Mongolia Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar ESM254 VI~~~~~~ -n~~~~~c ,2 Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme .~N I , . ,_ !nt P ; | ,, ,,-Reort 254/0 tjCA Afl .6 t / / / / ^_ *jr t MArc 2002 JOINT UNDP / WORLD BANK ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (ESMAP) PURPOSE The Joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP) is a special global technical assistance partnership sponsored by the UNDP, tne World Bank and bi-lateral official donors. Established with the support of UNDP and b,lateral official donors in 1983, ESMAP is managed by the World Bank ESMAP's mission is to promote the role of energy in poverty reduction and economic growth in an environmentally responsible manner Its work applies to low-income, emerging, and transition economies and contributes to the achievement of internationally agreed development goals. ESMAP interventions are knowledge products including free technical assistance, specific studies, advisory services, pilot projects, knowledge generation and dissemination, trainings, workshops and seminars, conferences and roundtables, and publications. ESMAP work is focused on three priority areas. access to modern energy for the poorest, the development of sustainable energy markets, and the promotion of environmentally sustainable energy practices. GOVERNANCE AND OPERATIONS ESMAP is governed by a Consultative Group (the ESMAP CG) composed of representatives of the UNDP and World Bank, other donors, and development experts from regions which benefit from ESMAP's assistance. The ESMAP CG is chaired by a World Bank Vice President, and advised by a Technical Advisory Group (TAG) of independent energy experts that reviews the Programme's strategic agenda, its work plan, and its achievements. ESMAP relies on a cadre of engineers, energy planners, and economists from the World Bank, and from the energy and development community at large, to conduct its activities under the guidance of the Manager of ESMAP FUNDING ESMAP is a knowledge partnership supported by the World Bank, the UNDP and official donors from Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. ESMAP has also enjoyed the support of private donors as well as in-kind support from a number of partners in the energy and development community. FURTHER INFORMATION For further information, a copy of the ESMAP Annual Report, or copies of project reports, etc., please visit the ESMAP website: www.esmap.org. ESMAP can be reached by email at esmap(cworldbank.org or by mail at ESMAP c/o Energy and Water The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 U.S A Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia March 2002 Joint UNDPIWorld Ban-kEnergy Sector^Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP) Copyright ©O 2002 The Intemational Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, NW Washington, D.C 20433, U.S.A All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing March 2002 ESMAP Reports are published to communicate the results of the ESMAP's work to the development commumnty with the least possible delay The typescript of the paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal documents Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findigs, interpretations, and conclusions expressed m this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, or its affiliated orgamzations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The Boundaries, colors, denonmnations, other information shown on any map m thls volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgement on the legal status of any temtory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the ESMAP Manager at the address shown in the copyright notice above ESMAP encourages dissemunation of its work and will normally give permussion promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without askmg a fee. "ESMAP Values your Feedback If you have found this report useful, or would like to provide comments on our reports and services, please log on to our website at www.esmap.org and leave your feedback. In this way we can better understand our audience's needs and improve the quality of our knowledge products. Thank you. ESMAP Management" Contents Executive Summary ............... 1 Pnmary Results .. ... .. .......... 2 Main Findings and Lessons Learned . 2 Scale-up and Replication Potential for Central Asia . . . . 3 1. Brief Implementation Report ........................................... 5 1.1 Introduction ... . 5........................ . . 5 1.2 The Logic Of 1998-2000 ESMAP Activities In Ulaanbaatar 6........ 6 1 3 Objectives Sought In the 1999-2000 ESMAP Project ..........7.. ............... 7 1.4 Primary Results of the 1999-2000 ESMAP Project ....... . ........ ........ .. 8 1.5 Limitations of ESMAP Technical Assessments .... . .. . .... 10 1.6 Key Features for the Success of the Project ............ ......1...1. . ... I 1 1.6.1 Institutional Arrangements- Bottom-up Development and Stakeholder Participation Including Religious Representatives ... .............. 11 1 6.2 Financial Intermediation to Structure the Financing of Manufacturers and Provide Facilities to Consumers. ............... .... . . 12 1.6.3 Using a Market Approach to Increase Access to Improved Stove Technologies and Distnbute Information on the Benefits of Stove Improvements .... ...... 13 1.6 4 Technical Expertise to Support New Improvements, Control Quality and Lower Costs .... ................................... .... . .... .. .. 13 1.6 5 Environmental Health Impact Assessment ........... 14 1.7. The Next Steps .....1..5... ..................... ..... ........ .... ........ .. . 5 2. The GerHousehold Situation in UlaanBaatar(UB) . ............................................ 17 2.1. Household Energy Survey of 451 Ger Familes in UB .... ............ .. . . . . . . 17 2.1.1. Objective and Methodology ......................... . . .. ........ ... .17 2.1.2. Pnmary Results .....................17. . ............. ... ........ ........... . 17 2.2. Typology of the Traditional Stoves of 250 Ger Families in UB . . 18 2.2.1. Objective and Methodology ............................ . ............... 18 2.2.2. Primary Results and Output ...... . .. .................. .......... .. 18 2 3. Additional Surveys m UB ........................... ........... .......... .. . 24 2.3 1. The G2 Stove User Satisfaction Survey ................. ... .. ........ .. ...... .. 24 2.3.2. The Survey of Traditional Stove Producers ... ....... ......... . ............ .. ......25 2.3.3. Measunng the Physical Characteristics of the Gers and Houses Involved in the 40- Family Experiment ........ . ........................... ...............2.................... 25 2.3.4 Measuring the Primary Charactenstics of the Combustion Chamber of the 40 Improved Stoves ......................2....................... ............. ......... 25 2.3.5. The 40-Family Satisfaction Survey .. . . 25 3. Improved Stoves and Stove Improvements: Design and Experimentation ...27 3.1 Design And Experimentation Of A New Improved Stove G2-2000 ...... ................... 27 3.1.1 Chimney-Collars . ................ ............ ......................... .. ............ .. . 27 3.1.2 Secondary Air Inlet Adjusters ........... ... ..... . ..... . ..... ................ . . .28 3.1.3. Plate Convectors on Both Sides of the G2 Stove ..... . .......... ... .. .... 28 3.1.4. Second Baffles with New Size Inclined Grate ......... ............ . .... ... ... .....29 3.1.5. General Conclusions .... ...... ........... .... . . ... ... .. ... .... 29 3.2 Design of a Standardized Kit .. ................. ...... .................................... 30 3.3 Limits for Results Interpretation and Extrapolation ....... ......... ...... . 32 3.3.1. Be Careful with the Concept of Stove Coal "Consumption ............" ........ . 32 3.3.2. A Need for an Awareness-Raising Campaign ............. . ..... ............... ..... 32 3.4 Stove Improvement Experiment with 40 Families in UB ........ . ...... ...... . 32 3.4 1 Objective and Methodology ...... ............... .. .... ... 32 3 4.2 Pnmary Results and Lessons Leamed ...... ..... ..33 v 3.5 Laboratory Air Pollution Tests ...... . .. ... .............................. ..... 33 3.5.1 Methodology . .... .. .. .. .. ....... .3 . .... . ........3.... ...................... ....... 33 3.5.2 Air Pollution Of The 1997 Model G2 Stoves Compared With Traditional Stoves ..34 3.5.3 Influence of the Second Baffle on the 1997 Model G2 Stoves and on Traditional Stoves .... ................. ... .. ................4........ ... . .............. .. .. 34 3 5 4 The 1997 Model G2 Stove With a New Size Grate and Secondary Air Inlet Adjusters .... .......... .. . . ................................. .. 35 3 5.5 Traditional Stoves Equipped with Kits ......... . ............................ .......... 35 3.5.6 Traditional Stoves Equipped with Self-Made Improvements . . 35 3 5 7 Limits of Result Interpretation and Extrapolation ........................... ..... 36 3.6 The Next Steps. Basic Self-Made Improvements and Best Practices ..... . ......... ......... 36 4. Proposed Scale-up Program ...................................................... 39 4 1 Objectives . .................. .......................................... 39 4.2 The Main Components .................. ..... ............... . ........ . 39 4.3 Sustainability Analysis And Risk Assessment ...................... ..... .. .. . ......40 Annex 1 .... 41 Annex 2 .... 43 Executive Summary Access to a Reliable Source of Heat is Vital to Sustain Life in Mongolia Mongolia's Ulaanbaatar is the coldest capital city in the world. Everyone who lives there depends on a properly functioning heating system. This is true especially for the 300,000 inhabitants of the city's 70,000 gers, the traditional tents of white felt. For them, reliable heat is not merely a utility-it is a matter of life and death. Traditionally, these families used dried cow dung as fuel for heating and cooking. Today, ger district residents bum mineral coal, which they buy at the beginning of winter. Incompletely combusted by inefficient metal stoves, the coal releases polluting gases and dust, affecting both the insides of the tents and the air quality of the entire city. The air pollution is caused by three other sources in addition to coal burning in the ger districts. Three central, combined heating and power stations, 150-200 smaller coal-fueled boilers, and vehicle exhausts all contribute unhealthful emissions. The stoves are particularly problematic. Most units are homemade. Spare sheet metal and other components, as well as know-how, could be easily obtained. This situation has resulted in widely inconsistent workmanship and quality. Although the stoves have enjoyed long operating lifetimes, due to their thick sheet metal casings, they offer low thermal efficiencies, rough finishes (a source of heightened pollution inside the gers), and no reliable measure of valuation. Also, credit institutions have shown no interest in the stove market, so neither consumers nor producers have had access to financing. The haphazard manufacture of stoves has precluded development of the most efficient procedures, in terms of use of raw materials, equipment and labor. The burden of heating in Ulaanbaatar weighs most heavily on the city's poorest households. While most middle-class families live in apartments connected to central heating networks, the poorest households populate the ger districts. Apartment families spend, on average, 1,920 tugriks (Tg) per year per square meter of heating. (About US $1.75, based on March 2002 exchange rates.) Families residing in houses spend about 2,600 Tg/year per m . But families in the ger districts spend as much as 4,000 Tg/year. Worse, many heating stove users must purchase all of their coal at the beginning of winter. The coal is sold by the truckload in volumes of approximately five tons, at a price of about 140,000 Tg. It is quite difficult for many low-income households to pay out the equivalent of 2.5 months' salary in a lump sum-much more so than it is to make monthly payments for central heating, as families in apartments do. The poorest households, unable to afford to purchase coal in bulk, instead buy sacks of coal or wood daily at unit prices approximately 60 percent higher. Primary Results Over the 1999-2001 period, the joint ESMAP-Government team accomplished the following: o We have sufficiently assessed the current situation, in terms of household heating habits and consumption levels, traditional stove typology, ger heating needs, technical capacity of potential stove producers, and the sector's need for extemal support. 1 2 Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia o We have identified, involved, educated and trained the main local participants in the proposed dissemination program. These include women's NGOs, metal-metalic enterprises, microcredit institutions, media organizations, municipal technical services, the Central Laboratory for Environment Monitoring, the National Center of Standardization and Metrology, and the Ministry of Nature and the Environment. u We have designed improved stoves and stove components (kits), tested them in real-life situations in 40 households, and laboratory-tested their impact on air pollution. From these efforts, we selected the final improvements to be disseminated within the project-the models that will make possible the reduction, by at least one-third, of coal consumption and, as a consequence, atmospheric pollution. u We have designed-and real-life tested-appropriate schemes for the widespread dissemination of these improvements among the 70,000 ger households in Ulaanbaatar: extending credit, offering package deals (improved stoves sold together with coal), employing energy service providers, and offering free training in basic self improvements. o We have elaborated a dissemination program and obtained financial support from the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) for its immediate implementation. Findings and Lessons Learned Based on our field work, we conclude that household coal consumption can be reduced significantly among the families of Ulaanbaatar without waiting for the stoves currently in use to be replaced. This is important because traditional stoves can last more than eight years. If we were to rely only on the gradual replacement of stoves through commercialization, it could take decades to effect a significant improvement in the reduction of coal consumption and associated emissions. While the most well off households would choose upgrade to improved stove models quickly, the low-income consumers would not make the investment until absolutely necessary. The way to effect the most rapid conversion to more efficient stoves is to promote the sale of stoves and the installation of kits simultaneously. With the newly developed standard kits, a technician can improve the efficiency of a stove in less than two hours. Furthermore, households can recover the cost of conversion in fuel savings in only one season. Part of the follow-up project will be to offer free information and training meetings in the ger districts. At these meetings, consumers who doubt the necessity of conversions, or who cannot afford to pay for them, will be shown how they can improve their stoves quickly using inexpensive materials such as bricks. The project's aim is to offer appropriate and immediate solutions to all income categories. The problem is not purely economic, however. The analysis reveals that every household in Ulaanbaatar consumes nearly the equivalent of one five-ton truckload of coal per year. This has been found to be true regardless of family size or income level, whether the family lives in a ger or a house, whether the home is large or small, or whether the stove is large or small, new or old. It seems that each household somehow feels obligated to consume a truckload per year. Therefore, introducing improved stoves may not alter this practice automatically. Instead of reinvesting their coal savings elsewhere, households may choose to improve their comfort- Executive Summary 3 lighting their stoves earlier in the season, tuming them off later when the stock of coal is exhausted, or increasing the heating levels in their homes. Because of this situation, the impact on annual consumption-and thereby on household expenditures-may be negligible unless companion measures are undertaken. For example, it may be necessary to encourage coal delivenes in quantities other than five-ton truckloads. Even without such measures, promoting greater combustion efficiency and spreading out the combustion period over a longer timeframe should moderate air pollution peaks in Ulaanbaatar, thereby easing health hazards to the local population. But that is not the whole story. Ulaanbaatar's air pollution is not linked only to the thermal performance of the city's coal stoves. Of course, improving coal combustion efficiency reduces the amount of pollutants in the atmosphere. But the population also suffers directly from indoor air pollution-the coal dust that lingers inside the houses-as well as from high concentrations of smoke dunng momings and evenings when households are refueling their stoves, and when road traffic is heaviest. Reducing emissions during these critical times could have a tangible impact on the health of the local population. For example, curbing the refueling of stoves-traditional or improved-in the moming would reduce the morning pollution peak. Since the combustion chambers in most stoves are oversized to allow heating to continue all night without refueling, providing stove users with simple, "best practices" advice could help accomplish this goal. In our preparatory work for this project, we have not finished exploring altematives to attain the objective. Other possibilities include: * Using briquettes, something initiated by a United Nations Development Programme (lTNDP) project * Installing thermal bricks inside the combustion chambers * Extending credit to consumers, increasing their purchasing power * Selling, at the start of the winter, the improved stoves along with quantities of coal scaled to meet exact needs * Improving manufacturing procedures in order to reduce production costs and improve finishing * Locating stores in ger districts to market this equipment and promote the services of technicians These activities, and many others, could be implemented within the framework of the project. Of course, such actions would necessitate a great deal of flexibility, in terms of both scheduling and procurement. Scale-Up and Replication Potential for Central Asia The household-heating situation described above is not unique to Mongolia. Today, many countries in Central Asia face similar dilemmas. They could benefit immediately from this project's lessons and accomplishments. Indeed, this project already has made possible the testing and perfecting of methodologies for household surveys, stove analysis and evaluation, coal stove tests, and training of private practitioners, such as technicians, entrepreneurs and credit agents. 4 Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia We believe that household stove improvement projects can cut fuel expenses by one-third and reduce air pollution both locally and overall. Such consequences can be sustainable and beneficial for: * The living conditions of the poorest households * Public health and related public expenses * The health of women, children and the elderly-those who most often remain at home * The regional and global environment In addition, stove improvement projects will help to disseminate new professional knowledge and develop local small commercial enterprises. 1 Brief Implementation Report 1.1 Introduction Ulaanbaatar's long and bitterly cold winters create great demand for household space heating. Due to limited access to clean, modem fuels and efficient stoves, the majority of Mongolians in rural areas use inefficient and polluting stoves that bum coal, wood, and livestock dung. Coal stoves dominate in urban areas as well, especially in the ger, or traditional tent districts of Ulaanbaatar (UB). The same situation applies in Mongolia's Aimags (provinces). Only the most affluent households can afford electric or centralized district heating. Collecting wood for fuel has degraded the environment through the attrition of woody vegetation. But resources are not perceived as limited in many areas, so there is little incentive to adopt more efficient stoves. Mongolia has one of the highest rates of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the world, both per capita and per unit of GDP. One of the sources of these emissions is the combustion of coal and wood in inefficient stoves. The resulting smoke hangs over cities and towns all winter long, this is believed to be a cause of the respiratory complaints and diseases that account for half of children's deaths and a majority of child and adult morbidity. The primary sources of C02 emissions and air pollution are: • Some 70,000 household stoves concentrated in Ulaabaatar's ger districts, which account for about 300,000 of the city's population of 700,000 * The three combined heat and power (CHP) stations * Gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles * The 150-200 small, coal-fueled heating boilers It is important not to underestimate the relevance of the pollution caused by household stoves in Ulaanbaatar, which consume approximately 323,000 tons of coal per year (70,000 stoves x 4.62 t/year in 1999-2000). Although the heat and power plants use much more fuel-around three million tons per year, as of 1993-the exhaust stacks of the plants are much taller than the chimneys for the ger stoves, which extend no higher than about 2.5 m. Smoke from the stoves remains close to the ground. This situation is exacerbated by Ulaanbaatar's geography. The city is located in a valley between mountains with downdrafts and is subject to temperature inversions during the 5 6 Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia winter months. Therefore vehicle exhausts and smoke from ger stoves may impact local air quality much more than emissions from the heat and power plants. Each stove emits about 9-11 tons of C02 per year, amounting to around 870,000 tons per year from all stoves in the ger districts. This is why improving household stoves was identified as a high priority in Mongolia's 1995 National Environmental Action Plan. In addition, the Government has pursued the rehabilitation of the CHP stations with bilateral and Asian Development Bank (ADB) support. The combined agency report in 1998 on the Asia Least-cost Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategy (ALGAS) 1 identified improvements in coal stove efficiency as one of the 14 options for greenhouse gas mitigation in Mongolia's energy sector. Such stove improvements ranked fourth in C02 emission reduction potential and sixth in cost effectiveness. On average, total household expenses in UB for coal and wood consumption during the winter of 1999-2000 totaled about 85,600 Tg (about US $78). This means that cooking and space heating represent at least 17.5 percent of the average income of ger families (490,000 Tg in 1999). 1.2 The Logic of 1998-2000 ESMAP Activities in Ulaanbaatar The 1998-1999 ESMAP Project In 1998, the Government of Mongolia requested technical assistance from the World Bank/ESMAP to assess the feasibility of an Improved Coal Stove project in Ulaanbaatar. A first mission conducted a small household energy survey, stove performance tests (emissions, power, turn-down ratio and efficiency) and a preliminary evaluation of previous stove programs, including delivery mechanisms and difficulties. The findings from those efforts led to the design of proposed technical improvements, which were tested under winter conditions in UB. The testing showed that while improved stove performance would have a negligible impact on air pollution and fuel consumption during the summer months, it could produce a major improvement during winter, when each ger household consumes nearly 5 tons of coal and 4.7 cubic meters of wood. However, the household surveys revealed that 80-85 percent of the stoves in UB are homemade. Their service lifetimes last up to 10 years - an obstacle to achieving a rapid drop in local air pollution because poorer households would avoid purchasing new stoves. Therefore, the second ESMAP project focused on designing a new, improved version of the G2, a locally produced stove. In addition, efforts began to create retrofit components to improve other existing stove models without removing them from gers or houses. The 1999-2000 ESMAP Project Further, more detailed field experiments and laboratory tests conducted during the winter of 1999-2000 revealed that the G2 stove is indeed superior. It requires 23 percent less coal than traditional stoves and with further modifications it could reduce coal consumption up to 35 percent. That much of a reduction would curb C02 and other emissions significantly, without By ADB, the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Brief Implementation Report 7 substantially increasing its current price of about 60-70,000 Tg (US $55-65). That is still an unaffordable investment for a large portion of the ger population, however. Because of both the long lifetime of traditional stoves and the price of new improved stoves, we decided to design a retrofit "kit" that could be installed by technicians-energy service providers trained by the project. We would offer the kits at an affordable price to encourage existing stove improvements where replacement was not feasible. We believe this approach holds the highest potential for social and environmental benefits. Each stove improvement kit would include a new inclined grate, a primary air inlet adjuster, secondary air inlet adjusters, a chimney collar, and construction bricks to reduce the combustion chamber volume. Our testing showed that retrofitting traditional stoves reduced their C02 emissions by 54 percent. More modest and cheaper improvements could reduce C02 emissions by 42 percent. 1.3 Objectives Sought in the 1999-2000 ESMAP Project According to the ESMAP Project Agreement, the specific objectives of the project were to * Complete the technical improvement of stoves and inserts * Carry out additional, comprehensive surveys of households, stove producers and others * Test selected dissemination strategies, including a self-supporting program for the private sector and competent authorities to disseminate the retrofit kits * Design a detailed framework for the mid-size Global Environmental Facility (GEF) pluri-annual stove program GEF and Project Development Facility (PDF) Activities The two organizations prepared a joint budget, intended as financial support for the Government to prepare the pluri-annual GEF program, and financing activities such as: * Training private teams of ESCO (Energy Service Company) and municipal technicians * Organizing free sessions in the gers to train former freelance stove producers * Conducting information campaigns through TV spots and events in ger districts * Convening a workshop for key stakeholders, including social NGOs, municipal technical services, the private sector, stove producers, ESCO, ger district officers and the media * Setting stove performance standards * Preparing the project document To achieve these objectives, we developed a three-phase methodology: * Analyzing the situation in ger households in UB * Designing and testing improved stoves and stove improvements 8 Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia * Designing and testing stove improvement delivery mechanisms 1.4 Primary Results of the 1999-2000 ESMAP Project The ESMAP project achieved most of its objectives. It developed improved stoves and efficient and affordable kits for widespread dissemination. Both resulted from ESMAP- supported activities such as stove design, kit design, one-month comparative field experimentation in 40 ger households, comparative air pollution laboratory tests, and user satisfaction surveys. We conducted a comprehensive household survey in UB among 451 ger families at 12 different sites representing six ger districts. This effort was supplemented by additional surveys, including: * The typology of traditional stoves in UB (conducted among 256 households in 18 different ger areas) * A G2 stove performance assessment * Satisfaction surveys Three new stove producers have been identified and trained using ESMAP documents. They include Sergert, a state-owned company, TMB Co. Ltd., one of the biggest commercial companies in Mongolia, and Energy Building Construction Co., Ltd. These three, along with MonSan Co., a commercial heating and utility contractor, are now ready for the dissemination program. As a result of the joint ESMAP and GEF/PDF activities, a project document for the pluri-annual program was discussed at a national workshop. It was then proposed to the GEF secretariat and approved by that agency in August 2000. The following table compares the real results by the end of the project with the short-term key performance indicators in the ESMAP project design summary: 2. Project 2A Real Results by the end of the Project Development [Q1 Objective: 1Q31 Short term indicators The project at completion * Cost-effective strategies * Cost-effective improved stove and retrofit will develop strategies developed, including kit (emission data and cost/benefit that are cost effective and venfied emission data and verified) designed, tested with families and will identify a self- cost/benefit analysis in laboratory, available commercially supportmng dissemination methodology to be used * Self-supporting * Self-supporting dissemination by the prvate sector and dissemination methodology identified, such as coal/ competent authorities methodology tested by improved stove package, with free training (The UB municipal active private sector for self-producers Other methodologies government and the involvement tested, such as a buyer credit system, the govemment oNtrand * Self-supporing training of public and private technicians Ministry of Nature alsuppotin (ESCO) And four commercial the Environment) dissemination manufacturers identified and trained, their methodology validated by business plans complete and ready for institutional support winter. (stove certfication procedures, adapted air Brief Implementation Report 9 pollution management * Institutional support proven by deep and through an adapted fee constant involvement of experts from the system) Ministry of Nature and the Environment as well as the municipality of UB Following ESMAP mcthodology recommendations, they monitor all activities and are ready for implementation of a pLiri-annual project (Inplenientation of stove certification procedures anid adapted air pollution management not yet achieved, however) 3. Expected Outputs: 3A Real Results by the end of the Project 1Q71 1Q13] At end of project I Stove adaptations I 1. Fuel consumption of * According to the results of stove (retrofit kits) to stoves reduced through improvement experimentation with 40 improve performance retrofit kits and Families in UB, estimated coal savings of existing installed commercial sales of with new ESMAP improvements in the G2 stoves, plus improved improved stoves stove estimated at 30-40% (compared to new stoves available Reduction compares with the average of traditional stoves tested), at affordable costs fuel consumption of depending on household fire management existing stove models (best Regarding retrofit kits, different types compared as kg of fuel/day designed to satisfy all existing traditional under controlled stoves (three different families of stoves conditions. same outside distinguished after a comprehensive survey weather and inside in UB) and all household budgets These temperature) Target 10- results were excellent also 30-40 % coal 30% reduced fuel savings for the full kit and more than 15% consumption for the cheapest kit We also started to test "best practices" alone, as we believe they could reduce coal consumption up to 20% Experimentation not completed We suggest continuation, according to methodology we defined 1.2 Reduced air pollution by * According to the results of air pollution 5-10 times compared with tests made in the Central Laboratory for existing stoves (indicator Environment Monitoring in UB, ESMAP- CO concentration in improved stoves as well as retrofit kits exhaust gas under have a huge impact on outdoor air normalized conditions) pollution They consume less coal and part of the exhaust gases are burned inside the stoves. There are five different tested improvements, and six measured pollutants for each improvement, so it is not possible to portray the results accurately with only a few numbers; for example, compared with existing traditional stoves, all pollutants are reduced by more than 37% with the full kit. CO is reduced by 72% with the kit, 44% with the new improved G2 stove, and 7% with basic self-administered improvements 1.3 Target cost for complete * According to Mon San Co, the cost of the improved stove 60,000 Tg new improved G2 stove could be around (USS 70) and for stove 70,000 Tg The price should decrease if adaptation 20,000 Tg mass-produced With competition among (US$ 24) four new private producers, prices will no I doubt fall The full kit could be 10 Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia commercialized for about 25,000 Tg Also, a large range of other retrofits are available, from no-cost (best practices) to 20,000 Tg 2 A tested 2 1 Availability of realistic * Four manufacturers have produced dissemination business plans by realistic business plans and are still ready mechanism to market manufacturers and ESCO(s) to invest in the production of improved kits through the stoves and kits MonSan Co., private sector Sergert/State- owned company, TMB Co., (manufacturers and Ltd (one of the biggest Commercial ESCO) companies in Mongolia), and Energy Building Construction Co Ltd. 2 2 Trained ESCO available * Forty technicians from the private sector and from the UB municipal technical services have been trained, 30 of which are still I active They are regrouped in 14 ESCOs, of which ten are effectively active 3 Standards for stove 3 1 Stove performance * Data for basic stove performances perfodrance standards prepared and produced by ESMAP activities, but perfssiornc,energy adopted by a competent standards not prepared or adopted by a efficiency) made institution competent institution (It may be too early available, and local to put such official rules inforce in UB) experts trained to 3 2 Effectiveness of * No monitoring of commercialized, monitor stove monitoring commercialized, improved stoves implemented Technical performances. improved stoves on the results of field and laboratory markets. experimentation amved too late in the winter to implement such monitoring in UB Monitoring should take place only after information and training sessions provided to all informal stove producers- but after the rules are inforce. 4. Enacting a plun- 4 Availability of a realistic, * As a result of joint ESMAP and annual, stove pluri-annual, stove GEF/PDF/ADB activities, a project improvement improvement dissemination, document titled Improved Household dissemination, mid- mid-sized GEF program Stoves in Mongolian Urban Centers sized GEF program supported by municipal prepared and discussed in a national design within a government of UB and workshop with all key public and pnvate participatory Government of Mongolia stakeholders. At the request of approach Government of Mongolia, project was approved in August 2000, to be financed by GEF for four years. 1.5 Limitations of ESMAP Technical Assessments Some of the scheduled activities have not been fully achieved. They concem: o The stove producer survey. It remains incomplete because most of the stove producers are informal producers. They did not agree to participate in the survey because they are not in compliance with regulations. However, this did not affect preparation of the project document because we collected useful data through other surveys. Brief Implementation Report 11 o The G2 stove performance assessment. It was not fully successful. One goal of the stove evaluations was to assess the level of satisfaction with the G2 stoves that the Ministry of Nature and the Environment (MNE) gave to 49 households in 1997. Most of the families had moved during the following 18 months, so only 19 families were interviewed, which is not a representative sample. u Delivery mechanisms. Some delivery mechanisms were not tested, such as the coal/improved stove "package." It was not in place by September or October 1999, when ger residents bought their coal. Also, financing was not available at that time Therefore the ESCO experiment has not proceeded long enough to determine its efficiency with any precision. There has been no monitoring of commercialized improved stoves on the market. It was deemed to be too soon, since monitoring should take place only after all infornal stove producers have received information and training sessions. 1.6 Key Features for the Success of the Project 1.6.1 Institutional Arrangements: Bottom-Up Development and Stakeholder Participation Including Religious Representatives ESMAP emphasized participation and training in the project's planning and implementation. We consulted with representatives from the Mongolian Ministry of Nature and Environment, the Mongolian Women's Federation (an NGO), the Ulaanbaatar municipality, a local laboratory, and stove producers and families. Mon San Co. and other stakeholders from the local private sector collaborated on stove design and testing. We used a testing laboratory in Ulaanbaatar to evaluate technical performance. This approach gives the project a high potential for sustainability. Mrs. Oyuntsetseg, a Ministiy of Nature and Environment (MNE) expert, monitored all ESMAP activities very efficiently. She was selected as GEF program manager. The Central Laboratory for Environmental Monitoring (CLEM), at MNE, performed all of the air pollution tests. The ESMAP consultant developed the survey and experimentation methodologies. Throughout project implementation, he continued to provide methodological and technical advice via e-mail and fax exchanges. He was responsible for the design of both the improved stove and retrofit kits for traditional stoves He also processed and analyzed data from the surveys and documented the findings in the "Guidelines for Traditional Stove Improvement." The Mongolian Women's Federation2 (MWF), an umbrella organization for 48 women's groups, was involved throughout the project. It assisted the stove manufacturer Mon San Co. in conducting in situ trials of the stoves through its good contacts with the khoroo (sub- 2 The Mongolian Women's Federation was established in 1924 It currently represents 48 women's groups, united to further the cause of protecting women's rights and improving their social status, regardless of ideology, social status, religion, nationality, wealth or social position MWF coordinates efforts by member organizations in order to form unified women's and public opinion on government policy concerning gender issues MWF also undertakes relevant projects to establish a democratic society, improve women's working and living conditions, provide adequatc hcalth care, and improve women's access to information Projects have been coordinated with various international organizations such as UNIFEM, UJNFPA, TACIS, UNICEF and UNDP 12 Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia district) chairmen. It organized students and unemployed persons to conduct the various household surveys. Mon San Co. was our main technical partner. A private stove manufacturing company in UB, it designed the first G2 stove model in 1997 and produced prototypes of the improved stoves and kits designed during the project. Mon San also produced and installed the improvements tested in the 40-house comparison and contributed to the training sessions. The UB Municipality supported the improved coal stove project. MNE, as project-executing agency, agreed to sign a formal memorandum of understanding with the municipality regarding the activities and responsibilities of municipality staff. The Golden Development Fund (XAC), the largest Mongolian microfinance agency, was part of the consultation process during project preparation. Given the significant symbolic meaning of fire among Buddhists, the head of the Buddhist temple in Ulaanbaatar was consulted during project preparation. A fire offering ceremony was planned to mark the beginning of the project. Two stakeholder workshops bolstered the participatory approach. A preliminary workshop was held in February 2000 by MNE and a full stakeholder workshop followed in April. Attendees included three stove manufacturing companies, the inventor of the G2 stove, a number of sub-district chairmen, air pollution monitoring scientists, an independent local consultant on public awareness and environmental education, MNE staff and other government officials. 1.6.2 Financial Intermediation to Structure the Financing of Manufacturers and Provide Facilities to Consumers One of the main barriers for stove manufacturers and ger families alike is a lack of access to credit. Manufacturers need credit to provide working capital during the start-up phase of a new product line. They need to cover, among other items, salaries, transport costs, raw materials purchases, utilities and overhead. Poor families can afford neither improved stoves nor ESCO intervention. Even if they can recover their investments quickly, most simply lack the money to make the initial investment. Therefore, financial intermediation should be one of the main components of the future project. Such a program needs to be monitored on a day-to-day basis by a specialist within the project. It also should be implemented under contract by professional partners such as the Golden Development Fund (XAC),3 which can: o Design and implement credit mechanisms for the certified improved stove manufacturers. This will provide them with the initial working capital, enabling them to buy new equipment or improve the capacity, efficiency and quality of their production processes. a Design and implement credit mechanisms for the certified ESCOs and the smaller stove and kit producers, providing them with working capital, and enabling them to buy new equipment and improve their capacity and efficiency, and the quality of their products. 3 XAC Finance Company is the largest microfinance institution in Mongolia. It has been part of the consultation process during the project preparation and prepared a training package for ESCOs to be responsible for making improvements in traditional stoves Brief Implementation Report 13 c Design and test (with MWF or other social NGOs) credit mechanisms to enable ger families to purchase new certified improved stoves or finance ESCO intervention. Families are expected to contribute up to at least 50 percent of the financing. c Design, with administration services and private companies, improved stove and kit promotion systems. Such systems would be tied to credit facilities for their employees so they can afford these items or services. Repayment would be made by direct debits from pay slips. The companies could also bulk-purchase the improved stoves directly from manufacturers, affording their employees the opportunity to buy stoves and kits at lower prices. The selected microfinance institution(s) should carry out theses activities on a Project Implementation Unit (PIU) contract basis, using a revolving fund (partially) provided by the project. The microfinance institution(s) would be expected to share the risk of non- reimbursement and to contribute progressively to the fund with its/their own financial resources. 1.6.3 Using a Market Approach to Increase Access to Improved Stove Technologies and Distribute Information on the Benefits of Stove Improvements We expect the project outcomes to be sustainable because they will be driven and modified over time by both market forces and increased Government and citizen involvement in environmental action. The project's key assumptions are (1) that there is considerable latent demand for improved stoves and stove improvements; (2) that this demand will be met by an adequate supply of goods and services provided through the project activities; and (3) households will decide to improve their stoves if critical information is made available to them, if the necessary services are available, and if the costs are affordable. Consultations, preliminary surveys and the first ESCO activities all have indicated that a latent demand does indeed exist. Making critical information available will be accomplished through the marketing component of the project and by certifying improved stoves and service providers. World Bank support will aid the creation of a market-based, institutional delivery system to promote a sustainable reduction of coal consumption and GHG emissions into the future. The main components of the proposed full-scale project, such as social marketing and quality assurance, are intended to stimulate demand for stoves. Other project components, such as capacity building and the new product facility, should ensure an adequate supply of improved stoves and inserts. All these efforts should provide consumers with credible and cost- effective options while lowering perceived risks for prospective manufacturers. We have identified self-supporting dissemination mechanisms. One example is the marketing of stove improvement kits and coal as a package. We have planned a credit system for stove purchasers. We have trained private and public sector technicians to produce stove improvements. And we have identified, trained and prepared business plans for four commercial manufacturers. 1.6.4 Technical Expertise to Support New Improvements, Control Quality and Lower Costs Quality assurance and affordable prices increase consumers' trust and their willingness to accept stove improvements. One way to aid both objectives is for the future project to provide a resident technical expert. That person would help establish a certification process for stove 14 Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia manufacturers and stove improvements. The different phases of such a program would include: o Defining the basic standards for the improved stoves and kits with the Standardization Department of Mongolia's National Center for Standardization and Metrology (NCSM). This would be conducted according to usual practices, such as convening a standardization committee, etc. For the first year, the standards should be very simple, conceming only 1) the quality of materials, 2) the main measurements of the improved stove and kit (those that influence efficiency and air pollution), and 3) the quality of assembly (welding, finishing, etc.). The standards should be revised and improved after one or two years, according to the lessons leamed. O Designing terms of reference for quality control activities in collaboration with the NCSM's Product Certification Department. Since we do not want to slow down the dissemination process by systematically controlling each improved stove and kit, we could selectively certify manufacturers, choosing those that produce the best improved stoves and kits. c Contracting with an independent engineering company to manage the quality control program. The contractor would oversee 1) improved stove manufacturers (according to a statistical representative sample of the products in their factories, as well as those in shops and kiosks owned by clients), 2) improved stoves selling on the black market, and 3) ESCO workshops and clients. The contractor would reward good results with a temporary "Quality Certification" document on behalf of the project. o Informing consumers on the meaning of the Quality Certification document and publicize the names, addresses and contacts of manufacturers who have received it. It is hoped that uncertified stove producers will join the project during the first year of the program and benefit from all available technical and financial support, including free training and communication materials. The resident technical expert would assist certified manufacturers in decreasing production costs, increasing their production capacity and improving the quality of their products. The expert should also be able to train their technical staff when necessary. Up to now, improved stoves have been manufactured one at a time using a prototype production process. We expect to reduce the retail price through improved production processes and competition resulting from a widespread dissemination program. 1.6.5 Environmental Health Impact Assessment Reducing air pollution could yield many potential health benefits, but this project's scope is too limited to monitor all those benefits feasibly. Some environmental effects are difficult and costly to observe. They may have long latency periods or low frequencies of occurrence. Therefore, our attempts to monitor health impacts should focus on items such as common diseases that are expected to occur within the project's timeframe. Nevertheless, we should develop rational estimates for benefits that may not be observable empirically. In order to do so, we will need specific international expertise and local partnership. Both can assist in providing environmental risk assessments and epidemiological investigations. Our goal is to achieve reliable indicators to determine the likelihood of any disease burden reduction attributable to the project. Brief Implementation Report 15 The epidemiological investigations may be necessary in cases where there is significant uncertainty in the predictions of health benefits from a specified reduction in air pollution exposure. The investigations will help us gain greater precision. However, any decision to carry out such investigations must be based on their feasibility within budgetary and time constraints. 1.7 The Next Steps As a result of these successful activities, a GEF project document has been prepared and discussed with all key stakeholders. The Government of Mongolia supports that document. In August 2000, GEF agreed to finance a four-year program called Improved Household Stoves in Mongolian Urban Ceniters. 2 The Ger Household Situation in Ulaanbaatar (Ub) We needed better understanding of ger household habits and good knowledge of the technical characteristics of traditional stoves in UB before trying to improve the situation. We therefore carried out the following specific surveys: 2.1 Household Energy Survey of 451 Ger Families in UB 2.1.1 Objective and Methodology Objective In June 1998, we queried 53 families in UB in a small (unrepresentative) sampling As a result, we changed the whole ESMAP Stove Improvement Project to focus mainly on improving existing stoves, instead of only promoting the dissemination of commercialized improved stoves. The objective of this larger, representative survey is to confirm (or refute) the 1998 results and supply us with sufficient data to design a pluri-annual program. Methodology The survey included 451 families living in ger areas in 12 different locations selected in six UB districts. The ESMAP consultant designed and tested the questionnaire, the training of Mongolian Women's Federation (MWF) interviewers, and the monitoring and final analysis of results. MWF (a national NGO), under the responsibility of the consultant, implemented the field data collection. A national statistician from the National Statistical Office processed the data. Mrs. Oyuntsetseg, a Ministry of Nature and Environment (MNE) officer, took charge in UB of the day-to-day monitoring of the survey. On October 9 and 10, 1999, twenty- four interviewers and supervisors from MWF collected the survey data. Data processing included the following stages: entry, error checking, correction, converting, tabulation and reporting. Two programmers, two operators and one analyst conducted these activities from October to December 1999. 2.1.2 Primary Results The collected data confirmed the 1998 findings, in particular: * All ger families use a traditional coal stove in winter. * Traditional stoves last more than eight years, on average. * With less than 500,000 Tg average total income per year, ger families cannot afford full-price improved stoves. 17 18 Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia * Annual household expenses for heating and cooking (101,768 Tg, on average, for 1999-2000) represent more than 20 percent of ger families' total household income. All results are detailed in the ESMAP report. Annex 1 provides a summary table. Regarding the connection between space heating and poverty, it is interesting to compare the cost of space heating between poor and rich families living in UB. The average floor space of gers is 25.6 square meters, while the average for houses is 39.4. Yet the annual cost per square meter of heating is 4,000 Tg in the gers, 2,600 Tg in small houses and, according to official data, only 1,920 Tg in apartments (VAT excluded).4 That means the poorest families living in gers spend 52,600 Tg/year more for their space heating than families living in apartments, which are approximately the same size. 2.2 Typology of the Traditional Stoves of 250 Ger Families in UB 2.2.1 Objective and Methodology Objective We needed to have an actual database of traditional stove characteristics in order to define appropriate stove improvements. Therefore, the survey objectives included: * Measuring the main dimensions for each traditional stove in 250 households * Defining the typology of traditional stoves in use by ger families in UB * Obtaining the data needed to design standard kits * Collecting the data to quantify feasible objectives for a pluri-annual stove improvement program Methodology Twelve low-income women from the Mongolian Women's Federation (MWF) conducted the survey in September 1999. They interviewed 256 households in 18 different ger areas distributed among all the ger districts in UB. According to the ESMAP consultant's specifications, the interviewers measured nine stove dimensions and filled out a specific questionnaire. Based on the data processing and analysis, the ESMAP consultant characterized three families of stoves. 2.2.2 Primary Results and Output The survey achieved all its objectives. Its results were compiled in an ESMAP document, Typology of Traditional Stoves in Ulaanbaatar, and Guidelines for Traditional Stove Improvements, March 2000. 4 The comparison is not rigorously exact because the costs in gers and houses include VAT and cooking expenses The Ger Household Situation in Ulaanbaatar (Ub) 19 Fig. 1: Traditional Stove Measurements D L ~~~~a L I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The measurements charactenzing a traditional stove include: H distance between the grate and the cast iron top plate, L = inside length of the combustion chamber of the stove, I= inside width of the combustion chamber of the stove, D diameter of the largest removable nng on the cast iron top plate, a = distance between the surface of the grate and the lower edge of the door, b distance between the back side of the combustion chamber and the edge of the largest removable nng on the cast iron top plate, P = perimeter of the chimney And, by calculation: e = diameter of chimney, V = volume of the combustion chamber. Typology of Traditional Stoves in Use in UB We established the typology according to stove coal consumption and the constraints linked to implementing the improvements we already had in mind. H seems to be the most important criterion to distinguish among stove types, of which there are three different "families": * Family 1, the most common in UB with 55 percent of stoves, is characterized as follows: * 21 cm < H < 26 cm (H = 23 cm on average) * a = 6 cm on average * Vmax = 56,330 cm on average * L = Sl cm on average * I = 47 cm on average 20 Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia * Family 2, the second most common with 28 percent of stoves, is characterized as follows: * 26 cm < H, and H = 28 - 29 cm on average * a = 7 cm on average * Vmax = 66 500 cm3 on average * b = I0 cm on average * installed in a house (67%) * chimney is a wall heating system (59%) * L = 49 - 50 cm on average * I = 46 - 47 cm on average * Family 3, accounting for only 17 percent of the stoves, is characterized by H < 21cm. We are, however, going to distinguish between those stoves for which a = >4 cm and those for which a = <4 cm. This means that Family 3 will be divided into two sub-families, 3A and 3B. The Right way to go5 To simplify, we can list four main ways of reducing both air pollution and household fuel budgets: 1. Improve primary coal combustion. Provide better primary airflow in the whole fuel bed during all combustion phases. This means designing the combustion chamber, the grate and other components differently. 2. Adapt the instantaneous power of the stove. Adjust output to meet the exact heat needs in the gers during the UB winter6 by reducing the volume of traditional stove combustion chambers. 3. Introduce a secondary combustion phase. Doing so will improve exhaust gas combustion inside the stove. This means installing secondary air inlet(s) in the stoves. 4. Reduce the heat loss. Improving the fixing system for the chimney, take primary air from outside the heated ger volume, reduce the speed of exhaust gas inside the chimney and reduce the temperature of exhaust gas inside the chimney. Most of these improvements are related. When we improve primary coal combustion, we also decrease the volume of the combustion chamber most of the time. The reduction in power capacity also has an impact on the temperature of exhaust gas. Therefore, we had to s Once again, this part only covers improvement of traditional coal stoves Another possibility could have been to promote bnquettes with specific or traditional stoves, but this matter is not covered in this documenL 6 Heating a ger does not require the same amount of stove power throughout any 24-hours penod WVhen people stay at home dunng the day they usually refuel their stoves every three hours and outside temperatures are not as cold as at night Therefore, they do not need to refuel the stove at maximum capacity They will save coal (and thus money) and reduce indoor and outdoor air pollution if they refuel their stoves with less coal In fact, the combustion chamber volume is designed to be big enough to fire coal all night long (8 hours) without gomg out It is vital to have remauming embers in the moming to restart the fire. This means having the combustion chamber and chimney at the high temperature required to decrease the production of pollutants inside the stove When the inside temperature is high, the production and combustion of volatile gases produced by coal is easier and more complete Please see § III 6. Best Practices to reduce air pollution peaks In Ulaanbaatar The Ger Household Situation in Ulaanbaatar (Ub) 21 determine the chronology for the improvement process. Not all possible improvements will be disseminated because their cost-benefit ratio is not high enough for poor families in UB. Improving Primary Coal Combustion In order to improve the primary combustion of coal, we have to force primary air to flow through the whole fuel bed during all combustion phases. This is achieved with the designed kit. It replaces the main part of the front of the traditional stove and the grate with components that include: * A new anti-dust door, similar to that on the G2 stove, only shorter * A primary air inlet adjuster * Two secondary air inlet adjusters * A new grate (20 x 32 cm) with its slanted support Kit implementation conditions: The height H of the combustion chamber has to be larger than 20cm to allow the standard kit to be used. According to the ESMAP survey, more than 80 percent of traditional stoves used in UB meet this condition. Fig 2.a: Traditional stove with bottom Fig 2.b: Improvement with a new grate, grate underneath and a large combustion primary air inlet, reduced combustion chamber chamber Regarding only improving primary air combustion, the results can be summarized as follows: 22 Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Stove Family 3 Stove Family 1 Stove Family 2 17.8% in UB 54.6% in UB 27.6% in UB Types of H < 21 cm 20 crn < H<26 cm H > 25 cm Improvementfor a>4cm a<5cm a> 4cm a<5cni a>4 cn a <5cn Primary Coal Family 3A Family 3B Famnily IA Family IB Family 2A Family 2B Combustion 8 7% 91% 35.6% 19% 19 4% 8 2% Replacing the front of the traditional stove with No No Yes Yes Yes Yes the standardized kit Self-improvement with installation of a primary air inlet adjuster and Yes No Yes No Yes No new wider inclined grate No improvement of primary coal combustion possible7 Reducing Stove Power Capacity Stove coal consumption is linked to the stove's power capacity. ESMAP surveys indicate that the power capacity of most stoves is too large for household needs in UB. In order to reduce excessive thermal power of the traditional stoves, we must reduce the volume of the combustion chambers-although the volume must remain large enough to heat a ger during a full cold winter night. To take every precaution, we recommend testing a true volume of 22,000-28,000 cm3. This means that L= 37-39 cm, I = 33-35 cm and H = 18-20 cm. Around 95 percent of the stoves in UB are affected by such improvement; 56 percent of the stoves have a true volume greater than 40,000 cm3, and 15 percent are larger than 50,000 cm3. Regarding reducing the power capacity of traditional stoves in UJB, the results can be summarized as follows: 7 Again, here we are only referring to coal combustion improvement As will be shown later in this document, there are other types of stove improvements that can be applied to the stoves in all families, including family 3B The Ger Household Situation in Ulaanbaatar (Ub) 23 Actual Actual Volume > 30,000 cm3 90% of UB stoves Types of Volume b < 10 cm b > 9 cm Improvement < 30,001 cm3 36% of UB stoves 54 % of UB stoves 10% of UB Heating wall Steel chimney stoves 28.3% 25.7% Fill the stove with bricks to reduce the No Yes Yes Yes volume of the combustion chamber Introduce a second Even if there is enough baffle to reduce the No No room for a second baffle, Yes volume of the we recommend not adding combustion it because the exhaust gas chamber speed is already reduced through the heating wall Fill all remaining room inside the Yes Yes Yes Yes combustion chamber with bricks to reduce production of CO and other pollutants The second baffle greatly influences air pollution reduction, as the results of CLEM's testing clearly demonstrate.8 However, from the customer's point of view, the cost advantage is with lining the back of the combustion chamber with bricks. Brick is an excellent product, easy to procure and cheap in UB as well as easy to work, cut, adjust and install. Whenever a second baffle is technically possible (in about 25 percent of existing traditional stoves), it should be proposed by the technician. Each household can choose the option depending on its financial capacity. Reducing Outdoor Air Pollution Each time we reduce coal consumption, we consequently proportionally reduce the quantity of exhaust gases and consequently reduce indoor and outdoor air pollution. This means that all of the above recommendations will reduce air pollution caused by stoves. However, we can still do better. We can promote more specific improvements to decrease exhaust gases and best practices to manage outdoor air pollution peaks in UB.9 We tested two methods to reach this goal: * Burn exhaust gas inside the stove in order to produce more energy and reduce the pollutants ejected outside. Secondary exhaust gas combustion can be improved by using secondary air inlet adjusters. This technique is simple and cheap and should be adopted systematically. 8 See the final report from the Ccntral Laboratory for Environmental Monitoring 9 See § III 6 Best Practices to reduce air pollution peaks in Ulaanbaatar. 24 Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia o Fill all remaining small corners inside the combustion chamber with (pieces of) bricksl' to reduce CO and other pollutants. When the technician looks inside the improved stove, no single pieces of coal should be able to stay in a corner of the combustion chamber outside of the primary airflow. This is another simple and cheap step that should be taken. 2.3 Additional Surveys in UB MWF conducted detailed surveys to expand our knowledge. They include: * A G2 user satisfaction survey * A survey of traditional stove producers * Measuring the physical characteristics of the gers and houses that were involved in the 40-family experiment * Measuring the main characteristics of the combustion chamber of the 40 improved stoves * A satisfaction survey of the 40 families two months after stove improvement 2.3.1 G2 Stove User Satisfaction Survey Objective In 1997, forty G2 stoves were given to ger families in UB after a stove seminar. The survey aimed to estimate the quantity of coal saved during the previous winter and evaluate user satisfaction levels from different points of view. Results This survey was not fully successful. Nineteen of the families who received the G2 two years ago could not be located. Most of them had moved. For the remaining families, the results are good both in terms of coal savings and pollution reduction: * Annual coal consumption is 3.05 tons on average vs. 4.62 tons with traditional stoves, a 34-percent reduction. * Annual wood fuel consumption is 2.28 m3 on average, versus 2.69 m3 with traditional stoves, or a 15-percent reduction. * All respondents are satisfied with the G2 stoves' heating performance. * The G2 stoves were found to be very good regarding indoor pollution by 37 percent, 47 percent said it was good, and the remaining 16 percent found it average. * For outdoor pollution, 18 percent said G2 stoves were very good, 70 percent said they were good, and the remaining 12 percent said they were average. '1 The use of thermal bricks should be tested because these bricks could improve the quality of space heating (providing a constant temperature instead of a temperature peak at refueling and continuous reduction after) and the efficiency of combustion The steel of the stoves is protected from direct contact with the fire The Ger Household Situation in Ulaanbaatar (Ub) 25 Conclusions The sample was not representative enough to reach efficient conclusions. 2.3.2 Survey of Traditional Stove Producers Only a few traditional stoves have been commercialized on the black market in UB. The users themselves built most traditional stoves actually in use. Traditional stove producers belong to the informal sector, which made it impossible to interview them. 2.3.3 Measuring the Physical Characteristics of the Gers and Houses Involved in the 40-Family Experiment We needed better knowledge of the physical characteristics of these gers and houses in order to analyze coal consumption before and after stove improvement. MWF measured the number and sizes of rooms, roof and wall materials, solar exposure, number and onentation of windows and doors, and other factors in 35 of the 40 gers and houses involved in the experiment. 2.3.4 Measuring the Primary Characteristics of the Combustion Chamber of the 40 Improved Stoves Before we concluded our analysis of stove typology, we needed to be sure that the combustion chamber measurements (made when the 40 families were selected) were exact. Therefore, we decided to double-check the main measurements of all stoves involved in the experiment. The measurements of the following conformed to the initial results: I (the inside width of the combustion chamber, measured between the bricks), H (the longest distance between the bottom of chamber and cast iron top plate) and h (the smaller distance between the bottom of chamber and the cast iron top plate). However, a difference of 5 to 14 cm was found in the measurement of L (the inside length of the combustion chamber, measured between the bricks). 2.3.5 The 40-Family Satisfaction Survey In March 2000, only 35 of the 40 families involved in the coal consumption comparison experimentation (see §111.4 below) were available for this satisfaction survey. However, most of them-89 percent-had not removed the improvements, and they responded to the satisfaction survey as follows: * 68 percent reported much better heating performance after stove improvements and better during the day (63 percent during the night) * 94 percent reported better fire management * 100 percent said coal consumption was better, and 63 percent said the same for fuelwood consumption * 63 percent said cooking could be done more quickly * 69 percent said the frequency of chimney cleaning was reduced * 78 percent said there were remaining embers in the improved stoves in the morning * 50 percent said they could pay 5,000-10,000 Tg for stove improvements and an additional 19 percent said they could afford between 10,000 and 20,000 Tg 26 Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia These results look very good in terms of the main objective of our project. However, the following answers indicate we should moderate our interpretation of results: * Only 37 percent prefer the new stove while 40 prefer the traditional stove, even though they acknowledge it is less efficient * 40 percent found that indoor and outdoor pollution had not been significantly reduced by the stove improvements * Only 54 percent of families would recommend these stove improvements to their friends and family According to the WMF experts, such mitigated results confirm the unique cultural place held by stoves in Mongolian families. This experiment has created some hearth- and tradition- related problems during its implementation. Therefore, improved stove efficiency is not enough to guarantee wide dissemination among ger families. We will need to emphasize the quality and final appearance of the stove improvements, and on the preliminary information provided, in order to convince people to adopt the recommended modifications. 3 Improved Stoves and Stove Improvements: Design and Experimentation We selected three technical options to achieve our objectives: 1. Local entrepreneurs produce and commercialize new improved stoves 2. Trained technicians and ESCOs install kits inside traditional stoves on a commercial basis 3. Residents improve their own stoves using basic, very low cost improvements Dissemination of Best Practices could contribute efficiently to reducing air pollution. Only stove improvements and kits have been tested in real-life conditions and the laboratory. 3.1 Design and Experimentation of a New Improved Stove G2-2000 We designed several different improvements to be tested separately or in association.l 3.1.1 Chimney-Collars Objective The chimney-collar is supposed to fit the connection between stove and chimney properly and, as a consequence, avoid heat loss due to the undesired ventilation of air already heated at room temperature and reduce the high excess air observed in exhaust gas. All other connections between the top cast iron plate and walls of the stove should be improved as well. Results12 The first chimney-collars designed were not convenient. Family members tend to remove the chimney from the stove one to two times per week in order to clean the dust inside. Our first chimney-collars could not be removed easily, especially when the steel is hot. As a consequence, all the families removed them before the end of the 12-day experimentation, so we did not obtain any valid data. l 1 We tested these improvements with families and in the laboratory as described in §111 3 and 1114 12 Experimentation results come from both stove improvement experimentation with 40 families (see document 02) and air pollution laboratory tests (see document 03). 27 28 Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia It is interesting to observe, however, that test-family members said the chimneys were less dirty after the improvements were installed. 13 They reported that they now clean the chimneys without removing them and once per week is enough. Conclusion Since then, Mon San Co. has designed a new removable chimney-collar to be tested in the future on G2-2000 stoves as well as on traditional stoves. 3.1.2 Secondary Air Inlet Adjusters Objective If exhaust gases (especially CO) were burned during primary combustion inside the stove, instead of ejecting the pollutants through the chimney with the exhaust gas, this would improve combustion efficiency and reduce air pollution. For this purpose, we needed to introduce secondary air into the top of the G2-2000 stove opposite the exhaust gas hole in the baffle. This is the rule for the secondary air inlet adjuster. It can also be done simply by bonng holes through the front of the stove opposite the exhaust gas hole in the baffle. Results The results are excellent in terms of air pollution reduction. The G2 stove's coal combustion is also slightly improved. The cost of the two adjusters is cheap: Mon San Co. estimates it at less than 2,000 Tg. Conclusions Three 10mm-diameter holes in the front of the G2 stove will probably have the same results in terms of air pollution reduction. This advice can be disseminated to the users of the 1997 model G2 stove. Starting now, however, all new G2 stoves should be equipped with only one secondary air inlet adjuster at no further cost.'4 3.1.3 Plate Convectors on Both Sides of the G2 Stove Objective The convectors are supposed to improve heat transfer inside the ger. Results The results in terms of coal consumption reduction are good (see family 12 in document 02). The heating capacity of the stoves equipped with convectors is excellent. As reported in document 02, the average internal temperature15 for family 12 was 22.2°C when the average outside temperature was -14.5°C. The average was 21.90C for family 10 when the outside temperature was -14.8°C. However: 13 This can be explained by the reduction of pollutants in the exhaust gases However, it must first be confirmed 14 The Mon San manager made this decision dunng the last ESMAP mission 5 The average is calculated using three temperature readings: on waking in the morming, at noon and in the evening before going to bed Improved Stoves and Stove Improvements Design and Experimentation 29 o Some families did not appreciate this improvement. They noticed that the convectors were not as hot as the sides of the stove usually were and concluded that the new stoves do not heat as well as before, even though the convectors heat by air convection instead of by radiation as traditional stoves do. o The impact on air pollution is not very large because the coal savings is small. Furthermore, the convectors cannot be equipped on three-door G2 stoves. o The cost of the convectors is very high. Conclusion The convectors must be eliminated from the range of promoted improvements. This concerns G2 stoves as well as traditional stoves. 3.1.4 Second Baffles with New Size Inclined Grate Objective This arrangement forces hot combustion gases to follow a long flow path through the stove before they reach the chimney; the temperature of the stove walls thus increases and the heat transfer to the ger is also increased (lowering chimney temperatures). It is also believed that some of the heavy pollutant particles will settle inside the stove and consequently reduce outside air pollution. Results The results in terms of coal consumption reduction are good (see families 13, 14, 15 and 16 in document 02). The impact on air pollution is also very good (see the CLEM results on stove 13 in document 03)-probably the best improvement from this point of view. According to the users, the addition of a second baffle to the G2 stove noticeably reduces dust inside the chimney, but it becomes difficult to reach the area behind the second baffle to clean the stove. This can be solved easily by adding a small ashtray in the side of the G2 stove. Conclusions This improvement to the G2 stoves in use in UB should not be a GEF program objective because the overall impact is very insignificant. However, starting now, all new G2 stoves should be equipped with a second baffle, the new size, inclined grate and an additional ashtray on the side.16 3.1.5 General Conclusions Analysis The experiment confirms that the 1997 model G2 stove is a good improved coal stove and well adapted for household use in UB.17 Nevertheless, it can be significantly improved with simple adjustments. 16 Since then, the Mon San manager has made this decision. 17 Except perhaps for the door. people would like to have the same door but with a hinge 30 Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Conclusions A new improved stove model, the G2-2000 stove, was designed 8 and seems ready to be disseminated widely. It differs from the formal G2 stove by simple adaptations such as: * A secondary air inlet adjuster * A new size, inclined grate * A second baffle * A new hinged door Mon San estimates the additional cost for all these improvements should not exceed 16,000 Tg. Coal savings with the new G2-2000 stove (compared to traditional stoves) are estimated at approximately 30-40 percent, depending on household fuel management. Further best practices could easily increase coal savings to 40-50 percent (compared with habitual use of traditional coal stoves in UB). 3.2 Design of a Standardized Kit Objective We wanted to design and test standardized equipment that could be installed in most of the traditional stoves used in UB, thereby reducing coal consumption and easing air pollution. The kit design used exactly the same pnrnciples as the G2-2000 stove; it aims to: * Improve primary coal combustion with better air flow inside the fuel by the use of a new size, inclined grate19 always associated with a primary air inlet adjuster;20 * Decrease fuel consumption by reducing the volume of the combustion chamber with the new grate and additional bricks; and * Reduce air pollution by improving secondary exhaust gas combustion via the addition of a secondary air inlet adjuster. A new (G2-style) door is equipped with the kit in order to decrease dust inside homes. Kits should be sufficiently standardized to replace most of the front of traditional stoves with a welded fixation. Only trained technicians can make this replacement on a commercial basis (ESCO). This is possible only in stoves for which H = >20 cm (H = the height between the grate and the top) and I = >39 cm (I = the width). The stove characteristic survey results show 1 See ESMAP document 04, titled "G2-2000 Technical Drawings," July 2000 19 Although equipped with a grate, there is no airflow through the grate up into the fuel bed in traditional stoves The grates are usually clogged with ashes The combustion chambers are supplied with air from the top of the fuel bed This results in high levels of CO and other toxic emissions and generally results in large excess air factors and thus energy losses The new cast-iron grate, 20 x 34 cm, mounted on four legs, is inclined so that the grate and the fuel bed on top of it allow sufficient space for a cooking pot In this manner, space is created below the grate for the provision of primary combustion air. This new grate replaces the old one, which is removed from the stove The new grate design should permit its introduction through the existing ring hole (diameter 34 cm on average) in the cast-iron top plate 20 The new adjustable primary air damper (inlet) is installed in the front face of the existing stove below the existing door It allows efficient combustion air control With the air inlet in this position, primary air is introduced underneath the grate and thus undemeath the entire fuel bed Improved Stoves and Stove Improvements Design and Experimentation 31 that about 80 percent of existing stoves in UB have these measurements. However, this requires paying a technician, and not all families can afford such a non-vital expense. The self-made improvements described below make up the second option Results The results are excellent, both in terms of coal consumption21 and air pollution reduction 22 Everyone seems satisfied with this improvement, not only because of its performance, but also because the improved stove looks like a new stove. The results of traditional stoves equipped with kits are very similar to those of the improved G2 The ESMAP survey of traditional stove characteristics shows that about 80 percent of existing stoves in UB can accommodate a kit (the remaining 20 percent cannot because their front measurements do not leave enough room). The stove improvement process itself needs improvement. Mon San experts had to transport the stoves to their workshop for days or weeks mainly because they do not have a portable electrical welding machine. As a result, the cost of such improvements, including spare parts, transportation, replacement of the stove and other items is very high. Mon San estimates the production cost of these prototypes at around 25,000 Tg. The improvements, which cannot be done easily by the untrained, are probably too expensive for most of these families without credit facilities. An optimized mass-production process should reduce the cost dramatically. Also, only one secondary air adjuster should be sufficient to improve secondary air combustion. Conclusions 23 Because of its results, the kit should be the key component for the future GEF program Therefore, more tests are needed to: * Decrease the cost of mass-producing the kit * Test the kit with only one secondary air inlet adjuster * Test the kit with three 10mm-diameter holes instead of the secondary air adjuster * Test other fixation systems such as riveting, bolting, etc. to facilitate the fixation of the kit and reduce price of the technicians interventions * Test a mobile workshop to facilitate kit fixation without removing the stove from homes using portable electrical equipment 21 See the results of coal consumption in families 151, 194, 200, 210, 213 and 157 in document 02 22 See the results from the CLEM for family 151, in document 03. 23 The ESMAP Consultant created the concept, design and execution drawings This means that the kit is a component free of all property rights and therefore every one in UB should be entitled to produce and commercialize the kit 32 Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 3.3 Limits for Results Interpretation and Extrapolation 3.3.1 Be Careful with the Concept of Stove Coal "Consumption" During all these experiments, we examined daily stove consumption and concluded that not all traditional stoves consume the same quantity of coal. Therefore we believe it is possible to reduce household stove coal consumption. However, according to the results of our statistical household energy consumption survey, all households consume the same quantity of coal during one winter. Whatever the size of the family, type of house or type of stove, each family in UB consumes about five tons of coal per year (4.6 tons on average). This indicates that social factors are motivating consumers to burn all the coal delivered to them during winter. They probably adjust the duration of the heating period rather than the quantity of coal, which is the exact quantity bought by truck once per year in October or November. 3.3.2 A Need for an Awareness-Raising Campaign Based on this observation, we recommend that the next program pay attention to the necessity of informing people that they should save coal, that they should buy less coal or store surplus coal for the next season. An awareness-raising campaign is needed, as is the organization of a new type of coal delivery method (by half truck?). 3.4 Stove Improvement Experiment with 40 Families in UB 3.4.1 Objective and Methodology Objective We attempted to quantify coal and fuelwood consumption of different characteristic traditional stoves in real situations, then compare individual household fuel consumption before and after stove improvement. Methodology Ten different improvements were designed and tested in 40 ger households. In order to obtain pragmatic and representative results, we selected stoves (and households) that were the most representative of stoves used by ger households in UB. We tested each of the ten improvements in four households that used exactly the same type of stove. This comparative coal and fuelwood consumption experiment was supplemented by air pollution laboratory tests on five selected stoves (see § 111.5. below). The experiment lasted two times twelve days-twelve continuous days with the traditional stoves then, after the stoves had been improved, twelve more days with the improved stoves. Supervisors from the MWF visited each household daily to weigh the quantities of fuelwood and coal consumed during the previous 24 hours. On the first day, the MWF supervisor weighed an initial quantity of coal and wood (around 40 to 50 kg of coal) sufficient for one full day of heating and cooking and recorded the quantities in a notebook. This coal and wood was placed in specific sacks and the family was allowed to use only coal or wood from these sacks. On each following day of the experiment (including Saturday and Sunday), the supervisor weighed additional coal and wood, in Improved Stoves and Stove Improvements Design and Experimentation 33 quantity enough to maintain the stock at a sufficient level. On the last day, after breakfast (and preferably at the same time as the first initial measurement), the supervisor weighed the remaining coal and fuelwood in the specific sacks and recorded the quantities as usual in the notebook. It was then possible to determine the quantity of coal (and fuelwood) consumed by the household during the twelve-day test. Each household had a specific notebook for the duration. Only the MWF supervisor was allowed to write in the notebook. The notebook was also used to report all other information that might have influenced the measurement results or the data analysis, in particular: inside temperature, presence of wind or snow, number of people in the ger or house, etc. MWF experts managed the data capture and control; the ESMAP consultant conducted the data processing and analysis. 3.4.2 Primary Results and Lessons Learned This field test data allowed us to select "good" improvements. A good improvement is supposed to be: * Socially acceptable for end users * Efficient in terms of fuel savings * Affordable * Easy to disseminate Not all tested improvements were selected for further dissemination. For example, plate convectors placed on both sides of the stove seemed to give good results in terms of heating efficiency. Nevertheless, this improvement was not selected. Families did not like the convection heating system when compared to the radiation heating system. Also, the cost was high compared to the coal savings. It was not possible to install the outdoor primary air inlet tube during the winter because the tube has to be placed underneath the floor. Because of this difficulty and the high cost, this improvement was abandoned. As a result, we selected the range of stove improvements described in ESMAP technical reports 04 and 08. We also learned a lot from unexpected difficulties we encountered during implementation. The families really did not like to see somebody else touch their stoves, which are not only a household item but also a symbolic part of their culture. They are disturbed by any modification to their stoves. They have a need to understand what is going to be done and why. The quality of the finishing is also very important to them. 3.5 Laboratory Air Pollution Tests 3.5.1 Methodology In October and November 1999, five stoves (from the 40 selected families) were tested in the Central Laboratory for Environment Monitoring (CLEM) in order to measure emissions, such as S02, 02 and NOx continuously, and C02, CO and CH every ten minutes. We measured dust two to four times for each test. Each stove was tested five times over seven or eight continuous hours in ger conditions. We began the measurements after the fire had burned for 34 Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 20 minutes. The same procedure was implemented after these stoves received their specific improvements. We compared the results for each stove (and each improvement), regarding its quantity of emissions through the chimney for each type of pollutant. The laboratory was very rigorous during the air pollution tests and the results appear to be representative and very interesting. The following analyses come from the final CLEM report, dated February 2000.24 All additional necessary data can be found in this document. 3.5.2 Air Pollution of the 1997 Model G2 Stoves Compared with Traditional Stoves If we compare the results of the eight tests made on two similar G2 stoves (1997 model without any improvements) and the results of the twelve tests made on three traditional stoves, the results are as follows: Pollutants Reduction in % so2 15% CH 140% CO2 13% CO 68% Dust 62% NOx 19% Increase* * This result has to be linked to the decrease of 02 in the exhaust gases Higher NOx and lower 02 in exhaust gases show better combustion in the stove 3.5.3 Influence of the Second Baffle on the 1997 Model G2 Stoves and on Traditional Stoves Pollutants Reduction in %for the Reduction in %for the traditional stoves 1997 model G2 stoves S02 Simnlar (+3%) 32% CH 44% 150% Increase CO2 48% 27% CO 44% 17% Increase Dust 82% 61% NOx 9% similar As a result of the improvement, we also observed that the chimney is cleaner and the families said they clean their chimneys half as much as previously. Some added that they now clean their chimneys by removing them-not only an improvement in the quality of life but also an indicator of very good influence on indoor air pollution. According to the results of the ESMAP traditional stove characteristic survey, we estimate that no more than 15 percent of existing traditional stoves in use in UB can receive such improvement (25 percent of traditional stoves are large enough, but we exclude 10 percent more that use a heating wall). 24 See document 03 Improved Stoves and Stove lmprovements- Design and Experimentation 35 3.5.4 The 1997 Model G2 Stove with a New Size Grate and Secondary Air Inlet Adjusters Pollutants Recluctioi In in S02 44% CH 6% CO2 30% CO 16% Increase Dust Similar % NOx 25% Such improvement is easy to make and the extra cost is low. Therefore, the Mon San director has decided to include this improvement, and the secondary baffle as well, in the next generation of G2 stoves. The overall extra cost is estimated at less than 8,000 Tg 3.5.5 Traditional Stoves Equipped with Kits Each kit includes a new inclined grate, primary air inlet adjuster, secondary air inlet adjusters, chimney-collar and reduction of the volume of the combustion chamber with construction bricks. Pollutants Reduction in % S02 70% CH 38% C02 54% CO 72% Dust 49% NOx 37% According to the results of the ESMAP traditional stove characteristic survey, up to 80 percent of existing traditional stoves in use in UB can receive such improvements. However, most of the families concerned probably cannot afford such expenses without credit facilities. 3.5.6 Traditional Stoves Equipped with Self-Made Improvements Self-made improvements include a primary air inlet adjuster, a new inclined grate, reduction of the combustion chamber with construction bricks and three 10mm diameter holes made on the front of the stove as secondary air inlets: Pollutants Reduction in % S02 52% CH 15% C02 42% CO 7% Dust 63% NOx 6% Such simple improvements yield very good results. According to the ESMAP traditional stove characteristic survey, up to 63 percent of existing traditional stoves in use in UB can receive these modifications. 36 Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 3.5.7 Limits of Results Interpretation and Extrapolation We measured concentrations of gases and particles in the stove effluents from the chimney. Given the variability in volumetric flow rates up the chimney, these measurements might not perfectly reflect total emissions from stoves. If the airflow rate leaving the stove via the chimney is decreased, these measured concentrations increase, even if there is no real increase in the total mass of pollutant emissions. In our specific case, most of the improvements should have effectively reduced the airflow rate through the chimney, which means the concentration measurements were obtained by default. Nevertheless, the results obtained are not statistically representative. ESMAP's stove project preparation cannot feasibly monitor all of the potential impacts of air pollution reduction on health. Some effects are difficult and costly to observe due to long latency periods or low occurrence frequencies. Our attempts to monitor health impacts should focus on diseases expected to occur frequently and within the timeframe of the project evaluation. We must develop believable estimates for health benefits that will not be observed empirically. The basic uncertainty involved in predicting the health benefits of reducing air pollution exposure will often require measuring the health changes resulting from the stove project. The decision to carry out this epidemiological investigation, however, must be based on the feasibility (in terms of budgetary and time constraints) of using adequate methods for monitoring these impacts. 3.6 The Next Steps: Basic Self-Made Improvements and Best Practices The Objective of Basic Self-Made Improvements Not everyone can afford to install the kit. Given that most people built the stoves themselves, we can assume they could improve them without a private technician's intervention. The objective is to test simple improvements that can be installed by lay people after being informed or trained. Improving traditional stoves always use the same methods: * Decrease the volume of the combustion chamber by adding inside bricks. * Drill three 1 Omm diameter holes in the front of the stove create a secondary air inlet. * Replace the grate with a new size inclined grate with a primary air inlet adjuster. Disseminating self-improvement techniques is important for the future GEF program. Therefore more testing is suggested. In particular, we must define appropriate communication campaigns and free training session methods within the ger areas. Our aims are to: * Persuade families to improve traditional stoves by themselves. * Explain how to improve traditional stoves with basic interventions. * Persuade them to apply Best Practices for fire management. Best Practices to reduce peak of air pollution in Ulaanbaatar At six o'clock each morning, all 70,000 ger households in UB are in the process of refueling their stoves. They use as much coal as possible because the stoves have consumed the Improved Stoves and Stove Improvements Design and Experimentation 37 previous night's fuel and the temperature inside the gers is now low. Consequently, one hour later, when everyone is up and on the way to work, air pollution peaks. This is a hazardous time of day because pollutants are very concentrated in the air. We need to persuade families to reduce the quantity of coal they use for the morning refueling, so that the pollution peak will be reduced proportionally. Remember that the volume of combustion chambers is calculated to heat the house all night long (8 hours) without refueling. This means the stoves are oversized for daytime use. There is no need to fill the stoves to the brim with coal, which is a waste of both resources and money and causes excess air pollution for everyone in UB. Wiser refueling practices can reduce air pollution as well as new technology. We recommend reducing the volume of combustion chambers as much as possible. As mentioned above, we recommend a true combustion chamber volume (measured inside the bricks) of 22-28,000 cm3, which means: L = 37-39 cm, I = 33-35 cm and H = 18-20 cm. We also recommend that the following Best Practices be promoted within the ger households: o Ensure that remaining embers are available in the moming because, when the combustion chamber is cold, only the more volatile components are extracted from coal and bumed. The non-volatile components are expelled through the chimney and contribute greatly to air pollution. o Refuel the stove with the minimum coal needed. We recommend a maximum of half the volume all day and especially in the moming (whenever possible for the family25). It is better to refuel the stove once more during the day but to refuel it always with half the quantity of coal or less. u With the traditional stove, people refuel through the top holes because it looks easier and more convenient to them. However, through the bigger ring (approx. 34 cm in diameter) the exchanges between the inside of the stove and the ger are considerable. During refueling, hot exhaust gas escapes with its content of dust and pollutants. With the G2 or the kit, the reduction in volume and the G2-type door associated with the inclined, new size grate make refueling through the door easier. Technicians should instruct household members to fill their stoves exclusively through the door. 25 This is not possible when everyone in the family is out all day. 4 Proposed Scale-up Program 4.1 Objectives The proposed project26 has three main objectives. * Sustainable reductions in coal consumption-and corresponding C02 emissions and levels of air pollution (indoors and outdoors)-in the ger area27 of Ulaanbaatar * Facilitating the creation of a market-based institutional delivery system to allow sustainable reduction of coal consumption and corresponding C02 emissions in the future, through the establishment of reliable manufacturers of efficient indoor coal stoves, the development of small energy service provider companies and other means as required * Transfering experience to other areas in Mongolia, particularly aimag (provincial) centers 4.2 The Main Components The objectives above will be achieved through execution of the five components shown below: Project Components Improved Stoves Project Social Quality Capacity New Product Monitoring and] Marketing Assurance Building Facility Evaluation 26 Please see the GEF brief document 27 Ger areas are found primarily around built-up urban areas and contain mostly traditional felt tents However, ger areas also include wooden houses in which the same types of stoves are used 39 40 Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 4.3 Sustainability Analysis and Risk Assessment The sustainability of the project is closely linked to two main aspects: a) consumers' acceptance of and satisfaction with the quality and price of the products offered and b) the ability of manufacturers and ESCOs to supply high quality products at competitive pnces. Under the proposed project design, we expect the majority of stove owners in UB and some other cities will become well aware of the benefits of improved stoves. We expect most to improve their stoves via at least one of the methods we will have promoted by the close of the project. Manufacturers, in combination with ongoing small and medium enterprise programs, will have assessed the strength of the market and therefore the range of investment required. We also expect all activities to be sustainable once they are established and proven by the project. We believe the activities will be driven and modified over time by both market forces and personal environmental action. Given the dynamic nature of Mongolia's transition to a market system, the mid-year review process should reveal any readjustment that might be required to achieve the outlined objectives. Annex 1 Household Energy Consumption Results Variables Units Valid Average Minimum Max. Answers Value Value Number of salaried people in the household person 451 1 53 0 4 Total income for the previous year (1999) Tg/year 451 489,930 0 3,600,00 0 Number of rooms in the ger (or house) number 255 2 01 1 4 Number of people living in the ger (or house) number 451 5 08 1 13 Electricity bill per ger household Tg/month 451 4,980 0 30,000 Number of electric lamps per household number 451 1 84 1 11 Stove combustion chamber volume cm3 451 36,585 Estimated price of a traditional coal stove Tg 425 28,000 Length of time families have been using their years 438 7.51 current stove Number of times stoves are refueled per winter n°/day 451 3 39 1 7 day Annual coal consumption tons/yr 451 4 62 Price of one ton of coal at the start of the 1998 Tg 324 12,824 winter Price of one ton of coal at the start of the 1999 Tg 46 14,804 winter Firewood consumed in the winter m3 281 2 69 1 10 Total annual firewood consumption m3 393 3 7 1 12 Price of one m3 of firewood at the start of the Tg 278 8,910 1998 winter Price of one m3 of firewood at the start of the Tg 47 9,020 1999 winter Household 1999-2000 coal budget Tg 451 68,394 Household 1999-2000 firewood budget Tg 451 33,374 Total household 1999-2000 fuel budget Tg 451 101,768 41 Annex 2 No. Titles - Authors - Number of pages - Dates Nb. of Edition Pages 00 "Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) 12 ESMAP Implementation Completion Report Draft". M. Rene Masse September 2000 (Not achieved) 01 "Typology of Traditional Stoves in Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) 65 ESMAP and Guideline for Traditional Stove Improvement". Final Document M. Rene Masse, ESMAP Consultant March 2000. 02 "Stove Improvement Experimentation in 40 Families in 16 ESMAP Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) and Air Pollution Tests in Laboratory". Final Document. M% Rene Masse, ESMAP Consultant. March 2000. 03 "Air Pollution Tests in Laboratory on Heating and Cooking 78 ESMAP Stoves in Use in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia" Final Document Mrs. Bulgan. Central Laboratory for Environment Monitonng. February 2000 04 "Stove Improvement Experimentation Program: G 2 - 2000 58 ESMAP Technical Drawings". Manufacturer Training Document. Mon San Co. July 2000. 05 "First Coal Consumption and Air Pollution Results". 3 ESMAP Intermediary Document. M. Rene Masse, ESMAP Consultant. February 2000. 06 "Household Energy Survey in 450 Families in Ulaanbaatar". 51 ESMAP Final Report. M. Rene Masse and MWF, ESMAP Consultants, March 2000. 07 "Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar in 10 ESMAP Mongolia" National Seminar. M Rene Masse. Apnl 2000. 08 "Improving the Traditional Stoves by the Use of a New 5 ESMAP Primary Air Kit," including technical drawings. M. Rene Masse, ESMAP Consultant. October 1999 09 "Three Additional Surveys Final Report". (Including the 6 ESMAP Satisfactory Survey) Mongolian Women Federation. May 2000. 10 "G2 Users Satisfactory Survey Final Report". Mongolian 2 ESMAP Women Federation. November 2000. 11 "Household Survey" M. Ren6 Masse, ESMAP Consultant. 17 ESMAP September 1998 43 44 Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 12 "Traditional Stove Improvement Technician Training Practice 49 ESMAP and Manufacturers". D. Ganbaatar, Ts. Enkhjargal, Mon San Cie. August 2000. 13 "Public Awareness Program for the Project on Removing 12 GEF PDF A Bamers to the Adoption of Improved Household Stoves in Mongolian Urban Centers" Draft Mrs. Oyuntsetseg, MNE Apnl 2000. 14 "Assessment of Impact of use Fuel Efficiency Stoves on 12 MPH-WHO Indoor Air Quality". Draft. WHO, Ministry of Public Health. December 1999. Jont UNDP/World Bank ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (ESMAP) LIST OF REPORTS ON COMPLETED ACTIVITIES Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Numnber SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (AFR) Africa Regional Anglophone Africa Household Energy Workshop (English) 07/88 085/88 Regional Power Seminar on Reducing Electnc Power System Losses in Africa (English) 08/88 087/88 Institutional Evaluation of EGL (English) 02/89 098/89 Biomass Mappmg Regional Workshops (English) 05/89 -- Francophone Household Energy Workshop (French) 08/89 -- Interafrican Electrical Engineering College. Proposals for Short- and Long-Term Development (English) 03/90 112/90 Biomass Assessment and Mappmg (English) 03/90 -- Symposium on Power Sector Reform and Efficiency Improvement in Sub-Saharan Africa (English) 06/96 182/96 Commercialization of Marginal Gas Fields (English) 12/97 201/97 Commercilizmg Natural Gas: Lessons from the Seminar m Nairobi for Sub-Saharan Africa and Beyond 01/00 225/00 Africa Gas Initiative - Mam Report. Volume I 02/01 240/01 First World Bank Workshop on the Petroleum Products Sector m Sub-Saharan Africa 09/01 245/01 Mimstenal Workshop on Women in Energy 10/01 250/01 Angola Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) 05/89 4708-ANG Power Rehabilitation and Technical Assistance (English) 10/91 142/91 Africa Gas Initiative - Angola: Volume II 02/01 240/01 Benin Energy Assessment (English and French) 06/85 5222-BEN Botswana Energy Assessment (English) 09/84 4998-BT Pump Electrification Prefeasibility Study (English) 01/86 047/86 Review of Electncity Service Connection Policy (English) 07/87 071/87 Tuli Block Farms Electrification Study (English) 07/87 072/87 Household Energy Issues Study (English) 02/88 -- Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 05/91 132/91 Burkina Faso Energy Assessment (English and French) 01/86 5730-BUR Technical Assistance Program (English) 03/86 052/86 Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English and French) 06/91 134/91 Burundl Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3778-BU Petroleum Supply Management (English) 01/84 012/84 Status Report (English and French) 02/84 011/84 Presentation of Energy Projects for the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1983-1987) (English and French) 05/85 036/85 Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy (English and French) 09/85 042/85 Peat Utilization Project (English) 11/85 046/85 Energy Assessment (English and French) 01/92 9215-BU Cameroon Africa Gas Initiative - Cameroon. Volume III 02/01 240/01 Cape Verde Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) 08/84 5073-CV Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 02/90 110/90 Central African Republic Energy Assessement (French) 08/92 9898-CAR Chad Elements of Strategy for Urban Household Energy The Case of N'djamena (French) 12/93 160/94 - 2 - Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Comoros Energy Assessment (English and French) 01/88 7104-COM In Search of Better Ways to Develop Solar Markets: The Case of Comoros 05/00 230/00 Congo Energy Assessment (English) 01/88 6420-COB Power Development Plan (English and French) 03/90 106/90 Africa Gas Initiative - Congo Volume IV 02/01 240/01 C6te d'Ivoire Energy Assessment (English and French) 04/85 5250-IVC Improved Biomass Utilization (English and French) 04/87 069/87 Power System Efficiency Study (Enghsh) 12/87 -- Power Sector Efficiency Study (French) 02/92 140/91 Project of Energy Efficiency mi Buildmgs (English) 09/95 175/95 Africa Gas Initiative - C6te d'IvoLre: Volume V 02/01 240/01 Ethiopia Energy Assessment (English) 07/84 4741-ET Power System Efficiency Study (English) 10/85 045/85 Agricultural Residue Briquetting Pilot Project (English) 12/86 062/86 Bagasse Study (English) 12/86 063/86 Cooking Efficiency Project (English) 12/87 -- Energy Assessment (English) 02/96 179/96 Gabon Energy Assessment (English) 07/88 6915-GA Africa Gas Initiative - Gabon: Volume VI 02/01 240/01 The Gambia Energy Assessment (English) 11/83 4743-GM Solar Water Heatmg Retrofit Project (English) 02/85 030/85 Solar Photovoltaic Applications (English) 03/85 032/85 Petroleum Supply Management Assistance (English) 04/85 035/85 Ghana Energy Assessment (English) 11/86 6234-GH Energy Rationalization in the Industrial Sector (English) 06/88 084/88 Sawmill Residues Utilization Study (English) 11/88 074/87 Industnal Energy Efficiency (English) 11/92 148/92 Gumea Energy Assessment (English) 11/86 6137-GUI Household Energy Strategy (English and French) 01/94 163/94 Gumea-Bissau Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) 08/84 5083-GUB Recommended Techmcal Assistance Projects (English & Portuguese) 04/85 033/85 Management Options for the Electric Power and Water Supply Subsectors (English) 02/90 100/90 Power and Water Institutional Restructunng (French) 04/91 118/91 Kenya Energy Assessment (English) 05/82 3800-KE Power System Efficiency Study (English) 03/84 014/84 Status Report (English) 05/84 016/84 Coal Conversion Action Plan (English) 02/87 -- Solar Water Heatmg Study (English) 02/87 066/87 Pen-Urban Woodfuel Development (English) 10/87 076/87 Power Master Plan (English) 11/87 -- Power Loss Reduction Study (English) 09/96 186/96 Implementation Manual: Fuiancing Mechamsms for Solar Electnc Equipment 07/00 231/00 Lesotho Energy Assessment (English) 01/84 4676-LSO Liberia Energy Assessment (English) 12/84 5279-LBR Recommended Techmcal Assistance Projects (English) 06/85 038/85 Power System Efficiency Study (English) 12/87 081/87 Madagascar Energy Assessment (English) 01/87 5700-MAG Power System Efficiency Study (English and French) 12/87 075/87 - 3 - Region/Counttr Activity/Report Title Date Number Madagascar Environmental Impact of Woodfuels (French) 10/95 176/95 Malawi Energy Assessment (English) 08/82 3903-MAL Technical Assistance to Improve the Efficiency of Fuelwood Use m the Tobacco Industry (English) 11/83 009/83 Status Report (English) 01/84 013/84 Mali Energy Assessment (English and French) 11/91 8423-MLI Household Energy Strategy (English and French) 03/92 147/92 Islamic Republic of Mauritanma Energy Assessment (English and French) 04/85 5224-MAU Household Energy Strategy Study (English and French) 07/90 123/90 Mauritius Energy Assessment (English) 12/81 3510-MAS Status Report (English) 10/83 008/83 Power System Efficiency Audit (English) 05/87 070/87 Bagasse Power Potential (English) 10/87 077/87 Energy Sector Review (English) 12/94 3643-MAS Mozambique Energy Assessment (English) 01/87 6128-MOZ Household Electricity Utilizatnon Study (English) 03/90 113/90 Electricity Tariffs Study (English) 06/96 181/96 Sample Survey of Low Voltage Electricity Customers 06/97 195/97 Namubia Energy Assessment (English) 03/93 11320-NAM Niger Energy Assessment (French) 05/84 4642-NIR Status Report (English and French) 02/86 051/86 Improved Stoves Project (English and French) 12/87 080/87 Household Energy Conservation and Substitution (English and French) 01/88 082/88 Nigeria Energy Assessment (English) 08/83 4440-UNI Energy Assessment (English) 07/93 11672-UNI Rwanda Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3779-RW Status Report (English and French) 05/84 017/84 Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy (English and French) 08/86 059/86 Improved Charcoal Production Techmques (English and French) 02/87 065/87 Energy Assessment (English and French) 07/91 8017-RW Commercialization of Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Mid-Term Progress Report (English and French) 12/91 141/91 SADC SADC Regional Power Interconnection Study, Vols. I-IV (English) 12/93 - SADCC SADCC Regional Sector: Regional Capacity-Building Program for Energy Surveys and Policy Analysis (English) 11/91 - Sao Tome and Principe Energy Assessment (English) 10/85 5803-STP Senegal Energy Assessment (English) 07/83 4182-SE Status Report (English and French) 10/84 025/84 Industrial Energy Conservation Study (English) 05/85 037/85 Preparatory Assistance for Donor Meetmg (English and French) 04/86 056/86 Urban Household Energy Strategy (English) 02/89 096/89 Industrial Energy Conservation Program (English) 05/94 165/94 Seychelles Energy Assessment (English) 01/84 4693-SEY Electric Power System Efficiency Study (English) 08/84 021/84 Sierra Leone Energy Assessment (English) 10/87 6597-SL Somalia Energy Assessment (English) 12/85 5796-SO Republic of South Africa Options for the Structure and Regulation of Natural Gas Industry (English) 05/95 172/95 - 4 - Region/Country Activit/Report Title Date Number Sudan Management Assistance to the Mmistry of Energy and Mining 05/83 003/83 Energy Assessment (English) 07/83 4511-SU Power System Efficiency Study (English) 06/84 018/84 Status Report (English) 11/84 026/84 Wood Energy/Forestry Feasibility (English) 07/87 073/87 Swaziland Energy Assessment (English) 02/87 6262-SW Household Energy Strategy Study 10/97 198/97 Tanzania Energy Assessment (English) 11/84 4969-TA Pen-Urban Woodfuels Feasibility Study (English) 08/88 086/88 Tobacco Curng Efficiency Study (English) 05/89 102/89 Remote Sensing and Mapping of Woodlands (English) 06/90 -- Industrial Energy Efficiency Techmcal Assistance (English) 08/90 122/90 Power Loss Reduction Volume 1: Transmission and Distnbution SystemTechnical Loss Reduction and Network Development (English) 06/98 204A/98 Power Loss Reduction Volume 2: Reduction of Non-Techmcal Losses (English) 06/98 204B/98 Togo Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5221-TO Wood Recovery in the Nangbeto Lake (English and French) 04/86 055/86 Power Efficiency Improvement (English and French) 12/87 078/87 Uganda Energy Assessment (English) 07/83 4453-UG Status Report (English) 08/84 020/84 Institutional Review of the Energy Sector (English) 01/85 029/85 Energy Efficiency m Tobacco Cunng Industry (English) 02/86 049/86 Fuelwood/Forestry Feasibility Study (English) 03/86 053/86 Power System Efficiency Study (English) 12/88 092/88 Energy Efficiency Improvement m the Bnck and Tile Industry (English) 02/89 097/89 Tobacco Curing Pilot Project (English) 03/89 UNDP Termnal Report Energy Assessment (English) 12/96 193/96 Rural Electrification Strategy Study 09/99 221/99 Zaire Energy Assessment (English) 05/86 5837-ZR Zambia Energy Assessment (English) 01/83 4110-ZA Status Report (English) 08/85 039/85 Energy Sector Institutional Review (English) 11/86 060/86 Power Subsector Efficiency Study (English) 02/89 093/88 Energy Strategy Study (English) 02/89 094/88 Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 08/90 121/90 Zimbabwe Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3765-ZIM Power System Efficiency Study (English) 06/83 005/83 Status Report (English) 08/84 019/84 Power Sector Management Assistance Project (English) 04/85 034/85 Power Sector Management Institution Building (English) 09/89 -- Petroleum Management Assistance (English) 12/89 109/89 Charcoal Utilization Prefeasibilhty Study (English) 06/90 119/90 Integrated Energy Strategy Evaluation (English) 01/92 8768-ZIM Energy Efficiency Techlucal Assistance Project: Strategic Framework for a National Energy Efficiency Improvement Program (English) 04/94 -- Capacity Building for the National Energy Efficiency Improvement Programme (NEEIP) (English) 12/94 -- Region/Couintry Activity/Report Title Date Number Zimbabwe Rural Electrification Study 03/00 228/00 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC (EAP) Asia Regional Pacific Household and Rural Energy Seminar (English) 11/90 -- China County-Level Rural Energy Assessments (English) 05/89 101/89 Fuelwood Forestry Premvestment Study (English) 12/89 105/89 Strategic Options for Power Sector Reforn in China (English) 07/93 156/93 Energy Efficiency and Pollution Control in Township and Village Enterprises (TVE) Industry (English) 11/94 168/94 Energy for Rural Development m China: An Assessment Based on a Joint Chinese/ESMAP Study in Six Counties (English) 06/96 183/96 Improving the Technical Efficiency of Decentralized Power Companies 09/99 222/99 Fiji Energy Assessment (English) 06/83 4462-FIJ Indonesia Energy Assessment (English) 11/81 3543-I\D Status Report (English) 09/84 022/84 Power Generation Efficiency Study (English) 02/86 050/86 Energy Efficiency in the Brick, Tile and Lime Industries (English) 04/87 067/87 Diesel Generatmg Plant Efficiency Study (English) 12/88 095/88 Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 02/90 107/90 Biomass Gasifier Preinvestment Study Vols. I & II (English) 12/90 124/90 Prospects for Biomass Power Generation with Emphasis on Palm Oil, Sugar, Rubberwood and Plywood Residues (English) 11/94 167/94 Lao PDR Urban Electncity Demand Assessment Study (English) 03/93 154/93 Institutional Development for Off-Grid Electrification 06/99 215/99 Malaysia Sabah Power System Efficiency Study (English) 03/87 068/87 Gas Utilization Study (English) 09/91 9645-MA Mongolia Energy Efficiency m the Electricity and District Heatmg Sectors 10/01 247/01 Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar 03/02 254/02 Myanmar Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5416-BA Papua New Gumea Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3882-PNG Status Report (English) 07/83 006/83 Institutional Review m the Energy Sector (English) 10/84 023/84 Power Tariff Study (English) 10/84 024/84 Philippines Comrercial Potential for Power Production from Agricultural Residues (English) 12/93 157/93 Energy Conservation Study (English) 08/94 -- Strengthenig the Non-Conventional and Rural Energy Development Program in the Philippines. A Policy Framework and Action Plan 08/01 243/01 Solomon Islands Energy Assessment (English) 06/83 4404-SOL Energy Assessment (English) 01/92 979-SOL South Pacific Petroleum Transport m the South Pacific (English) 05/86 -- Thailand Energy Assessment (English) 09/85 5793-TH Rural Energy Issues and Options (English) 09/85 044/85 Accelerated Dissemination of Improved Stoves and Charcoal Kilns (English) 09/87 079/87 - 6 - Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Thailand Northeast Region Village Forestry and Woodfuels Preinvestment Study (English) 02/88 083/88 Impact of Lower Oil Pnces (English) 08/88 -- Coal Development and Utilization Study (English) 10/89 -- Tonga Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5498-TON Vanuatu Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5577-VA Vietnam Rural and Household Energy-Issues and Options (English) 01/94 161/94 Power Sector Reform and Restructunng in Vietnam. Final Report to the Steering Commuttee (English and Vietnamese) 09/95 174/95 Household Energy Techmcal Assistance: Improved Coal Briquetting and Commercialized Dissemination of Higher Efficiency Biomass and Coal Stoves (English) 01/96 178/96 Petroleum Fiscal Issues and Policies for Fluctuatmg Oil Prices In Vietnam 02/01 236/01 Western Samoa Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5497-WSO SOUTH ASIA (SAS) Bangladesh Energy Assessment (English) 10/82 3873-BD Priority Investment Program (English) 05/83 002/83 Status Report (English) 04/84 015/84 Power System Efficiency Study (English) 02/85 031/85 Small Scale Uses of Gas Prefeaslblhty Study (English) 12/88 -- Reducmg Enmssions from Baby-Taxis in Dhaka 01/02 253/02 India Opportumties for Commercialization of Nonconventional Energy Systems (English) 11/88 091/88 Maharashtra Bagasse Energy Efficiency Project (English) 07/90 120/90 Mim-Hydro Development on Irrgation Dams and Canal Drops Vols. I, II and III (English) 07/91 139/91 WindFarm Pre-Investment Study (English) 12/92 150/92 Power Sector Reform Seminar (English) 04/94 166/94 Environmental Issues m the Power Sector (English) 06/98 205/98 Environmental Issues m the Power Sector: Manual for Environmental Decision Making (English) 06/99 213/99 Household Energy Strategies for Urban India: The Case of Hyderabad 06/99 214/99 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation In the Power Sector. Case Studies From India 02/01 237/01 Nepal Energy Assessment (English) 08/83 4474-NEP Status Report (English) 01/85 028/84 Energy Efficiency & Fuel Substitution m Industries (English) 06/93 158/93 Pakistan Household Energy Assessment (English) 05/88 -- Assessment of Photovoltaic Programs, Applications, and Markets (English) 10/89 103/89 National Household Energy Survey and Strategy Formulation Study: Project Terminal Report (English) 03/94 -- Managing the Energy Transition (English) 10/94 -- Lightng Efficiency Improvement Program Phase 1: Commercial Buildings Five Year Plan (English) 10/94 -- Clean Fuels 10/01 246/01 Sri Lanka Energy Assessment (English) 05/82 3792-CE - 7 - Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Sri Lanka Power System Loss Reduction Study (English) 07/83 007/83 Status Report (English) 01/84 010/84 Industrial Energy Conservation Study (English) 03/86 054/86 EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA (ECA) Bulgaria Natural Gas Policies and Issues (English) 10/96 188/96 Central Asia and The Caucasus Cleaner Transport Fuels In Central Asia and the Caucasus 08/01 242/01 Central and Eastern Europe Power Sector Reform m Selected Countmes 07/97 196/97 Increasing the Efficiency of Heating Systems m Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (English and Russian) 08/00 234/00 The Future of Natural Gas m Eastern Europe (English) 08/92 149/92 Kazakhstan Natural Gas Investment Study, Volumes 1, 2 & 3 12/97 199/97 Kazakhstan & Kyrgyzstan Opportuinties for Renewable Energy Development 11/97 16855-KAZ Poland Energy Sector Restructunng Program Vols. I-V (English) 01/93 153/93 Natural Gas Upstream Policy (English and Polish) 08/98 206/98 Energy Sector Restructuring Program: Establishing the Energy Regulation Authority 10/98 208/98 Portugal Energy Assessment (English) 04/84 4824-PO Romama Natural Gas Development Strategy (English) 12/96 192/96 Sloverna Workshop on Private Participation in the Power Sector (English) 02/99 211/99 Turkey Energy Assessment (English) 03/83 3877-TU Energy and the Environment: Issues and Options Paper 04/00 229/00 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MNA) Arab Republic of Egypt Energy Assessment (English) 10/96 189/96 Energy Assessment (English and French) 03/84 4157-MOR Status Report (English and French) 01/86 048/86 Morocco Energy Sector Institutional Development Study (English and French) 07/95 173/95 Natural Gas Pricing Study (French) 10/98 209/98 Gas Development Plan Phase II (French) 02/99 210/99 Syria Energy Assessment (English) 05/86 5822-SYR Electric Power Efficiency Study (English) 09/88 089/88 Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Cement Sector (English) 04/89 099/89 Energy Efficiency Improvement m the Fertilizer Sector (English) 06/90 115/90 Tunisia Fuel Substtution (English and French) 03/90 -- Power Efficiency Study (English and French) 02/92 136/91 Energy Management Strategy in the Residential and Tertiary Sectors (English) 04/92 146/92 Renewable Energy Strategy Study, Volume I (French) 11/96 190A/96 Renewable Energy Strategy Study, Volume II (French) 11/96 190B/96 Yemen Energy Assessment (English) 12/84 4892-YAR Energy Investment Pnonties (English) 02/87 6376-YAR Household Energy Strategy Study Phase I (English) 03/91 126/91 Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (LAC) LAC Regional Regional Seminar on Electric Power System Loss Reduction in the Canbbean (English) 07/89 -- Elmunation of Lead m Gasoline m Latm Amenca and the Caribbean (English and Spanish) 04/97 194/97 Elinmnation of Lead m Gasoline m Latm Amenca and the Caribbean - Status Report (English and Spanish) 12/97 200/97 Harmomzation of Fuels Specifications in Latin America and the Caribbean (English and Spanish) 06/98 203/98 Bolivia Energy Assessment (English) 04/83 4213-BO National Energy Plan (English) 12/87 -- La Paz Private Power Techmcal Assistance (English) 11/90 111/90 Prefeasibility Evaluation Rural Electrification and Demand Assessment (English and Spanish) 04/91 129/91 National Energy Plan (Spanish) 08/91 131/91 Pnvate Power Generation and Transmussion (English) 01/92 137/91 Natural Gas Distribution. Econormcs and Regulation (English) 03/92 125/92 Natural Gas Sector Policies and Issues (English and Spanish) 12/93 164/93 Household Rural Energy Strategy (English and Spamsh) 01/94 162/94 Preparation of Capitalization of the Hydrocarbon Sector 12/96 191/96 Introducmg Competition into the Electricity Supply Industry m Developmg Countries: Lessons from Bolivia 08/00 233/00 Fmnal Report on Operational Activities Rural Energy and Energy Efficiency 08/00 235/00 Oil Industry Trainig for Indigenous People: The Bolivian Experience (English and Spamsh) 09/01 244/01 Brazil Energy Efficiency & Conservation: Strategic Partnership for Energy Efficiency m Brazil (English) 01/95 170/95 Hydro and Thermal Power Sector Study 09/97 197/97 Rural Electnfication with Renewable Energy Systems in the Northeast: A Premvestment Study 07/00 232/00 Chile Energy Sector Review (English) 08/88 7129-CH Colombia Energy Strategy Paper (English) 12/86 -- Power Sector Restructurmg (English) 11/94 169/94 Energy Efficiency Report for the Commercial and Public Sector (English) 06/96 184/96 Costa Rica Energy Assessment (English and Spanish) 01/84 4655-CR Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) 11/84 027/84 Forest Residues Utilization Study (English and Spamish) 02/90 108/90 Domnican Republic Energy Assessment (English) 05/91 8234-DO Ecuador Energy Assessment (Spamsh) 12/85 5865-EC Energy Strategy Phase I (Spanish) 07/88 -- Energy Strategy (English) 04/91 Pnvate Minmhydropower Development Study (English) 11/92 -- Energy Pricing Subsidies and Interfuel Substitution (English) 08/94 11798-EC Energy Pricing, Poverty and Social Mitigation (English) 08/94 12831-EC Guatemala Issues and Options in the Energy Sector (English) 09/93 121 60-GU Haiti Energy Assessment (English and French) 06/82 3672-HA Status Report (English and French) 08/85 041/85 Household Energy Strategy (English and French) 12/91 143/91 - 9 - Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Honduras Energy Assessment (English) 08/87 6476-HO Petroleum Supply Management (English) 03/91 128/91 Jamaica Energy Assessment (English) 04/85 5466-JM Petroleum Procurement, Refining, and Distribution Study (English) 11/86 061/86 Energy Efficiency Buildmg Code Phase I (English) 03/88 -- Energy Efficiency Standards and Labels Phase I (English) 03/88 -- Management Information System Phase I (English) 03/88 -- Charcoal Production Project (English) 09/88 090/88 FIDCO Sawmill Residues Utilization Study (English) 09/88 088/88 Energy Sector Strategy and Investment Planmng Study (English) 07/92 135/92 Mexico Improved Charcoal Production Within Forest Management for the State of Veracruz (English and Spanish) 08/91 138/91 Energy Efficiency Management Technical Assistance to the Comision Nacional para el Ahorro de Energia (CONAE) (English) 04/96 180/96 Energy Environmnent Review 05/01 241/01 Nicaragua Moderuzing the Fuelwood Sector m Managua and Le6n 12/01 252/01 Panama Power System Efficiency Study (English) 06/83 004/83 Paraguay Energy Assessment (English) 10/84 5145-PA Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) 09/85 -- Status Report (English and Spanish) 09/85 043/85 Peru Energy Assessment (English) 01/84 4677-PE Status Report (English) 08/85 040/85 Proposal for a Stove Dissemination Program in the Sierra (English and Spanish) 02/87 064/87 Energy Strategy (English and Spamsh) 12/90 -- Study of Energy Taxation and Liberalization of the Hydrocarbons Sector (English and Spanish) 120/93 159/93 Reform and Pnvatization in the Hydrocarbon Sector (English and Spanush) 07/99 216/99 Rural Electrification 02/01 238/01 Saint Lucia Energy Assessment (English) 09/84 5111-SLU St. Vmcent and the Grenadines Energy Assessment (English) 09/84 5103-STV Sub Andean Environmental and Social Regulation of Oil and Gas Operations in Sensitive Areas of the Sub-Andean Basin (English and Spanush) 07/99 217/99 Tnnidad and Tobago Energy Assessment (English) 12/85 5930-TR GLOBAL Energy End Use Efficiency: Research and Strategy (English) 11/89 Women and Energy--A Resource Guide The Intemational Network: Policies and Experience (English) 04/90 -- Guidelmes for Utility Customer Management and Meterng (English and Sparush) 07/91 -- Assessment of Personal Computer Models for Energy Planning in Developing Countries (English) 10/91 -- Long-Term Gas Contracts Prnciples and Applications (English) 02/93 152/93 - 10- Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Global Comparative Behavior of Furms Under Public and Private Ownership (English) 05/93 155/93 Development of Regional Electric Power Networks (English) 10/94 -- Roundtable on Energy Efficiency (English) 02/95 171/95 Assessing Pollution Abatement Policies with a Case Study of Ankara (English) 11/95 177/95 A Synopsis of the Third Annual Roundtable on Independent Power Projects: Rhetoric and Reality (English) 08/96 187/96 Rural Energy and Development Roundtable (English) 05/98 202/98 A Synopsis of the Second Roundtable on Energy Efficiency: Institutional and Fmancial Delivery Mechanisms (English) 09/98 207/98 The Effect of a Shadow Price on Carbon Emission m the Energy Portfolio of the World Bank. A Carbon Backcasting Exercise (English) 02/99 212/99 Increasing the Efficiency of Gas Distnbution Phase 1: Case Studies and Thematic Data Sheets 07/99 218/99 Global Energy Sector Reform in Developing Countries: A Scorecard 07/99 219/99 Global Lighting Services for the Poor Phase II: Text Marketmg of Small "Solar" Battenes for Rural Electrification Purposes 08/99 220/99 A Review of the Renewable Energy Activities of the UNDP/ World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme 1993 to 1998 11/99 223/99 Energy, Transportation and Environment: Policy Options for Environmental Improvement 12/99 224/99 Privatization, Competition and Regulation m the Bntish Electricity Industry, With Implications for Developing Countnes 02/00 226/00 Reducmg the Cost of Grid Extension for Rural Electnfication 02/00 227/00 Undeveloped Oil and Gas Fields in the Industnalizmg World 02/01 239/01 Best Practice Manual: Promoting Decentralized Electnfication Investment 10/01 248/01 Pen-Urban Electricity Consumers-A Forgotten but Important Group: What Can We Do to Electrify Them? 10/01 249/01 Village Power 2000: Empowering People and Transformung Markets 10/01 251/01 03/31/02 The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA Tel 1 202.458 2321 Fax 1 202.522.3018 Internet www esmap org Email. esmap@worldbank org LIU ~ ~ L A joint UNDP/World Bank Programme