei & Partners Stojanka Milošević Aziz Abouelouafa Stephen V. Finnen Stephen Finnen’s Law Ilona Panurco M ON T E N E G RO Customs Administration Globex Maritime Co. Corporation PricewaterhouseCoopers Mirjana Mladenović Najat Aboulfadl Bojana Andrić Anita Jowitt Ruslan Pirnevu Čelebić Bojovic Dasic Kojovic Cabinet Notarial Houcine Quehenberger-Hellmann Attorneys at Law Sefrioui University of the South Veselin Anđušić Pacific SRL Dragoslav Nikolić Agence Med s.a.r.l. Čelebić Patrick Mackenzie Maria Popescu Customs Administration Samir Agoumi PricewaterhouseCoopers Bojana Bošković Bank of FSM Ministry of Finance Goran Nikolić Dar Alkhibra Silberio S. Mathias Mariana Stratan Ministry for Economic My Hicham Alaoui Turcan & Turcan Vasilije Bošković Development FSM Social Security Law Firm Bošković Globex Maritime Co. Administration Serghei Toncu Veljko Pavičević Peter Burnie Meredith Allen-Belghiti Kevin Pelep PricewaterhouseCoopers Opportunity Bank PricewaterhouseCoopers Kettani Law Firm Office of the Registrar of Irina Verhovetchi Aleksander Perović Corporations Vladimir Dasić Younes Anibar ACI Partners Tax Authority PricewaterhouseCoopers Cabinet Younes Anibar M OL D OVA Carolina Vieru Bojović & Dašić Nikola Perović Bank Al-Maghrib IM PAA SRL Plantaže Eduard Boian Milena Drakić Khaled Battash Zorica Peshic-Bajceta PricewaterhouseCoopers M ON G OL IA Crnogorska Komercijalna Law Office Vujačić Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Banka AD Podgorica (TAG-Legal) Victor Burac Tomas Balco Novica Pešić Victor Burac Law Firm Vuk Drašković Maria Belafia PricewaterhouseCoopers Bojovic Dasic Kojovic Law Office Vujačić Cabinet Notarial Belafia Andrei Caciurenco Badarch Bayarmaa Attorneys at Law Snežana Pešić ACI Partners Linda Oumama Benali Lynch & Mahoney Darko Globarević PricewaterhouseCoopers Georghu Calugharu Zetatrans Aicha Benghanem Batzaya Bodikhuu Tijana Prelević Union of Employers in Cabinet Notarial Houcine Anand & Batzaya Rina Ivančević Ministry of Labor and Sefrioui Building and Construction Advocates Law Firm Social Welfare Materials Industry Municipality of Podgorica Myriam Emmanuelle Bennani Volodya Bolormaa Ana Ivanović Dragana Radević Andrian Candu Amin Hajji & Associés Anand & Batzaya Ministry of Finance Center for Association d’Avocats PricewaterhouseCoopers Advocates Law Firm Enterpreneurship and Legal Services Marko Ivković Economic Development Richard Cantin Richard Bregonje Octavian Cazac KN Karanović & Nikolić Juristructures - Project PricewaterhouseCoopers Ana Radivojević Management & Legal Turcan & Turcan Maja Jokanović PricewaterhouseCoopers David Buxbaum Advisory Services LLP Svetlana Ceban Ministry for Economic Anderson & Anderson Development Vladimir Radovanić Zineb Chigar PricewaterhouseCoopers Ministry of Labor and Batbayar Byambaa Cabinet Notarial Houcine Marin Chicu Nada Jovanović Social Welfare Sefrioui GTs Advocates LLC Central Bank of Turcan & Turcan Novo Radović Ralph Cerveny Montenegro Fatima Zohra Gouttaya Vitalie Ciofu Tax Authority Cabinet Notarial Houcine Anderson & Anderson Rade Jovanović Gladei & Partners Radmila Radunović Sefrioui Khatanbat Dashdarjaa Jovanović Law Firm Bogdan Ciubotaru Government of the Amin Hajji Arlex Consulting Services Lidija Klikovac Republic of Montenegro Turcan & Turcan Amin Hajji & Associés Byambatseren Dorjpurev Deputy Registrar Association d’Avocats Alla Cotos Dragan Rakočević Arlex Consulting Services Drenka Knežević Commercial Court PricewaterhouseCoopers Zohra Hasnaoui Courtney Fowler Ministry of Labor and Hasnaoui Law Firm Sergiu Dumitrasco Social Welfare Slobodan Raščanin PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers Danijela Saban Bahya Ibn Khaldoun Tuvshin Javkhlant Jovan Kostić Université Mohamed V Roger Gladei Employment Registrar Čelebić GTs Advocates LLC Gladei & Partners Biljana Šćekić Naoual Jellouli Jeroen Kerbusch Ðorđe Krivokapić Ministère de l’économie et Roman Gutu KN Karanović & Nikolić PC Krusevac PricewaterhouseCoopers des finances Activ Broker Slaven Šćepanović Odmaa Khurelbold Ana Krsmanović Mehdi Kettani Oxana Guţu Anderson & Anderson Lidija Šećković Kettani Law Office Sefko Kurpejović Mobiasbanca Groupe Tax Authority Societe Generale Daniel Mahoney Ministry of Finance Nadia Kettani Lynch & Mahoney Amela Lekić Slavko Simović Kettani Law Firm Catalina Levcenco Real Estate PricewaterhouseCoopers Sebastian Merriman Crnogorska Komercijalna Bouchaib Labkiri Banka AD Podgorica Administration PricewaterhouseCoopers Globex Maritime Co. Union Fenosa Velimir Strugar International Leylim Mizamkhan Mirjana Ljumović Karine Lasne Real Estate EPCG AD Nikšić Cristina Martin PricewaterhouseCoopers Landwell & Associés - Administration Sasha Vujačić PricewaterhouseCoopers ACI Partners Odonhuu Muuzee Law Office Vujačić Legal Services Milan Martinović Georgeta Mincu Tsets Law Firm Customs Administration Mileva Vujadinović Wilfried Le Bihan IOM Enkhriimaa N. Crnogorska Komercijalna CMS Bureau Francis Borislav Mijović Marin Moraru Tuushin Company Ltd. Banka AD Podgorica Lefebvre Mercedes-Benz - Ljetopis PricewaterhouseCoopers Zorigt N. Automotive d.o.o. Jelena Vujisić Lapirama Group Alexandru Munteanu Tuushin Company Ltd. Željko Mijović Law Office Vujačić International PricewaterhouseCoopers Sarantsatsral Ochirpurev Zetatrans Irena Vujović Lydec Urkh Company Deputy Registrar 196 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Anis Mahfoud Jose Forjaz NA M I B IA Janak Bhandari Richard Bakker Abouakil & Benjelloun Jose Forjaz Arquitectos Global Law Associates Ocean - Trans Avocats - AB Avocats Joos Agenbach International B.V. Rita Furtado Koep & Partners Tulasi Bhatta Mohamed Maliki H. Gamito, Couto, Unity Law Firm & Dirk-Jan Berkenbosch Etude Maitre Maliki Gonçalves Pereira Benita Blume Consultancy PricewaterhouseCoopers e Castelo Branco & H.D. Bossau & Co. Del Monsieur Marc Associados Narayan Chaulagain Berkman Forwarding B.V. Landwell & Associés - Jaco Boltman Pioneer Law Associates Martins Garrine Jan Bezem PricewaterhouseCoopers G.F. Köpplinger Legal Legal Services Manica Freight Services Practitioners Ajay Ghimire PricewaterhouseCoopers S.A.R.L Apex Law Chamber Karin W.M. Bodewes Azdine Nekmouche Hanno D. Bossau Ordre des architectes de Jennifer Garvey H.D. Bossau & Co. Komal Prakash Ghimire Baker & McKenzie Casablanca Jorge Graça Jagat B. Khadka Mark Bodt Albe Botha Hicham Oughza MGA Advogados & PricewaterhouseCoopers Shangri-La Freight Pvt. PricewaterhouseCoopers Dar Alkhibra Consultores Ltd. Lorna Celliers Roland Brandsma Réda Oulamine Ássma Omar Nordine Jeque Gourish K. Kharel PricewaterhouseCoopers BDO Spencer Steward Oulamine Law Group Sal & Caldeira - KTO Inc. Dirk Hendrik Conradie Huub Brinkman Advogados e Consultores, Nirmal Koirala Baker & McKenzie Jamal Rahal Lda Conradie & Damaseb Exp Services Alfa Furnitures and Ferdinand Diener Interiors Pvt. Ltd Margriet de Boer Esmè Joaquim Hassane Rahmoun City of Windhoek De Brauw Blackstone Sal & Caldeira - Mahesh Kumar Thap Westbroek Etude Notariale Hassane Advogados e Consultores, Electricity Department Rahmoun Sinha - Verma Law Concern Lda Hennie Fourie Sijmen de Ranitz Nesrine Roudane Namgyal Lama De Brauw Blackstone Rufino Lucas PricewaterhouseCoopers Nero Boutique Law Firm Nepal Freight Forwarders Westbroek TEC Ténicos Construtores, Jana Gous Association Morgane Saint-Jalmes LDA Rolef de Weijs PricewaterhouseCoopers LD Mahat Kettani Law Firm Eugénio Luis Houthoff Buruma N.V. Chantell Husselmann CSC & Co. / Aurelie Santos Banco de Moçambique PricewaterhouseCoopers Myrna Dop PricewaterhouseCoopers Landwell & Associés - Jaime Magumbe Royal Netherlands Denis Hyman Ashok Man Kapali Notarial Organization PricewaterhouseCoopers Sal & Caldeira - Legal Services PricewaterhouseCoopers Shangri-La Freight Pvt. Advogados e Consultores, Ltd. Fons Hoogeveen Houcine Sefrioui Lda Sakaria Kadhila Amoomo PricewaterhouseCoopers Pereira Fishing (Pty) Ltd Matrika Niraula Cabinet Notarial Houcine Fatima Marques Ruud Horak Sefrioui Niraula Law Chamber & Carlos de Sousa & Brito & Herman Charl Kinghorn Co. Elektrotechniek Boermans Associados HC Kinghorn Legal B.V. M O Z A M B IQ U E Carlos Martins Practitioner Rajan Niraula Niraula Law Chamber & Elsa Jonker-Grootenhuis Faizal Antonio Afrilegis, Lda Peter Frank Koep Co. PricewaterhouseCoopers SDV AMI Joao Martins Koep & Partners Alexander Kaarls Saroj Niraula Carolina Balate PricewaterhouseCoopers Patrick Kohlspaedt Ayurveda Herbals Pvt. Ltd. Houthoff Buruma N.V. PricewaterhouseCoopers Genaro Moura Manica Africa Pty. Ltd. Marcel Kettenis Dev Raj Paudyal António Baltazar Bungallah Manica Freight Services Frank Köpplinger Ministry of Land Reform PricewaterhouseCoopers Sal & Caldeira - S.A.R.L G.F. Köpplinger Legal and Management Stefan Leening Advogados e Consultores, Lara Narcy Practitioners Lda Devendra Pradhan PricewaterhouseCoopers H. Gamito, Couto, Jackie Kotzke Pradhan & Associates José Manuel Caldeira Gonçalves Pereira Hans Noordermeer PricewaterhouseCoopers Sal & Caldeira - e Castelo Branco & Purnachitra Pradhan BDO CampsObers Advogados e Consultores, Associados John D. Mandy Karja Suchana Kendra Accountants & Lda Namibian Stock Exchange Ltd(CIB) Belastingadviseurs B.V. Auxílio Eugénio Nhabanga Eduardo Calú FBLP - R.Furtado, N. Richard Traugott Diethelm Anup Raj Upreti Hugo Oppelaar Sal & Caldeira - Bhikha, R.Loforte, M. Mueller Pioneer Law Associates Houthoff Buruma N.V. Advogados e Consultores, Popat & Associados, Koep & Partners Femke Pos Advogados, Lda Krishna Prasad Sapkota Lda Carina Oberholzer Royal Netherlands Ministry of Land Reform Paulo Centeio Paulo Pimenta PricewaterhouseCoopers and Management Notarial Organization MGA Advogados & Pimenta, Dionísio e Hugo Reumkens Associados Ndapewa Shipopyeni Purna Man Shakya Consultores H.D. Bossau & Co. Van Doorne N.V. Reliance Law Firm Anastácia Chamusse Alvaro Pinto Basto Apie Small Madan Krishna Sharma Piet Schroeder Banco de Moçambique MGA Advogados & Consultores G.F. Köpplinger Legal CSC & Co. / Baker & McKenzie Dipak Chandulal Practitioners PricewaterhouseCoopers SDV B.V. MGA Advogados & José Augusto Tomo Psico Banco de Moçambique Axel Stritter Bigyan P. Shreshtha Salima Seamari Consultores Engling, Stritter & Malaika Ribeiro Ramji Shrestha De Brauw Blackstone Ahmad Chothia Partners Westbroek PricewaterhouseCoopers Pradhan & Associates Manica Freight Services Marius van Breda S.A.R.L Sudheer Shrestha Hans Londonck Sluijk Luís Filipe Rodrigues TransUnion Namibia Kusum Law Firm Houthoff Buruma N.V. Pedro Couto Sal & Caldeira - Advogados e Consultores, Renate Williamson Birgit Snijder-Kuipers H. Gamito, Couto, Koep & Partners Anil Kumar Sinha Gonçalves Pereira Lda Sinha - Verma Law Concern Royal Netherlands e Castelo Branco & Notarial Organization Associados Firza Sadek N E PA L Nab Raj Subedi Pimenta, Dionísio e Ministry of Land Reform Fedor Tanke Avelar Da Silva Associados Mahesh P. Acharya and Management Baker & McKenzie Intertek International ltd Sérgio Sumbana Nepal Electricity Authority Ram Chandra Subedi Maarten Tinnemans Carlos de Sousa e Brito Pimenta Dionísio & Apex Law Chamber De Brauw Blackstone Carlos de Sousa & Brito & Associados Anil Chandra Adhikari Westbroek Associados Élio Teixeira Credit Information Bureau NETHERLANDS of Nepal Helene van Bommel Fulgêncio Dimande Afrilegis, Lda PricewaterhouseCoopers Lalit Aryal Joos Achterberg Manica Freight Services António Veloso Annekarien van de Velde S.A.R.L LA & Associates Chartered Kennedy Van der Laan Pimenta, Dionísio e Accountants Baker & McKenzie Associados ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 197 Liane van de Vrugt Andrew Minturn Eduardo Jose Gutierrez Rueda Alain Blambert N I G E R IA VédéVé Legal B.V. Department of Housing Consortium Taboada y SDV and Building Asociados Oluseyi Abiodun Akinwunmi Robert van der Laan Aïssa Degbey Akinwunmi & Busari, Legal PricewaterhouseCoopers Robert Muir Mauricio Herdocia Ecobank Practioners (A & B) Land Information New García & Bodán Femke van der Zeijden Zealand Aïssatou Djibo Olaleye Adebiyi PricewaterhouseCoopers Gerardo Hernandez Etude de Me Djibo Aïssatou WTS Adebiyi & Associates Catherine Otten Consortium Taboada y Gert-Jan van Gijs New Zealand Companies Asociados Sani Halilou Kunle Adegbite VAT Logistics (Ocean Office Maersk S.A. Adegbite - Stevens & Co Freight) B.V. Ruth Huete Ian Page PricewaterhouseCoopers Dodo Dan Gado Haoua Temitayo Adegoke Jan van Oorschot BRANZ Etude de Maître Dodo Dan Aluko & Oyebode Liander Rodrigo Ibarra Gado Haoua Mihai Pascariu Arias & Muñoz Adeola Adeiye Petra van Raad Minter Ellison Rudd Watts Ali Idrissa Sounna Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie PricewaterhouseCoopers María Fernanda Jarquín Toutelec Niger SA John Powell Arias & Muñoz Olufunke Adekoya Frederic Verhoeven Russell McVeagh Issoufou Issa Aelex, Legal Practitioners Houthoff Buruma N.V. Mariela Jiménez Ministère de l’Economie et & Arbitrators Jim Roberts ACZALAW des Finances Michiel Wesseling Hesketh Henry Lawyers Folaranmi Adetunji Adegbite Houthoff Buruma N.V. Javiera Latino Bernar-Oliver Kouaovi F.A. Adegbite & Associates Catherine Rowe Aseguradora Mundial Cabinet Kouaovi Hylda Wiarda PricewaterhouseCoopers Francis Adewale Bronsgeest Deur Alvaro Molina Lambert Lainé Vista Bridge Global Advocaten, member of Ius Mark Russell Molina & Asociados Etude de Maître Achimi Resources Limited Laboris Simpson Grierson, member Central Law Riliwanou of Lex Mundi Duro Adeyele Marcel Willems Yalí Molina Palacios Diallo Rayanatou Loutou Bayo Ojo & Co. Kennedy Van der Laan SDV Logistics Ltd. Molina & Asociados Cabinet Loutou - Central Law Architectes Olusola Adun Christiaan Zijderveld Neill Sullivan Nouveau Associates Houthoff Buruma N.V. Land Information New Haroldo Montealegre Laouali Madougou Zealand Arias & Muñoz Etude d’Avocats Marc Le Adesegun Agbebiyi NEW ZEALAND Murray Tingey Roberto Montes Bihan & Collaborateurs Aluko & Oyebode Douglas Alderslade Bell Gully Arias & Muñoz Boubacar Nouhou Maiga Olufunke Agbedana Chapman Tripp Rob Towner E.N.G.E. Olaniwun Ajayi LP Soraya Montoya Herrera Matthew Allison Bell Gully Molina & Asociados Saadou Maiguizo Emuesiri Agbeyi Veda Advantage Central Law Bureau d’Etudes PricewaterhouseCoopers N IC A R AG UA Francisco Ortega Techniques d’Assistance Daniel Agbor Kevin Best et de Suirveillance en PricewaterhouseCoopers Diana Aguilar Francisco Ortega & Construction Civile Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie ACZALAW Asociados Geoff Bevan Yayé Mounkaïla Uche Ajaegbu Aguilar Castillo Love Silvio G. Otero Q. Cabinet d’Avocats Nigeria Employers’ Chapman Tripp GlobalTrans Mounkaila-Niandou Consultative Assembly Kara Bonnevie Guillermo Alemán Gómez Internacional ACZALAW Ibrahim Mounouni Ayo Ajayi New Zealand Companies Ramón Ortega Office Bureau d’Etudes Bala & The Propertarium Bertha Argüello de Rizo PricewaterhouseCoopers Himo Konyin Ajayi Toni Brown F.A. Arias & Muñoz Jaime Rivera Laurent Puerta Olaniwun Ajayi LP Bell Gully Roberto Argüello Carrión, Somarriba & SDV Liz Caughley Villavicencio Asociados Olukoyinsola Ajayi Bell Gully Arias & Muñoz Achimi M. Riliwanou Olaniwun Ajayi LP Ana Teresa Rizo Briseño Etude de Maître Achimi Shelley Cave Minerva Adriana Bellorín Arias & Muñoz O.C. Akamnonu Rodríguez Riliwanou PHCN, Eko Zone Simpson Grierson, member Multiconsult, S.A. of Lex Mundi ACZALAW Boubacar Salaou Tolulola Akintimehin María José Bendaña Guerrero Felipe Sánchez Etude de Maître Boubacar Nouveau Associates John Cuthbertson Salaou Bendaña & Bendaña ACZALAW PricewaterhouseCoopers Owolabi Animashaun Alfonso José Sandino Granera Abdou Moussa Sanoussi Vince Duffin Christopher Blandino Scotech Universal Consortium Taboada y E.N.G.E. Resources Limited Vector Electricity Carrión, Somarriba & Asociados Asociados Ousmane Sidibé Wendy Duggan Linda Arifayan Carlos Alberto Bonilla López Julio E. Sequeira Audit & Conseil Sidibé & WTS Adebiyi & Associates Bell Gully Evenor Valdivia P. & Conseil (A.C.S.A.) Superintendencia de Esther Atoyebi Koustabh Gadgil Bancos Asociados Dominique Taty Investment New Zealand Okonjo, Odiawa & Ebie Humberto Carrión Arnulfo Somarriba FIDAFRICA / Chris Gordon TransUnion PricewaterhouseCoopers Ajibola Basiru Carrión, Somarriba & Bell Gully Asociados Idrissa Tchernaka M.A.B. & Associates Rodrigo Taboada Don Grant Ramón Castro Consortium Taboada y Etude d’Avocats Marc Le Chinwe Chiwete Asociados Bihan & Collaborateurs Punuka Attorneys & Land Information New Arias & Muñoz Zealand Konzo Traore Solicitors Juan Carlos Cortes Espinoza Manuel Ignacio Tefel Emma Harding PricewaterhouseCoopers BCEAO Peter Crabb PricewaterhouseCoopers Chapman Tripp Ramatou Wankoye Nnenna Ejekam Associates Disnorte-Dissur (Union Carlos Tellez David Harte Fenosa) García & Bodán Office Notarial Wankoye Silas Damson Insolvency and Trustee Hamadou Yacouba Aluko & Oyebode Maricarmen Espinosa de NIGER Services Molina Etude de Maître Djibo Oluwayemisi Diya Kate Lane Molina & Asociados Aïssatou Olaniwun Ajayi LP Diaby Aboubakar Minter Ellison Rudd Watts Central Law BCEAO Hamado Yahaya Kofo Dosekun John Lawrence G.E. Electromecánica & Societe Civile Aluko & Oyebode Mamoudou Aoula Professionnelle d’Avocats Auckland City Council Cia Ltda. Projet de Développement Russell Eastaugh Yankori et associés Thomas Leslie Mario José Gutiérrez des Infrastructures PricewaterhouseCoopers Avendaño Locales-PDIL-Bureau Emmanuel Yehouessi Bell Gully National de Coor BCEAO Nnenna Ejekam ACZALAW Aaron Lloyd Nnenna Ejekam Associates Mahamane Baba Minter Ellison Rudd Watts SDV 198 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Olusoji Elias Gbenga Oyebode Andreas Hanssen & Export Development Antonia Robinson Olusoji Elias and Company Aluko & Oyebode Advokatfirma DLA Piper (OCIPED) Denton Wilde Sapte Norway DA Mauwiya Ali Suleiman Anse Agu Ezetah Taiwo Oyedele Muntasir Said Al Sawafi Chief Law Agu Ezetah PricewaterhouseCoopers Therese Høyer Grimstad Al Busaidy, Mansoor Jamal Maersk Line & Co. Advokatfirmaet Hjort DA, & Co. Oyindamola Oyedutan member of Ius Laboris Mark Schmidt Lawrence Ezetah Aluko & Oyebode Mohammed Alshahri Denton Wilde Sapte Chief Law Agu Ezetah Odd Hylland Mohammed Aishahri & & Co. Afolabi Samuel PricewaterhouseCoopers Associates Charles Schofield PHCN, Islands District Trowers & Hamlins R. Finco Hanne Karlsen Hamad M. Al-Sharji ETCO Nigeria Ltd Yewande Senbore Raeder Advokatfirma Hamad Al-Sharji, Peter Paul Sheridan Olaniwun Ajayi LP Mansour & Co. Denton Wilde Sapte Bimbola Fowler-Ekar Niels R. Kiaer Jackson, Etti & Edu Serifat Solebo Rime Advokatfirma DA Pradhnesh Bhonsale Balaji Srinivasan Land Services Directorate Maersk Line Towell Al Zawra Inegogo Fubara Bjørn H. Kise Engineering Services Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Adeola Sunmola Advokatfirma Vogt & Mehdi Bin Ali Bin Juma Company Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Wiig AS The Omani Center for Okorie Kalu Investment Promotion Paul Suddaby Punuka Attorneys & Ladi Taiwo Baard Koppang PricewaterhouseCoopers & Export Development Solicitors Abdulai, Taiwo & Co. Advokatfirmaet (OCIPED) PricewaterhouseCoopers Ahsan Syed Anwar Tomisin Lagundoye Chima Polly Ubechu Archie Campbell Poly Products L.L.C Cenouxs Logistics Ltd AS Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Denton Wilde Sapte Knut Martinsen Naji Taha Ibrahim Eddy Mark Reginald Udom Mehreen B. Elahi Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Aluko & Oyebode Thommessen Krefting Jjeamaka Nwizu Greve Lund AS, member of Al Busaidy, Mansoor Jamal (TAG-Legal) Beaufort Chambers Aniekan Ukpanah Lex Mundi & Co. The Lighthouse Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Ole Fredrik Melleby Candida Fernandez Victor Obaro Jeff Todd Libra Law Office Maxwell Ukpebor Raeder Advokatfirma Al Busaidy, Mansoor Jamal PricewaterhouseCoopers WTS Adebiyi & Associates & Co. Oghor Ogboi Karl Erik Nedregotten Simon Ward Adamu M. Usman PricewaterhouseCoopers Zareen George Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Al Busaidy, Mansoor Jamal F.O. Akinrele & Co. Al Busaidy, Mansoor Jamal & Co. Godson Ogheneochuko Thomas Nordgård & Co. Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie Tokunbo Wahab Vogt & Wiig AS Norman Williams Aluko & Oyebode Alessandro Gugolz Ole Kristian Olsby Majan Engineering Ozofu Ogiemudia Said Al Shahry Law Office Consultants Homble Olsby Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie NORWAY advokatfirma AS Justine Harding Sarah Wright Alayo Ogunbiyi Denton Wilde Sapte Denton Wilde Sapte Anders Aasland Kittelsen Johan Ratvik Abdulai, Taiwo & Co. Sarah Hestad Advokatfirmaet Schjødt Advokatfirma DLA Piper Ayodeji Ojo DA Norway DA Curtis Mallet - Prevost, PA K I S TA N Jackson, Etti & Edu Colt & Mosle LLP Kristian Berentsen Ståle Skutle Arneson Ghulam Abbas Mathias Okojie Advokatfirma DLA Piper Advokatfirma Vogt & Hussein Khursheed Khan & Punuka Attorneys & Norway DA Wiig AS Muscat Electricity Associates Solicitors Distribution Company Stig Berge Simen Smeby Lium Sh. Farooq Abdullah Patrick Okonjo Thommessen Krefting Wikborg, Rein & Co. Diana Jarrar Abraham & Sarwana Okonjo, Odiawa & Ebie Greve Lund AS, member of Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Lex Mundi Christel Spannow (TAG-Legal) Ali Jafar Abidi Osita Okoro PricewaterhouseCoopers State Bank of Pakistan Rune Birkeland Saqib Jillani Chioma Okwudiafor Grieg Logistics AS Liv Stølen Al Busaidy, Mansoor Jamal Jawad Ahmed Punuka Attorneys & Simonsen Advokatfirma DA & Co. Muhammad Farooq & Co. Solicitors Eirik Brønner Chartered Accountants Kvale & Co. Advokatfirma Knut Storheim Sunil Joseph Dozie Okwuosah ANS Grieg Logistics AS Maersk Line Kamran Ahmed Central Bank of Nigeria Mandviwalla & Zafar Carl Arthur Christiansen Stine Sverdrup Jotun Paints LLC Stephen Ola Jagun Raeder Advokatfirma PricewaterhouseCoopers Ahmad Syed Akhter Jagun Associates Mehdi Ali Juma Pyramid Transportation Lars Ekeland Ingvill Tollman Fosse Gulf Agency Company LLC Group Titilola Olateju Advokatfirmaet Hjort DA, Advokatfirmaet Selmer DA Okonjo, Odiawa & Ebie Ziad Khattab Amir Sons member of Ius Laboris Espen Trædal Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Ayodeji Olomojobi Knut Ekern PricewaterhouseCoopers (TAG-Legal) Hyder Hussain Baig, Mirza Aluko & Oyebode PricewaterhouseCoopers Haider Shamsi & Co., Ole Andreas Uttberg P.E. Lalachen MJ Chartered Accountants Chris Erhi Omoru Simen Aasen Engebretsen Advokatfirmaet Hjort DA, Chancery Solicitors Khimji Ramdas Major Javed Bashir Deloitte member of Ius Laboris Pushpa Malani Greenfields International Fred Onuobia Yngvil Erichsen G. Elias & Co. Solicitors OM A N PricewaterhouseCoopers Kashif Butt Advokatfirma DLA Piper and Advocates Norway DA Jehanzeb Afridi Mansoor Jamal Malik Zeeshan Enterprises Tochukwu Onyiuke Al Busaidy, Mansoor Jamal Al Busaidy, Mansoor Jamal Zeeshan Butt Stein Fagerhaug & Co. Punuka Attorneys & Dalan advokatfirma DA & Co. Zeeshan Enterprises Solicitors Syed Nasir Ahmed Kapil Mehta Claus R. Flinder Fouad Rashid Dar Nestor Orji Maersk Line Maersk Line Target Logistics Intl. Simonsen Advokatfirma DA Nnenna Ejekam Associates Hamad Al Abri Subha Mohan Private Ltd. Amund Fougner Curtis Mallet - Prevost, Christian Oronsaye Advokatfirmaet Hjort DA, Muscat Electricity Faisal Daudpota Aluko & Oyebode Distribution Company Colt & Mosle LLP Khalid Daudpota & Co. member of Ius Laboris Theo Chike Osanakpo Zubaida Fakir Mohamed Al Natarajan Narayana Swami Junaid Daudpota Geir Frøholm Poly Products L.L.C Dr. T. C. Osanakpo & Co. Balushi Khalid Daudpota & Co. Advokatfirmaet Schjødt DA Central Bank of Oman Bruce Palmer Kola Osholeye Khalid Habibullah Elektrint (Nigeria) Limited Fahmy Al Hinai Curtis Mallet - Prevost, Abraham & Sarwana Mads Fuglesang Colt & Mosle LLP Advokatfirmaet Selmer DA Poly Products L.L.C Olufemi Ososanya Syed Ahmad Hassan Shah Salem Ben Nasser Al Ismaily Dali Rahmattala Habboub HLB Z.O. Ososanya & Co. Line Granhol Hassan Kaunain Nafees The Omani Center for Denton Wilde Sapte Advokatfirma DLA Piper Norway DA Investment Promotion ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 199 Aman Ullah Iqbal Nazir Shaheen Amanda de Wong Leah Minimbi Carlos R. Gwynn S. Crown Trading Company Securities and Exchange PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers Gwynn & Gwynn - Commission Attorneys, Consultants Fiza Islam Jeanina Diaz Peter Murton and Translators LEGIS INN (Attorneys & Ghulam Haider Shamsi PricewaterhouseCoopers Steamships Shipping Agency Corporate Consultants) Haider Shamsi & Co., Administración Nacional Chartered Accountants Marisol Ellis Steven O’Brien de Electricidad Muzaffar Islam Icaza, Gonzalez-Ruiz & O’Briens LEGIS INN (Attorneys & Muhammad Siddique Aleman Jorge Jimenez Rey Corporate Consultants) Securities and Exchange Kapu Rageau Banco Central del Commission Michael Fernandez Rageau, Manua & Kikira Paraguay Masooma Jaffer CAPAC (Cámara Panameña Lawyers Abraham & Sarwana Muhammad Yousuf de la Construcción) Nestor Loizaga Haider Shamsi & Co., Benjamin Samson Ferrere Attorneys Faisal Jamil Chartered Accountants Enna Ferrer Registrar Titles Office Feroze Textile Industries Alfaro, Ferrer & Ramírez Roberto Moreno Rodríguez Ilyas Zafar Thomas Taberia Alcalá Farooq uz-Zaman Khan Zafar & Associates LLP Jorge R. González Byrne Peter Allan Lowing Moreno Ruffinelli & Association of Builders Arias, Alemán & Mora Lawyers Asociados and Developers of Akhtar Zaidi Jetzabel Luque Rocío Penayo Pakistan Karachi Electricity Supply Arosemena Noriega & PA R AG UAY Company Moreno Ruffinelli & Zulfiqar Khan Contreras, member of Ius Perla Alderete Asociados Khursheed Khan & PA L AU Laboris and Lex Mundi Vouga & Olmedo Abogados Associates Yolanda Pereira Ricardo Madrid Eduardo Alfaro Berkemeyer, Attorneys & Asim Khan Hameed Kenneth Barden PricewaterhouseCoopers Peroni, Sosa, Tellechea, Counselors Ivon Trading Company Ricardo Bausoch Burt & Narvaja, member of Pvt. Ltd. Ana Lucia Márquez Juan Pablo Pesce Bureau of Revenue, Arosemena Noriega & Lex Mundi Customs and Taxation Vivion S.A. Muhammad Maki Contreras, member of Ius Florinda Benitez Abraham & Sarwana Cristina Castro Laboris and Lex Mundi Beatriz Pisano Notary public Ferrere Attorneys Rashid Mehmood Western Caroline Trading Ivette Elisa Martínez Saenz Co. Hugo T. Berkemeyer Armindo Riquelme Nasir Mehmood Ahmed Patton, Moreno & Asvat Berkemeyer, Attorneys & Yukiwo P. Dengokl Fiorio, Cardozo & Bunker Logistics José Miguel Navarrete Counselors Alvarado Rashid Rahman Mir Anita Jowitt Arosemena Noriega & Luis Alberto Breuer University of the South Contreras, member of Ius Natalio Rubinsztein Rahman Sarfaraz Rahim Berkemeyer, Attorneys & BDO Rubinsztein & Guillén Pacific Laboris and Lex Mundi Counselors Iqbal Rafiq Chartered Accountants, member Lolita Gibbons-Decheny Ramón Ortega Carlos Ruffinelli Esteban Burt of Russell Bedford Koror Planning and PricewaterhouseCoopers Moreno Ruffinelli & International Peroni, Sosa, Tellechea, Asociados Zoning Office Sebastian Perez Burt & Narvaja, member of T. Ud-Din A. Mirza William L. Ridpath Union Fenosa - EDEMET - Lex Mundi Angela Schaerer de Sosa A.F. Ferguson & Co, EDECHI Ramón Antonio Castillo Escribana Pública a member firm of David Shadel The Law Office of Kirk and Jorge Quijano Saenz Ruben Taboada PricewaterhouseCoopers Shadel Arosemena Noriega & Informconf S. A. PricewaterhouseCoopers Saqib Munir Contreras, member of Ius Peter C. Tsao María Debattisti Maria Gloria Triguis Gonzalez Zafar & Associates LLP Laboris and Lex Mundi Western Caroline Trading Servimex SACI Berkemeyer, Attorneys & Javed Naushahi Co. Alfredo Ramírez Jr. Counselors Lorena Dolsa ECRC Alfaro, Ferrer & Ramírez Berkemeyer, Attorneys & Faiza Rafique PA NA M A Manuel E. Rodriguez Counselors P E RU Legis Inn Alejandro Alemán Union Fenosa - EDEMET - Estefanía Elicetche Walter Aguirre Abdul Rahman Alfaro, Ferrer & Ramírez EDECHI Peroni, Sosa, Tellechea, PricewaterhouseCoopers Qamar Abbas & Co. Luz María Salamina Burt & Narvaja, member of Marco Antonio Alarcón Piana Renan Arjona Lex Mundi Zaki Rahman CAPAC (Cámara Panameña Asociación Panameña de Estudio Echecopar de la Construcción) Crédito Natalia Enciso Benitez Ebrahim Hosain, Advocates Humberto Allemant and Corporate Counsel Valentín Ureña III Notary public Gilberto Arosemena PricewaterhouseCoopers Muhammad Saleem Rana Arosemena Noriega & Arosemena Noriega & Jorge Figueredo Contreras, member of Ius Ana Maria Amésquita State Bank of Pakistan Contreras, member of Ius Vouga & Olmedo Abogados Laboris and Lex Mundi Laboris and Lex Mundi Barzola & Asociados s.c., Abdur Razzaq Ana Franco a member firm of Russell Khatiya Asvat Luis Vásquez Bedford International Qamar Abbas & Co. BDO Rubinsztein & Guillén Patton, Moreno & Asvat FTC - Financial, Tax & Khalid Rehman Consulting Group, S.A., Néstor Gamarra Jimy Atunga Rios Surridge & Beecheno Francisco A. Barrios G. correspondent of Russell Servimex SACI M.A.V. Logistica y PricewaterhouseCoopers Bedford International Transporte S.A. Abdu Salam Guillermo Gomez Legis Inn Klaus Bieberach Raúl Zuñiga Brid PricewaterhouseCoopers Guilhermo Auler PricewaterhouseCoopers Aleman, Cordero, Galindo Forsyth & Arbe Abogados Beenish Saleem & Lee Nadia Gorostiaga Securities and Exchange Jose Ignacio Bravo PricewaterhouseCoopers Sergio Barboza Commission COCOLPLAN PA P UA N E W Pizarro, Botto & Escobar Diego Guillen Abogados Hamza Saleem Panamá Soluciones GUINEA BDO Rubinsztein & Guillén Mandviwalla & Zafar Logísticas Int. - PSLI Milagros A. Barrera David Caradus Oscar Guillen Barrios Fuentes Gallo Jawad A. Sarwana Luis Chalhoub PricewaterhouseCoopers BDO Rubinsztein & Guillén Abogados Abraham & Sarwana Icaza, Gonzalez-Ruiz & Aleman Loani R. Henao Carl Thomas Gwynn German Barrios Shahid Sattar Henaos Lawyers Gwynn & Gwynn - Barrios Fuentes Gallo Apex Power Solutions Julio Cesar Contreras III Attorneys, Consultants Abogados Arosemena Noriega & Anita Jowitt and Translators (Pvt.) Ltd. Contreras, member of Ius University of the South Raul Barrios Adil Shafi Laboris and Lex Mundi Pacific María Antonia Gwynn Barrios Fuentes Gallo Mandviwalla & Zafar Berkemeyer, Attorneys & Abogados Rigoberto Coronado Michael Kambao Counselors Huma Shah Mossack Fonseca & Co. Steeles Lawyers Maritza Barzola M/s Sheikh Shah Rana & Norman Gwynn Barzola & Asociados s.c., Guadalupe de Coparropa John Leahy Gwynn & Gwynn - Ijaz a member firm of Russell CEVA Logistics Peter Allan Lowing Attorneys, Consultants Bedford International Lawyers and Translators 200 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Vanessa Barzola Carlos Martinez Ebell Adolfo Sanabria Mercado Ernesto Caluya Jr Erich H. Lingad PricewaterhouseCoopers Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Muñiz, Ramírez, Peréz- Jimenez Gonzales International Legal Services Normand y Asociados Taiman & Luna Victoria Bello Valdez Caluya & Consolidator Philippines, Attorneys at Law Fernandez Inc. Marianell Bonomini Jesús Matos PricewaterhouseCoopers Estudio Olaechea, member Diego Sanchez Cecile M.E. Caro Anna Manalaysay Legal Services of Lex Mundi PricewaterhouseCoopers SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Jimenez Gonzales Gatmaitan Bello Valdez Caluya & Ursula Caro Milagros Mendoza José Alfredo Paino Scarpati Fernandez Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Estudio Rubio, Leguía, CEDETEC Joseph Omar A. Castillo Normand y Asociados Normand y Asociados Puyat Jacinto Santos Law Recio Marichelle Martin Serkovic Office Angara Abello Concepcion Luis Enrique Malpartida Jorge Mogrovejo Estudio Olaechea, member Regala & Cruz Law Offices Cárpena Superintendentency of of Lex Mundi Kenneth Chua (ACCRALAW) Peru Compite Banking Quisumbing Torres, Claudia Sevillano member firm of Baker and Lory Anne McMullin José Ignacio Castro Marlene Molero Pizarro, Botto & Escobar McKenzie Jimenez Gonzales Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Abogados Bello Valdez Caluya & Normand y Asociados Normand y Asociados Barbara Jil Clara Fernandez Hugo Silva SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Fernando Castro Kahn Leonardo Muñante Carpio Rodrigo, Elías, Medrano Gatmaitan Yolanda Mendoza-Eleazar Muñiz, Ramírez, Peréz- Municipalidad Abogados Castillo Laman Tan Taiman & Luna Victoria Metropolitana de Lima Barbra Jill Clara Pantaleon & San Jose Attorneys at Law Peggy Sztuden SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Miguel Mur Peru Compite Gatmaitan Elmer R. Mitra, Jr Cecilia Catacora PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers / Estudio Olaechea, member Agnes Franco Temple Emerico O. de Guzman Franco Muschi Loayza National Competitiveness Isla Lipana & Co. of Lex Mundi Angara Abello Concepcion Payet, Rey, Cauvi Abogados Council Regala & Cruz Law Offices Cheryll Grace Montealegre Sandro Cogorno (ACCRALAW) PricewaterhouseCoopers / Forsyth & Arbe Abogados Gabriel Musso Canepa Carlos Gallardo Torres Estudio Rubio, Leguía, General Agency of Foreign Isla Lipana & Co. Dante Desierto Javier de la Vega Normand y Asociados Economic Matters, Romulo, Mabanta, Jesusito G. Morallos PricewaterhouseCoopers Competition and Private Buenaventura, Sayoc & de Follosco Morallos & Notary Office of Donato Investment Alfonso De Los Heros Pérez Hernan Carpio Velez los Angeles, member of Lex Herce Albela Liliana Tsuboyama Mundi Rafael Ordoñez Freddie Naagas Estudio Echecopar Estudio Echecopar Benedicta Du-Baladad OOCL Logistics Barzola & Asociados s.c., Paula Devescovi a member firm of Russell Manuel A. Ugarte Punongbayan & Araullo Alan Ortiz Barrios Fuentes Gallo Bedford International Delmar Ugarte Abogados Fast-Tract Freight, Inc. Follosco Morallos & Abogados Cristina Oviedo Herce Jack Vainstein Anthony Fernandes Juan Carlos Durand Barrios Fuentes Gallo Vainstein & Ingenieros S.A. First Balfour, Inc Carla Ortiz Grahammer Abogados Romulo, Mabanta, Durand Abogados José Antonio Valdez Rachel Follosco Carmen Padrón Estudio Olaechea, member Buenaventura, Sayoc & de Follosco Morallos & los Angeles, member of Lex Arturo Ferrari Estudio Rubio, Leguía, of Lex Mundi Herce Muñiz, Ramírez, Peréz- Normand y Asociados Mundi Taiman & Luna Victoria Manuel Villa-García Catherine Franco Panalpina Transportes Emmanuel C. Paras Attorneys at Law Estudio Olaechea, member Quisumbing Torres, Mundiales S.A. of Lex Mundi SyCip Salazar Hernandez & member firm of Baker and Gatmaitan Jorge Fuentes Claudia Pareja McKenzie Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Ursula Villanueva Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Zayber B. Protacio Normand y Asociados Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Gilberto Gallos Normand y Asociados Normand y Asociados PricewaterhouseCoopers / Angara Abello Concepcion Isla Lipana & Co. Luis Fuentes César Yaipén Passalacqua Regala & Cruz Law Offices Barrios Fuentes Gallo Agustín Yrigoyen CEDETEC (ACCRALAW) Kristine Quimpo Abogados Estudio Aurelio García Sayán- Abogados Geraldine S. Garcia Jimenez Gonzales Adolfo J. Pinillos Bello Valdez Caluya & Juan García Montúfar Follosco Morallos & Durand Abogados Eulogio Zapata Gamarra Fernandez Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Herce Normand y Asociados Lucianna Polar Municipalidad Senen Quizon Estudio Olaechea, member Metropolitana de Lima Andres Gatmaitan Cecilia Guzman-Barron Punongbayan & Araullo of Lex Mundi Hector Zegarra SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Barrios Fuentes Gallo Gatmaitan Grace Rallos Abogados Bruno Marchese Quintana Payet, Rey, Cauvi Abogados Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Gwen Grecia-de Vera Janice Kae Ramirez Alfonso Higueras Suarez Normand y Asociados PHILIPPINES PJS Law Quasha Ancheta Pena & Equifax Peru S.A. Carlos Javier Rabanal Sobrino Emilio Amaranto Tadeo F. Hilado Nolasco Jose A. Honda Angara Abello Concepcion Durand Abogados Puyat Jacinto Santos Law Judy Alice Repol Estudio Olaechea, member Office Regala & Cruz Law Offices of Lex Mundi Fernando M. Ramos Angara Abello Concepcion (ACCRALAW) Regala & Cruz Law Offices Barrios Fuentes Gallo Myla Gloria Amboy Diego Huertas del Pino Clifton James Sawit (ACCRALAW) Abogados Jimenez Gonzales Barrios Fuentes Gallo Bello Valdez Caluya & Quasha Ancheta Pena & Roderick Reyes Abogados Sonia L. Rengifo Fernandez Nolasco Jimenez Gonzales Kuno Kafka Prado Barrios Fuentes Gallo Bello Valdez Caluya & Abogados Manuel Batallones Karen Jimeno Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Baker & McKenzie Fernandez BAP Credit Bureau Normand y Asociados Alonso Rey Bustamante Ricardo J. Romulo Payet, Rey, Cauvi Abogados Anna Bianca Torres Rafael Khan Lima Chamber of Commerce Siguion Reyna Montecillo Romulo, Mabanta, PJS Law Buenaventura, Sayoc & de Adolfo Lopez Guillermo Acuña Roeder & Ongsiako Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Antonio T. Bote los Angeles, member of Lex PricewaterhouseCoopers Jennifer Laygo Mundi Normand y Asociados International German Lora Consolidator Philippines, Jimenez Gonzales Renzo Rufasto Lira Bello Valdez Caluya & Celia Cristina Rosario Cabrera Payet, Rey, Cauvi Abogados Inc. SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Payet, Rey, Cauvi Abogados Fernandez Ursula Luna Alexander B. Cabrera Gatmaitan Emil Ruppert PricewaterhouseCoopers / Jennifer I Lim Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Jose Manuel Santos Normand y Asociados Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Isla Lipana & Co. SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Normand y Asociados Gatmaitan MERALCO Milagros Maravi Christopher R. Cadano Felix Sy Carolina Sáenz Llanos Globe Link Cargo Logistics Victoria Limkico Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Baker & McKenzie Normand y Asociados Estudio Rubio, Leguía, Inc. Jimenez Gonzales Normand y Asociados Bello Valdez Caluya & Jean Caillard Fernandez Bansard International ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 201 Sheryl Tanquilut Szymon Kolodziej Dariusz Wasylkowski Paulo Henriques Cristina Reis Romulo, Mabanta, Tomasz Korczyński Wardyński & Partners, University of Coimbra PricewaterhouseCoopers Buenaventura, Sayoc & de member of Lex Mundi los Angeles, member of Lex Wierzbowski Eversheds, Miguel Inácio Castro César Sá Esteves Mundi member of Eversheds Radoslaw Waszkiewicz Mouteira Guerreiro, Rosa Simmons & Simmons International Ltd. Sołtysiński Kawecki & Amaral & Associados - Angelo Tapales Szlęzak Sociedade de Advogados David Salgado Areias Ewa Lachowska - Brol Areias Advogados Quisumbing Torres, R.L. member firm of Baker and Wierzbowski Eversheds, Anna Wietrzyńska member of Eversheds DLA Piper Wiater sp.k Maria João Ricou Francisco Salgueiro McKenzie Neville de Rougemont & International Ltd. Gonçalves Pereira, Ma. Melva Valdez Tomasz Zabost Castelo Branco & Associados Mazars & Guerars Audyt Jimenez Gonzales sp. z o.o. Andrzej Zacharzewski Associados Maria Santiago Bello Valdez Caluya & Nikiel i Zacharzewski Noronha Advogados Fernandez Agata Mierzwa Martim Krupenski Adwokaci i Radcowie Barrocas Sarmento Neves Wierzbowski Eversheds, prawni Pedro Santos Enrique W. Galang member of Eversheds Patric Lamarca Grant Thornton Castillo Laman Tan International Ltd. Malgorzata Zamorska Consultores, Lda. Pantaleon & San Jose Noronha Advogados bnt Neupert Zamorska & Ministry of Economy Partnerzy s.c. Maria Manuel Leitão Marques Fillipe Santos Barata Redentor C. Zapata Barbara Misterska-Dragan Secretary of State Gonçalves Pereira, Quasha Ancheta Pena & Sylwester Zydowicz Castelo Branco & Nolasco Misters Audytor Sp. z o.o., for Administrative Gide Loyrette Nouel, Modernisation Associados member of Russell Bedford member of Lex Mundi Gil Roberto Zerrudo International Claudia Santos Cruz Quisumbing Torres, Diogo Léonidas Rocha member firm of Baker and Michal Niemirowicz-Szczytt P ORT U G A L J & A Garrigues, S.L. Barrocas Sarmento Neves McKenzie bnt Neupert Zamorska & Antonio Lopes Eliana Silva Pereira Partnerzy s.c. Victor Abrantes PricewaterhouseCoopers CGM Gonçalo Capitão, P OL A N D Victor Abrantes - Gali Macedo e associados Dariusz Okolski International Sales Agent Tiago Gali Macedo Allen & Overy, A. Pędzich Okolski Law Office CGM Gonçalo Capitão, Manuel Silveira Botelho Paula Alegria Martins sp. k. Macie Owczarewicz Gali Macedo e associados António Frutuoso de Melo Mouteira Guerreiro, Rosa e Associados - Sociedade de Michal Barłowski Gide Loyrette Nouel, Amaral & Associados - Ana Margarida Maia Advogados, R.L. Wardyński & Partners, member of Lex Mundi Sociedade de Advogados Miranda Correia member of Lex Mundi R.L. Amendoeira & Associados Isa Simones de Carvalho Krzysztof Pawlak Bruno Andrade Alves Noronha Advogados Aleksander Borowicz Sołtysiński Kawecki & Nuno Mansilha Biuro Informacji Szlęzak PricewaterhouseCoopers Miranda Correia Carla Soares Kredytowej S.A. Bożena Pawłowska-Krawczyk Miguel Azevedo Amendoeira & Associados Portugal Order of Notaries Agnieszka Chamera Misters Audytor Sp. z o.o., J & A Garrigues, S.L. Miguel Marques dos Santos PKF Tax Sp. z o.o member of Russell Bedford J & A Garrigues, S.L. Ricardo Soares Domingos International Barbara Berckmoes Noronha Advogados Krzysztof Cichocki PricewaterhouseCoopers Isabel Martínez de Salas Sołtysiński Kawecki & Weronika Pelc Carmo Sousa Machado Marco Bicó da Costa J & A Garrigues, S.L. Szlęzak Wardyński & Partners, Abreu Advogados member of Lex Mundi Credinformações/ Equifax Susana Melo Krzysztof Ciepliński Grant Thornton João Paulo Teixeira de Matos Michal Piotrowski José Pedro Briosa e Gala Gide Loyrette Nouel, Consultores, Lda. J & A Garrigues, S.L. PKF Tax Sp. z o.o. Barrocas Sarmento Neves member of Lex Mundi Nuno Telleria Marcio Carreira Nobre Joaquim Luis Mendes Bożena Ciosek Anna Maria Pukszto Barros, Sobral, G. Gomes & Abreu Advogados Grant Thornton Wierzbowski Eversheds, Salans Consultores, Lda. Associados member of Eversheds Bartłomiej Raczkowski Tiago Castanheira Marques Maria Valente International Ltd. Abreu Advogados José Monteiro Bartłomiej Raczkowski JMSROC, lda, member Simmons & Simmons Jaroslaw Czech Kancelaria Prawa Pracy Inês Castelo Branco of Russell Bedford Gonçalo Xavier Wardyński & Partners, Anna Ratajczyk CGM Gonçalo Capitão, International member of Lex Mundi Barros, Sobral, G. Gomes & Gide Loyrette Nouel, Gali Macedo e associados Associados António Mouteira Guerreiro Monika Czekałowska member of Lex Mundi Gabriel Cordeiro Mouteira Guerreiro, Rosa Salans Katarzyna Sarek Direcção Municipal de Amaral & Associados - P U E RTO R IC O Karolina Doruchowska Bartłomiej Raczkowski Gestão Urbanística Sociedade de Advogados R.L. Viviana Aguilu DLA Piper Wiater sp.k Kancelaria Prawa Pracy Pedro de Almeida Cabral PricewaterhouseCoopers Karolina Schiffter Ministry of Justice Rita Nogueira Neto Tomasz Duchniak Ignacio Alvarez Sołtysiński Kawecki & J & A Garrigues, S.L. Sołtysiński Kawecki & Duarte de Athayde Pietrantoni Méndez & Szlęzak Szlęzak Abreu Advogados Catarina Nunes Alvarez LLP Rafal Dziedzic Zbigniew Skórczyński PricewaterhouseCoopers João Cadete de Matos Alfredo Alvarez-Ibañez Gide Loyrette Nouel, Chadbourne & Parke LLP Banco de Portugal Ema Palma O’Neill & Borges member of Lex Mundi Dorota Slizawska JMSROC, lda, member Ana Duarte of Russell Bedford Juan Aquino Lech Giliciński PKF Tax Sp. z o.o. PricewaterhouseCoopers International O’Neill & Borges White & Case W. Dariusz Smiechowski Daniłowicz, W. Jurcewicz i John Duggan Rui Peixoto Duarte James A. Arroyo Union of Polish Architects PricewaterhouseCoopers Wspólnicy sp. k. Abreu Advogados TransUnion De Puerto Iwona Smith Eduardo Fernandes Rico Paweł Grześkowiak Tiago Pereira PricewaterhouseCoopers Portugal Order of Hermann Bauer Gide Loyrette Nouel, Barrocas Sarmento Neves member of Lex Mundi Ewelina Stobiecka Notaries O’Neill & Borges e/n/w/c Rechtsanwalte Pedro Pereira Coutinho Piotr Kaim Bruno Ferreira J & A Garrigues, S.L. Nikos Buxeda Ferrer E.Stobiecka Kancelaria J & A Garrigues, S.L. PricewaterhouseCoopers prawna sp.k. Adsuar Muñiz Goyco Seda Acácio Pita Negrão & Pérez-Ochoa, P.S.C Iwona Karasek Pedro Gil Pereira PLEN - Sociedade de Łukasz Szegda Jagiellonian University JMSROC, lda, member Advogados, RL Mildred Caban Wardyński & Partners, of Russell Bedford Krakow member of Lex Mundi Goldman Antonetti & International Carla Ramos Córdova P.S.C Edyta Kolkowska Dariusz Tokarczuk Barros, Sobral, G. Gomes & Squire Sanders Święcicki João Gonçalves Assunção Associados Jorge Capó Matos Gide Loyrette Nouel, Abreu Advogados Krześniak sp. k. member of Lex Mundi O’Neill & Borges Ana Rita Reis Melanie Guerra Neville de Rougemont & Walter F. Chow Dominika Wagrodzka Noronha Advogados Associados O’Neill & Borges bnt Neupert Zamorska & Partnerzy s.c. 202 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Miguel A. Cordero QATA R Cristina Dascalu Rodica Miu David Stabb Puerto Rico Electric Sova & Partners PricewaterhouseCoopers Anghel Stabb & Partners Power Authority Naveed Abdulla Gulf Star Group Peter De Ruiter Dominic Morega Marta Stefan Alberto G. Estrella PricewaterhouseCoopers Muşat & Asociaţii Anghel Stabb & Partners William Estrella Law Abdelmoniem Abutiffa Offices Qatar International Law Luminita Dima Adriana Neagoe Cristiana Stoica Firm Nestor Nestor Diculescu National Bank of Romania Stoica & Asociatii Carla Garcia Kingston Petersen Attorneys-at-Law O’Neill & Borges A. Rahman Mohamed Manuela Marina Nestor Al-Jufairi Alexandru Dobrescu Nestor Nestor Diculescu Sorin Corneliu Stratula Virginia Gomez Lina & Guia S.C.A Kingston Petersen Stratula Mocanu & Puerto Rico Electric Khalil Al-Mulla Asociatii Power Authority Customs and Ports Ion Dragulin Madalin Niculeasa General Authority National Bank of Romania Nestor Nestor Diculescu Potyesz Tiberu Carlos Hernandez Kingston Petersen Bitrans Ltd., member of Reichard & Escalera Ian Clay Laura Adina Duca World Mediatrans Group PricewaterhouseCoopers Nestor Nestor Diculescu Tudor Oancea Gerardo Hernandez Kingston Petersen Oancea Ciocîltan & Anca Vatasoiu William Estrella Law Richard Dib Asociatii Salans Offices Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Cristina Ene (TAG-Legal) PricewaterhouseCoopers Delia Paceagiu Mihai Vintu Francisco Hernández-Ruiz Nestor Nestor Diculescu PricewaterhouseCoopers Reichard & Escalera Daoud Adel Issa Serban Epure Kingston Petersen Qatar Petroleum Biroul de Credit Catalin Alexandru Vlasceanu Donald E. Hull Marius Pătrăşcanu Salans Pietrantoni Méndez & Sajid Khan Iulia Feraru Muşat & Asociaţii Alvarez LLP PricewaterhouseCoopers Gebrueder Weiss srl RU S SIA N Alina Popescu Ana Lago Abdul Muttalib Adriana Gaspar Muşat & Asociaţii F E DE R AT I ON O’Neill & Borges Gulf Star Group Nestor Nestor Diculescu Kingston Petersen Cristina Popescu Allen & Overy LLP Luis Marini Terence G.C. Witzmann Lina & Guia S.C.A Monica Georgiadis Marat Agabalyan O’Neill & Borges HSBC Marian Dinu Law Office Mariana Popescu Herbert Smith CIS LLP Rubén M. Medina-Lugo ROM A N IA National Bank of Romania Fedor Bogatyrev Cancio, Nadal, Rivera & Gina Gheorghe Tanasescu, Leaua, Cadar & Diana Emanuela Precup Law Firm ALRUD Díaz Daniel Aghel Asociatii Nestor Nestor Diculescu Yuri Boyarshinov Oscar O Meléndez - Sauri PricewaterhouseCoopers Kingston Petersen Georgiana Ghitu Baker & McKenzie Coto Malley & Tamargo, Adriana Almasan LLP Marian Dinu Law Office Cristian Predan Ilya Bulgakov Stoica & Asociatii Gebrueder Weiss srl Juan Carlos Méndez Attorneys-at-Law Sergiu Gidei DLA Piper Rus Limited McConnell Valdés LLC D & B David si Baias S.C.A. Irina Preoteasa Maria Bykovskaya Suzana Alsamadi PricewaterhouseCoopers Gide Loyrette Nouel Luis Mongil-Casasnovas Sova & Partners Andra Gogulescu Marian Dinu Law Office Alina Proteasa Vostok Martinez Odell & Marcela Anghel Calabria Lina & Guia S.C.A Andrey Dukhin D & B David si Baias S.C.A. Alexandru Gosa Joaquin M Nieves D & B David si Baias S.C.A. Radu Protopopescu Gide Loyrette Nouel Andrei Badiu Vostok Sun Air Expedite Service Babiuc Sulica 3B Expert Audit, member Mihai Guia Protopopescu Vonica of Russell Bedford Lina & Guia S.C.A Ilya Fainberg Jorge Peirats International Adriana Puscas Gide Loyrette Nouel Pietrantoni Méndez & Hercule Impex Vostok Alvarez LLP Emanuel Bancila Babiuc Sulica Oana Ionascu Protopopescu Vonica Valery Fedoreev Rafael Pérez-Villarini D&B David si Baias SCA Salans Laura Radu Baker & McKenzie FPV & Galindez CPAs, PSC, Irina Bănică member of Russell Bedford Vasile Iulian Stoica & Asociatii Olga Fonotova Muşat & Asociaţii Attorneys-at-Law International Conelectro Macleod Dixon Irina Barbu Raluca Radu Edwin Quiñones D & B David si Baias S.C.A. Mihaela Ivan Roman Golovatsky Quiñones & Sánchez, PSC Salans Salans DLA Piper Rus Limited Cristian Bichi Radu Tărăcilă Pădurari Victor Rodriguez National Bank of Romania Crenguta Leaua Maria Gorban Multitransport & Marine Tanasescu, Leaua, Cadar & Retevoescu SCA in association with Allen & Gide Loyrette Nouel Co. Monica Biciusca Asociatii Vostok Anghel Stabb & Partners Overy LLP Victor Rodriguez Cristian Lina Igor Gorchakov Roxana Bolea Alina Rafaila PricewaterhouseCoopers Lina & Guia S.C.A Baker & McKenzie D & B David si Baias S.C.A. PricewaterhouseCoopers Frank Rodríguez George Manciu Dina Gracheva Cosmin Bonea Diana Ristici Puerto Rico Electrical Zamfirescu Racoţi Predoiu Law Firm ALRUD Contractors Association Salans Law Partnership Marian Dinu Law Office Anda Rojanschi Vitaly Grekhov Patricia Salichs Alin Buftea Simona Manea Russia Consulting O’Neill & Borges Marian Dinu Law Office PricewaterhouseCoopers D & B David si Baias S.C.A. Alex Rosca Elena Kataeva Anthonio Santos Radu Cernov Dumitru Viorel Manescu PricewaterhouseCoopers Pietrantoni Méndez & Sova & Partners National Union of Civil Angela Rosca Alvarez LLP Law Notaries of Romania Alia Khalikova Chirica Cezara Andrei Săvescu Liniya Prava Jose Torres D&B David si Baias SCA Oana Manuceanu Săvescu si Asociatii Puerto Rico Electrical PricewaterhouseCoopers Alexander Khretinin Contractors Association Victor Ciocîltan Romana Schuster Herbert Smith CIS LLP Oancea Ciocîltan & Gelu Titus Maravela PricewaterhouseCoopers Yasmin Umpierre-Chaar Asociatii Muşat & Asociaţii Anastasia Konovalova O’Neill & Borges Alexandru Slujitoru Macleod Dixon Dorin Coza Carmen Medar D&B David si Baias SCA Carlos Valldejuly Babiuc Sulica D & B David si Baias S.C.A. Maria Kosova O’Neill & Borges Protopopescu Vonica Irina Sokolova Orrick, Herrington & Anca Mihailescu Legalex Sutcliffe LLP Fernando Van Derdys Tiberiu Csaki Marian Dinu Law Office Reichard & Escalera Salans Ileana Sovaila Alyona Kozyreva Irina Mihalache Muşat & Asociaţii Macleod Dixon Travis Wheatley Anca Danilescu PricewaterhouseCoopers O’Neill & Borges Zamfirescu Racoţi Predoiu Oana Sovian Dmitry Kurochkin Law Partnership Mihaela Mitroi Salans Herbert Smith CIS LLP PricewaterhouseCoopers ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 203 Ekatarina Kvaskova Elonie Mukandoli Frederico da Glória Nabil Abdullah Al-Mubarak Muntasir Osman Russia Consulting National Bank of Rwanda Tribunal de 1a instância Saudi Credit Bureau - Law Office of Hassan (3o juízo) SIMAH Mahassni David Lasfargue Léopold Munderere Gide Loyrette Nouel EMAE Fayez Al-Nemer K. Joseph Rajan Pothin Muvara Vostok Luisélio Pinto Talal Bin Naif Al-Harbi Globe Marine Services Co. Office of the Registrar of Law Firm Michael Likonge Land Titles United Investments Prabagaran Ramasamy Continental Alliance Saad Al-Owain Panalpina World Radedonge Nimenya Deodato Gomes Rodrigues Unified registry- Ministry Transport Konstantin Litvinenko National Bank of Rwanda ENAPORT of Commerece & Industry Macleod Dixon Murtaza Rao Eric Nsengimana Maria do Céu Silveira Mohammed Al-Soaib Al-Wallan Logistics Svetlana London World Freight s.a.r.l. Direcção de Obras Al-Soaib Law Firm Públicas e Urbanismo SAMTCO Dmitry Lyakhov Abel Nsengiyumva Wicki Andersen Russin & Vecchi, LLC. Cabinet Abel Nsengiyumva Carlos Stock Saudi Credit Bureau - Baker Botts LLP SIMAH Direcção dos Registros e Tatiana Menshenina Anjaleedevi Ramdin Notariado Abdul Moeen Arnous MGAP Attorneys at Law Commercial Court of Mohammad Arif Saeed Law Office of Hassan Al Tamimi & Company Nyarugenge S AU DI A R A B IA Mahassni Elena Nikulina Advocates & Legal Gide Loyrette Nouel Jean Marie Vianney Joseph Castelluccio Consultants Vostok Ruzagiriza Emad Fareed Abdul Jawad Globe Marine Services Co. Fulbright & Jaworski LLP Mustafa Saleh Mucyo & Associés Maria Priezzheva Salah Deeb Emad Arriyadh Trading Orrick, Herrington & Frank Twegire Ali Abedi The Allaince of Abbas Al Tamimi & Company Abdul Shakoor Sutcliffe LLP Rwanda Development Advocates & Legal Board F. Ghazzawi & Co. and Globe Marine Services Co. Elvira Sagetdinova Hammad, Al-Mehdar & Co. Consultants Consulting Group André Verbruggen Rehana Shukkur Asad Abedi Nicholas Diacos Mikhailov & Partners, The Allaince of Abbas Stephen Zawadi The Allaince of Abbas Al Tamimi & Company F. Ghazzawi & Co. and member of Russell Bedford Advocates & Legal International Rwanda Revenue F. Ghazzawi & Co. and Hammad, Al-Mehdar & Co. Authority Hammad, Al-Mehdar & Co. Consultants Ulf Schneider Peter Stansfield Danya Abulola Mothanna El Gasseer Russia Consulting S A M OA Al Tamimi & Company Al-Jadaan & Partners Law Bafakih & Nassief Firm Olga Sirodoeva Mike Betham Advocates & Legal Orrick, Herrington & Anas Akel Consultants Sameh M. Toban Transam Ltd. Bafakih & Nassief Sutcliffe LLP Adel El Said Toban Law Firm Denis Brady Naïm Al Chami Steven Snaith Panalpina World Juergen Villmer Land Registration Adviser Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Transport PricewaterhouseCoopers Al-Soaib Law Firm Murray Drake (TAG-Legal) Pavel Solovyev Nasser A. Elhaidib Michael Webb Drake & Co. Sheikh Yousef Al Farraj Riyadh Municipality Magnusson National Water Company Ruby Drake Ministry of Justice Denis Sosedkin Mahmoud Yahya Fallatah Natasha Zahid Drake & Co. Omar Al Saab National Water Company DLA Piper Rus Limited Baker Botts LLP Karanita L. Enari Law Office of Mohanned Rainer Stawinoga Bin Saud Al-Rasheed in Imad El-Dine Ghazi Abdul Aziz Zaibag Kruse, Enari & Barlow Law Office of Hassan Russia Consulting association with Baker Alzaibag Consultants Graham Hogarth Botts LLP Mahassni Maria Tiftikidis Soudki Zawaydeh Transam Ltd. Andreas Haberbeck CMS International BV Abdullah Fawaz Al Tamimi Al Juraid & Company / Anita Jowitt Al Tamimi & Company The Allaince of Abbas PricewaterhouseCoopers Pavel Timofeev University of the South Advocates & Legal F. Ghazzawi & Co. and Hannes Snellman Pacific Consultants Hammad, Al-Mehdar & Co. SE N E G A L Attorneys at Law Ltd. Herman Kruse Mashuor M. Al Tubaishi Alan Hall Natalia Vygovskaya Diaby Aboubakar Kruse, Enari & Barlow Riyadh Municipality Al Tamimi & Company DLA Piper Rus Limited Advocates & Legal BCEAO George Latu Nasser H. AlAamry Consultants Khaled Abou El Houda RWA N DA Latu Ey & Clarke Lawyers National Water Company Shadi Haroon Cabinet Kanjo Koita Bancor, Access Bank Maiava Peteru Ibrahim Mohamed Al-But’hie Law Office of Mohanned Magatte Dabo Law Firm Maiava V.R. Riyadh Municipality Bin Saud Al-Rasheed in Transfret Dakar Alberto Basomingera Peteru association with Baker Cabinet d’Avocats Fayez Aldebs Botts LLP Ibrahima Diagne Mhayimana John Ryan Al Juraid & Company / Gainde 2000 Transam Ltd. PricewaterhouseCoopers Jochen Hundt Pierre Célestin Bumbakare Al-Soaib Law Firm Fallou Diéye Rwanda Revenue Patea Malo Setefano Ali. R. Al-Edrees APIX -Agence chargée Authority Ministry of Natural Al-Bassam Ziad Jibril de la Promotion de Resources & Environment Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - l’Investissement et des Annie Kairaba-Kyambadde Mohammed Al-Ghamdi (TAG-Legal) Toleafoa RS Toailoa Fulbright & Jaworski LLP Grands Travaux Rwanda Initiative for Sustainable Development / To’ailoa Law Office Marcus Latta Issa Dione Abdullah Al-Hashim The Law Firm of Salah LandNet Shan Shiraz Ali Usman Al-Jadaan & Partners Law Senelec Al-Hejailany Marcellin Kamanzi Tradepac Marketing Ltd. Firm Alassane Diop Glenn Lovell DP World Angélique Kantengwa Hussam Salah Al-Hejailan S ÃO TOM É A N D The Law Firm of Salah Al Tamimi & Company National Bank of Rwanda PRINCIPE Advocates & Legal Amadou Diop Al-Hejailany Consultants Gainde 2000 Theophile Kazaneza Kigali Bar Association António de Barros A. Aguiar Hesham Al-Homoud Zaid Mahayni Babacar Biram Diop SOCOGESTA The Law Firm of Dr. Law Office of Hassan Cabinet Babacar Biram Isaïe Mhayimana Hesham Al-Homoud Amaro Mahassni Diop Cabinet d’Avocats Mhayimana Metalurgica Santo Amaro Mohammed Al-Jaddan Ahmed Makkaw Fodé Diop André Aureliano Aragão Al-Jadaan & Partners Law Bafakih & Nassief Art Ingegierie Afrique Donatien Mucyo Firm Mucyo & Associés André Aureliano Aragão Ahmed Mekkawi Amadou Drame Jurisconsulta & Advogado Fahad Almalki Bafakih & Nassief Cabinet d’Avocat Alexandre Mugenzangabo Al Tamimi & Company Mucyo & Associés Abreu Conceição Maher Melhem Cheikh Fall Advocates & Legal Soares Da Costa Consultants Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Cabinet d’Avocat Richard Mugisha (TAG-Legal) Trust Law Chambers 204 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Mame Adama Gueye SE R B IA Marijana Malidzan Jovana Tomić H.C. Bright Mame Adama Gueye & Regulatory Review Unit Živković & Samardžić Law Rokel Commercial Bank Associes Bojana Babić office Bojović Dašić Kojović Aleksandar Mančev Nicholas Colin Browne-Marke Matthias Hubert Prica & Partners Law Mile Tomić Court of Appeals FIDAFRICA / Rade Bačković Office Municipality of Surcin PricewaterhouseCoopers Association of Serbian Charles Campbell Banks Milena Manojlović Snežana Tosić Charles Campbell & Co. Steven Jansen Gide Loyrette Nouel, Serbian Business Registers Maersk Logistics Marija Bojović member of Lex Mundi Agency Emile Carr Bojović Dašić Kojović Leone Consultants Edgar Julienne Andreja Marušić Biljana Trencev Maersk Logistics Christophe Boyer The International Center H.E.C. Carter Dragana Miletić Rokel Commercial Bank Gide Loyrette Nouel, for Financial Market Papa Ismaél Ka member of Lex Mundi Municipality of Surcin Development Etude Notariale Ka John Carter Vuk Božović Vladimir Milić Tanja Vukotić Marinković KPMG Oumy Kalsoum Gaye Gide Loyrette Nouel, PricewaterhouseCoopers Serbian Business Registers Chambre de Commerce Roy Chalkley member of Lex Mundi Nenad Mraković Agency Shipping Agencies Ltd. d’Industrie et d’Agriculture de Dakar Milan Brković Elektroprivreda Srbije Miloš Vulić Leslie Theophilus Clarkson Association of Serbian Ana Nesić Prica & Partners Law Ahmry Services Abdou Dialy Kane Banks Office S.C.P. D’avocats Law Office Kosić Victor Keith Cole Ana Čalić Dimitrije Nikolić Miloš Živković Seydina Kane Rokel Commercial Bank Prica & Partners Law Cargo T. Weiss d.o.o. Živković & Samardžić Law Senelec Office office Michael A. Collier Sidy Kanoute Djurdje Ninković Rokel Commercial Bank Ivana Čalić Law Office Kosić Ninković Law Office SE YC H E L L E S Mabinty Daramy Ousseynou Lagnane BDS Bojan Obradović Gerry Adam Ministry of Trade & Marina Cvijanović Omega Electro Mahe Shipping Co. Ltd. Industry Patricia Lake Diop Gide Loyrette Nouel, Etude Me Patricia Lake member of Lex Mundi Zvonko Obradović Laura. A. Alcindor Valabhji Fraser Davies Diop Serbian Business Registers Sterling Offshore Limited Ministry of Employment & Vladimir Dabić Agency Social Security Moussa Mbacke The International Center Leslie Boniface Etude notariale Moussa for Financial Market Darija Ognjenović Vidal Decker Ministry of Employment Mbacke Development Prica & Partners Law and Human Resource KPMG Office Development Dame Mbaye Danica Dajović Festina Douganson Transfret Dakar Regulatory Review Unit Igor Oljačić France Gonzalves Bonte SIERRATEL Law Office Kosić Mamadou Mbaye Predrag Dejanović Bobby Brantley Jr. Mariama Dumbuya SCP Mame Adama Gueye & Ninković Law Office Tamara Ostojić Sterling Offshore Limited Renner Thomas & Co., Associés Prica & Partners Law Adele Chambers François d’Ornano Office L. Charlette Amadou Ndiaye Gide Loyrette Nouel, Stamp Duty Commission William L. Farmer Port Autonome de Dakar member of Lex Mundi Vladimir Perić Ministry of Lands, Prica & Partners Law Andre D. Ciseau Country Planning and the François Ndiaye Dragan Draca Office Seychelles Ports Environment Port Autonome de Dakar PricewaterhouseCoopers Authority Snežana Petrović Dzidzedze Fiadjoe Cheikh Tidiane Ndiaye Jelena Edelman Panalpina World Daniel Houareau PricewaterhouseCoopers Secom-Afrique Prica & Partners Law Transport Seychelles Ports Office Authority Eke Ahmed Halloway Magatte Ndoye Mihajlo Prica Halloway & Partners Ministere du Commerce Zorana Gajić Prica & Partners Law Melanie Kemp Regulatory Review Unit Office Sterling Offshore Limited Millicent Hamilton-Hazeley Moustapha Ndoye Clas Legal Ivan Grac Branko Radulović Conrad Lablache Madior Niang Panalpina World James M. Heyburn Regulatory Review Unit Pardiwalla Twomey Transcontinental Transit Transport Lablache Safmarine Container Lines Carol Santoni (Maersk Ltd.) Bara Sady Olga Serb Gretić MEJ Electrical Gide Loyrette Nouel, Port Autonome de Dakar Ninković Law Office member of Lex Mundi Michael A.O. Johnson Joe Morin City Alliance SDV Logistics Ltd. Harrison Solicitors Nebojsa Savičević Mahe Shipping Co. Ltd. Djibril Sy Slavica Janojlić Trimo inzenjering d.o.o. Augustin Kai Banya Margaret Nourrice Ministry of Lands, Secom-Afrique ElektroDistribucija Sladjana Sredojević Stamp Duty Commission Beograd (EDB) Country Planning and the Thierno Baila Talla Association of Serbian Pesi Pardiwalla Environment Port Autonome de Dakar Dejan Jeremić Banks Pardiwalla Twomey Mariama Kallay Dominique Taty Republic Geodetic Ana Stanković Lablache Authority Government of Sierra FIDAFRICA / Moravčevic, Vojnović Bernard L. Pool Leone PricewaterhouseCoopers Andrija Jerinić & Zdravković o.a.d. u saradnji sa Schönherr Pool & Patel Ibrahim Sorie Kamara Ousmane Thiam Regulatory Review Unit Public Utilities National Revenue Maersk Logistics Martina Jović Nenad Stanković Authority Corporation PricewaterhouseCoopers JSP Simon Pierre Thiaw Unice Romain Jusifu Anthony Kamara Bojović & Dašić Dragana Stanojević Douanes du Senegal Seychelles Ports Guma Valley Water Dubravka Kosić Booz Allen Hamilton Authority Company Ibra Thiombane Law Office Kosić Milan Stefanović M.B. Kargbo SCP Mame Adama Gueye & Kieran B. Shah Associés Ivan Krsikapa Regulatory Review Unit Ministry of Finance Ninković Law Office Milo Stevanovich SI E R R A L E ON E Adama Traore Hassan Kavqsa SCP Mame Adama Gueye & Zach Kuvizić Booz Allen Hamilton Abdul Bai Kanu SIERRATEL Associés Kuvizić Law Office Petar Stojanović Sonnie Davies Electrical Shiaka Kawa Baba Traore Marc Lassman Joksovic, Stojanovic and Desmond D. Beckley Edra Consultancy Transfret Booz Allen Hamilton Partners Dalttech / DESMI Alieyah Keita Konzo Traore Aleksandar Tasić Enterprises Law Office Baklaja Igric Arthur William Lewis BCEAO Mujezinovic in association Kuvizić Law Office A.Y Brewah with Clyde & Co LLP Freetown City Council Emmanuel Yehouessi Brewah & Co. Centus Macauley Esq. BCEAO Macauley, Bangura & Co. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 205 Sullay A. Mannah SI N G A P OR E SL OVA K R E P U B L I C Lucia Slezakova Mia Kalas Bank of Sierra Leone PricewaterhouseCoopers Odvetniki Šelih & Malcolm BH Tan Martina Behuliaková Partnerji Ibrahim Mansaray Insolvency & Public Geodesy, Cartography and Lubica Suhajova Trustee’s Office Cadastre Authority PricewaterhouseCoopers Danijel Kerševan Noah Mansaray Panalpina Welttransport Sierra Leone Ports Ronald Cai Radmila Benkova Maria Svidroňová GmbH Authority Ministry of Manpower PricewaterhouseCoopers Monarex audit consulting Tina Klemenc Corneleius Adeyemi Max- Hooi Yen Chin Genc Boga Michal Toman Williams I PricewaterhouseCoopers Gateway Law Corporation Boga & Associates PricewaterhouseCoopers Shipping Agencies Ltd. Barbara Knez Paerin Choa Jana Borská Roman Turok-Hetes Avbreht, Zajc & partners E.V. Morgan J.P. National Bank of Slovakia TSMP Law Corporation Čechová & Partners, Institute of Architects member of Lex Mundi Vid Kobe Sierra Leone Kit Min Chye Peter Varga Filipov, Petrovič, Jeraj Tan Peng Chin LLC Todd Bradshaw PRK Partners s.r.o. in partnerji o.p., d.o.o. Augustine Musa, Esq. advokátní kancelář PricewaterhouseCoopers in cooperation with Brewah & Co. Seema Dadlani Schönherr Miroslava Budínska Zuzana Wallova Alfred Navo Paula Eastwood National Bank of Slovakia Karl-Heinz Krois Dedák & Partners Ministry of Employment & PricewaterhouseCoopers Panalpina Welttransport Social Security Ján Budinský Michal Zeman Energy Market Authority Čechová & Partners, GmbH Easmon Ngakui Slovak Credit Bureau, s.r.o. Soo Geok Keen member of Lex Mundi Ana Lešnik Brewah & Co. Kristina Cermakova Avbreht, Zajc & partners Steven Tan PAC, member Dagmar Zukalová Oliver Nylander of Russell Bedford Peterka & Partners Zukalová - Advokátska Iztok Milac Adele Chambers International Elena Chorvátová kancelária s.r.o. Miro Senica in Odvetniki Rev. Dan Oalmer Global Trade Well Peterka & Partners National Power Authority Singapore Miroslava Greštiaková SL OV E N IA Siniša Nišavić Data d.o.o Christopher J. Peacock Aaron Goh PricewaterhouseCoopers Tina Ajster PricewaterhouseCoopers Matic Novak Serpico Trading Michaela Jurková PricewaterhouseCoopers Rojs, Peljhan, Prelesnik & Enterprises Haryad Hadi Čechová & Partners, Andrej Andrić partnerji, o.p., d.o.o. H.O. Peacock-Sawyer Donaldson & Burkinshaw member of Lex Mundi Rojs, Peljhan, Prelesnik & Sonja Omerza Ministry of Lands, May Ching Ida Han Tomáš Kamenec partnerji, o.p., d.o.o. PricewaterhouseCoopers Country Planning and the Donaldson & Burkinshaw Dedák & Partners Barbara Balantić Environment Pavle Pensa Yvonne Hill Roman Konrad Odvetniki Šelih & Ade Renner-Thomas Partnerji Law Office Jadek & Pensa Yeo-Leong & Peh Profinam, s.r.o. d.o.o. Renner Thomas & Co., Nataša Božović Adele Chambers Sheau Peng Hoo Miloslav Kovac Bostjan Petauer General Counciller of Bank of Slovenia Roger Rogers Subordinate Courts BDO EOS Svetovanje d.o.o. the UINL Eva Budja International Ashok Kumar Tomaž Petrovič Construction Co. Ltd. Sona Krockova Law Office Jadek & Pensa Allen & Gledhill LLP d.o.o. Schönherr Rechtsanwälte PricewaterhouseCoopers GmbH / Attorneys-at-Law Mohamed Salisu Nanda Kumar Štefan Kutenič Vid Čibej Ministry of Finance, Rajah & Tann Natasa Pipan Nahtigal Revenue & Tax Policy Chamber of Notaries PricewaterhouseCoopers Odvetniki Šelih & Division Shirene Li Thomas Dane Partnerji Credit Bureau Pte Ltd. Katarina Leitmannová Julia Sarkodie-Mensah Geodesy, Cartography and PricewaterhouseCoopers Jure Planinšek Yik Wee Liew Cadastre Authority Elektro Ljubljana d.d. Odvetniki Šelih & Sahid Mohammed Sesay WongPartnership LLP Serry Kamal & Co Lubomir Lesko Partnerji Energy Agency of the William Lim Peterka & Partners Republic of Slovenia Petra Plevnik Shipping Agencies Ltd. Credit Bureau Pte Ltd. Přemysl Marek Aleksander Ferk Miro Senica in Odvetniki Susan Sisay Mei Xin Loh Peterka & Partners PricewaterhouseCoopers Bojan Podgoröek Sisay & Associate Wong Tan & Molly Lim LLC Tomáš Maretta Ana Filipov Andrej Poglajen Eddinia Swallow Hwei Min Ng Čechová & Partners, Filipov, Petrovič, Jeraj Chamber of Craft and Wright & Co. member of Lex Mundi Sheikh Babu Nooruddin in partnerji o.p., d.o.o. Small Busines Lornard Taylor Al Noor International Peter Mateja in cooperation with Schönherr Marjana Ristevski Macauley, Bangura & Co. Pte. Ltd. PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers Rodney O. Temple Beng Hong Ong Legal Services Ana Grabnar Rojs, Peljhan, Prelesnik & Maöa Rozman EROD Construction & Wong Tan & Molly Lim LLC Clare Moger Engineering Services partnerji, o.p., d.o.o. PricewaterhouseCoopers See Tiat Quek PricewaterhouseCoopers Alhanji Timbo Boštjan Grešak Tomo Sbrizaj PricewaterhouseCoopers Panalpina Welttransport Agency for public legal National Power Authority GmbH Odvetniška pisarna Shook Lin & Bok (in joint Avbreht, Zajc in partnerji records and related Mohamed Ahmad Tunis venture with Allen & Jakub Ondrejka services Ahmry Services Overy) Damjana Iglič Čechová & Partners, Bostjan Sedmak member of Lex Mundi Bank of Slovenia Darcy White Douglas Tan Schönherr Rechtsanwälte PricewaterhouseCoopers Steven Tan PAC, member Ladislav Pompura Andrej Jarkovič GmbH / Attorneys-at-Law of Russell Bedford Monarex audit consulting Janežič & Jarkovič Claudius Williams-Tucker Attorneys-at-Law & Patent Tamara äerdoner International PricewaterhouseCoopers KPMG Zora Puškáčová Attorneys Winston Tay Zukalová - Advokátska Branka Španič Solomon Wilson Saša Jemc Customs Authority kancelária s.r.o. Law Office Jadek & Pensa Sierra Leone Investment Law Office Jadek & Pensa Information Portal (SLIIP) Siu Ing Teng Zuzana Satkova d.o.o. d.o.o. Amy Wright Land Authority PricewaterhouseCoopers Renata Šterbenc Štrus Jernej Jeraj Ecobank Paul Wong Martin Senkovic Filipov, Petrovič, Jeraj Law Office Jadek & Pensa Rodyk & Davidson LLP BNT - Sovova Chudackova in partnerji o.p., d.o.o. d.o.o. Rowland Wright & Partner, s.r.o. in cooperation with Anja Strojin Štampar Wright & Co. Daniel Yap Schönherr Jaroslav Škubal Miro Senica in Odvetniki Jennifer Yeo Urška Jereb Yeo-Leong & Peh PRK Partners s.r.o. Melita Trop advokátní kancelář Avbreht, Zajc & partners Miro Senica in Odvetniki Stefanie Yuen Thio TSMP Law Corporation 206 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Nives Uljan Gretchen de Smit Co-Ordination (Pty) Anselmo Diaz Fernández Eduardo Santamaría Moral Panalpina Welttransport Edward Nathan Limited Bank of Spain J & A Garrigues, S.L. GmbH Sonnenbergs Inc. Gasant Orrie Rossanna D’Onza Ramón Santillán Nevenka Vratanar Hiren Desai Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr Inc. Baker & McKenzie Bank of Spain Agency of the Republic Business Advisors Group Dave Oshry of Slovenia for public Antonio Fernández Catalina Santos legal records and related Rudolph Du Plessis Fordham & Oshry Inc. - J & A Garrigues, S.L. J & A Garrigues, S.L. services Bowman Gilfillan, member member of Russell Bedford of Lex Mundi International Valentín García González Pablo Santos Katja Wostner Gonçalves Pereira Gómez-Acebo & Pombo Justin Ducie Eamonn Quinn Abogados BDO EOS Svetovanje d.o.o. Borja García-Alamán PricewaterhouseCoopers Eamonn David Quinn Aleš Zevnik Attorney J & A Garrigues, S.L. Luis Siles Data d.o.o Flip Dwinger Davies Arnold Cooper CIPRO ( Companies & IPR Andres Sepp Cristina Gomendio Spain Katja Šegedin Zevnik Registration Office) Office of the Chief J & A Garrigues, S.L. Data d.o.o Registrar of Deeds Cristina Soler ESKOM Juan Ignacio Gomeza Villa Gómez-Acebo & Pombo Brigita Žunič Richard Shein Notario de Bilbao Abogados Miranda Feinstein Bowman Gilfillan, member Deloitte Jorge Hernandez Edward Nathan of Lex Mundi Raimon Tagliavini Tina Žvanut Mioč Sonnenbergs Inc. Equifax Iberica Uría & Menéndez, member Law Office Jadek & Pensa Rob Smorfitt of Lex Mundi Darryl Fordham Luiz Jimenez Lopez d.o.o. Chamber of Commerce & Fordham & Oshry Inc. - Industries Colegio Oficial Francisco Téllez member of Russell Bedford de Aparejadores y J & A Garrigues, S.L. S OL OM ON International TransUnion Arquitectos Tecnicos de I SL A N D S Madrid Adrián Thery Daniel Francois Fyfer Llewellyn van Wyk J & A Garrigues, S.L. James Apaniai Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr Inc. CSIR Igor Kokorev James Apaniai Lawyers Pérez - Llorca Alejandro Valls Sean Gilmour Claire van Zuylen Baker & McKenzie Don Boykin PricewaterhouseCoopers Bowman Gilfillan, member Joaquin Macias Pacific Architects Ltd of Lex Mundi Ashurst Juan Verdugo Go Freight Brokers J & A Garrigues, S.L. Julie Haro Ralph Zulman Daniel Marín Tim Gordon-Grant Supreme Court of Appeal Gómez-Acebo & Pombo AJ&G Blum Ltd Bowman Gilfillan, member Abogados SR I L A N KA Anita Jowitt of Lex Mundi SPA I N Jorge Martín - Fernández Shanaka Amarasinghe University of the South Kim Goss Pacific Clifford Chance Julius & Creasy Bowman Gilfillan, member Allen & Overy LLP John Katahanas of Lex Mundi Gabriel Martínez Chiranga Amirthiah Altius S.A. Sol - Law Martinez, Ojeda y F.J. & G. De Saram, member Roelof Grové Ana Armijo Asociados, member of Lex Mundi Haelo Pelu Adams & Adams Ashurst of Russell Bedford APL Deputy Registrar General Jenna Hopwood International Cristina Ayo Ferrándiz Savantha De Saram Ramon Jun Quitales TWB Uría & Menéndez, member José Manuel Mateo D.L. & F. De Saram Quitales Management Simone Immelman of Lex Mundi J & A Garrigues, S.L. Services Chamari de Silva Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr Inc. Jacobo Baltar Nicolás Nogueroles Peiró Roselle R. Rosales F.J. & G. De Saram, member Mark Klinkert Baker & McKenzie ARBO (Asociacion de of Lex Mundi Pacific Architects Ltd Registradores Bienvenido Fordham & Oshry Inc. - Juan Bolás Alfonso Sharmela de Silva Gregory Joseph Sojnocki member of Russell Bedford Oliver) Notariado Tiruchelvam Associates Morris & Sojnocki International Ana Novoa Chartered Accountants Agustín Bou Sadhini Edirisinghe Anli Koen Baker & McKenzie Jausas F.J. & G. De Saram, member John Sullivan TWB Alberto Núñez-Lagos Héctor Bouzo Cortejosa of Lex Mundi Sol - Law Unathi Kondile Burguera Solcaisur S.L. Uría & Menéndez, member Chamindi Ekanayake Bowman Gilfillan, member S OU T H A F R IC A of Lex Mundi Cristina Calvo of Lex Mundi Nithya Partners Ashurst Daniel Parejo Ballesteros Amila Fernando Theo Adendorff Paul Lategan KCSA Edward Nathan Teresa Camacho Artacho J & A Garrigues, S.L. Julius & Creasy Sonnenbergs Inc. Uría & Menéndez, member Jose Luis Perales Champika Fernando Ross Alcock of Lex Mundi Edward Nathan Irvin Lawrence Notariado Tiruchelvam Associates Sonnenbergs Inc. Garlicke & Bousfield Inc Laura Camarero Pedro Pérez-Llorca Zamora Freight Links Baker & McKenzie Pérez - Llorca International (Pte) Ltd Mark Badenhorst Veema Makan PricewaterhouseCoopers Edward Nathan Ariadna Cambronero Ginés Roser Ràfols Jivan Goonetilleke Sonnenbergs Inc. Uría & Menéndez, member Jausas D.L. & F. De Saram Jacque Bagg of Lex Mundi Fordham & Oshry Inc. - Joey Mathekga Juan Ramon-Ramos Naomal Goonewardena member of Russell Bedford CIPRO ( Companies & IPR Nazaret Clemente Nithya Partners Landwell, Abogados y International Registration Office) Clifford Chance Asesores Fiscales Sunil Hapuarachchi Kobus Blignaut Brian Mbatha Francisco Conde Viñuelas Carlos Rico State Engineering Edward Nathan Office of the Chief Gonçalves Pereira Clifford Chance Corporation Sonnenbergs Inc. Registrar of Deeds Jaume Cornudella Marquès Enrique Rodriguez Sonali Jayasuriya Boitumelo Bogatsu Gabriel Meyer Landwell, Abogados y D.L. & F. De Saram Altius S.A. Garlicke & Bousfield Inc Deneys Reitz / Africa Asesores Fiscales Legal Déborah Rodríguez Tudor Jayasuriya Anthony Brislin Fernando de la Puente Alfaro F.J. & G. De Saram, member Clifford Chance BDO Spencer Steward Glory Moumakwe Colegio de Registradores of Lex Mundi Southern African CIPRO ( Companies & IPR de la Propiedad y Eduardo Rodríguez-Rovira Co-Ordination (Pty) Registration Office) Mercantiles de España Uría & Menéndez, member Inoka Jayawardhana Limited of Lex Mundi F.J. & G. De Saram, member Sizwe Msimang Agustín Del Río Galeote of Lex Mundi Beric Croome Bowman Gilfillan, member Gómez-Acebo & Pombo Iñigo Sagardoy Edward Nathan of Lex Mundi Abogados Sagardoy Abogados, Vishwamithra Kadurugamuwa Sonnenbergs Inc. member of Ius Laboris F.J. & G. De Saram, member Kemp Munnik Iván Delgado González of Lex Mundi Gabriel Davel BDO Spencer Steward Pérez - Llorca L. Salvado National Credit Regulator Southern African Equifax Iberica Yudhishtran Kanagasabai PricewaterhouseCoopers ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 207 Janaka Lakmal Warren Thompson Richard Peterkin SU R I NA M E José Rodrigues Credit Information Bureau Constsvcs PricewaterhouseCoopers Rodrigues & Associates Ltd. G. Clide Cambridge Charles Walwyn St. Vincent Customs Paramaribo Custom Broker Moira Rose LAN Management PricewaterhouseCoopers Authority & Packer PKF International Development Service St. Vincent Electricity Bradford Mark Walker Fathima Amra Mohamed S T. LU C IA Services Ltd. Marcel K. Eyndhoven Brad Walker Architects N.V. Energiebedrijven Sudath Perera Associates Gilland Adjodha Nicole O.M. Sylvester Suriname Dian Nanayakkara Cotton Bay Resorts Caribbean International S W E DE N Johan Kastelein Tiruchelvam Associates Law Firm Thea Alexander KDV Architects Magnus Andersson Jagath Perera Francis & Antoine L.A. Douglas Williams Gärde Wesslau R.J.S. Kensenhuis MIT Cargo (Pvt) Ltd. Law Firm of Phillips & Advokatbyrå Thaddeus M. Antoine Williams NBM Groep Santushi Perera Francis & Antoine Martin Bergander Andrea Young-Lewis Stanley Marica Julius & Creasy Gärde Wesslau Gerard Bergasse Commerce & Intellectual Advokatenkantoor Marica Advokatbyrå Sudath Perera Tropical Shipping Property Office (CIPO) Law Firm Sudath Perera Associates Mats Berter Desma F. Charles Anouschka Nabibaks SU DA N MAQS Law Firm Sudesh Peter Registry of Companies and BDO Abrahams Raijmann & F.J. & G. De Saram, member Intellectual Property Partners Annica Börjesson Abdullah Abozaid MAQS Law Firm of Lex Mundi Willibald Charles Rita Ramdat Law Office of Abdullah A. Progressive Design Baron Shipping & Abozaid Chamber of Commerce & Alexander Broch Associates Brokerage Inc. Industry Brochs Redovisningsbyraa Mohamed Ibrahim Adam KB Hiranthi Ratnayake Peter I. Foster Dr. Adam & Associates Angèle J. Ramsaransing-Karg PricewaterhouseCoopers Peter I. Foster & BDO Abrahams Raijmann & Linda Broström-Cabrera Associates Jamal Ibrahim Ahmed Partners PricewaterhouseCoopers Paul Ratnayeke Peterson D. Francis Eihab Babiker Adiel Sakoer Jenny Dangre Paul Ratnayeke Associates Peterson D. Francis Eihab Babiker & Associates N.V. Global Expedition Advokatfirman Vinge KB, Perera Sanjeevani Worldwide Shipping & - Advocates member of Lex Mundi Nithya Partners Inder Sardjoe Customs Services Ltd. Mojtaba Banaga N.V. Easy Electric Henric Diefke Sanath Senaratne Annick Gajadhar Elkarib and Medani Mannheimer Swartling Ceylon Electricity Board Albert D. Soedamah Tropical Shipping Elmugtaba Bannaga Advokatbyrå Lawfirm Soedamah & Shifana Sharifuddin Carol J. Gedeon Elkarib and Medani Associates Lina Fransson John Wilson Partners Chancery Chambers Amani Ejami Elmzell Advokatbyrå AB, Radjen A. Soerdjbalie Shane Silva El Karib & Medani member of Ius Laboris Simon Jeffers Notariaat R.A. Soerdjbalie Julius & Creasy Tropical Shipping Advocates Roger Gavelin Jennifer van Dijk-Silos Priya Sivagananathan Ashraf A.H. El Neil PricewaterhouseCoopers Lucelec Law Firm Van Dijk-Silos Julius & Creasy Mahmoud Elsheikh Omer & Loreta Greivyte Duane C. Marquis Associates Advocates Rene van Essen Mathy Tharmaratnam Fortune Law Group NLBA Architects Vereniging Surinaams Tiruchelvam Associates Tariq Mohmoud Elsheikh Bedrijfsleven, Suriname Lars Hartzell Marguerite Nicholas Omer Trade & Industry Harini Udugampola Elmzell Advokatbyrå AB, Gordon & Gordon Co. Mahmoud Elsheikh Omer & Association member of Ius Laboris F.J. & G. De Saram, member Associates Advocates of Lex Mundi Eldris Pierre-Mauricette Dayenne Wielingen-Verwey Linda Hasselblad Tropical Shipping Eshraga Fadlalla Vereniging Surinaams Charmalie Weerasekera MAQS Law Firm Eshraga Fadlalla Law Bedrijfsleven, Suriname Sudath Perera Associates The Bank of Nova Scotia Office Emil Hedberg Trade & Industry Shashi Weththasinghe Leandra Gabrielle Verneuil William E. Kosar Association Advokatfirman Vinge KB, Julius & Creasy Gordon & Gordon Co. member of Lex Mundi IRIS Center Perry D. Wolfram Nihal Wicramasooriya Andie A. Wilkie BroCad N.V. Bengt Kjellson Ahmed Mahdi Ceylon Electricity Board Gordon & Gordon Co. Lantmäteriet Mahmoud Elsheikh Omer & Brenda M. Williams Associates Advocates S WA Z I L A N D Niklas Körling John Wilson Jr. John Wilson Partners Chase, Skeete & Boland Amin Mekki Medani Vincent Galeromeloe Setterwalls Advokatbyrå El Karib & Medani TransUnion ITC Tommy Larsson ST. K I T T S A N D S T. V I N C E N T A N D Advocates Ministry of Employment NEVIS T H E G R E NA DI N E S Phumlile Tina Khoza Osman Mekki Abdurrahman Municipal Council of Johan Lindberg Michella Adrien Kay R.A. Bacchus-Browne HLCS Manzini Advokatfirman Lindahl Michella Adrien Law Kay Bacchus - Browne Abdalla Mohamed Paul Lewis Chambers Christoffer Monell Office A. Mohamed & Associates PricewaterhouseCoopers Mannheimer Swartling Nicholas Brisbane Bernadine Dublin Advokatbyrå Tarig Monim Andrew Linsey N. Brisbane & Associates Labour Department Mohamed Alaa Eldin PricewaterhouseCoopers Dain Nevonen Scott Caines First Caribbean Bank Mohamed Advokatfirman Vinge KB, C.J. Littler Frank B. Armstrong Ltd. Tamara Gibson-Marks Darka for Trading & member of Lex Mundi C.J. Littler & Co. Neil Coates High Court Registrary Services Co. Ltd. Michael Nyman Welile Mabuza PricewaterhouseCoopers Sean Joachim Alaa Eldin Mohamed Osman Advokatfirman Lindahl Mabuza Attorneys Dollrita Jack-Cato CaribTrans Darka for Trading & Karl-Arne Olsson Services Co. Ltd. Service Magagula Webster Dyrud Mitchell Serge L’Africain Gärde Wesslau R. Parekh Shadrack Mnisi Advokatbyrå Dahlia Joseph Scotiabank MTS Cargo Services Sharp Freight SWD Pty. Ola Lo Olsson Daniel Brantley & Moulton Mayers Ltd. Associates Mohamed Samir Elmzell Advokatbyrå AB, Moulton Mayers Bongani Mtshali member of Ius Laboris Randy Prentice Architects Tristar Federation of Swaziland Mattias Örnulf Frank B. Armstrong Ltd. Marcelle Myers Amel M. Sharif Employers and Chamber of Mahmoud Elsheikh Omer & Commerce Hökerberg & Söderqvist Anastacia Saunders Caribbean International Advokatbyrå KB Law Firm Associates Advocates Frank B. Armstrong Ltd. Jerome Ndzimandze Abdel Gadir Warsama Carl Östring St. Kitts Electricity Floyd A. Patterson Speed Limit Construction Dr. Abdel Gadir Warsama Magnusson Department Pannell Kerr Forster Knox Nxumalo Ghalib & Associates Legal Panalpina AB Firm Robinson Bertram 208 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Linn Samuelsson Roland Niklaus Housam Safadi Rich Lin Nazira Avazova MAQS Law Firm Notariat Bernhard Safadi Bureau LCS & Partners Ministry of Labor & Social Burkard Protection Jesper Schönbeck Samer Sultan Yishian Lin Advokatfirman Vinge KB, Gema Olivar Sultans Law PricewaterhouseCoopers Farhad Azizov member of Lex Mundi PricewaterhouseCoopers Akhmedov, Azizov & Catherine Liu Odd Swarting Gion Pagnoncini TA I WA N , C H I NA SDV Logistics Ltd. Abdulhamidov Attorneys Setterwalls Advokatbyrå Pestalozzi Lachenal Patry, Jersey Chang Abdulbori Baybayev member of Lex Mundi Julia Liu Law Firm Lex UC AB Puhua & Associates SDV Logistics Ltd. Sara Rousselle-Ruffieux Vera Chang Shamsibonu Djurayeva Caroline Vartia Kang-Shen Liu Tavernier Tschanz LCS & Partners Rakhmatzoda Hshurali Gärde Wesslau Lexcel Partners Advokatbyrå Daniel Schmitz Victor Chang Centre for PricewaterhouseCoopers Jennifer Lo Entreprenurship LCS & Partners SWITZERLAND Daniel Steudler PricewaterhouseCoopers Development Support in John Chen Mike Lu Dushanbe Amr Abdel Aziz Swisstopo, Directorate for Formosa Transnational Cadastral Surveying Lexcel Partners Ashraf Sharifovich Ikromov CMS von Erlach Henrici AG Nicholas V. Chen Joseph Ni LLC “Movarounnahr” Barbara Stöckli Klaus Pamir Law Group Good Earth CPA Azim Ishmatov Peter R. Altenburger Froriep Renggli Altenburger Tina Chen Lawrence S. Ong AB Group Edmond Tavernier Winkler Partners Puhua & Associates Mirali Kadyrov Beat M. Barthold Tavernier Tschanz Froriep Renggli Wei-cheng Chen Lloyd G. Roberts III Centre for Brigitte Umbach-Spahn Entreprenurship Ministry of the Interior Winkler Partners Marc Bernheim Wenger Plattner Development Support in Staiger Schwald & Partner Abraham Cheng Michael Schreiber Dushanbe Stephane Valat Lexcel Partners Yangming Partners Sébastien Bettschart Orrick, Herrington & Munir Kalemulloev Tavernier Tschanz Sutcliffe LLP Chun-Yih Cheng Tanya Y. Teng Tajikistan University Beatrice Vetsch Formosa Transnational Huang & Partners Jacques Bonvin Mynir Kalemyloev Tavernier Tschanz PricewaterhouseCoopers Yu-Chung Chiu Bee Leay Teo Association of Anti Crisis Andrin Waldburger Ministry of The Interior Baker & McKenzie Managers Tajikistan Bernhard G. Burkard Notariat Bernhard PricewaterhouseCoopers Julie C. Chu C.F. Tsai Assel Khamzina Burkard Patrick Weber Jones Day Deep & Far, Attorneys- PricewaterhouseCoopers Andrea Cesare Canonica EKZ Elektrizitätswerke Steven Go at-Law Nigina Mahmudova Swiss Customs des Kantons Zürich PricewaterhouseCoopers Eric Tsai Gender va Tarakkiet Commercial Register of Roman Werder Barbara Hsu Puhua & Associates Mashvarat Limited the Canton Zurich PricewaterhouseCoopers SDV Logistics Ltd. Rita Tsai Liability Company Mauro Cavadini ZEK Switzerland Robert Hsu APL Dilovar Mavlonov Brunoni Molino Mottis SDV Logistics Ltd. Yeong Uong Enterprise Co. Association of Anti Crisis Adami SY R IA N A R A B Managers Tajikistan REPUBLIC Tony Hsu Chao-Yu Wang Damien Conus Pamir Law Group Yangming Partners Karimova Muhabbat Tavernier Tschanz Muhamed Agha Central Notary’s Office Yuling Hsu Chien-jui Wang Philippe de Salis UNDP Formosa Transnational Takhir Nabiev CEPD Stonehage S.A. Sulafah Akili AITEN Consulting Group Margaret Huang Richard Watanabe Robert P. Desax Ministry of Economy & LCS & Partners Mizrobiddin Nugmanov Trade PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers Globalink Logistics Group T.C. Huang Pei-Yu Wu Suzanne Eckert Mouazza Al Ashhab Jurabek Toshtemurovich Huang & Partners Baker & McKenzie Wenger Plattner Auditing Consulting Okhonov Accounting Center Jui-Lung Hung Shin Mei Wu LLC “Movarounnahr” Erwin Griesshammer Puhua & Associates Joint Credit Information Rawaa Al Midani Emin Sauginov Vischer Attorneys at Law Center Ministry of Trade & Charles Hwang Ministry of Labor & Social Mark Hippenmeyer Economy Yangming Partners Shih-Ming You Protection Altenburger Nabih Alhafez Ministry of The Interior Joan Jing Tahmina Qodiri David Hürlimann SFS (Speed Forward Puhua & Associates AITEN Consulting Group CMS von Erlach Henrici Shipping) TAJ I K I S TA N AG Wen-Horng Kao Jamshed Rahmonberdiev Ziad Al-Sairafi PricewaterhouseCoopers Bakhtiyor Abdulhamidov Somon Capital JSC Hanspeter Klaey Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Akhmedov, Azizov & PricewaterhouseCoopers (TAG-Legal) Chih-Shan Lee Abdulhamidov Attorneys Ravshan Rashidov Winkler Partners Law Firm Lex Urs Klöti Abdul Raouf Hamwi Rasul Abdullaev Pestalozzi Lachenal Patry, Civil Engineering Office Huang & Partners Representative of Zimfera Rizvanova member of Lex Mundi Kate Li Zarubezgneftegaz Republic Committee of Yaser Hmedan Labor Union Armin Marti Yaser Hmedan Law Office Yangming Partners Bakhtiyor Abdulloev PricewaterhouseCoopers Yu-Hsun Li ABM Trans Service LLC Firdavs Sadikov Antoun Joubran Somon Capital JSC Michel Merlotti Syrian Arab Consultants Puhua & Associates Zarrina Adham Notary & Consultant Law Office Justin Liang Humo Yuri Samolyov Baker & McKenzie Law Firm Lex Migros-Genossenschafts- Mazen N. Khaddour Shavkat Akhmedov Bund International Legal Emily Lin Akhmedov, Azizov & Takdir Sharifov Bureau Pamir Law Group Abdulhamidov Attorneys Association of Anti Crisis Andrea Molino Managers Tajikistan Brunoni Molino Mottis Auditing Consulting Frank Lin Tolib Alimatov Adami Accounting Center Shuhrat Shorakhmonov Rexmed Industries Co., Ltd. Ruslan Amanbaev Gabriel Oussi Association for Georg Naegeli Jennifer C. Lin Sozidanie LLC Microfinance Homburger Syrian Arab Consultants organizations of Tajikistan Law Office Tsar & Tsai Law Firm, Architecture Department Pierre Natural member of Lex Mundi Tajikistan Elena Simonova Pierre Natural, Notaire Yazan Quandour Ming-Yen Lin Najib Ashraf Konsultant Audit Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Sebastian Neufang (TAG-Legal) Deep & Far, Attorneys- KN Ibrakom FZCo. PricewaterhouseCoopers at-Law ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 209 Maltuba Ujdjabaeva APL Dussadee Rattanopas Tjia Soh Siang TON G A National Association of Chalee Chantanayingyong Tilleke & Gibbins Tjia & Tchai Associates Business International Ltd., member Inoke Afu Securities and Exchange of Lex Mundi Francisco Soares Dateline Shipping & Travel Saidali Valiev Commission Serviço do Imposto de Ltd. AgroinvestBank Suraphon Rittipongchusit Timor Leste Phadet Charoensivakorn Ramsey Dalgety DLA Piper Limited Tohir Zubaidov National Credit Bureau AITEN Consulting Group Co. Ltd. Maythawee Sarathai TO G O Electricity Commission Mayer Brown LLP Diaby Aboubakar William Clive Edwards Thunyaporn Chartisathian TA N Z A N IA Allens Arthur Robinson / Patsamon Sirigoonpattanasarn BCEAO Law Office Patrick Ache Siam Premier International Siam City Law Offices Ltd. Jean-Marie Adenka Anthony Ford Law Office Limited Supreme Court Mkono & Co. Associate Ekkachat Sirivichai Cabinet Adenka Chinnavat Chinsangaram DLA Piper Limited Inland Revenue Steven de Backer Kokou Gadémon Agbessi Weerawong, Chinnavat & Theresia Dominic Peangpanor LTD Jeffrey Sok Cabinet Lucreatif Anita Jowitt University of Dar es Allens Arthur Robinson / Martial Akakpo University of the South Sasirusm Chunhakasikarn Siam Premier International Pacific Salaam SCP Martial Akakpo Tilleke & Gibbins Law Office Limited Santosh Gajjar International Ltd., member Ashleigh Matheson Adzewoda Ametsiagbe Sumar Varma Associates of Lex Mundi Kowit Somwaiya Westpac Bank of Tonga Direction Générale LawPlus Ltd. de líUrbanisme et de Ian Skelton Farija Ghikas John Fotiadis Tilleke & Gibbins Picharn Sukparangsee líHabitat Shoreline Distribution Ltd REX Attorneys International Ltd., member Siam City Law Offices Ltd. Coffi Alexis Aquereburu Dana Stephenson Nasra Hassan of Lex Mundi Hunt Talmage Aquereburu and Partners Law Office Mkono & Co. Associate Cabinet d’Avocats Seetha Gopalakrishnan Chandler & Thong-ek Tohi Johnson Jasson PricewaterhouseCoopers Cecile Assogbavi Johnson Jasson & Paralee Techajongjintana Dateline Shipping & Travel Vira Kammee Baker & McKenzie Etude Notariale Senghor Ltd. Associates Advocates Siam City Law Offices Ltd. Paisan Tulapornpipat Philippe Attoh Christine Uta’atu Leopold Thomas Kalunga Yingyong Karnchanapayap Blue Ocean Logistics Co., SCP Martial Akakpo Uta’atu & Associates Kalunga & Co. Advocates Tilleke & Gibbins Ltd. Sylvanus Dodzi Awutey Jone Vuli Wilbert B. Kapinga International Ltd., member Pattara Vasinwatanapong Cabinet Lucreatif Westpac Bank of Tonga Mkono & Co. Associate of Lex Mundi Vickery & Worachai Ltd. Bolloré Rehema Khalid-Saria Sakares Khamwalee T R I N I DA D A N D Chinachart Vatanasuchart Mkono & Co. Associate Baker & McKenzie Jonathan Darboux TOBAG O Tilleke & Gibbins BCEAO Ngwaru Maghembe Komkrit Kietduriyakul International Ltd., member Andre Bass Mkono & Co. Associate Baker & McKenzie of Lex Mundi Koffi Joseph Dogbevi The Fast Freight Group Cabinet Lucreatif Lotus Menezes LawPlus Ltd. Harold K. Vickery Jr. Steve Beckles Mkono & Co. Associate Vickery & Worachai Ltd. Jean Claude Gnamien Chanida Leelanuntakul Deloitte FIDAFRICA / Nimrod Mkono Siam City Law Offices Ltd. Pimvimol Vipamaneerut PricewaterhouseCoopers Ronald Bhagan Mkono & Co. Associate Tilleke & Gibbins M. Hamel-Smith & Co., William Lehane International Ltd., member Kodjo John Kokou Arafa Mohamed Allens Arthur Robinson / member of Lex Mundi of Lex Mundi Cabinet d’Avocats John REX Attorneys Siam Premier International Kokou Cecil Camacho Law Office Limited Vorawan Wachirakajorn Chris Msuya Atchroe Leonard Johnson LEX Caribbean PricewaterhouseCoopers Horwarth Tanzania Sakchai Limsiripothong SCP Aquereburu & Terry Curtis Weerawong, Chinnavat & Supamorm Yaowakron Partners Exaud Mushi TransUnion Peangpanor LTD DLA Piper Limited Norplan Tanzania Limited Akpénè Amito Kpégba Stacy Lee Daniell Pratchayapa Mahamontree Shabani Mwatawala Siam City Law Offices Ltd. T I M OR- L E S T E SCP Martial Akakpo M. Hamel-Smith & Co., PSM Architects Co. Ltd. Seka Hauvy Mathieu member of Lex Mundi Pauline A. Manzano Maria Jose Amaral Alex Thomas Nguluma Serviço do Imposto de FIDAFRICA / Rehanna de la Borde PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers REX Attorneys Timor Leste Steven Miller Félix Mawuglo Agbobli Nicole Ferreira-Aaron Eric Rwelamira Mayer Brown LLP Julio Araujo da Silva Ringo & Associates, Serviço do Imposto de KEKAR Togo M. Hamel-Smith & Co., member of the Africa Sally Mouhim Timor Leste Comlan Eli-Eli N’soukpoé member of Lex Mundi Legal Network Tilleke & Gibbins SCP Martial Akakpo Nadia Henriques International Ltd., member Jumar Balonkita Emmy Salewi UNIDO Olivier Pedanou M. Hamel-Smith & Co., of Lex Mundi member of Lex Mundi Norplan Tanzania Limited Cabinet Lucreatif Surapol Opasatien Jose Pedro Camoes Rishit Shah LBH-TL Peter Inglefield National Credit Bureau Galolo Soedjede PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers Co. Ltd. Miguel Carreira Martins Dominique Taty Eve Hawa Sinare CRA Timor Colin Laird Viroj Piyawattanametha FIDAFRICA / REX Attorneys PricewaterhouseCoopers Colin Laird Associates Baker & McKenzie EDTL Mohamed H. Sumar Inès Mazalo Tekpa Marcia Leonard Cynthia M. Pornavalai Sumar Varma Associates Cabinet Lucreatif The Fast Freight Group Tilleke & Gibbins Law Office Baklaja Igric David Tarimo International Ltd., member Mujezinovic in association Fousséni Traoré Keomi Lourenco PricewaterhouseCoopers of Lex Mundi with Clyde & Co LLP M. Hamel-Smith & Co., FIDAFRICA / Supan Poshyananda PricewaterhouseCoopers member of Lex Mundi Mustafa Tharoo Eusebio Guterres Ringo & Associates, Securities and Exchange UNIDO Business Konzo Traore Ramesh Lutchman member of the Africa Commission Regulatory consultant TransUnion BCEAO Legal Network Chanet Precharonaset Alzira Lay Susan Morgan Edem Zotchi Sinare Zaharan APL Logistics Services Ltd. SDV Logistics Ltd. PricewaterhouseCoopers SCP Martial Akakpo REX Attorneys Sudthana Puntheeranurak Simon McKenna Sonji Pierre Chase Emmanuel Yehouessi National Credit Bureau PT Prima Wahana Caraka / LEX Caribbean T HA I L A N D Co. Ltd. PricewaterhouseCoopers BCEAO Fanta Punch Allen & Overy LLP Piyanuj Ratprasatporn Rafael Ribeiro M. Hamel-Smith & Co., Tilleke & Gibbins SDV Logistics Ltd. member of Lex Mundi Janist Aphornratana International Ltd., member PricewaterhouseCoopers of Lex Mundi 210 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Ramdath Dave Rampersad Faouzi Cheikh Habiba Raouadi Idil Cagal Onur Gülsaran R.D. Rampersad & Co. Banque Centrale de Chafter Raouadi & PricewaterhouseCoopers Cerrahoğlu Law Firm Tunisie Associés Danzel Reid Burcu Çakallı Rıfat Günay Trinidad & Tobago Abdelmalek Dahmani Lotfi Rebai KPMG Central Bank of the Electricity Commission Dahmani Transit Cabinet Rebai Republic of Turkey International Esin Çamlıbel Stephen A. Singh Sakoudi Ridha Turunç Law Office Sezin Güner LEX Caribbean Mohamed Lotfi El Ajeri A. T. I. S. Pekin & Pekin Avocat a la Cour et Maria Lianides Çelebi Jonathan Walker mediateur agree par le Imed Tanazefti Bener Law Office, member Berna Güngenci M. Hamel-Smith & Co., B.B.MC Gide Loyrette Nouel, of Ius Laboris Çakmak Avukatlık Bürosu member of Lex Mundi member of Lex Mundi Mourad El Aroui M. Fadlullah Cerrahoğlu A. Feridun Güngör Allyson West Amen Bank Faiza Telissi Cerrahoğlu Law Firm Ernst & Young PricewaterhouseCoopers Adly Bellagha & Yassine El Hafi Associates Fikret Çetinkaya Cüneyd Gürcan T U N I SIA Adly Bellagha & KPMG Gürcan Law Offices Associates Rachid Tmar PricewaterhouseCoopers Orçun Çetinkaya Ayşegül Gürsoy Rachid Aguirr Mehmet Gün & Partners Cerrahoğlu Law Firm Faïza Feki Legal Services Ben Said et Associés Banque Centrale de Niyazi Çömez Senem Gürsoy Mokhtar Amor Tunisie Wassim Turki AWT Audit & Conseil Deloitte Bircanoğlu Law Firm Société Tunisienne de Ali Fekih l’Electricité et du Gaz Anis Wahabi Gulnisa Coşkun Salih Zeki Haklı Chafter Raouadi & Pekin & Pekin TOBB Mohamed Moncef Barouni Associés AWT Audit & Conseil ACR Yavuz Dayıoğlu Gül Incesulu Abderrahmen Fendri TURKEY PricewaterhouseCoopers Çakmak Avukatlık Bürosu Belgacem Barrah PricewaterhouseCoopers Tribunal de 1ère Instance Burcu Acartürk Yıldız Kürşat Demirezen Şebnem Işık Yessine Ferah de Tunis Karataş Yıldız Borovalı ICT International Trading Mehmet Gün & Partners CE&P Law Firm Anis Bejaoui Sezin Akoğlu Eda Denize Ibrahim Kara Amel Ferchichi Chafter Raouadi & Pekin & Pekin Alkan Deniz Mavioğlu Kredit Kayit Bureau Associés Gide Loyrette Nouel, Dilmen Law Office member of Lex Mundi Ceren Aktaş Egemen Karaduman Adly Bellagha PricewaterhouseCoopers Rüçhan Derici Ernst & Young Noureddine Ferchiou Adly Bellagha & 3e Danışmanlık Ltd. Şti. Associates Ferchiou & Associés Murat Akturk Ramazan Karakurt Meziou Knani Union of Chambers and Kazım Derman Istanbul Land Registry and Hend Ben Achour Commodity Exchanges Kredit Kayit Bureau Cadastre Lamia Harguem Adly Bellagha & Associates Gide Loyrette Nouel, Duygu Alkan Emine Devres Selahaddin Karataş member of Lex Mundi Alkan Deniz Mavioğlu Devres Law office Rafika Ben Aissa Bouslama Elif Kavuşturan Badis Jedidi Dilmen Law Office Ministère de la Justice Başak Diclehan Bener Law Office, member Gide Loyrette Nouel, Mustafa Alper KPMG of Ius Laboris Othman Ben Arfa member of Lex Mundi YASED - International Tarık Dilek Aslan Kaya Société Tunisienne de Najla Jezi Investors Association l”Elecricite et du Gaz Bolero Socks DMF System International ACR Arda Alposkay Independent Auditing, Ismail Ben Farhat Devres Law office Aykut Dincer Consulting & Certified Amina Larbi PricewaterhouseCoopers Public Accounting Co., Adly Bellagha & Associates Gide Loyrette Nouel, Melsa Ararat member of Russell Bedford member of Lex Mundi Corporate Governance Murat Volkan Dülger International Elyès Ben Mansour Forum of Turkey, Sabanci Dülger Law Firm Mouelhi Lotfi Gözde Kayacık Avocats Conseils Associés University Dilara Duman Maersk Logistics Pekin & Bayar Law Firm Miriam Ben Rejeb Abdulla Atalay Sarıibrahimoğlu Law Mabrouk Maalaoui Office Betül Kencebay PricewaterhouseCoopers Boğazıçı Elektık Dağitim Legal Services PricewaterhouseCoopers A.Ş. (Bedaş) YASED - International Çisil Durgun Khaled Marzouk Investors Association Anis Ben Said Selen Atlı Cerrahoğlu Law Firm Global Auditing & République Tunisienne Gürcan Law Offices Özlem Kızıl Centre Informatique du Murat Emirhanoğlu Advising Çakmak Avukatlık Bürosu Ministere des Finances Pınar Aybek KPMG Kamel Ben Salah Bener Law Office, member Sertak Kokenek Mohamed Ali Masmoudi Sedat Eratalar Gide Loyrette Nouel, of Ius Laboris Bener Law Office, member PricewaterhouseCoopers Deloitte of Ius Laboris member of Lex Mundi Legal Services Levent Aydaş Gökben Erdem Dirican Salah Ben Youssef Aydaş Liman Kurman Nergis Kundakçıoğlu Sarah Mebezaa Pekin & Pekin Cerrahoğlu Law Firm République Tunisienne Attorneys at Law Centre Informatique du Comete Engineering Esin Erkal Yasemin Aydoğmuş Kürşat Kunter Ministere des Finances Radhi Meddeb PricewaterhouseCoopers Mehmet Gün & Partners Central Bank of the Abdelfattah Benahji Comete Engineering Esin Ertek Republic of Turkey Ferchiou & Associés Elvan Aziz Bikmen Faouzi Mili PricewaterhouseCoopers Oğuz Kupeli Meziou Knani Paksoy Law Firm Mili and Associates Luc Fourcade SDV - Horoz Logistics Peter Bismuth Derya Baksı Pekyalçın Ben Afia Mohamed Salah SDV - Horoz Logistics Sait Kurşuncu Tunisie Electro Technique Tarlan & Pekyalçın Law Orga Audit, a member Office Umurcan Gago Cerrahoğlu Law Firm Manel Bondi firm of Russell Bedford International Naz Bandik PricewaterhouseCoopers Zeki Kurtçu PricewaterhouseCoopers Çakmak Avukatlık Bürosu Arman Gezer Deloitte Mustafa Bouafif Mohamed Taieb Mrabet Banque Centrale de Arzu Basmacı Deloitte Alpaslan Hamdi Kuzucuoğlu Ministry of State Property and Land Affairs Tunisie Mehmet Gün & Partners Caglar Gezer Istanbul Metropolitan PricewaterhouseCoopers Municipality Institut d’Economie Atf Nasri Sinan Borovalı Quantitative Ferchiou & Associés Karataş Yıldız Borovalı Yağız Gökmen Altan Liman Meziou Knani Orhaner Law Office Aydaş Liman Kurman Elyes Chafter Ebru Boz Attorneys at Law Chafter Raouadi & Imen Nouira SDV - Horoz Logistics Osman Nuri Gönenç Associés Conservation Foncière Central Bank of the Orhan Yavuz Mavioğlu Tunisia Murat Bozkurt ADMD Law Firm Republic of Turkey Zine el abidine Chafter PricewaterhouseCoopers Chafter Raouadi & Sait Gözüm Rana Mazlum Yılmaz Associés Deloitte Yılmaz Law Offices ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 211 Özlem Özgür Meriç Defne Zeynep Sirakaya Murat Yülek Timothy Kyepa Parbat Siyani Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Cerrahoğlu Law Firm PGlobal Global Advisory Shonubi, Musoke & Co. Seyani Brothers & Co. (U) (TAG-Legal) Services Ltd. Advocates Ltd Ufuk Soğütlüoğlu Banu Mert Deloitte Çağlar Yurttürk Brenda Kyokwijuka Godfrey Songa Cerrahoğlu Law Firm ADMD Law Firm Sebalu & Lule Advocates Arch Forum Ltd. Sumerman International and Legal Consultants Ministry of Industry & Serap Zuvin Sebadduka Swaibu Trade Sezai Sur Nicolas Legal Serap Zuvin Law Offices Shaba Motors Ltd. Bener Law Office, member SDV Transami Ltd. Sıla Muratoğlu of Ius Laboris Christopher Walugembe Bayırlı & Muratoğlu Law U G A N DA Joseph Luswata MMAKS Advocates Firm Naz Tamer Bernard Baingana Sebalu & Lule Advocates Mehmet Gün & Partners Diğdem Muslu PricewaterhouseCoopers and Legal Consultants UKRAINE Başaran Nas YMM A.S. Aylin Tarlan Tüzemen Robinah Lutaaya Tarlan & Pekyalçın Law Joseph Baliddawa Oleg Y. Alyoshin Lerzan Nalbantoğlu PricewaterhouseCoopers PricewaterhouseCoopers Vasyl Kisil & Partners Office Turunç Law Office Bernard Bamwine Ben Luwum Andrey Astapov Ferya Taş Yılmaz Nalçakar Kwesigabo, Bamwine & BVL & Co. Astapov Lawyers Turunç Law Office Med Shipping Logistics Walubiri Advocates Charles Maina International Law Group Transport & Trade Ltd. Elif Tezcan Bayırlı Augus Jonah Bwiragura SDV Transami Ltd. Olga Balytska Corporation Bayırlı & Muratoğlu Law Firm Ministry of Lands, Housing Peter Malinga DLA Piper LLC Adnan Nas & Urban Development Revenue Authority Pelin Tırtıl Olena Basanska PricewaterhouseCoopers Clare de Wet Bener Law Office, member Paul Mare CMS Cameron McKenna Zeynephan Oğuz of Ius Laboris SDV Transami Ltd. UMEME Limited Olena Bilozor Cerrahoğlu Law Firm Nicholas Ecimu Güzel Toker David F.K. Mpanga DLA Piper LLC Sezin Okkan PricewaterhouseCoopers Sebalu & Lule Advocates A.F. Mpanga Advocates and Legal Consultants Eugene Blinov Pekin & Pekin Turkish Industrialists’ and James Mukasa Astapov Lawyers Şebnem Önder Businessmen’s Association Matuvo Emmy Sebalu & Lule Advocates International Law Group Çakmak Avukatlık Bürosu (TUSIAD) Marma Technical Services and Legal Consultants Timur Bondaryev Mert Oner Noyan Turunç Expolanka Freight Limited Cornelius Mukiibi Arzinger & Partners KPMG Turunç Law Office Sarfaraz Jiwani C.Mukiibi.Sentamu & Co. International Law Firm Çağlayan Orhaner Dündar Ibrahim Tutar Seyani Bros. & Co. Advocates Maksym Borodchuk Orhaner Law Office Penetra Consulting and Busingye Kabumba Andrew Munaunra Kamuteera Chadbourne & Parke LLP Auditing Sebalu & Lule Advocates Gamze Ovacık MMAKS Advocates Olena Brodovska Ebru Tuygun and Legal Consultants CMS Cameron McKenna Çakmak Avukatlık Bürosu Charles Kalu Kalumiya Deloitte Peters Musoke Saban Ozdemir Kampala Associated Tetyana Buchko Gökçe Ucuzal Advocates Shonubi, Musoke & Co. Asters Saban Ozdemir Trading Advocates Consultancy Bener Law Office, member Richard Kamajugo of Ius Laboris Taras Burhan Revenue Authority Rachel Mwanje Musoke Ekin Kavukçuoğlu Özgülsen CMS Cameron McKenna Furkan Ünal MMAKS Advocates Deloitte Oscar Kambona Olga Burlyuk PGlobal Global Advisory Charles Mwebembezi Tuba Özsezen Services Ltd. Kampala Associated CMS Cameron McKenna Advocates SDV Transami Ltd. YASED - International Andriy Buzhor Investors Association Hilal Ünal Noah Mwesigwa Francis Kamulegeya CMS Cameron McKenna Gokser Machine Ltd Shonubi, Musoke & Co. Ferhat Pekin PricewaterhouseCoopers Beste Üner Advocates Serhiy Chorny Pekin & Bayar Law Firm Kargo International Ltd Bener Law Office, member Fatuma Nabulime Baker & McKenzie Suzet Rodikli of Ius Laboris Phillip Karugaba SDV Transami Ltd. Diana Gladka PricewaterhouseCoopers MMAKS Advocates Yegan Üreyen Eddie Nsamba-Gayiya DLA Piper LLC Çağıl Şahin Biber Mehmet Gün & Partners David Katende Consultant Surveyors and Sergiy Gryshko PricewaterhouseCoopers EnviroKAD Planners Metropolitan CMS Cameron McKenna Batuhan Sahmay Municipality of Istanbul Didymus Byenkya Kato Charles Odere Ivanna Honina Pekin & Pekin Ataco Freight Services ltd LEX Uganda Advocates & H.Barış Yalçın Grischenko & Partners Bilge Saltan PricewaterhouseCoopers Eeshi Katugugu Solicitors Victoria Kaplan Dülger Law Firm PricewaterhouseCoopers Julius Ojok Selcen Yalçın CMS Cameron McKenna Tamer Saracık Mehmet Gün & Partners Sophie Kayemba Sebalu & Lule Advocates and Legal Consultants Natalya Kim Istanbul Land Registry and PricewaterhouseCoopers Cadastre Ayşegül Yalçınmani Merler Chadbourne & Parke LLP Cerrahoğlu Law Firm Silver Adowa Owaraga Andrew Kibaya Andriy Kirmach Hasan Sarıçiçek Magezi, Ibale & Co. Sadık Yamaç Shonubi, Musoke & Co. Advocates Chadbourne & Parke LLP KPMG Advocates Ministry of Public Works Maksym Kopeychykov Selim Sarıibrahimoğlu & Settlement Alex Rezida Robert Kiggundu Ilyashev & Partners Sarıibrahimoğlu Law Nangwala, Rezida & Co. Begüm Yavuzdoğan Arch Forum Ltd. Advocates Office Evgeniy Kornievskiy Mehmet Gün & Partners Kiryowa Kiwanuka Duygu Şeftalici Kenneth Rutaremwa Konnov & Sozanovsky Banu Yılmaz Kiwanuka & Karugire Kateera & Kagumire Cerrahoğlu Law Firm Advocates Natalia Kozyar Union of Chambers and Advocates Ayşe Sert Commodity Exchanges The Ukrainian Journal of Allan Kokeyo Ruth Sebatindira Business Law Çakmak Avukatlık Bürosu Kampala Associated Cağatay Yılmaz Ligomarc Advocates Ömer Kayhan Seyhun Advocates Svitlana Kulish Yılmaz Law Offices Central Bank of the Ali Sengendo CMS Cameron McKenna Hülya Yılmaz Robert Komakec Republic of Turkey Mwebe, Sebaggala & Co. Tatyana Kuzmenko Deloitte Arch Forum Ltd. Sinan Alan Shonubi Astapov Lawyers Aylin Yontar Maliza Kwera International Law Group DMF System International Shonubi, Musoke & Co. Cerrahoğlu Law Firm MMAKS Advocates Advocates Independent Auditing, Oleksiy Levenets Consulting & Certified Filiz Yüksel James Kyazze Manish Siyani CMS Cameron McKenna Public Accounting Co., Cerrahoğlu Law Firm Shonubi, Musoke & Co. Seyani Brothers & Co. (U) member of Russell Bedford Advocates Mykola Likhachov Ltd International CMS Cameron McKenna 212 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Borys Lobovyk Dawoud Abdel Rahman James Bowden Omar Momany David Breakell Konnov & Sozanovsky Al-Hajri Afridi & Angell, member of Freshfields Bruckhause DLA Piper LLP Dubai Municipality Lex Mundi Deringer Yulia Logunova Paul Brehony DLA Piper LLC Qurashi AlSheikh R Chandran Yasser Omar PricewaterhouseCoopers AbdulGhani Sea Bridge Shipping Shalakany Law Office, Legal Services Olga Mikheieva Dubai Municipality member of Lex Mundi CMS Cameron McKenna Dalmook Dalmook Penny Bruce Moutaz Abdullah Dalmook Mohd. Dalmook Vijendra Vikram Singh Paul PricewaterhouseCoopers Vadim Mizyakov Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Attorney and Legal Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Legal Services Asters (TAG-Legal) Consultants (TAG-Legal) Peter Caplehorn Robert Morris Ahmad Subhu Ahmad Mohammad A. El-Ghul Prakash Scott Brownrigg PricewaterhouseCoopers Herbert Smith LLP Habib Al Mulla & Co. Al Tajir Glass Fran Claes Nataliya Nakonechna Mariam S.A. Al Afridi Anthea Fernandes Samer Qudah DLA Piper LLP CMS Cameron McKenna Dubai World Shalakany Law Office, Al Tamimi & Company member of Lex Mundi Advocates & Legal Richard Clark Yuliya Nogovitsyna Basil T. Al Kilani Slaughter and May KPMG Consultants Dubai World Laetitia Fernandez Helene Mathieu Legal Dean Rolfe Philip Clarke Dmytro Orendarets Rasha Al Saeed Simmons & Simmons Arzinger & Partners Consultants PricewaterhouseCoopers Baker Botts LLP International Law Firm Nazia Hameed Shoeb Saher Roger Collier Marwan Al Sharkah Afridi & Angell, member of Habib Al Mulla & Co. DLA Piper LLP Yaroslav Petrov Galadari and Associates CMS Cameron McKenna Lex Mundi Richard Collier-Keywood Luke Sajan Essam Al Tamimi Samer Hamzeh Damco PricewaterhouseCoopers Sava P. Poliakov Al Tamimi & Company Grischenko & Partners Trowers & Hamlins Companies House Advocates & Legal Khalid Mohamed Saleh Sergiy Portnoy Consultants Omar Hegazy Dubai Municipality Simon Cookson DLA Piper Ukraine LLC Shalakany Law Office, Ashurst Shouqi Al Yousuf member of Lex Mundi Moahmmed Ahmed Saleh Vitaliy Pravdyuk Dubai Electricity and Dubai Municipality Lyn Crawford Water Authority Sydene Helwick Davies Arnold Cooper LLP Konnov & Sozanovsky Herbert Schroder Al Tamimi & Company Maria Prysyazhnyuk Mahmood Albastaki Advocates & Legal Emcredit Annalie Croney PricewaterhouseCoopers Dubai World Consultants PricewaterhouseCoopers Ruth Sharry Saeed Al-Hamiz PricewaterhouseCoopers Legal Services Yuliana Revyuk Fadi Hourani KPMG Central Bank of the UAE Hourani & Associates Rob Cummings Douglas Smith Maryam Ahmed Al-Hammadi Habib Al Mulla & Co. CBI - The Confederation of Oleksandr Rudenko Sameer Huda British Industry Astapov Lawyers Dubai Municipality Hadef & Partners Khalid A. Wahab International Law Group Ashraf Ali Shreya Damodaran Narmin Issa Al Midfa & Associates Golden Building Materials Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Olga Serbul DLA Piper Middle East LLP Stan Wright Hamilton LLP Law Firm IP & C. Consult, Trading Samir Ja’afar Dubai Customs Vera Dantas Innes LLC Sagar Ali Ja’afar Alwan Al Jaziri & Rania Yousseph Noronha Advogados Mykhailo Shchitka Business Advisors Group Associates Habib Al Mulla & Co. Paul de Bernier Vasyl Kisil & Partners Hadif Alowais Talib Abdul-Kareem Julfar Alowais & Manfield Natasha Zahid Mayer Brown LLP Hanna Shtepa Dubai Municipality Baker Botts LLP Baker & McKenzie Lawyers Gordon Deane Zaid Kamhawi Shepherd & Wedderburn Igor Svechkar Moustapha Al-Sharkawi Emcredit U N I T E D K I NG D OM Asters Dubai Courts Ben Digby Mohammad Z. Kawasmi Allen & Overy LLP CBI - The Confederation of Olga Usenko Blaise Amikat Al Tamimi & Company Trium Logistics LLC Kwame Asamoah British Industry The Ukrainian Journal of Advocates & Legal Business Law Consultants HW Chartered Rob Don Wicki Andersen Accountants Baker Botts LLP CBI - The Confederation of Penny Vaughn Vipul Kothari British Industry Kothari Auditors & Anna Austin PricewaterhouseCoopers Lisa W Anderson Accountants The Stokes Partnership Kate Douglas-Hamilton Elina Vavryshchuk PricewaterhouseCoopers Guy Bailey Slaughter and May DLA Piper LLC Rasha Arayqat K Senthil Kumar G.L.G Shipping & Logistics CBI - The Confederation of EDF Energy Networks Ltd Zeeshan Wani Dubai Electricity and British Industry Globalink Transportation Water Authority Ravi Kumar Victoria Egan Dubai Trade Bank of Baroda DLA Piper LLP & Logistics Worldwide LLP Nakul Asthana Afridi & Angell, member of Suneer Kumar Paul Barker Nick Francis Olexiy Yanov Lex Mundi Al Suwaidi & Co. Cleary Gottlieb Steen & PricewaterhouseCoopers Law Firm IP & C. Consult, Hamilton LLP LLC Ali Awais Nathan Landis Paul Gilbert Baker Botts LLP Robin Baron Yulia Yashenkova DLA Piper Middle East LLP Ghislaine Goes Robin Baron Commercial Astapov Lawyers T Sureh Babu Jacqueline Latham Lawyers DLA Piper LLP International Law Group Landmark group DLA Piper Middle East LLP Graham Bartlett Helen Hall Kateryna Zabara Gitanjali Baja DLA Piper LLP Charles S. Laubach SITPRO Ltd DLA Piper LLC DLA Piper Middle East LLP Afridi & Angell, member of Hannah Belton Brenda Harris Tatiana Zamorska Akhila Basith Lex Mundi Shepherd & Wedderburn Lowless Commercial KPMG Afridi & Angell, member of Valeria Lysenko Solicitors Lex Mundi Rebecca Hildred UNITED ARAB Mohamed Mahmoud Nick Benwell DLA Piper LLP E M I R AT E S Prakash Bhanushali Mashroom Simmons & Simmons Al Sahm Al Saree Gary Hodkinson Dubai Municipality Karim Abaza Transport & Clearing Georgie Blyth Citizens Advice Gagan Malhotra PricewaterhouseCoopers Shalakany Law Office, Hiten Bhatia Neville Howlett member of Lex Mundi Dubai Trade Legal Services Silver Line Shipping PricewaterhouseCoopers Rami Abdellatif Helene Mathieu Dan Bongiorono Jennifer Bibbings HSBC Abu-Ghazaleh Legal - Helene Mathieu Legal Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Trowers & Hamlins Consultants Hamilton LLP Stephen Hubner (TAG-Legal) Harender Branch Shepherd & Wedderburn Dawsons LLP ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 213 Simon Jay Eleanor Richardson Victor Chiu Stephen Raslavich Juan Federico Fischer Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Davies Arnold Cooper LLP Cleary Gottlieb Steen & United States Bankruptcy LVM Attorneys at Law Hamilton LLP Hamilton LLP Court Jocelyn Roberts Federico Florin Nistha Jeram-Dave Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Richard Conza, Esq. Jonathan Reinstein Guyer & Regules, member PricewaterhouseCoopers Hamilton LLP Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Cleary Gottlieb Steen & of Lex Mundi Legal Services Hamilton LLP Hamilton LLP Susan Roye Federico Formento Gillian Key-Vice Margaret Cowan Sandra Rocks LVM Attorneys at Law Aerona (Air & Sea) Experian Ltd. Customs Clearing Agents Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP Hamilton LLP Sergio Franco Shinoj Koshy Ltd. PricewaterhouseCoopers Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Jack Seddon James Denn Hanno Schop Hamilton LLP New York State Public Global Trade & Transport Diego Galante Mayer Brown LLP Galante & Martins Service Commission Consultancy Ltd. Tim Lake Shulmans Solicitors DLA Piper LLP Joshua L. Ditelberg David Snyder Daniel Garcia Andrew Shutter Seyfarth Shaw LLP Snyder & Snyder, LLP PricewaterhouseCoopers Piers Larbey Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Dawsons LLP Lindsay Dunn Nathaniel Stankard Karina Goday Hamilton LLP Navarro Abogados Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Catherine Ledger Paul Speirs Hamilton LLP Hamilton LLP Dawsons LLP Gabriela Gutierrez Experian Ltd. Estudio Bergstein Elisabeth Frost Peter Stefanou Kristi Lehtis Clare Stammers Cleary Gottlieb Steen & RBSM LLP, member Simmons & Simmons Andres Hessdorfer Rozen Shepherd & Wedderburn Hamilton LLP of Russell Bedford Olivera & Delpiazzo Chris Lister International Alice Steward Patrick Fuller Fuller, Esq. Ariel Imken DLA Piper LLP Simmons & Simmons Cleary Gottlieb Steen & TransUnion Superintendencia Gemma Lodge Hamilton LLP Rima Trofimovaite de Instituciones de Paul Timmins DLA Piper LLP Approved Inspector Julija Gecaite Fortune Law Group Intermediación Financiera Services Limited Amerinde Consolidated - Banco Central del Mushtak Macci Frederick Turner Uruguay Lubbock Fine, member Inc. David Toube Snyder & Snyder, LLP of Russell Bedford Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Benjamin E. Gehrt Alfredo Inciarte Blanco International Juta Vecerskyte Estudio Pérez del Castillo, Hamilton LLP Seyfarth Shaw LLP Fortune Law Group Inciarte, Gari Abogados James Macdonald Nicola Walker Lindsee P. Granfield Noronha Advogados CBI - The Confederation of Cleary Gottlieb Steen & U RU G UAY Francisco Etcheverry Iruleguy British Industry Hamilton LLP Estudio Dr. Mezzera Andrew Maple Fernando Bado Alma Kubachek Approved Inspector Geoffrey Wilkinson Boris Grosman Services Limited Estudio Dr. Mezzera Estudio Juridico Notarial MLM Building Control L & B electrical international Alicia Barral de Alma Kubachek Charles Mayo Sally Willcock Simmons & Simmons PricewaterhouseCoopers Ricardo Mezzera Weil, Gotshal & Manges Rehana Gubin LLP Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Jonás Bergstein Estudio Dr. Mezzera Julia McCabe DLA Piper LLP Hamilton LLP Estudio Bergstein Matilde Milicevic Santana Helen Willmot DLA Piper LLP Yevgeniy Gutsalo Carlos Brandes Clearing de Informes Kate McGough DLA Piper LLP Corporate Suites Business Guyer & Regules, member Alfredo H. Navarro Andrew Wilson Centers of Lex Mundi Andrew Wilson & Co Navarro Abogados Neil Morgan Adam Heintz Stephanie Brown Alfredo Navarro Castex DLA Piper LLP Dermot Winters Morrison and Foerster Navarro Abogados Navarro Abogados Sandra Morrison Freeth Cartwright LLP Steven Horowitz Matías Campomar Juan Martín Olivera George Davies Solicitors LLP U N I T E D S TAT E S Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Jimenez de Aréchaga Viana Olivera & Delpiazzo Hamilton LLP & Brause Alison Murrin APL María Concepción Olivera Jolanta Kalitkevic Leonardo Couto Ashurst Stephen Anderson Olivera & Delpiazzo Fortune Law Group Jose Maria Facal & Co. Poonam Rai Nagi PricewaterhouseCoopers Ricardo Olivera-García Charles L. Kerr Jorge De Vita Bagyasree Nambron Asheet Awasthi Olivera & Delpiazzo Morrison and Foerster Jorge de Vita Studio Mayer Brown LLP Fortune Law Group María Cecilia Orlando Arthur Kohn Guillermo Duarte Ofgem Birute Awasthi Guyer & Regules, member Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Estudio Dr. Mezzera of Lex Mundi Gabriel Olearnik Amerinde Consolidated Hamilton LLP Inc. María Durán Martin Pérez Tomeo Mayer Brown LLP Michael Lazerwitz, Esq. Hughes & Hughes Rasa Baranauskaite Galante & Martins Eng-Lye Ong Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Amerinde Consolidated Hamilton LLP Noelia Eiras Ismael Pignatta Sánchez Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Inc. Hughes & Hughes Hamilton LLP Bradford L. Livingston Guyer & Regules, member Luke A. Barefoot Gabriel Ejgenberg of Lex Mundi Rachel Orton Seyfarth Shaw LLP Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Estudio Bergstein Agustín Rachetti DLA Piper UK LLP Hamilton LLP Paul Marquardt María Sofía Estellano Bado, Kuster, Zerbino & Helen Paramor Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Rachetti Berkman Forwarding LLC Hamilton LLP Guyer & Regules, member Simmons & Simmons of Lex Mundi María Noel Riotorto LaShante Boyd Kelly J. Murray Amy Perry Amerinde Consolidated Agustín Etcheverry Reyes Guyer & Regules, member PricewaterhouseCoopers of Lex Mundi Shepherd & Wedderburn Inc. Estudio Blanco & Philippe A. Naudin Etcheverry Fabian Rivero Stewart Perry Courtney Brown SDV Logistics Ltd. Guyer & Regules, member DLA Piper LLP Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Marcelo Femenías Vidal Hamilton LLP Samuel Nolen Bado, Kuster, Zerbino & of Lex Mundi David Pickstone Richards, Layton & Finger, Rachetti Lucia Salaverry PricewaterhouseCoopers Vaiva Cepukaiciuke P.A., member of Lex Mundi Legal Services Fortune Law Group Agustina Fernádez Guyer & Regules, member Sean O’Neal Giambruno of Lex Mundi Anna Portsmouth Carmine Chiappetta Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Guyer & Regules, member Eliana Sartori DLA Piper LLP RBSM LLP, member Hamilton LLP of Lex Mundi of Russell Bedford PricewaterhouseCoopers Rachel Power Jeffrey Penn Javier Fernández Zerbino DLA Piper LLP International Betania Silvera Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Bado, Kuster, Zerbino & Guyer & Regules, member Richard Pull Hamilton LLP Rachetti of Lex Mundi Dawsons LLP 214 DOING BUSINESS 2010 Carina Soffer Anita Jowitt Pedro Saghy Huong Nguyen Mohammed Amarneh Julio Soffer Laws University of the South Macleod Dixon Mayer Brown LLP The Democracy and Pacific Workers Rights Center Julio Soffer Laura Silva Aparicio Linh D. Nguyen Julio Soffer Laws John Malcolm Hoet Pelaez Castillo & VILAF - Hong Duc Law Firm Moyad Amouri Mark Stafford Duque, member of Lex PricewaterhouseCoopers Romina Soria Mundi Minh Tuan Nguyen Navarro Abogados BDO Barrett & Partners Habubank Khalil Ansara Victorino Tejeras Catholic Relief Services Alvaro Tarabal South Sea Shipping Ltd Ngoc Tuong Ngan Nguyen Macleod Dixon Guyer & Regules, member Baker & McKenzie Maha Assali of Lex Mundi VENEZUEL A, R.B. Oscar Ignacio Torres PricewaterhouseCoopers Travieso Evans Arria Tat Thuong Nguyen Diego Tognazzolo Jorge Acedo-Prato Rengel & Paz PBC Partners Susan Coleman PricewaterhouseCoopers Hoet Pelaez Castillo & Netham, DPK Consulting, a John Tucker Tran Van Quynh Nguyen Division of ARD Juan Troccoli Duque, member of Lex Mundi Hoet Pelaez Castillo & Baker & McKenzie LVM Attorneys at Law Duque, member of Lex Ali Faroun Yanet Aguiar Van Anh Nguyen Palestinian Monetary Horacio Viana Mundi Vietbid Law Firm Macleod Dixon Authority Jimenez de Aréchaga Viana & Brause Juan Enrique Aigster V I E T NA M Xuan Quy Nguyen Nader Hamadneh Hoet Pelaez Castillo & PBC Partners Netham, DPK Consulting, a María Noel Vidal Daniel Chernov Division of ARD Duque, member of Lex Tram Nguyen - Huyen PricewaterhouseCoopers Mundi DFDL Mekong Gide Loyrette Nouel Ali Hamoudeh Gerardo Viñoles Servio T. Altuve Jr. Giles Thomas Cooper Jerusalem District Viñoles Arquitect Studio Duane Morris LLC Mark Oakley Servio T. Altuve R. & Duane Morris LLC Electricity Co. Ltd. Martin Vivo Asociados Anne Delerable Samir Huleileh LVM Attorneys at Law Gide Loyrette Nouel. Vu Anh Phan Ramon Alvins Indochine Counsel PADICO Alexandra Weisz Macleod Dixon François d’Hautefeuille Hiba Husseini Gide Loyrette Nouel. Dinh Thi Quynh Van Mercedes Briceño Husseini & Husseini U Z B E K I STA N CONAPRI PricewaterhouseCoopers Dang The Duc Nabil Isifan Jakhongir Abdurazaqov Indochine Counsel Thi Thanh Hao Tran Diego Castagnino Baker & McKenzie Netham, DPK Consulting, a Avent Advocat Hoet Pelaez Castillo & Tran Duc Hoai Division of ARD Ravshan Adilov Duque, member of Lex Vietbid Law Firm Pham Thi Thanh Huyen Mohamed Khader Denton Wilde Sapte Mundi Indochine Counsel Minh Duong Lausanne Trading Mels Akhmedov María Paola D´Onghia Allens Arthur Robinson Nguyen Thi Thu Hong Consultants BAS Hoet Pelaez Castillo & Gide Loyrette Nouel Muhammad Nassar Stone Duque, member of Lex Thanh Long Duong Natalya Apukhtina Mundi PBC Partners Nguyen Thi Thu Huyen Wael Saadi Denton Wilde Sapte Gide Loyrette Nouel PricewaterhouseCoopers Carlos Domínguez Hernández John Farmer Umid Aripdjanov Hoet Pelaez Castillo & Orrick, Herrington & Nhung Thieu Hong Andrea Sahlieh Grata Law Firm Duque, member of Lex Sutcliffe LLP PricewaterhouseCoopers Catholic Relief Services Mundi Ngo Quang Thuy Khalid Farooq David Fitzgerald Husein Sholi Globalink Logistics Group Jose Fereira PricewaterhouseCoopers Duane Morris LLC Netham, DPK Consulting, a Rodriguez & Mendoza Lan Tran Division of ARD Courtney Fowler Albert Franceskinj PricewaterhouseCoopers Alejandro Giolito DS Avocats Orrick, Herrington & Maysa Sirhan PricewaterhouseCoopers Sutcliffe LLP Palestinian Monetary Babur Karimov Quynh Uyen Ha Jose Giral V.N. Trinh Authority Grata Law Firm PBC Partners Baker & McKenzie Panalpina World Samer Tammam Sayora Khakimova Giang Ha Thi Phuong Transport Alfredo Hurtado Tammam Trade Grata Law Firm PricewaterhouseCoopers Hurtado Esteban & Nam Hoai Truong Kosty Ziadeh Nurali Eshibaevich Asociados, member Nguyen Hoang Kim Oanh Indochine Counsel Ziadeh Law Office Khalmuratov of Russell Bedford Baker & McKenzie Dzung Vu Maurice Ziadeh National Institute of International Le Hong Phong Credit Information YKVN Lawyers Ziadeh Law Office Maigualida Ifill Bizconsult Law firm Sergney Maiorov Trang Vu Simay Kom PricewaterhouseCoopers Lê Thj Hônh Hai Credit Information Centre Y E M E N , R E P. Enrique Itriago Hoa Binh Chinh Phuc Dinh - State Bank of Vietnam Abdulkhamid Muminov Cao Tariq Abdullah Rodriguez & Mendoza PricewaterhouseCoopers Tuong Long Huynh W E ST BA N K A N D Law Offices of Sheikh Daniela Londoño GAZA Tariq Abdullah Malika Norova PricewaterhouseCoopers Gide Loyrette Nouel Grata Law Firm Khaled Al Buraihi Maritza Meszaros Etienne Laumonier Hani Abdel Jaldeh Khaled Al Buraihi for Laziza Rakhimova Baker & McKenzie Gide Loyrette Nouel Jerusalem District Advocacy & Legal Services Grata Law Firm Electricity Company Fernando Miranda Thuy Le Nguyen Huy (JDECo) Yaser Al-Adimi Ravshan Rakhmanov PricewaterhouseCoopers Indochine Counsel Abdul Gabar A. Al-Adimi Grata Law Firm Riyad Mustafa Abu Shehadeh for Construction & Trade Bruno Paredes Thuy Anh Le Phan Palestinian Monetary Akmal Rustamov Logistika TSM VILAF - Hong Duc Law Firm Authority Rashad Khalid Al-Howiadi PricewaterhouseCoopers Kevin Lê Viêt Há Central Bank of Yemen Fernando Pelaez-Pier Ata Al Biary Petros Tsakanyan Hoet Pelaez Castillo & City Ocean Logistics Co., Jerusalem District Abdalla Al-Meqbeli Azizov & Partners Duque, member of Lex Ltd. Electricity Company Abdalla Al-Meqbeli & Mundi Nguyen Phan Manh Long (JDECo) Associates Alisher Zufarov PricewaterhouseCoopers Bernardo Pisani Hung & Partners Ma’ali Al Shawish Ismail Ahmed Alwazir Rodriguez & Mendoza Ho Phuong Luan Netham, DPK Consulting, a Alwazir Consultants, VA N UAT U Eduardo Porcarelli Indochine Counsel Division of ARD Advocates & Legal Research Garry Blake CONAPRI Haytham L. Al-Zu’bi Hoang Minh Duc Arshad Ali Bajwa Ridgeway Blake Partners Al-Zu’bi Law Office, Juan Carlos Pró-Rísquez Duane Morris LLC Advocates & Legal Five Star Logistics Co Ltd Christopher Dawson Macleod Dixon Dao Nguyen Consultants Randall Cameron Dawson Builders Melissa Puga Santaella Mayer Brown LLP KPMG Fr8 Logistics Ltd CONAPRI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 215 Fadel Mohamed Karhash Jyoti Mistry Gloria Mawarire Public Electricity PricewaterhouseCoopers Mawere & Sibanda Legal Corporation Practitioners Namwene Mkadawire Moh’d Ali Lajam Sikaulu Lungu Mupeso Jim McComish Middle East Shipping Co. Legal Practitioners Pearce McComish Ltd. Architects Paul Frobisher Mugambwa Abdulla Farouk Luqman PricewaterhouseCoopers Lloyd Mhishi Yemen Legal Advocates & Dube, Manikai and Hwacha Legal Consultants Bubile Mupeso Legal Practitioners Sikaulu Lungu Mupeso Nowar M. Mejanni Legal Practitioners Piniel Mkushi KPMG Sawyer & Mkushi Henry Musonda Sanjay Prajapapi Kiran & Musonda Sternford Moyo Ratco for Trading & Associates Scanlen & Holderness Services Teddie Mwale B.J. Mukandi Zuhair Abdul Rasheed ZESCO Ltd Freight World Law Offices of Sheikh Tariq Abdullah Francis Mwape Canicious Mushavi National Council for CNMIG Aref Al Selwi Rufaid Construction Five Star Logistics Co Ltd Ostern Mutero Robby Ngalashi Sawyer & Mkushi Khaled Mohammed Salem Ali Lumwana Mining Company Yemen Legal Advocates & Duduzile Ndawana Legal Consultants Kanti Patel Gill, Godlonton & Gerrans Christopher, Russell Cook & Co. Maxwell Ngorima Z A M B IA BDO Kudenga & Company Solly Patel Sudhir Balsure Christopher, Russell Cook Felix Nyaruwanga Swift Freight & Co. Freight World International Mabvuto Sakala C.M. Ruzengwe Chewe K. Bwalya Corpus Globe Advocates HLB Ruzengwe & Company D.H. Kemp & Co. Valerie Sesia Unity Sakhe Bonaventure Chibamba Customized Clearing And Kantor & Immerman Mutale Forwarding Ltd. Ellis & Co. Kim Shelsby Mwelwa Chibesakunda Zambia Threshold Project Chibesakunda & Company (part of DLA Piper Group) Nelson Williams Swift Freight Darlington Chiiko International Lumwana Mining Company Anderson Zikonda Emmanuel Chulu High Court Judge PricewaterhouseCoopers Eddie Musonga Chunga Z I M BA BW E Ministry of Land Gulshen Afridi David Doyle SDV Manica Zambia Ltd Richard Beattie Robin Durairajah The Stone/ Beattie Studio Chibesakunda & Company (part of DLA Piper Group) Peter Cawood PricewaterhouseCoopers Grant Henderson Chibesakunda & Company Innocent Chagonda (part of DLA Piper Group) Atherstone & Cook Andrew Howard Beloved Dhlakama Sharpe Howard & Mwenye Byron Venturas & Partners Annalise Jolly Canaan Dube Chibesakunda & Company Dube, Manikai and Hwacha (part of DLA Piper Group) Legal Practitioners Chance Kaonga Paul Fraser National Council for Lofty & Fraser Construction P. Gomes Mutale Kasonde Interfreight Ltd. Chibesakunda & Company Obert Chaurura Gutu (part of DLA Piper Group) Gutu & Chikowero Kirstie Krige Reri Gwasera Chibesakunda & Company Anlink Freight (Pvt) Ltd (part of DLA Piper Group) Peter Lloyd Anila Kuntawala Gill, Godlonton & Gerrans Celtic Freight Manuel Lopes Alexander Lwatula PricewaterhouseCoopers Stanbic Bank Zambia Limited Jackson Joe Makani Mumba Makumba Zimbabwe Revenue Authority PACRO Trust Salpisio Manjegwah Bonaventure Mbewe Wintertons Law Firm Barclays Bank Doing Business 2010 STANDING ORDER FORM Standing orders are available to institutional customers only. If you or your organization would like to automatically receive each new edition of Doing Business as it is published, please check the box below, complete your address details, and mail or fax this order form to us. This will establish a standing order for your organization, and you will be invoiced each year upon publication. 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