98118 JUNE 2015 (Includes Djibouti and Yemen) Acknowledgments This report was prepared by a team led by Punam Chuhan-Pole and comprising Vijdan Korman, Mapi M. Buitano, and Beatrice A. Berman. Paul Breton, Kebede Feda, Daniel John Kirkwood, Yi-Kyoung Lee, Stephen Ling, Cedric Mousset, Waleed Haider Malik, Peter Pojarski, and Michaela Weber contributed to the report. Input was also received from Patricia Geli, Khadijah Shaikh, and Vivek Suri. The report was prepared under the general guidance of Francisco H. G. Ferreira. The Djibouti and Yemen section was prepared by Christina A. Wood under general guidance of Shanta Devarajan, Chief Economist, Middle East and North Africa Region. ii Contents 2014 CPIA Results for Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2014 CPIA Results for Djibouti and Yemen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 CPIA Africa: Compare your country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 CPIA MENA: Compare your country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Country Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Benin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Cabo Verde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Cameroon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Central African Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Chad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Comoros. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Congo, Democratic Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Congo, Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Djibouti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Eritrea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Gambia, The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 Guinea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Madagascar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Malawi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Mali. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Mauritania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Mozambique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Niger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Nigeria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 São Tomé and Príncipe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Senegal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 South Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Tanzania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Togo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Yemen, Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Appendix A: CPIA Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Appendix B: Country Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 Appendix C: Guide to CPIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 1 List of Figures Figure 1 Annual Consumption or Income Growth of the Bottom 40 Percent of the Population and CPIA Scores, IDA Countries, 2005–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Figure 2 Pace of Poverty Reduction and CPIA Scores, IDA Countries, 2005–11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Figure 3 Overall CPIA Scores of Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Figure 4 CPIA Score and Change in Score for Selected Countries, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Figure 5 Trend in CPIA Clusters for Sub-Saharan Africa, 2007–14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Figure 6 CPIA Scores by Clusters and Country Groups, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Figure 7 Evolution of Economic Management Cluster, by Group, Sub-Saharan Africa, 2007–14. . . 9 Figure 8 Fiscal Balance by Country Groups, Sub-Saharan Africa, 2007–14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Figure 9 Fiscal Policy Score by Country Groups, 2007–14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Figure 10 Evolution of Debt Policy Score, 2007–14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Figure 11 Cost to Import and Cost and Time to Export, Regional Comparison, 2008, 2013, and 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Figure 12 Number of Adults with Bank Accounts, 2011–14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Figure 13 Adults with Mobile Accounts, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Figure 14 GDP per Capita and the Percentage of Births Attended by a Skilled Health Professional. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Figure 15 Under-Five Mortality Rate, by Region, 1993 and 2013. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Figure 16 Maternal Mortality Rate, by Region, 1990 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Figure 17 Distribution of CPIA Scores for Environmental Sustainability, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Figure 18 Environment Scores and Democracy Index, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Figure 19 Cluster D Scores for Sub-Saharan Africa and Other Developing Regions . . . . . . . . . . 30 Figure 20 Cluster D Scores for Sub-Saharan Africa, by Country Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Figure 21 Change in Cluster D Score in 2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Figure 22 Overall CPIA Scores of MENA IDA Countries, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Figure 23 CPIA Cluster Scores for Djibouti and Yemen, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Figure 24 CPIA Scores for MENA by Cluster, 2005-2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Figure 25 CPIA Scores for Djibouti by Cluster, 2005-2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Figure 26 CPIA Scores for Yemen by Cluster, 2005-2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 List of Tables Table 1 Income Growth by Country and Population Groups, 2005–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Table 2 Change in the Economic Management Cluster Score, 2013–14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Table 3 CPIA Score on Equity of Public Resource Use by Country Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Table 4 Service Delivery Indicators in Selected Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Table 5 Changes in Cluster D Indicators, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2 2 0 1 4 C P I A R E S U LT S F O R A F R I C A 3 2014 CPIA RESULTS FOR AFRICA Summary u The overall quality of policies and institutions in countries in Sub-Saharan Africa was unchanged in 2014, but there was much variation in performance across countries. u More than half the countries in the region saw a change in their policy environment: 10 countries experienced an improvement in their overall Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) score, and an equal number saw a deterioration. u There were divergent trends across policy clusters. Economic management weakened on the back of continuing fiscal policy slippage, as the sharp drop in commodity prices underscored weaknesses in the fiscal framework of several of the region’s countries. u By contrast, there was some strengthening in the governance cluster, with nine countries showing improvements in scores, more than twice the number of countries with declines. The greatest progress in this cluster was in the quality of budgetary and financial management. u The average CPIA score for Sub-Saharan Africa’s non-fragile countries remained comparable to that of non-fragile countries elsewhere, while the region’s fragile countries saw a narrowing of the gap with fragile countries in other regions. Recent Trend and Analysis The CPIA Africa report describes the progress African countries are making on strengthening the quality of their policies and institutions. It presents CPIA scores for the 38 African countries that are eligible for support from the International Development Association (IDA), the concessional financing arm of the World Bank Group. CPIA scores reflect the quality of a country’s policy and institutional framework across 16 dimensions, grouped into four clusters: economic management (Cluster A), structural policies (Cluster B), policies for social inclusion and equity (Cluster C), and public sector management and institutions (Cluster D). The scores, which are on a scale of 1–6, with 6 being the highest, are computed by World Bank staff and are based on quantitative and qualitative information. The assessment also relies on the judgments of World Bank staff. CPIA scores are used in determining IDA’s allocation of resources to the poorest countries. Beginning in 2014, the CPIA Africa report includes coverage of two countries in the Middle East and North Africa region: Djibouti and the Republic of Yemen. CPIA Scores and the Twin Goals of Eliminating Poverty and Boosting Shared Prosperity The World Bank Group is committed to the twin goals of ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity within a framework of sustainable development. The first goal is essentially to reduce the share of global population living on less than $1.25 a day to less than 3 percent by 2030. Having achieved the MDG goal of halving poverty for the world, the new goal is to be more ambitious and eliminate poverty altogether. The focus of the second goal is to improve the pace of income growth of the bottom 40 percent 4 TABLE 1 Income Growth by Country and Population Groups, 2005–12 Average growth rate for the bottom Average growth rate Growth indicator 40 percent of population for the population SSA IDA countries Mean growth 1.8 2.1 Median growth 1.0 1.6 Non-SSA IDA countries Mean growth 5.5 3.1 Median growth 5.8 2.7 Source: World Bank, 2014. IDA = International Development Association; SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa. Notes: Data for the bottom 40 percent of population is for 12 SSA IDA countries and and 14 non-SSA IDA countries. of the population in each country. The emphasis of the second goal is on the inclusiveness of growth and the issue of equity. This goal reflects the recognition of widening inequality in living standards globally. Recent trends in consumption or income growth of the bottom 40 percent are not Annual Consumption or Income Growth of the FIGURE 1 encouraging in Sub-Saharan Africa. Evidence Bottom 40 Percent of the Population and CPIA The bottom Scores, IDA Countries, 2005–12 from recent household surveys for 12 Sub- 40% of the 15 population in Saharan African IDA borrowers suggests that BOL countries with the average income growth of the bottom better policies Average annual growth rate TZA 10 40 percent has been much lower than that of KHM tends to enjoy COG NPL TJK KGZ MDA VNM BTN a faster pace the total population during 2005–12 (table 1). 5 RWA NIC of income PAK LKA MOZ This pattern contrasts sharply with other IDA BGD HND UGA growth LAO MLI countries (data for 14 countries), where income 0 NGA ETH SEN TGO growth for the bottom 40 percent of the MWI MDG population is much higher than the national -5 2.5 3 3.5 4 average growth rate. Moreover, the median Average CPIA Score, 2005–12 growth rate enjoyed by the bottom 40 percent Sub-Saharan Africa Non-Sub-Saharan Africa is nearly six times higher in non-Sub-Saharan Fitted values Fitted values African countries than in Sub-Saharan Africa. Source: World Bank CPIA Database, 2014. Simple correlation analysis suggests that in Pace of Poverty Reduction and CPIA Scores, FIGURE 2 IDA Countries, 2005–11 countries with better policies, the bottom 40 5 Better quality of policies is percent of the population tends to enjoy a CIV STP also linked ZMB MDG Annual rate of poverty reduction COM faster pace of income growth, although the 0 TCD TGO ZAR TMP BDI LAO GMB NGA BEN SEN with faster MRT ETH SLE MWI MLI poverty correlation coefficients are modest, at 0.26 for CAF GNB HTI GIN CMR KEN BFA LBR NER LSO MOZ RWA LCA reduction Sub-Saharan African IDA countries and 0.28 -5 FSM DJI BGD UGA SDN COG PAK HND GHA CPV for the group of other IDA countries (figure NPL TZA YEM 1). Stronger quality of policies is also linked -10 PNG BOL KHM TJK with a faster pace of poverty reduction—as LKA KGZ VNM BTN measured by the poverty headcount—but, -15 MDV MDA again, the correlation is modest for Sub- 2.5 3 3.5 4 Saharan African IDA countries (figure 2); the Average CPIA score, 2005-11 Sub-Saharan Africa Non-Sub-Saharan Africa association between the quality of policies Fitted values Fitted values and reduction in poverty is stronger for IDA Source: PovcalNet, World Bank CPIA Database, 2014. countries in other regions. 5 2014 CPIA Results The average CPIA score for Sub-Saharan African countries was 3.2 in 2014, the same as for 2013. The range of scores for the 38 IDA countries in the region widened slightly, as Rwanda’s aggregate score climbed to 4.0 (figure 3). Other relatively high scorers were Cabo Verde (3.9), closely followed by Kenya, Senegal, and Tanzania, all with scores of 3.8. The low end of the score range was unchanged at 2, with South Sudan slipping to the bottom. Beneath the flat regional trend, FIGURE 3 Overall CPIA Scores of Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2014 there was much variation across The average African countries. More than half of Rwanda 4.0 CPIA score for the region’s countries saw a change Sub-Saharan Cabo Verde 3.9 African did Senegal 3.8 in their overall CPIA score, with the not change in Kenya 3.8 number of increases and decreases 2014. At 3.2 it Tanzania 3.8 evenly balanced. Among gainers, is the same as Uganda 3.7 for 2013. But Zimbabwe led all countries with a Burkina Faso 3.7 more than half Mozambique 3.6 large 0.4-point increase (figure 4). of the region’s Nigeria 3.5 The country’s CPIA score rose from countries saw a change in their Benin 3.5 2.3 to 2.7, underpinned by better overall CPIA Ethiopia 3.5 information on all dimensions of the score this year Zambia 3.4 Niger 3.4 CPIA, which resulted in a recalibration Mauritania 3.4 of the country’s assessment. Mali 3.4 Elsewhere, improvements were more Ghana 3.4 modest, with Burundi, Chad, Côte Lesotho 3.3 d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Sierra Leone 3.3 Burundi 3.3 Congo, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Malawi, Côte d’Ivoire 3.3 Mauritania, and Rwanda all seeing Malawi 3.2 a 0.1-point improvement in their Cameroon 3.2 overall CPIA score. For Côte d’Ivoire, SSA IDA Average 3.2 Gambia, The 3.1 this was the fourth consecutive year Madagascar 3.1 of a strengthening in the quality of Liberia 3.1 policies and institutions. Several other São Tomé and Príncipe 3.1 countries, such as Chad, Democratic Congo, Rep 3.0 Guinea 3.0 Republic of Congo, Mauritania, and Togo 3.0 Rwanda, have also seen steady Congo, Dem. Rep. 3.0 progress in their policy environment in Comoros 2.7 recent years. Chad 2.7 Zimbabwe 2.7 Ten countries experienced a Guinea-Bissau 2.5 deterioration in their overall quality of Central African Rep. 2.4 Sudan 2.4 policies and institutions. The sharpest South Sudan 2.0 decline was seen in Ghana, where the Eritrea 2.0 CPIA score fell by 0.3 point, on the Source: CPIA database. back of weakening macroeconomic management, declining financial and 6 business environment, slippage in building human resources, and decline in governance. CPIA Score and Change in Score for FIGURE 4 Selected Countries, 2014 Ghana’s CPIA score has steadily declined since Among 0.5 gainers, 2011, reflecting the marked deterioration in Below SSA average Above SSA average 0.4 ZMB Zimbabwe the country’s policy performance. The Gambia led all Change in Overall CPIA Score, 2013–2014 0.3 and Lesotho also saw substantial declines, countries with 0.2 a 0.4-point of 0.2 point, in aggregate scores in 2014. TCD ZAR MDG BDI MRT RWA increase. 0.1 ETI Declines were more limited (0.1 point) in 0.0 MWI CIV The sharpest decline was in several other countries: Burkina Faso, Central -0.1 SSD CAR COM NER NGA BFA KEN Ghana, where African Republic, Comoros, Kenya, Niger, -0.2 GMB LSO the CPIA score Nigeria, and South Sudan. -0.3 GHA fell by Falling behing Slipping 0.3 point -0.4 An overall steady CPIA score for the region 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 1.8 4.2 Overall CPIA Score, 2014 masked divergent trends across the four broad clusters. The economic management Source: CPIA database. Note: Resource-Rich countries are in red color. cluster declined to 3.3 from last year’s 3.4, while the governance cluster saw a rebound, with the cluster score climbing to 3.0 from 2.9 in 2013 (figure 5). The sharp, broad-based plunge in commodity prices in 2014 complicated economic management in several of the region’s countries and underscored weaknesses in the fiscal framework of these countries. Resource-rich countries— especially oil exporters such as Cameroon, Ghana, and Nigeria, but also mineral exporters such as Burkina Faso, Niger, and Zambia—were hard hit by the adverse terms-of-trade shock, as lower commodity prices depressed export earnings and reduced commodity-based fiscal revenues. Policy adjustment was particularly challenging in countries with depleted policy buffers. More than one- third of the countries, mostly commodity exporters, experienced a slippage in fiscal or monetary policy. Consequently, the overall quality of economic management posted a deterioration in 2014. By contrast, there was some strengthening in the governance cluster, with nearly one-fourth of countries posting gains in scores, more than twice the number of countries with declines. Within this cluster, the largest progress was in the quality of budgetary and financial management (six countries). Trend in CPIA Clusters for Sub-Saharan Africa, 2007–14 FIGURE 5 Even though 3.6 In the social inclusion and equity cluster, the overall CPIA score for weaker performance was observed in the 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 the region did 3.4 3.3 indicator of equity of public resource use. not change this year, there was CPIA Score 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 Countries that saw a decline in this indicator 3.2 change across 3.1 3.1 3.1 were either embroiled in conflict—for the underlying 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 clusters. example, Central African Republic, Guinea 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 The economic Bissau, Liberia, and South Sudan—or other management cluster crisis (for example, Ebola). Within this broad 2.8 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 declined to 3.3 cluster, five countries saw an improvement Cluster A: Economic management from last year’s Cluster B: Structural policies 3.4, while the in the environment indicator, but the cluster Cluster C: Policies for social inclusion and equity governance score remained constant at 3.2. The score Cluster D: Public sector management and institutions cluster climbed to 3.0 from 2.9 of the structural policies cluster was largely Source: CPIA database. in 2013 unchanged as well. 7 A comparison of IDA borrowers in Sub-Saharan Africa with those elsewhere shows a narrowing of the gap on the average overall CPIA score. This reflects a weakening in the overall CPIA score in the latter group. Although the regional average CPIA score for Sub-Saharan Africa remains below that of other IDA countries, this gap is largely explained by the performance of the region’s fragile countries. Sub-Saharan Africa has 17 of the 34 countries that are classified as being fragile (Appendix B). A comparison by country groups shows that the region’s fragile countries continue to lag fragile countries elsewhere (figure 6). The score gap between these two country groups narrowed in 2014, because of the deterioration in the score for fragile countries in other regions. At the same time, Sub-Saharan Africa’s non-fragile countries continued to post scores that were similar to those of non-fragile countries outside the region, although both sets of countries saw some pullback in overall scores. FIGURE 6 CPIA Scores by Clusters and Country Groups, 2014 A comparison 4.0 by country 3.4 3.4 3.4 groups shows 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.1 that the overall 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 CPIA score for 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.8 the region’s 2.5 fragile countries (green bar) 2.0 continues to lag fragile countries 1.5 elsewhere 1.0 Fragile Countries Fragile Countries Non-Fragile Countries Non-Fragile countries in SSA outside SSA in SSA outside SSA Countries Cluster A: Economic Management Cluster B: Structural Policies Overall CPIA Cluster C: Polices for Social Inclusion Cluster D: Public Sector Management and Institutions Source: CPIA database. 8 Analysis of CPIA Components CLUSTER A: ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT The quality of monetary and exchange rate, fiscal, and debt policies are covered under this cluster. Similar to last year, stresses in fiscal policy were evident across several countries. More than a fourth of the region’s countries (11) experienced a slippage in this policy area, including Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Kenya, Niger, and Nigeria (table 2). Within the economic management cluster, one area where countries are showing progress is in debt policy and management. Among countries with gains in this component are Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar, and Zambia. Overall, however, the regional score of cluster A declined to 3.3 from 3.4 in 2013, because of weaker fiscal policy performance. TABLE 2 Change in the Economic Management Cluster Score, 2013–14 Change in Monetary and Fiscal Policy Debt Policy score Exchange Rate Policy Increase Ethiopia, Sudan Mauritania, Rwanda, Zimbabwe Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Madagascar, Zambia, Zimbabwe Decrease Ghana, Lesotho, Zambia, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Gambia, Ghana Republic, Comoros, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kenya, Lesotho, Mali, Niger, Nigeria Source: CPIA database The quality of economic management varies sharply across country groups, with oil-rich countries (CPIA score 3.1) trailing both non-oil resource-rich countries (3.5) and non-resource-rich countries (3.3) (figure 7). This pattern has persisted since 2008, when oil-rich countries saw a sharp deterioration in their economic management performance. Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy Evolution of Economic Management Cluster, by Group, FIGURE 7 Sub-Saharan Africa, 2007–14 This component covers the quality of The quality 3.6 of economic 3.6 monetary and exchange rate policies in a management 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 coherent macroeconomic policy framework. 3.5 varies across 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 country The regional score for this policy area held 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 groups, steady at 3.5 in 2014. The recent evolution of 3.3 with oil-rich 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 monetary and exchange rate policy by country 3.2 countries behind non-oil groups shows that oil-rich countries perform 3.1 3.1 3.1 resource-rich relatively worse than non-oil resource-rich 3.0 countries countries and non-resource-rich countries. since 2008 2.9 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 In 2014, sharply lower commodity prices Oil-rich resource-rich countries Non-oil resource-rich countries Non-resource-rich countries reduced the export earnings of commodity Source: CPIA database. exporters and put pressure on the current 9 account balance and exchange rate. Sharp currency depreciations and substantial foreign reserve losses prompted adjustments in monetary and exchange rate policies in some of Sub-Saharan Africa’s oil exporters. For example, in Nigeria, the Central Bank raised the policy rate from 12 to 13 percent and devalued the naira by 8 percent in November 2014.1 The pass-through from the naira devaluation and the election-related stimulus added to price pressures in Nigeria. Many of the region’s oil exporters, including Cameroon, Chad, and the Republic of Congo, are part of the Central Africa Economic and Monetary Community and have a common currency (the CFA franc) that is pegged to the euro. The depreciation of the euro against the dollar translated into a depreciation of the CFA franc against the dollar. Elsewhere, Ghana continued to battle double-digit inflation, as the country struggled to contain its high twin deficits (on the current account and the fiscal balance). Although lower oil prices helped to reduce pressure on the current account of oil importers, the broad-based U.S. dollar appreciation, since mid-2014, put depreciation pressures on currencies in some oil-importing countries, such as the Zambian kwacha and Ugandan shilling, pushing up inflation in those countries. Overall, the region’s current account deficit widened to an estimated 3.3 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2014 Fiscal Policy This component assesses the stabilization and resource allocation aspects of fiscal policy. The evolution of fiscal outcomes over the past several years shows that fiscal deficits have widened recently, and have not recovered to pre-global financial crisis levels (2007–08), as fiscal policy has supported aggregate demand in the face of a generally weak global economic recovery (figure 8). Government spending has climbed from 22 percent of GDP in 2007 to 27 percent of GDP in 2014 on the back of ambitious public investment programs, large and often rising public sector wage bills, and higher spending on social sectors. In some cases, costly and inefficient fuel subsidies fueled spending pressures. At the same time, government revenue growth has been low, with the shares of revenue in GDP rising only 2 percentage points to 22 percent over this period. The tax base remains low in many countries. The expansionary fiscal stance has FIGURE 8 Fiscal Balance by Country Groups, Sub-Saharan Africa, 2007–14 reduced policy buffers, constraining Fiscal policy Median the capacity to support demand and has supported 4 stabilize output to offset adverse aggregate 3 demand shocks. Budgets in resource- demand in the face of 2 rich countries, especially oil exporters, weak global 1 are especially vulnerable to a decline economic recovery, which 0 in commodity prices. Consequently, is reflected in -1 the precipitous drop in oil and other widening fiscal -2 commodity prices in 2014 presented deficits -3 a particular challenge to policy -4 adjustment in many of these countries. -5 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 The evolution of the quality of fiscal Oil-rich resource-rich countries Non-oil resource-rich countries Non-resource-rich countries policy reflects the deterioration Source: World economic outlook (WEO), April, 2015. in fiscal positions. The CPIA score 1 Falling oil prices continued to put pressure on the naira, falling by more than 20 percent in February 2015. Subsequently, the Central Bank ended its managed float exchange rate regime, and the exchange rate is now set solely by the interbank market. 10 for fiscal policy shows a downward trend between 2011 and 2014, falling from 3.4 to Fiscal Policy Score by Country Groups, 2007–14 FIGURE 9 3.2, the lowest level in over eight years. The 3.5 3.5 The CPIA 3.5 score for fiscal declining trend is evident across all country 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 policy shows 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 groups, but especially sharp for oil-rich 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 a downward 3.2 countries (figure 9). The oil-rich countries 3.2 trend between 3.1 3.1 2011 and group also lags all other groups in the fiscal 3.0 2014, falling policy score. 2.9 from 3.4 to 3.2, the lowest Several countries faced challenges in 2.7 level in eight years implementing their budgets, and the quality 2.5 of fiscal policy deteriorated in 11 countries in 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2014. Declining commodity prices resulted in Oil-rich resource-rich countries Non-oil resource-rich countries Non-resource-rich countries revenue shortfalls from the extractive sector Source: CPIA database. in countries such as Burkina Faso (gold), Cameroon (oil), Mali (gold), and Nigeria (oil); in Nigeria, oil revenues fell short of what was programmed into budgets by 20 percent. In some countries, political and social instability weighed down economic growth and revenue performance. Revenue shocks prompted some countries, such as Cameroon, to lower fuel subsidies. In other countries, public capital spending took a hit. Windfall gains from commodities have supported infrastructure spending in energy, transportation, and irrigation systems. For example, capital spending increased by over 3 percentage points of GDP between 2009 and 2014 in the following resource-rich countries: Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Guinea, Liberia, Mauritania, Niger, and the Republic of Congo. Large and, in some cases, rising wage bills added to budgetary woes in several countries. For example, in Comoros, the higher wage bill stemming from the increase in teachers’ salaries in March 2014 and previously unbudgeted expenditures, including those related to the administration of elections and the electricity utility fuel purchase subsidy, added to budgetary difficulties. In the Central African Republic, tax revenues were 4.4 percent of GDP in 2014, which was not enough to cover salaries for civil servants, which are equivalent to 6.3 percent of GDP. In Kenya, fiscal pressure built up, emanating from the costs of rollout of devolution, increased security spending, infrastructure spending, and the rising wage bill (the wage bill rose from 6.5 percent in 2012/13 to 7.4 percent of GDP in 2013/14) at both levels of government. The increase in government spending outpaced the growth in revenue, widening the fiscal deficit to 6.2 percent in 2013/14. In Lesotho, the deterioration in the fiscal balance largely reflects an increase in the wage bill, which is one of the largest in the world, from 18.8 percent of GDP (in FY2012/13) to 20.7 percent of GDP (in FY2013/14). Public expenditures stand at over 60 percent of GDP, with recurrent expenditures representing almost three-quarters of the budget. The share of recurrent expenditures in GDP increased, mainly reflecting an increase in the compensation of employees. In Ethiopia, investment activities of public enterprises helped push the consolidated public sector primary deficit to 10 percent of GDP in 2013/14, compared with 4.6 percent of GDP in 2012/13. The government continued to finance part of the deficit by issuing direct advances from the central bank. A few countries, such as Mauritania, Rwanda, and Zimbabwe, registered improvements on the fiscal policy front. In Rwanda, fiscal policy was back on track in FY2013/14 after the aid shortfall in the previous year. The consolidated fiscal deficit narrowed in FY2013/14. Fiscal policy measures were aligned with the medium-term fiscal policy framework, which is focused on fiscal consolidation through increased revenue 11 mobilization and expenditure prioritization, with emphasis on infrastructure projects and social sector priorities. Tax revenues as a share of GDP increased by 0.8 percent to 14.8 percent in FY2013/14, supported by ongoing revenue administration measures. Debt Policy FIGURE 10 Evolution of Debt Policy Score, 2007–14 The score on 3.7 This component assesses the the debt policy appropriateness of a country’s debt component 3.5 management strategy for ensuring of the CPIA has improved 3.3 medium-term debt sustainability from 3.0 in and minimizing budgetary risks. 2006 to 3.3 3.1 in 2011, with Recent trends show that better debt non-oil resource 2.9 management has helped to keep rich countries debt burdens at modest levels and posting the 2.7 largest gains to strengthen debt sustainability in 2.5 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The score on the debt policy component Oil-rich resource-rich countries Non-oil resource-rich countries Non-resource-rich countries of the CPIA has steadily improved Source: CPIA database. from 3.0 in 2006 to 3.3 in 2011. The score has held steady since then. Disaggregating performance by country groups shows the largest gains for non-oil resource-rich countries (figure 10). Again, oil exporters post lower scores than other groups. In 2014, six countries observed gains in this component: Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. u Côte d’Ivoire has implemented a debt management strategy that has helped to contain the buildup of debt after the 2012 debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiatives. The medium-term debt strategy is implemented with a monitoring and evaluation mechanism to ensure the country objectives are on track. The Treasury prepares a yearly borrowing plan that is attached to the budget law and voted on by the National Assembly. The Debt Directorate provides debt service forecasts for the yearly budget preparation, and ensures that adequate debt recording systems are available to provide accurate and up-to-date data. Quarterly data on domestic and external debt are published within 45 days after the end of each quarter. In June 2014, the government adopted a new organic budget law, and an organic law adopting a transparency code for public financial management, thereby transposing to the national legal framework the West African Economic and Monetary Union directives on the new harmonized public financial management framework. u The improvement in Rwanda’s score was underpinned by a decline in the risk of debt distress to “low” in 2013. In late 2013 and 2014, Rwanda made further progress on the legal and governance structure of debt management. First, the legal framework was strengthened through the revision of the Organic Law on State Finances and Property in 2013. Second, a dedicated Debt Management Unit was created to coordinate the process of formulating and implementing a strategy aiming to raise the appropriate and required amount of funding at the lowest possible cost and risk over the medium to long run. The government started announcing the domestic borrowing plan for T-bonds, aiming at 12 reviving domestic bond issuances to facilitate the development of the capital market, as well as to fund infrastructure projects. u In the Democratic Republic of Congo, debt management, including the management of arrears, has improved, resulting in a substantial upgrade in the 2012 Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability rating of the country. In Tanzania, the government published the third medium-term debt strategy in December 2013. The authorities conduct a debt sustainability analysis (DSA) every two years and the DSA guides new borrowing, as evidenced in the budget, and is used for policy analysis. u In Zimbabwe, although the country has yet to resolve outstanding arears to external creditors, debt management was strengthened: the Back Office Procedure Manual and training of staff in the use of the Debt Management and Financial Analysis System (DMFAS) was undertaken; domestic debt service recording and reporting commenced in DMFAS; a comprehensive debt bulletin with debt statistics was produced in 2014 and expected to be published in 2015; and in June 2014, the Cabinet approved the Public Debt Management Bill, which is expected to provide the Ministry of Finance with a stronger and more effective mandate to plan, negotiate, and monitor external borrowing operations and bolster the institutional role of the Debt Management Office, while strengthening the quality of public debt management in Zimbabwe. In a few countries, debt burden indicators were sharply higher, indicating sustainability concerns. For instance, in Ghana, the public debt reached an estimated 70 percent of GDP by end 2014. A major feature of the public debt is its relatively short-term nature and high-interest cost to the government. The most recent DSA of external public debt indicators for Ghana shows a high risk of public external debt distress. In Gambia, public sector domestic debt has grown substantially in recent years, nearly doubling to 97 percent of GDP between 2007 and 2014. This upward trend was more marked in 2014, undermining macroeconomic stabilization. The government’s increased reliance on domestic borrowing has contributed to the rise in interest rates over the past two years. And, with about 85 percent of public domestic debt held in short-term maturities, rollover and interest rate risks are sharply elevated. Debt servicing costs have risen, putting further pressure on fiscal coffers. 13 CLUSTER B: STRUCTURAL POLICIES Cluster B covers policies affecting trade, the financial sector, and the business environment. The regional average score for Cluster B was stable at 3.2. Trade The trade component assesses a country’s trade policy regime and trade facilitation. CPIA scores for trade in Sub-Saharan Africa showed remarkably little change in 2014 compared with 2013, and remained at a score of 3.7. This flat trend means that Africa has not closed the gap on trade policy scores with other regions, such as East Asia. As a result of less restrictive trade policies and more effective trade facilitation, countries in East Asia remain better positioned than those in Sub-Saharan Africa, on average, to leverage trade to support growth and poverty reduction. Indeed, Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest costs to export and import of any developing region (figure 11). The average CPIA score on trade for Africa reflects the large number of fragile states on the continent. As was noted in last year’s report, excluding fragile countries moves the average regional score for trade much closer to the average for other developing regions. The average score for fragile states is substantially lower, 3.4 compared with 3.9 for the region’s non-fragile countries. An area of particular weakness for fragile states in Africa is trade facilitation. Hence, the challenge on trade in Africa relates primarily to the fragile states, which is of particular importance, since the majority of the extreme poor (those living on less than $1.25 per day) in the world live in fragile states. FIGURE 11 Cost to Import and Cost and Time to Export, Regional Comparison, 2008, 2013, and 2014 On average, Sub-Saharan Cost to export ($ per container) Cost to import ($ per container) Africa has the 2,300 3,500 highest costs 2,100 3,000 to export and Cost to export ($ per container) 1,900 Cost to import per container import of any 2,500 1,700 developing 2,000 1,500 region 1,300 1,500 1,100 1,000 900 500 700 500 0 East Asia and Middle East and Latin America and South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia and Middle East and Latin America and South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Paci c North Africa Caribbean Paci c North Africa Caribbean 2008 2013 2014 2008 2013 2014 Source: CPIA database. There is an opportunity for the fragile states in Africa to improve performance on trade, especially trade facilitation, and catch up to other countries in Africa. There is scope for peer-to-peer learning on issues such as improving performance standards in agencies at the border, reducing clearance times, increasing the transparency of trade procedures, addressing corruption, applying risk management more widely to reduce physical inspection rates, and allowing electronic submission of customs declarations and other documentary requirements. Countries wishing to make progress on these issues can organize efforts in the context of the World Trade Organization Trade Facilitation Agreement, which provides a coherent framework for identifying trade facilitation improvements and leveraging Aid for Trade resources to support implementation. 14 Several countries in the region have made good progress on trade policy and trade facilitation over the years. u Democratic Republic of Congo (score 3.5) has simplified customs and other taxes, reduced non-tariff barriers at major land borders, and adhered to regional agreements, which are all good moves. In addition, the country has implemented several measures to facilitate trade, including the one-stop- shop, Sydonia Software (Automated SYstem for CUstoms DAta ASYCUDA ), and improvements at border crossings. u Côte d’Ivoire (score 4.0) has implemented several improvements in customs administration procedures, which improved the country’s Trade Logistics Index ranking from 109th in 2010 to 79th in 2014. The government made efforts to harmonize and facilitate customs and trade procedures. The scanners at the port have helped to ensure smoothness in the customs administration procedures. In addition, the government introduced a simplified procedure for anticipated clearance, and a computer-based system to enable freight forwarders to process their clearance electronically. u Rwanda (score 4.5) has made considerable progress in reducing trade restrictiveness by reducing non-tariff barriers, increasing the number of bilateral agreements signed, being active in regional and multilateral forums, and reforming the competition regulations in the logistics services sectors. In recent years, various trade facilitation efforts have been captured through a mix of good performance in trade facilitation indexes and indicators and progress on important short-, mid-, and long-term reforms. Time to import was reduced from 31 days (Doing Business 2014) to 27 days (Doing Business 2015). Time to export was reduced from 47 to 26 days in the same period. The launch of the trilateral initiative between Rwanda, Kenya, and Uganda will facilitate the movement of goods from Mombasa Port. Major reforms were made in the simplification of procedures and processes; reduction of documents; implementation of risk management; automation, including the introduction of the ASYCUDA World Electronic Single Window (ESW); improvements in coordinated border management; and reduction in corruption. Rwanda is considered an example of regional best practice in the area of trade facilitation. Rwanda’s ranking in the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) improved from 139th in 2012 to 80th in 2014. In 2014, Rwanda also made trading across borders easier by introducing an electronic single-window system at the border. Financial Sector The financial sector component measures policies and regulations that affect financial stability, efficiency, and access. The average score for the region remained stable, well below that of other regions. The score for the financial sector remained at 2.9 in 2014 (same as in 2013). Country ratings were broadly stable, with some positive exceptions related to improved access to finance; a couple of countries faced minor pullback within categories, including on stability. Financial markets in Sub-Saharan Africa’s IDA borrowers remained broadly stable. A couple of countries faced increased risks caused by weaknesses in international markets, but most countries remained fairly isolated from global trends, as the countries are not fully interconnected. Some exceptions included countries that have issued sovereign bonds in international markets in recent years while facing internal macro pressures. Overall, the region’s financial systems have high headline capital adequacy ratios and liquidity buffers; nonperforming loan ratios remain high in many countries. Efforts to improve financial regulatory and supervisory regimes continue, particularly through improved compliance with international standards. Further efforts are needed to ensure increased resilience as risks evolve, including an increased presence 15 of cross-border institutions within Africa. Incipient efforts in a few countries to strengthen bank resolution and crisis management frameworks should be accelerated to ensure readiness to handle weaknesses that may emerge in financial systems. Access to finance remained low across FIGURE 12 Number of Adults with Bank Accounts, 2011–14 (%) countries in Africa, but improved Financial Number of Adults with accounts (%) steadily to reach over a third of the inclusion continues to adult population in 2014. Some East Asia & Paci c 69 improve in 55 countries saw marked improvements Sub-Saharan Europe & Central Asia 51 (Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Africa but the 43 deep disparities Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Latin America & Caribbean 51 among 39 and Uganda), while others continued developing South Asia 45 their upward trends from previous regions persists 32 years (Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and Sub-Saharan Africa 29 Rwanda), which could lead to further 24 growth in access in the next few years. Middle East 14 11 4 These improvements emerged as a 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 result of several reforms in the region 2014 2011 leveraging on branchless banking Source: Global Findex (Global Financial Inclusion Database), World Bank, 2015. (mobile money, agency banking), in addition to increases in branch networks, e-government, and enhancements in procurement systems by the government (as was the case in Mozambique), as well as improvements in credit infrastructure and reforms of payments systems. Financial inclusion continued to improve, as highlighted by the Findex results: 29 percent of adults had an account at a financial institution in 2014 compared with 24 percent in 2011 (figure 12); 12 percent of adults had a mobile money account in 2014)2. There are also enormous disparities among developing regions, where account penetration ranges from 14 percent in the Middle East to 69 percent in East Asia and the Pacific. Sub-Saharan Africa is an exception in the global picture for mobile banking. Almost a third of account holders in the region—or 12 percent of all adults—reported having a mobile money account (figure 13). Within this group, about half reported having a mobile money account and an account at a financial institution, and half reported having a mobile money account only. Mobile money accounts are especially widespread in East Africa, where 20 percent of adults reported having a mobile money account and 10 percent a mobile money account only. But these figures mask wide variation within the subregion. Kenya has the highest share of adults with a mobile money account, at 58 percent, followed by Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda, with about 35 percent. In southern Africa, penetration of mobile money accounts is also relatively high, at 14 percent, but just 2 percent of adults reported having a mobile money account only. Notwithstanding these improvements, eight countries account for about 85 percent of total loans in Sub-Saharan Africa, while only a handful of countries have noticeable financial markets beyond lending (insurance, pensions, and capital markets), following the bank-centric model prevailing in the region. However, several reforms are in progress or getting started that are expected to deepen markets in Africa, including beyond lending. Importantly, efforts are increasing across countries to improve financial literacy and consumer protection, which are also expected to improve the functioning of financial markets. 2 It shows the percentage of respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else). For 2011, this can be an account at a bank or another type of financial institution, and for 2014 this can be a mobile account as well. 16 Since most financial systems are shallow and a large share of them focuses primarily Adults with Mobile Accounts, 2014* FIGURE 13 on financing governments (via loans or (% as a percent of those with accounts) Sub-Saharan 0.4 Africa has the investment in government bonds), small- and 0.3 world’s largest medium-size enterprises (SMEs) are typically 0.7 number East Asia & Paci c left out. Some countries have managed to of people 1.7 Sub-Saharan Africa using mobile improve access to financial services to SMEs banking. South Asia (notably Kenya, through provision of a wider Almost a third 2.6 11.5 Latin America & Caribbean of account set of products), including through incipient holders in the venture capital efforts in a few countries. Yet, Europe & Central Asia region—or the potential for improving access to this Middle East and North Africa 12 percent of all adults— segment is large and encouraging reform reported efforts toward this agenda should having a be accelerated. Source: Global Findex (Global Financial Inclusion Database), World Bank, 2015. mobile money * This shows the percentage of respondents who report personally using a mobile phone to pay bills or to send or receive money through a GSM Association (GSMA) Mobile Money for the account Unbanked (MMU) service in the past 12 months; or receiving wages, government transfers, or In general, banks reported strong profits, payments for agricultural products through a mobile phone in the past 12 months (% age 15+). partly as a result of competitive power, but largely driven by the need to compensate for huge operating costs. Spreads remain the focus of attention for several governments that want to ensure broader access at more affordable rates. Some governments have introduced interest rate ceilings to this end in recent years, while others have managed to avoid pressures from various segments of the population to set these ceilings by putting in place reform packages to address the root cause of high rates, namely, operating costs, high information costs, nonperforming loans, and competition issues. Overall, financial systems in Africa need to continue to reform and improve going forward. Strong attention is needed to ensure that fiscal distortions do not delay these efforts, on stability and access grounds, and that emerging risks are effectively identified and managed. Business Regulatory Environment The business regulatory environment component of the CPIA assesses the extent to which the legal, regulatory, and policy environment helps or hinders private business in investing, creating jobs, and becoming more productive. The three subcomponents measured are (a) regulations affecting entry, exit, and competition; (b) regulations of ongoing business operations; and (c) regulations of factor markets (labor and land). The regional average score for the business regulatory environment in 2014 was unchanged at 3.1, reflecting little movement in the rating for most countries in Sub-Saharan African. Three countries recorded a decrease in score for business regulatory environment: Ghana (4.5 to 4.0), Lesotho (3.5 to 3.0), and South Sudan (2.5 to 2.0), and two countries registered an improvement: Guinea (2.5 to 3.0), and Malawi (2.5 to 3.0). The scores for the business regulatory environment for Central African Republic, Eritrea, South Sudan, and Zimbabwe remained low at 2.0 and below. Ghana, Rwanda, Senegal, and Uganda were at the top of the region’s score range, with scores at or above 4.0. In 2014, several countries in the region again made strides in reforming regulations. In overall doing business reforms, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) accounted for the largest number of regulatory reforms in 2013/14, with 39 countries reducing the complexity and cost of regulatory processes and 36 17 strengthening legal institutions. Six countries in SSA were among the 21 economies with at least three reforms making it easier to do business in 2013/14. Among those 21 economies, five countries in SSA stand out as having improved the most in performance on the Doing Business indicators: Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Senegal, and Togo. For the vast majority of countries in SSA, the stagnant scores in 2014 reflect that (a) many top 2014 Doing Business reformers started from a very low base; (b) the lack of reforms on companies’ exit (insolvency) as well as lack of land reforms resulted in low rankings in these indicators; (c) the distance to the frontier in many Doing Business indicators is still high; and (d) in some cases, the reforms were not implemented yet, as in Malawi and Mozambique. Many impactful Doing Business reforms were achieved in trade facilitation reforms, which are measured in the average CPIA trade score. All five Sub-Saharan African countries within the 10 top Doing Business improvers (Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Senegal, and Togo) carried out reforms making it easier to start a business, while three countries implemented reforms making it easier to obtain credit. Some of these changes were inspired by transnational initiatives. Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Senegal, and Togo, as OHADA (Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires) member economies, reduced the paid-in minimal capital requirement, which is the amount of capital an entrepreneur needs to deposit in a bank account or with a notary before or within 3 months of incorporation. Côte d’Ivoire and Senegal also took measures within the framework of the West African Economic and Monetary Union. Both adopted the Uniform Law on the Regulation of Credit Information Bureaus ahead of other member states, providing a legal framework to establish credit information bureaus. Furthermore, Côte d’Ivoire, Senegal, and Togo reformed property registration. For the fragile countries, the average business regulatory environment score is 2.7. As noted above, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Togo undertook at least four Doing Business reforms. Burundi, Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Mali, and Sierra Leone score above 3.3, reflecting reforms in recent and previous Doing Business cycles. As an example, in 2014 Mali undertook reforms in dealing with construction permits and protecting minority shareholders by introducing greater requirements for disclosure of related-party transactions to the board of directors. Shareholders can now inspect the documents pertaining to related-partly transactions and appoint auditors to conduct an inspection of such transactions. Mali moved up seven places in rank for the latter indicator. However, countries such as the Central African Republic and Chad have not reformed well and still occupy the last places in the global Doing Business rankings. The Central African Republic just reemerged from a civil conflict and needs to tackle many reforms to empower its enterprises to take on the risks of investment and employment. As reforms are often cross-cutting, they require the involvement of several ministries, parliament, and representatives from the private sector and, often, professional associations, academia, and civil society. Undertaking successful business regulatory environment reforms therefore requires not only strong champions, but also focused coordination, sequencing, and selectivity. Navigating reforms through interactive processes, engaging with stakeholders, building consensus, and maintaining the reform momentum are the key factors. As an example, Mozambique is engaged in a fruitful dialogue with the private sector; in 2014, the country completed several important reforms. 18 CLUSTER C: SOCIAL INCLUSION AND EQUITY This cluster covers policy areas such as gender equality, equity of public resource use, human development, social protection, and environmental sustainability. The regional score for Cluster C held steady at 3.2 in 2014. Gender Equality The gender equality component assesses the extent to which a country has enacted and put in place institutions and programs to enforce laws and policies that promote equal access for men and women to human capital development and productive and economic resources, and which give men and women equal status and protection under the law. The average score for this category has remained at 3.2 since 2005, reflecting not only the large gender inequalities in Sub-Saharan Africa, but also the “sticky” nature of many gender issues. Most countries lag in the area of gender equality in human capital development. National indicators suggest that there are also significant geographical differences in the magnitude of gender inequalities in urban and rural areas. Cabo Verde has consistently held the highest score (4.5) in Africa for some time. This high score reflects the country’s relatively low gender disparities, especially among human capital indicators, the gender equality promoted by its laws and policies, and the mechanisms to enforce these laws. There are six countries with an average score of 4.0: Burundi, Ghana, Lesotho, Mauritania, Rwanda, and Zimbabwe, which increased its score from 3.0 last year. One of the main factors behind Zimbabwe’s improved score is the adoption of the new Constitution, which provides for the overall equality of men and women and gender balance at all levels of government, and states that “all laws, customs, traditions and cultural practices” must comply with the rights that the Constitution provides for women. Several countries—Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Guinea- Bissau, Niger, South Sudan, and Sudan—continue to show poor performance in extremely high rates of maternal mortality, a low percentage of births attended by skilled health staff, low contraceptive prevalence, high adolescent fertility, and large gender disparities in secondary school enrollment. These factors have kept these countries’ CPIA scores on gender equality low. Overall, resource-rich countries appear to lag behind non-resource-rich countries in their performance, with an average score of 3.1 for the former compared with 3.4 for the latter. This relatively poor performance appears to be largely driven by greater gender inequalities in human capital development. This situation persists despite the fact that the median per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of the resource-rich countries is noticeably larger than that of the non-resource-rich countries. Human capital development The region is lagging on targets to achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) for maternal mortality. Modeled data for 2013 suggest that developing countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have an average maternal mortality ratio of 510 deaths per 100,000 live births, which is much higher than the average for developing countries in East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) (75), Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) (87), and the Middle East and North Africa (MNA) (78). The attendance of a skilled health professional at birth is thought to be one of the most important interventions for reducing maternal mortality. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the link between income and attendance by a skilled health professional is weak (figure 14), underscoring the importance of public policy in this area. Between 2000 and 2010, Rwanda was able to increase the percentage of births attended by a skilled health professional from 31 to 69 percent. Over the same period, its maternal mortality 19 ratio was cut from 1,100 to 480 deaths FIGURE 14 GDP per Capita and the Percentage of Births Attended by a Skilled Health Professional* per 100,000 live births. In recent years, In Sub-Saharan Rwanda has successfully employed a Africa, the 120 link between results-based financing approach to % of births attended by health staff income and 100 accelerate improvements in skilled attendance by a skilled health birth attendance, as well as in a range 80 professional of other indicators of health care is weak, 60 quality and outcomes. In education, underscoring the importance 40 despite progress in narrowing of public policy gender disparities at the primary and 20 secondary levels, gender gaps remain 0 large in some countries. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 GDP per capita,2005 US$ Access to productive and Resource-rich countries Non-resource-rich countries Fitted line in Sub-Saharan Africa in Sub-Saharan Africa economic Resources Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank. Agriculture is critical to the livelihoods * This value is the percentage attended by skilled health staff. This includes doctors, nurses, midwives, and auxiliary nurses/midwives. of the poorest people in Sub-Saharan Africa, yet the productivity of female farmers is hampered by their lower access to productive inputs. A recent study by the World Bank and the ONE Foundation3 found that this situation has led to large gender productivity gaps, ranging from 24 percent in Ethiopia to a staggering 66 percent in Niger. However, there is evidence on interventions that have helped. For example, in Rwanda a pilot land tenure regularization program improved secure access to land for married women, thus improving women farmers’ incentives to invest in their land. An impact evaluation of the program4 found that its impact on investments in soil conservation were twice as large for female- compared with male-headed households. Women tend to be concentrated in the informal sector, are more likely to work as unpaid family workers, and are less likely to work in technical and senior management positions. For example, in Tanzania, while the ratio of female to male labor force participation is close to parity, only 6 percent of women are engaged in formal employment, versus 15 percent of men. The contributing issues include women’s lower skills and education and restrictive social attitudes regarding women’s economic roles. Time poverty is also a factor: women tend to bear a disproportionate burden of household chores, which significantly reduces their ability to engage in income-generating activities, especially those outside the family home. Nonetheless, some countries have made significant progress: between 2000 and 2011, Mauritania increased the ratio of female to male labor force participation from 29.6 to 36.2 percent. Equality of status and protection under the law Agency is important because it is the process through which women and men can convert their endowments into economic and other opportunities and, ultimately, the outcomes that they desire. Critically, there does not appear to be a strong association between women’s agency and a country’s income level, suggesting that economic development alone will not be enough to bring progress. 3 World Bank/One Foundation (2014), “Levelling the Field: Improving Opportunities for Women Farmers in Africa,” http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/ en/2014/01/19243625/levelling-field-improving-opportunities-women-farmers-africa. 4 D. A. Ali, K. Deininger, and M. Goldstein, 2014, “Environmental and Gender Impacts of Land Tenure Regularization in Africa: Pilot Evidence from Rwanda,” Journal of Development Economics 110: 262–75. 20 Over recent years, Sub-Saharan Africa has improved its performance with regard to the proportion of parliamentary seats that are held by women, with the average across the region increasing from 11.6 percent in 2000 to 22.1 percent in 2014. This proportion is largely in line with the world average and is significantly higher than developing countries in MNA (16.8 percent) and ECA (18.1 percent). Rwanda has the highest proportion of seats held by women of any country in the world—almost 64 percent in 2014. This has partly been achieved with the inclusion of a 30 percent female Member of Parliament quota in the national Constitution. Some statutory legal discrimination, especially against women as wives, still exists in constitutions in some countries and in statutes governing marital property, inheritance, land, and labor. However, over recent years, many countries in the region have made notable progress.5 Despite progress, women’s ability to take advantage of their statutory legal rights is often complicated by several factors, including: (a) the influence of customary law, which is often discriminatory against women; (b) a lack of capacity or willingness of implementing agencies to enforce certain gender equality provisions, especially in the areas of gender-based violence; and (c) women’s relative lack of human and financial capital, which prevents them from knowing their rights and effectively defending them. Legal protection for women tends to be insufficient in the area of gender-based violence (GBV). This issue is especially serious in conflict and post-conflict areas, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, where violators are often able to act with relative impunity. Despite some progress in addressing this issue, high rates of GBV continue to persist across many countries in the region. Various GBV acts are often not covered by specific laws and, where laws do exist, these are often not effectively enforced. In Sierra Leone, for example, data suggest that despite recent legislative efforts, only 20 of every 1,000 cases of GBV result in prosecution. Equity in the Use of Public Resources The equity in the use of public resources component of the CPIA assesses the extent to which the pattern of public expenditures and revenue collection affects the poor and is consistent with national poverty reduction priorities. Organized into three dimensions, the component provides snapshots of available poverty measurement tools and monitoring systems, government priorities and strategies, and revenue collection. The average score for the overall category was unchanged at 3.3 in 2014, with few countries recording changes. For the overall score, four countries—Central African Republic, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, and South Sudan— recorded negative changes by half a point, while the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zimbabwe recorded positive changes. The continued slippage in the score for the Central African Republic reflects the findings of a recent public expenditure review, which showed that priority sector spending receives a disproportionately small share of the budget. In addition, a lack of resources adversely impacted the country’s budget implementation in 2014. The Central African Republic and South Sudan experienced conflict that might have contributed to the reduction in the 2014 scores, similar to Liberia, which experienced the Ebola outbreak in 2014. The positive change in the Democratic Republic of Congo reflects continuous improvements in measurement, data availability, and informed actions aligned with poverty reduction objectives, while the gain in Zimbabwe reflects the increase in progressive personal and corporate tax revenues and the decline in absolute amounts and as a share of GDP of value-added tax (VAT) revenues, which tend to be regressive. 5 The 2014 International Finance Corporation, “Women, Business and the Law,” found that over the past two years, two of the countries that have made the most reforms related to women’s economic inclusion were from Sub-Saharan Africa: Côte d’Ivoire and Mali. 21 TABLE 3 CPIA Score on Equity of Public Resource Use by Country Groups Overall, more than one-quarter of African countries have scores in the Country group Average score range of 4 to 4.5. Rwanda had the Agricultural exporters 3.4 highest score of 4.5, while about eight other countries, including Non-oil resource-rich countries 3.5 Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Ethiopia, Oil-rich resource-rich countries 2.8 Kenya, and Uganda, had a score of Others 3.1 4.0. In Rwanda, public expenditures (including subnational spending Source: CPIA database. allocations) are well-aligned with poverty reduction priorities. In Burkina Faso, the share of the budget devoted to poverty-reducing social expenditures increased between 2012 and 2014. In Ethiopia, government spending is guided by the Growth and Transformation Plan: In 2014, 68 percent of government spending was on pro-poor sectors, which is among the highest in Africa. In Kenya, there is an increasing policy emphasis on social protection programs. Sub-Saharan Africa’s energy exporters have a low average score of 2.8 for this category of the CPIA, which is well below the regional average and the scores of other country groups (table 3). Building Human Resources The human development component assesses the quality of national policies and public and private sector delivery in health and education. The human development CPIA score for Sub-Saharan Africa remained unchanged in 2014 at 3.5. The gap between resource-rich countries (score 3.3) and non- resource-rich (score 3.7) countries remained substantial, as did that between fragile countries (score 3.2) and non-fragile countries (score 3.5). Overall, there was little improvement in the health component of the CPIA. Several countries (Comoros, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Madagascar, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sudan, and Zimbabwe) saw strengthening in health areas. But the Ebola-affected countries, such as Liberia and Sierra Leone, saw an erosion of recent efforts (box 1). Understandably, many fragile and conflict-affected countries (for example, Central African Republic, Chad, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, and South Sudan) have low performance in the health component mainly because of limited coverage of essential services, weak governance, inadequate health financing, and limited quality data to track progress. However, those countries that have embarked on health sector reforms focusing on accountability and results are seeing a strengthening of scores (for example, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, and Zimbabwe). The status of health in Sub-Saharan Africa has significantly improved over the past two decades, but the region is still short of reaching the health-related MDGs. The under-five morality rate dropped 48 percent, from 179 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 92 in 20136 and the maternal mortality ratio also halved from 990 deaths per 100,000 live births to 510 during the same period (World Health Organization, World Health Statistics, 2014)7. However, SSA still accounts for about 50 percent of under-five deaths and 62 percent of maternal deaths globally. According to a recent report,8 Sub-Saharan Africa houses “13 of the 20 countries with the highest prevalence of stunted children, 17 of the 20 countries with the highest 6 Levels & Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2014. http://www.data.unicef.org/fckimages/uploads/1410869227_Child_Mortality_Report_2014.pdf 7 Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2013 Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, The World Bank and the United Nations Population Division; http://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/112682/2/9789241507226_eng.pdf?ua=1http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112682/2/9789241507226_eng.pdf?ua=1 8 The Africa HNP Strategy: Customized Solutions for Sustainable Results; DRAFT #4; March 25, 2014. World Bank. 22 Although the health systems in the effected countries, constrained from years of conflict, were showing signs BOX 1 of recovery before the Ebola outbreak, as evidenced by increased access to and utilization of health services, The ebola the stress of the Ebola virus disease (EVD) response on the already weak health system, along with the fear epidemic greatly strained of EVD, have magnified the impact of the epidemic and eroded earlier gains. After years of conflicts in Sierra already weak Leone and Liberia, the health sector lacked critical structures and resources for health systems development: health systems these countries had insufficient qualified health workers, most prominently in rural areas. Many facilities, including referral hospitals, were inadequately equipped and had no electricity or running water, and there were few laboratories, mainly concentrated in cities. Health information, disease surveillance, logistics, and supply systems were also weak. In addition, they relied heavily on external sources of funding and out-of- pocket payments were high and regressive. As a result, health care personnel paid a heavy toll: a total of 822 confirmed health worker infections and 488 deaths were reported in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, caused by weak infection prevention and control systems and emergency preparedness capacity (WHO, February 2015). In addition, resources from other programs and routine care were redeployed to the Ebola response, contributing to the decline in the provision of essential services at the height of the outbreak. For example, health facility data in Sierra Leone demonstrated a reduction in the number of people accessing services in the second half of 2014. In response, the Government of Sierra Leone initiated a consultative process to plan for the recovery and resilience of the health system to be better prepared to respond to future outbreaks and other emergencies. Source: World Health Organization, Ebola Situation Report, 4 February 2015. fertility rates, and 19 of the 20 countries with the lowest life expectancy at birth,” (figures 15 and 16), although the economies in Sub-Saharan Africa have grown faster than those in other regions, largely thanks to extractive industries and beneficial commodity prices. Health outcomes are especially poor in fragile and conflict-affected countries. There is a huge variation in health outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa and within countries in the region. More than one in ten children born in Angola (167/1,000 live births), Sierra Leone (161), Chad (148), Somalia (146), Central African Republic (139), Guinea-Bissau (124), Mali (123), the Democratic Republic of Congo (119), Nigeria (117), Niger (104), and Guinea (101) would die before their fifth birthday. Children born in Seychelles (14), Mauritius (14), and Cabo Verde (26), by contrast, have a much higher chance of survival, comparable to developed regions. Maternal mortality also varies considerably, from less than 100 deaths per 100,000 live births (Cabo Verde [5], Seychelles [57], and Mauritius [73]), to more than 800 deaths per 100,000 live births in Sierra Leone (1,100), Chad (980), Central African Republic (880), and Somalia (850). Within countries, the poor fare worse on health outcomes compared with the wealthy: a child born to a family in the poorest quintile in Sub-Saharan Africa is almost twice more likely to die before age one and three times more likely to suffer from severe stunting than a child born in a wealthy family. The challenges in HNP outcomes are partly caused by limited coverage of evidence-based, high- impact health, nutrition, and population services. On average, the contraceptive prevalence rate is only 24 percent, with high unmet need of contraception in many countries (for example, Benin, Burundi, Comoros, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Liberia, Mauritania, São Tomé and Príncipe, Togo, and Uganda). And only about half of deliveries are attended by skilled health care providers in Sub-Saharan Africa. Although immunization programs made marked progress, one-quarter of children are still not benefiting from immunization against, for example, measles and DPT. The immunization coverage is particularly low 23 in several countries, including FIGURE 15 Under-Five Mortality Rate, by Region, 1993 and 2013 Central African Republic, Chad, The under- and South Sudan. Similarly, five mortality 200 179 childhood illnesses are often rate dropped by 48% in not effectively managed: only 150 39 percent of children under Deaths per 1,000 live births Sub-Saharan Africa, from 126 age five with diarrhea received 179 deaths per 1,000 live 100 oral rehydration and continued 100 92 births in 1990 feeding, and 33 percent of to 92 in 2013 55 50 children with fever received 50 antimalarial drugs. A large inequity in the coverage of 0 essential services also exists. For Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia Developing regions example, a pregnant woman 1990 2013 MDG target for 2015 from a wealthy household is four times more likely to be attended FIGURE 16 Maternal Mortality Rate, by Region, 1990 and 2013 by a skilled health care provider The maternal during delivery than a woman mortality 1,000 990 from a poor household. Likewise, ratio in the continent a child from a wealthy family is Deaths per 1,000,000 live births also halved 750 two times more likely to be fully between 1990 and 2013, immunized than a child from a 510 530 poor household. from 990 deaths per 500 430 100,000 live Weak leadership, governance, and births to 510 250 190 230 management systems, as well as inefficient health financing systems, inadequate human 0 resources for health, and limited Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia Developing regions 1990 2013 MDG target for 2015 quality data to track progress continue to be key bottlenecks Source: Word Bank Development Indicators, 2014. World Bank. in delivering effective and Note: The data includes all SSA countries averages. efficient services. The importance placed on health, nutrition, and population in many countries’ policy and strategic documents, including health policy and health sector strategic plans, has not been matched with an adequate level of resources and action. Thus, many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are short of the necessary inputs to deliver quality service. The majority of IDA borrowers in the region have less than 1.0 skilled provider per 1,000 population. Evidence shows that the absenteeism rate is also high, and when providing services, many health care providers do not follow clinical guidelines or manage maternal and neonatal complications correctly (table 4). In addition, the availability of other inputs, such as infrastructure, equipment, and medicines and supplies, is grossly inadequate, further limiting the delivery of essential services. 24 TABLE 4 Service Delivery Indicators in Selected Countries Kenya Uganda Nigeria Tanzania Mozambique Togo (2013) (2013) (2014) (2014) (2014) (2014) Provider knowledge, ability, and efforts - Diagnostic accuracy (%) 72 58 43 60 58 49 - Adherence to clinical guidelines (%) 44 41 32 44 37 36 - Management of maternal and 45 19 20 31 30 26 neonatal complications (%) - Absence rate (%) 28 47 32 14 24 38 - Caseload per day (per clinician) 15.2 4.3 5.2 7.0 17.0 5.2 Availability of inputs - Infrastructure (%) 47 64 24 49 34 39 - Equipment (%) 78 22 22 85 80 93 - Drugs (%) 54 47 49 60 43 49 Source: Figures provided by Service Delivery Indicator team, Word Bank staff calculations, 2015. The inefficient health financing system is of particular concern. Limited public sector commitment has been replaced by large out-of-pocket (OOP) spending, low efficiency in resource utilization, and mismatch of resources with population needs. The shares of public expenditure and OOP spending in total expenditure on health are 44 percent and 35 percent, respectively, with large variation by country, Almost half of IDA-eligible countries rely heavily on external resources (for more than 30 percent of total health expenditure), which can lead to fragmentation, despite considerable efforts toward harmonization. In addition, a review of public expenditure reviews (and some country status reports) found substitution of public resources from health to other priorities as a response to external donor assistance, resulting in increased vulnerability of the budget to reductions in external assistance. The education sub-component focuses on development of a sector strategy, education management and information systems, learning assessments, teachers, education finance, and school based management. While these are not directly outcome indicators, they are inputs/policies to generate good performance on outcome indicators. Countries have made efforts to improve their outcomes and policies in terms of their learning outcomes, teacher trainings, collecting data and improving assessments. Although Sub- Saharan African countries have been making progress in primary education, large gaps are observed in primary completion rates between fragile and non-fragile countries: 65 percent and 74 percent, respectively, in 2013. On the other, hand, primary completion rates are very similar for resource-rich (70 percent) and non-resource-rich (71 percent) countries. The Ebola crisis disrupted schooling systems in the three most severely affected countries, jeopardizing progress (box 2). 25 BOX 2 Formal education for 1.8 million children (and their teachers) ended abruptly when all schools closed in July Impact of 2014 and did not reopen until April 20159 because of the Ebola crisis. The risk of such a prolonged closure Ebola on the is the concomitant impact this may have on children, including loss of valuable learning time, increases in education sector in Sierra teenage pregnancies, higher rates of child labor, and increased poverty because of the loss of household Leone income. Children who may be affected by these factors may not return to school and learning without targeted support. In a context of 25 percent of school-age children being out of school prior to Ebola, the risk of children not returning to school could significantly reverse the efforts to achieve universal education in Sierra Leone. In addition, the disruption of the school calendar could also worsen the situation of over-aged children in schools, which is already a huge challenge. In addition, children with disabilities, who were in a vulnerable situation before Ebola, would be even more disadvantaged. Furthermore, learning outcomes, which have been poor, could be further jeopardized. At the end of grade 3, many children lack the most basic reading, writing, and comprehension skills. Assessments conducted in 2014 showed that less than 1 percent of children in grade 4 could read with sufficient fluency; 27 percent achieved level 2 addition for understanding and application of numeracy. The loss of learning time because of Ebola would make the situation more challenging. School closures not only impacted the learning rights of children, but have significantly disrupted the implementation of the Education Sector Plan, as well as the Global Partnership for Education–supported project, Revitalising Education Development in Sierra Leone, which seeks to reform and revitalize education, a project that was already in difficulties prior to the crisis. Social Protection and Labor Social protection and labor systems help build resilience to shocks, improve equity, and build opportunities by helping people and families find jobs, improve productivity, and invest in the health and education of their children. In Sub-Saharan Africa, given the low level of formal employment, the coverage of formal pension systems and labor market insurance tend to be fairly modest, with relatively low CPIA scores in these areas. There were no notable changes in country performance between 2013 and 2014. Conflict-ridden countries, as could be expected, report lower scores, while countries with stronger institutional capacity continue to achieve stronger ratings, including Ghana, Kenya, Rwanda, and Tanzania. Overall scores improved in Madagascar, Mauritania, and Zimbabwe, reflecting efforts to improve social protection and safety net programs in these countries. For example, in Mauritania, as part of their National Social Protection Strategy, the Government implemented emergency response with a long- term safety net focused on the chronically poor. The national social transfer program will support a first wave of 15,000 beneficiaries during 2015 in the Poverty Triangle (southern region with the highest number of extreme poor), with a final objective of reaching 100,000 households nationwide (all extreme-poor households in the country). The social transfer program will use the Social Registry to identify its beneficiaries. 9 http://www.unicef.org/media/media_81530.html 26 Policies and Institutions for Environmental Sustainability The environment component of the CPIA measures (a) the appropriateness and implementation of policies across a range of environmental topics, including air pollution, water pollution, solid and hazardous waste, freshwater resources, marine and coastal resources, biodiversity, commercial renewable resources (mainly forests and fish), commercial nonrenewable resources (mainly minerals), and climate change; and (b) the strength of cross-cutting institutional systems, including the quality of the environmental impact assessment system, and a range of environmental governance factors, including access to information, participation, coordination, and accountability. The regional average CPIA score for Environment in Africa was Distribution of CPIA Scores for Environmental Sustainability, 2014 FIGURE 17 3.2, which is an increase of 0.1 In 2014, the 20 point over the previous year. regional 16 average CPIA Individual country scores ranged 16 score for Number of Countries, SSA from 2.0 to 4.0, with over 70 Environment percent of the countries (27 12 11 increased 0.1 over 2013. of 38) scoring either 3.0 or 3.5 A majority 8 (figure 17). Average scores of of countries 4 scored either 3.0 or 3.5 for this component 3 4 4 3.0 or 3.5 generally indicate countries with relatively comprehensive 0 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 environmental policies. However, Environment CPIA Score , 2014 there are gaps between policy and Source: CPIA database. implementation evident in almost every country in Africa. Five countries saw an increase in their Environment score in 2014, and no countries experienced a decrease: u Guinea, Mali, and Sierra Leone all introduced a range of improvements in institutional measures, such as participation and access to information systems, and all made improvements in solid waste management. u Rwanda has made steady improvements in environmental performance in recent years. In 2014, improvements in licensing water users pushed the overall score over the threshold to 4.0. u Togo has taken a number of steps to improve monitoring and enforcement of pollution standards, and has conducted planning studies for coastal resources. Access to information showed the strongest improvement (with six countries making progress and only two countries seeing a decline). Public participation, environmental assessment, air pollution, and water pollution showed no net change. No metrics declined overall. A comparison of results for the 14 performance metrics in 2014 shows that: u All the institutional measures but one (public access to information, participation, environmental assessment, and coordination) were within the top six performers by average score. 27 u The exception was accountability, which ranked 13 of 14 (same as in 2013). The assessment for this metric relies more heavily on actual implementation, compared with the other institutional metrics. u Ecosystem and biodiversity management ranked highest among the theme-specific metrics (same as in 2013). Climate change and most natural resources management metrics occupy the middle order. u As in previous years, however, pollution-related measures (especially water pollution and air pollution) performed poorly. Despite some variation in spatial patterns for the individual performance measures, the countries that perform well in some measures tend to perform well in others. Although there are a couple of lower performing countries in West Africa, the central African countries are performing noticeably worse than the rest of the region. The performance gap on Environment between Sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of the world is narrow. u The average overall CPIA score for Environment in the region is only 0.1 points lower than the score for all IDA countries. u The relative performance between the 14 metrics in the Africa region appears to follow a similar pattern as for the rest of the world. u The largest differences are in Climate Change, Freshwater Resources, and pollution-related metrics, which all score significantly higher in the rest of the world. u There is very little difference in institutional metric scores between Sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of the world. The much poorer performance on Accountability than other institutional metrics also occurs in other regions. u Sub-Saharan Africa is also close to the rest of the world in its performance on a range of natural resource management measures, such as biodiversity, renewable, marine, and mineral resources. The CPIA results for FIGURE 18 Environment Scores and Democracy Index, 2014 Environment do not show any The CPIA clear correlation with per capita results for 4.0 GDP, but are strongly correlated Environment 3.8 with broad governance are strongly 3.6 correlated measures such as the 3.4 Envirnment score, 2014 with broad 3.2 Economist Intelligence Unit’s governance 3.0 Democracy Index10 (figure 18). measures such as the 2.8 No systematic differences were Economist 2.6 found between countries with Intelligence 2.4 Unit’s and without high dependency 2.2 Democracy on mineral revenues. 2.0 Index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 EIU Democracy index, 2014 Source: CPIA Database and EIU Democracy Index, 2014. Economic Intelligent Unit 10 The overall CPIA and the Democracy Index are also strongly correlated. 28 CLUSTER D: PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT AND INSTITUTIONS Cluster D covers governance and public sector capacity issues: property rights and rule-based governance; quality of budgetary and financial management; efficiency of revenue mobilization; quality of public administration; and transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector. Governance quality and performance in developing countries has received increased attention since the global financial and economic crisis of 2008–09 (which increased public resource pressures and put poverty alleviation efforts at risk) and, more recently, during consultations for the review of progress made under the MDGs and the setting of the post-2015 agenda toward the Sustainable Development Goals, which aim to speed up development. Governance quality and performance is viewed as a transformational element for future social and economic development and resource mobilization because of its potential to shape the relationship between the state and society, and encourage more foreign and local investments in Sub-Saharan Africa by reducing risks and enhancing security. The institutional failures that hindered progress in the achievement of the MDG service delivery standards and in the promotion of peace and reduction of conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa11 also serve as a key lesson. Calls for good governance are coming from multiple stakeholders in Sub-Saharan Africa. Citizens and businesses now expect increased information and transparency in the public use of resources, and frequently voice concerns over the accountability of public services. They demand better security, rights protection, and justice. Tax payers, media, development practitioners, and opinion leaders are demanding higher predictability in public investments and their outcomes, simplified revenue collection, and pro- poor budgetary and financial management policies. State institutions are exercising their constitutional functions, developing improvement plans, and demanding increased resources from the treasury to fulfil their obligations. Civil society organizations, community leaders, and others are fighting against corruption by demanding accountability and the disclosure of the assets of political leaders and those in government, for strengthened democratic legitimacy. Regional entities such as the African Union are facilitating collective action to deal with poverty alleviation and state failure, which fuels conflict, extremism, unhealthy migration, and fragility within the continent. In the CPIA 2014 cycle, despite policy and institutional efforts (such as the development of master plans, promulgation of new laws and regulations, engagement of civil society, and development of websites with procurement information), the governance ranking of Sub-Saharan Africa still remains low, generally lagging other developing regions (figure 19). For example, with a score of 2.7, Property rights and rule- based governance (which includes the performance of rule of law and justice entities as a subset) ranks the lowest (compared with 3.2 in Latin America and Caribbean [LAC], 3.1 in East Asia and Pacific [EAP], 2.9 in Europe and Central Asia [ECA], and 2.8 in South Asia [SAR]). The Quality of budget and financial management systems has a score of 3.1, which compares unfavorably with ECA (3.8), SAR (3.4), LAC (3.2), and EAP (3.2). The Quality of public administration has a score of 2.9, which is less than that of ECA, SAR, and LAC, all with a score of 3.1. The public sector performance in Sub-Saharan Africa in the dimension of Transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector (score 2.7), is better than Middle East and North Africa (MNA) (2.3), equal to ECA, and much lower than that in LAC (3.5) and EAP (3.1). The Quality of efficiency in revenue mobilization, which is the strongest governance category in Sub-Saharan Africa, is comparable to that of SAR and EAP, but below that of ECA and LAC. 11 The significance of governance and public sector capacity as the basis for sustainable growth and effective service delivery is amply clear: low levels of security, justice, and normative structures weaken protection of property and contract rights in fragile and conflict-affected areas such as the Sahel and the Horn of Africa. Weak public administration at the central, regional, and local levels affects policy development, implementation, and service provision in parts of the Great Lakes region, the northern states of Nigeria, and elsewhere. Deficiencies in revenue collection and budgetary and financial management reduce the predictability of public investments and their expected outcomes. Lack of transparency and corruption reduce the integrity of public resource use and its effectiveness, affecting citizens’ trust in their public institutions. 29 FIGURE 19 Cluster D Scores for Sub-Saharan Africa and Other Developing Regions The improvement 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.7 of revenue 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.4 mobilization in 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.1 2.9 3.0 2.9 Sub-Saharan 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 Africa has 2.5 2.3 2.3 yielded some positive results. 2.0 With a score of 3.4, the region 1.5 now compares 1.0 equally with East and South 0.5 Asia and ranks 0.0 higher than the Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia and Pacific Europe and Central Asia Latin America and Carribean Middle East and North Africa South Asia Middle East Property Rights & Rule-based Govern. Quality of Budget. & Finan. Mgt. Effic.of Revenue Mobil. Quality of Public Admin. Transpar., Account. & Corrup.in Pub. Sec. Source: CPIA database. The effort to improve the efficiency of revenue mobilization in Sub-Saharan Africa has yielded some positive results. With a score of 3.4, Sub-Saharan Africa now compares equally with EAC and SAR, ranks higher than MNA (3.3), and has reduced the gap with LAC (which has the highest score in this category). In recent years, these efforts have included tax policy changes and establishment of revenue authorities, coupled with non-tax reforms aimed at removing economic, demographic, and institutional constraints that hinder revenue performance. As a result, and also aided by higher growth rates, “tax revenue collections has been increasing almost continuously, faster than the predicted values, and the tax effort index has improved significantly”—that is, Sub-Saharan Africa recorded about 15 percent higher actual tax revenues relative to predicted values.12 In addition, good performers in tax administration and policy reform are focusing on the redistribution of income; reduction of inequalities through progressive taxes; introduction of new taxes, such as the VAT, to promote the business environment; and adoption of re-pricing by using taxes and subsidies to ensure market prices that better reflect social costs and benefits. Good performers are also undertaking measures that enhance citizen participation and representation, as well as technological initiatives that help improve compliance and the ease of fulfilling obligations, while reducing the cost of operations for tax administration entities. Disaggregating performance by country groups shows similar patterns across the various governance dimensions, but substantial gaps by country type (figure 20). For example, non-resource-rich and non- oil-endowed countries consistently outperform others, as their treasuries are under constant pressure to improve the efficiency of their resource use in delivering public services to citizens, especially the poor and vulnerable. For example, the public administrations of non-resource-rich countries perform better compared with oil-rich countries (a score of 2.9 versus 2.4). Governments are more effective in pursuing transparency and accountability in non-resource-rich countries compared with oil-rich countries; the former have better incentives to show results to the electorate and gain popular support by 12 “Tax Revenues and Tax Efforts across the World,” Tuan Minh Le, Blanca Moreno-Dodson, and Nihal Bayraktar, World Bank 2014, unpublished. 30 controlling the leakage of scarce resources and taking tough administrative measures against corruption. Governments of non-resource-rich countries also have to rely on popular support for their actions and engage civil society and other constituencies (a score of 2.8 versus 2.3 for oil-rich countries). Cluster D Scores for Sub-Saharan Africa, by Country Group FIGURE 20 4.0 The area with 3.5 3.5 the largest 3.5 3.3 3.3 progress was 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 the quality of 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.7 public financial 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 management (six countries), 2.0 followed by 1.5 transparency, accountability, 1.0 and corruption 0.5 in the public sector (four 0.0 Property Rights & Rule- Quality of Budgetary & Efficiency of Revenue Quality of Public Transparency, Accountability & countries) based Government Financial Management Mobilization Administration Corruption in Public Sector Resource-rich countries Non-resource-rich countries Oil-rich resource-rich countries Non-oil resource-rich countries Source: CPIA database. Moreover, property rights, regulations, and judicial contract enforcement appear to be more effective in non-resource-rich countries compared with oil-rich and other natural resource–rich countries, and more reliant on improvements in the enabling environment for local and international investment for the growth of SMEs, including agribusiness in urban and rural areas (a score of 2.9 versus 2.3 and 2.8, respectively). The quality of budget management tends to be better in non-oil resource-rich countries, followed by non-resource-rich and oil-rich countries (a score of 3.3 compared with 3.1 and 2.7, respectively), mainly because of tighter fiscal controls, transparency, accountability, and anti-corruption measures. In the case of oil-rich countries, governance indicators are suboptimal on average because of weaknesses in transparency, higher instances of corruption, and weaknesses in the checks and balances of public administration and rule of law enforcement. Overall, performance across the various groups is negatively affected by the weaknesses in property rights and judicial contract enforcement, as well as the corruption and transparency deficiencies of public institutions. In the 2014 CPIA cycle, strengthening occurred within the governance cluster, with nine countries showing improvements in scores—more than twice the number of countries with declines. The area with the largest progress was the quality of public financial management (six countries), followed by transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector (four countries). Zimbabwe experienced an increase of 0.5 point in its overall average score; Chad experienced an increase of 0.2; and Burundi, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia Madagascar, Mauritania, and Uganda saw an improvement of 0.1 (figure 21). Gains in the quality of public financial management have led the improvement in the governance cluster (table 5). Typically, governments require data and information on budget execution to be available for 31 decision making on a timely, FIGURE 21 Change in Cluster D Score in 2014 accurate, and accessible basis, for Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 0.5 which automated information experienced an increase of Chad 0.2 systems are usually deployed. Uganda 0.1 0.5 point in its Governments also try to develop overall average Mauritania 0.1 Madagascar 0.1 comprehensive annual budgets score for this cluster, the Ethiopia 0.1 with fiscal forecasts, budget highest in the Côte d’Ivoire 0.1 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.1 proposals, and previous year region Burundi 0.1 outcomes, so that the budget can Cabo Verde -0.1 be subject to informed review South Sudan -0.1 Burkina Faso -0.2 by independent entities. It is also Ghana -0.3 important to align expenditures -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 to policy priority areas, what is Source: CPIA database. affordable in the medium term, and the annual budget.13 TABLE 5 Changes in Cluster D Indicators, 2014 Number of Number of Countries with Countries with CPIA indicators increases decreases Increases decreases Property Rights & Rule-based 1 2 Zimbabwe Ghana, South Sudan Government Quality of Budgetary & Financial Chad, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Burkina Faso, 6 2 Management Malawi, Uganda, Zimbabwe Cabo Verde Efficiency of Revenue Burkina Faso, 2 2 Congo, Dem. Rep., Zimbabwe Mobilization Ghana Quality of Public Administration 2 1 Côte d’Ivoire, Zimbabwe Malawi Transparency, Accountability & Burundi, Chad, Madagascar, 4 2 Ghana, Lesotho Corruption in Public Sector Mauritania Source: CPIA database. Chad, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi, Uganda, and Zimbabwe have all improved their public financial management scores, which is attributed to multiple efforts related to planning, reporting, audit compliance, and budgetary practices. These improvements result from reforms and institutional efforts initiated based on public expenditure and financial accountability (PEFA) assessments, which periodically assess capacity, and offer reform guidance. In 2014, for example, follow-up on budget reports and audits showed improvement in Chad, thanks to a modern information technology center that went into operation during 2014 and permitted the interconnection between the IFMIS and SIGASPE (payroll management software). This information system is very useful for tracking and monitoring budget execution and can now regularly produce budget execution reports (tableau des quatre phases), including staff salary information, which is uploaded to the Ministry’s website (http://www.finances.gouv.td). 13 PEFA assessments review these and many other financial management aspects to determine progress and help outline the agenda for reform. “Accountability in Public Expenditures in Latin America” Report 2012 provides lessons from experience and shared reform implementation experiences. 32 Ethiopia enhanced its audit reporting. Presently, at the federal level, audit coverage is 100 percent and reports are submitted within six months after the end of the fiscal year. According to the PEFA assessment indicator, Ethiopia also recorded a reduction in the deviation of actuals from its budget: from 9.6 percent in 2010/11 to 7.0 percent in 2012/13. Mauritania started publishing its fiscal data using BOOST14 and making information available online. Malawi upgraded its internal controls and reporting to manage risks better. Zimbabwe has witnessed improved efficiency in tax administration, as reflected by the declining cost of collection ratios. The costs of collection were about 3.7 percent of revenue in 2011, but have decreased to 3 percent recently. Moreover, the budget link to policy priorities has been improved in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Uganda, this was possible through the aggressive implementation of the new public financial management (PFM) strategy, among other measures, to operationalize the contingency fund to address the problem of supplementaries; strengthen the monitoring and evaluation functions across MDAs; operationalize the Treasury Single Account system; strengthen the controls within IFMIS (Integrated Financial Management Information System) by penalizing the violation of controls; and pass the PFM Bill into an Act of Parliament. In Chad, policy links were improved through the introduction of budget circulars, compliance with the calendars for the preparation and approval of the budget, efforts to limit the use of emergency spending procedures (extra budgetary expenditures, Dépenses Avant Ordonnancement), gradual implementation of medium-term expenditure frameworks (MTEFs) in key sectors, and conformity of budget classification with international standards. In Côte d’Ivoire, the public investment execution rate for the first six months of 2014 stood at 92.2 percent, compared with 86.9 percent a year earlier. There was a large increase in spending to improve access to electricity, housing, water, rural feeder roads, and health, which are priority areas. Pro-poor spending had an execution rate of 104.5 percent by end of June 2014. Among the governance indicators, an increase in the score for accountability has been significant in Sub-Saharan Africa (table 5), mainly because of the availability of information for nongovernmental organizations and their involvement in government initiatives such as the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), Open Budget, Open Data, and the budget adoption process. Civil society’s access to timely and reliable information on public affairs and public policies, including fiscal information on public expenditures, revenues, and large contract awards, is helping improve outcomes. In Mauritania, for example, the Ministry of Finance enhanced public access to information on its new webpage and involved civil society in the EITI process, which enhanced the participation of civil society in the National Development Plan. In Madagascar, citizens are aware that budget execution reports are available on the Ministry of Finance website. The government legislation portal has been upgraded, allowing better accessibility for users. The National Institute of Statistics has increased the sets of data and analysis available to the public, to comply with open data principles. In spite of recurring issues on corruption, Madagascar has taken steps to improve transparency and integrity in the management of public resources, including the establishment of major accountability institutions, such as the Conseil de Discipline Budgétaire et Financiaire and Integrity Institution. Efforts have also been strengthened at the local level through the continuation of participatory budgeting and other social accountability mechanisms. The government has opted-in to the Global Partnership for Social 14 The BOOST program seeks to enhance accessibility and use of fiscal data for enhanced expenditure analysis as an input to improved budget processes and outcomes. A critical component of the initiative is a meticulous process of collecting, cleaning and vetting expenditure data to ensure that data is timely, comprehensive and reliable. 33 Accountability, allowing Malagasy civil society to participate in the process. The political crisis has seen the revival of civil society organizations, but their capacity still remains low. Integrity in the management of public resources, including aid and natural resource revenues, has shown improvement. Budget reports complete with aid flows are now regularly disseminated in many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (for example, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, and Uganda). Currently, 17 countries are EITI compliant15 and regularly inform and engage citizen groups in carrying out integrity audits and ethical reviews, and encourage others to join in this effort. Madagascar reintegrated into the EITI in 2014 and seeks to apply the EITI process to its natural resources sector (for example, in forestry and fisheries). Transparency in decision making is gradually improving in Burundi, as the government attempts to distribute relevant information to the public and build capacity. The government has published detailed budget execution information on an official website in an interactive format that is downloadable in Excel and other user platforms. Reports from the Audit Court and Procurement Authorities are accessible to the public and online (www.courdescomptes.bi and www.armp.bi). The National Assembly and Senate have also developed websites. Access to Parliament for public and private media contributes to spreading national debates to citizens. In 2014, the quality of the legal and judicial system continued to stagnate (at a low level) and did not help enhance property rights and rule-based governance in cluster D. This status quo is potentially because of: the lack of attention paid to justice reform in the region on account of political will challenges; and the limited budgetary resources allocated to the judiciaries by the executive branches, who view the judiciaries as unequal and a threat to their power in the public sphere. Many judiciaries in Sub- Saharan Africa are dependent on budget allocations from the executive, lack capacity, and operate in a normative framework that affects their independence to perform their role effectively and contribute to good governance and development. Considering that secure property rights and prevention of crime and violence require effective judicial and rule of law performance, there is a need for accelerated and renewed efforts to upgrade and focus on this area of governance improvements by instituting reforms that improve access to justice for citizens and businesses. 15 These numbers were taken from the EITI website, www.EITI.org. 34 2 0 1 4 C P I A R E S U LT S F O R DJIBOUTI AND YEMEN 2014 CPIA Results for Djibouti and Yemen This section discusses the Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) scores16 for Djibouti and Yemen, the two countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region that are eligible for support from the International Development Association (IDA). The focus of this section is on the 2014 scores, supplemented with a discussion on trends over the last seven years. Summary u The latest Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) scores for the MENA region countries were virtually unchanged relative to 2013. All cluster scores were unchanged except for slight weakening in one policy cluster each in Yemen and Djibouti. u Since 2008, neither country has improved its overall rating; indeed, Yemen’s policy environment score actually declined. u The quality of policies and institutions in MENA IDA countries overall lags slightly behind the average for middle income countries (MICs) in all CPIA categories except for social inclusion and equity for which MENA was slightly ahead. u Yemen’s CPIA ratings exceeded the average for fragile IDA countries overall. Yemen’s ratings, overall and on all four policy clusters, dominated the rating of the average fragile country (both in and outside of Africa). Recent Trends and Analysis The average CPIA score for the IDA-eligible countries in MENA (Djibouti and Yemen) was 3.1 in 2014, up slightly relative to 2013 (3.0). Both Djibouti and Yemen had unchanged overall scores, indicating that in the midst of unsettled conditions in the region and lingering challenges in global economic conditions, these countries were largely able to maintain their existing policy frameworks. Djibouti’s CPIA score was on par with the regional average (3.1) while Yemen’s was below the average (Figure 22). Compared with other country groups, both MENA IDA countries had lower scores than the average IDA- eligible country score (3.3), lower also relative to the Sub-Saharan African IDA country average score (3.2). The MENA countries, both lower middle-income countries, had lower overall ratings than the average for IDA-eligible middle-income countries17 (3.3). Given that the IDA country CPIA scores ranged from 2.0 to 4.0 in 2014 and the median score was 3.3 (half the country ratings falling below 3.3, and the other half rated above), the MENA IDA country scores were positioned toward the top of the lower half of the distribution. 16 The scores are an indicator of the quality of these countries’ policy and institutional framework across 16 dimensions, grouped into four clusters: economic management (Cluster A), structural policies (Cluster B), policies for social inclusion and equity (Cluster C), and public sector management and institutions (Cluster D). The 16 policy and institutional areas are defined in Appendix A. The scores, which are on a scale of 1–6, with 6 being the highest, are calculated by World Bank staff and are based on quantitative and qualitative information. The assessment also relies on judgments of Bank staff. CPIA scores are used in determining IDA’s allocation of resources to the poorest countries. 17 Most of which are lower middle-income. Appendix B highlights (with asterisks) the 47 middle income countries (MICs) that are IDA eligible. Nine of these are upper MICs that, except for one, are small island countries in the Caribbean and Pacific oceans of which 2 are fragile. 36 Yemen is fragile country based on the FY16 harmonized list of fragile Overall CPIA Scores of MENA IDA Countries, 2014 FIGURE 22 situations.18 Yemen compares well with The MENA IDA Yemen 3.0 average score other fragile countries: Yemen’s CPIA MNA-IDA Avg 3.1 improved by score overall was above the average Djibouti 3.1 0.1 since 2013 SSA-IDA Average 3.2 yet remained score for fragile countries in Sub-Saharan below other Africa (3.0 versus 2.8 respectively), Overall IDA Average 3.3 IDA country MIC-IDA Average 3.3 and also had higher scores for all four group averages clusters. Yemen’s overall CPIA score and Source: CPIA database and author calculations. cluster scores were also higher than the average scores for fragile countries outside of Sub-Saharan Africa. Djibouti is not a fragile country despite CPIA scores similar to that of Yemen. Compared with other non- fragile countries (both SSA and non-SSA country groups), Djibouti’s scores were on par both overall and on all four policy clusters. The two exceptions were Djibouti’s score for structural policies (Cluster B) and for public sector management and institutions (Cluster D), which were on par with the average score for non-fragile countries in SSA but slightly below the score for non-fragile countries outside SSA. Despite having similar overall scores, Djibouti and Yemen exhibited some differences in cluster scores depending on the policy or institutional area. The two countries had the same scores on policies for social inclusion and equity (3.0) and on public sector management and institutions (2.7) (Figure 23) (see Appendix A for definitions of the CPIA categories). However, Djibouti’s score on structural policies was higher than Yemen’s (3.5 versus 3.0 respectively) while Yemen had a slight edge over Djibouti on economic management (3.2 versus 3.0, respectively). These differences contrast somewhat from last year, when the two CPIA Cluster Scores for Djibouti and Yemen, 2014 FIGURE 23 countries had same scores for economic 4.0 Despite similar management (rather than public sector overall scores, 3.5 Djibouti management), and Yemen edged out 3.0 and Yemen Djibouti on public sector management 2.5 had slight 2.0 differences in rather than economic management. cluster level 1.5 scores Across the four CPIA clusters, 1.0 performance in the economic 0.5 management cluster (Cluster A)—which 0.0 Economic Structural Policies for Social Public Sector covers monetary and exchange rate Management Policies Inclusion/Equity Management and Institutions policy, fiscal policy, and debt policy and Djibouti Yemen management—tends to be amongst the highest rated of the clusters. This pattern Source: CPIA database. typically reflects the high importance policymakers place on macroeconomic stability for facilitating economic and social development, as well as the fact that modifying macroeconomic policies (such as tightening monetary policy or reducing the fiscal deficit) is not as lengthy, complex or politically contentious a process as changing institutions (such 18 See Appendix B for list of fragile countries. 37 as the framework for better public sector governance). For Yemen and Djibouti, however, the cluster scores were at similar levels, highlighting the challenges the authorities are facing in sustaining and strengthening the quality of economic management policies. The stability in the MENA IDA scores overall and at cluster level relative to 2013 comprises several possible situations. In some instances it reflects absence of reforms, or ongoing reforms whose fruits are yet to materialize. In other policy and/or institutional areas it might reflect the absence of new information. Nonetheless, the stable scores in 2014 relative to 2013 belie changes in the quality of some policies and institutions in the region over a longer time horizon. While the average overall score for the region held steady at about 3.1 between 2008 and 2014, the scores for structural policies (Cluster B) declined from 3.4 to 3.2 during 2008-14, the score for public sector management institutions (Cluster D) declined from 2.9 to 2.7 over the same period, and the quality of economic management (Cluster A) also weakened, from 3.2 to 3.1 (Figure 24). The downward trend, which preceded the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings, deepened in the wake of the political and social tensions experienced that year in Yemen and several other countries in the region and has largely not yet rebounded. Djibouti’s CPIA scores held steady for FIGURE 24 CPIA Scores for MENA by Cluster, 2005-2014 the most part in 2014 relative to 2013, The post- 3.7 reflecting a relatively unchanged policy Arab Spring and institutional environment. The scores decline in MENA scores 3.5 for three policy clusters—structural intensified a policies underpinning growth (Cluster decade-long 3.3 B), policies for social inclusion and equity CPIA Score deterioration in the 3.1 (Cluster C), and public sector management policy and and institutions (Cluster D)—held institutional 2.9 steady as did the overall CPIA score. The environment score for the fourth cluster—economic 2.7 management (Cluster A)—edged lower as 2.5 the additional fiscal pressures stemming 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 from new non-concessional external loans Economic Policies for Social Overall CPIA outweighed the fact that the authorities Management Inclusion/Equity Structural Public Sector Management maintained monetary, exchange and fiscal Policies and Institutions policies that were appropriate in view of Source: CPIA database. Djibouti’s growth and inflation profile for the year. Djibouti’s policies and institutions were largely unaffected in the immediate aftermath of the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings that occurred in several other MENA countries. Indeed, slight policy gains achieved prior to 2010 were largely sustained in 2011. Subsequently however, several cluster scores eased downward in 2012 with minimal recovery since, thus leaving Djibouti’s policy and institutional environment unchanged overall relative to 2008 (Figure 25). At the cluster level, structural policies and public sector management institutions were slightly weaker relative to the 2008 scores. Yemen’s policy and institutional environment also remained largely unchanged in 2014 relative to 2013: the overall score and the first three cluster scores held steady. The fourth cluster (public sector management and institutions) posted a slight decline in score relative to 2013, as increased crime and violence stemming 38 from the ongoing civil unrest continue to CPIA Scores for Djibouti by Cluster, 2005-2014 FIGURE 25 impede economic activity. Subsequent deterioration into full fledged civil war 3.9 Djibouti’s policy and institutional since early 2015 increases the likelihood of 3.7 environment lower CPIA scores in the coming year. largely held 3.5 steady over the CPIA Score Despite the relative stability in Yemen’s last decade 3.3 current scores, the current ratings reflect 3.1 a steady deterioration in the quality of Yemen’s policy and institutional 2.9 environment across the board over 2.7 the last decade, quite likely due to the 2.5 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 emergence of the Houthi rebellion in 2004 which has destabilized the country since. Economic Policies for Social Overall CPIA The downward trend was aggravated Management Inclusion/Equity Structural Public Sector Management sharply in the immediate wake of the Policies and Institutions 2011 Arab Spring. As such, Yemen’s overall Source: CPIA database. and all cluster scores remain below their 2008 levels. The sharp improvement CPIA Scores for Yemen by Cluster, 2005-2014 FIGURE 26 in the economic management cluster 3.9 Yemen’s policy score in 2012, fully reversing the 2011 and institutional decline, was insufficient to counter 3.7 quality trended downward the longer term trend and keep the 3.5 since 2004, CPIA Score economic management cluster from the year the 3.3 Houthi rebellion being the weakest cluster relative to 2008 commenced, together with the public management 3.1 and dragged and institutions cluster. Both those cluster 2.9 the MENA scores were lower by 0.3 in 2014 relative average down 2.7 to 2008. The next weakest score relative to 2008 was for structural policies (lower 2.5 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 by 0.2), followed by policies for social Economic Policies for Social Overall CPIA inclusion/equity (lower by 0.1) (Figure 26). Management Inclusion/Equity Structural Public Sector Management In 2007, the quality of policies and Policies and Institutions institutions in MENA IDA countries was Source: CPIA database. comparable with that of lower middle- income countries (LMICs) in Africa and MENA, but lagged behind the LMIC average in almost all CPIA categories. The notable exception was structural policies, which were an area of strength for MENA. The 2014 comparison with MICs indicates that the MENA countries are just slightly behind the quality of the average IDA MIC policies and institutions, as the latter weakened slightly over the past year. Nonetheless, without improvements in stability and security and in reforms to upgrade the quality of policies and institutions, MENA countries risk losing competitiveness relative to other MICs and failing to make progress toward shared prosperity. 39 CPIA Africa: Compare your country 40 CPIA MENA: Compare your country 41 C O U N T R Y TA B L E S BENIN World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 10.3 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 8.3 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.5 — 3.8 3.3 GDP per capita (current US$) 804.7 (Public Sector Management Above SSA IDA Avg. No Change (Economic Management) and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 51.6 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Overall CPIA Scores Indicator Benin Average 3.7 Economic Management 3.8 3.3 3.6 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 4.0 3.5 3.5 Fiscal Policy 3.5 3.2 3.4 Debt Policy 4.0 3.3 3.3 Structural Policies 3.5 3.2 3.2 Trade 4.0 3.7 3.1 Financial Sector 3.0 2.9 3.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.5 3.1 Benin IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.4 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 3.5 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 3.5 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 3.0 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.5 3.2 3.3 Environmental Sustainability 2014 3.3 Public Sector Management 3.3 3.0 3.5 and Institutions Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 3.0 2.7 3.5 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.5 3.1 2008 3.6 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.5 3.4 3.6 Quality of Public Administration 3.0 2.9 Non-Fragile Non-Fragile Countries Benin Transparency, Accountability and Countries in SSA Outside SSA 3.5 2.7 Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.5 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Benin • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. 0.1 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: 0.0 • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. -0.1 • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. -0.2 -0.2 • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Management Policies for Social Management CPIA Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 43 BURKINA FASO World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 16.9 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 12.9 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.7 0.1 4.0 3.5 GDP per capita (current US$) 760.9 (Structural Policies and Above SSA IDA Avg. (Economic Management) Public Sector Management Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 40.8 and Instituitons) (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend Burkina SSA IDA Overall CPIA Scores Indicator Faso Average 4.0 Economic Management 4.0 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 4.5 3.5 3.8 Fiscal Policy 3.5 3.2 3.6 Debt Policy 4.0 3.3 3.4 Structural Policies 3.5 3.2 3.2 Trade 4.0 3.7 Financial Sector 3.0 2.9 3.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.5 3.1 Burkina Faso IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.6 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 3.5 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 4.0 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 3.0 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 4.0 3.2 3.3 Environmental Sustainability 2014 3.3 Public Sector Management 3.5 3.0 and Institutions 3.7 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 3.0 2.7 3.5 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 4.0 3.1 2008 3.6 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.5 3.4 3.7 Quality of Public Administration 3.5 2.9 Non-Fragile Non-Fragile Countries Burkina Faso Transparency, Accountability and 3.5 2.7 Countries in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.7 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Burkina Faso • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. -0.3 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 44 BURUNDI World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 10.2 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 2.7 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.3 0.1 3.6 2.8 GDP per capita (current US$) 267.1 (Policies for Social (Public Sector Management Above SSA IDA Avg. Inclusion and Equity) and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 79.8 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Overall CPIA Scores Indicator Burundi Average 3.5 Economic Management 3.3 3.3 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 3.5 3.5 Fiscal Policy 3.5 3.2 3.1 Debt Policy 3.0 3.3 2.9 Structural Policies 3.3 3.2 2.7 Trade 4.0 3.7 Financial Sector 3.0 2.9 2.5 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.0 3.1 Burundi IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.6 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 4.0 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 4.0 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 4.0 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 3.0 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.0 3.2 2.8 Environmental Sustainability 2014 2.9 Public Sector Management 2.8 3.0 and Institutions 3.3 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 2.5 2.7 2.7 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.5 3.1 2008 2.9 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.0 3.4 3.0 Quality of Public Administration 2.5 2.9 Transparency, Accountability and Fragile Countries Fragile Countries Burundi 2.5 2.7 in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.3 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Burundi • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. 0.5 • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: 0.3 0.3 • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. 0.2 • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. 0.0 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 45 CABO VERDE World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 0.5 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 1.9 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.9 — 4.0 3.5 GDP per capita (current US$) 3,767.1 (Policies for Social Inclusion Equity Above SSA IDA Avg. No Change and Public Sector Management (Economic Management) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 11.9 and Institutions) (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend Cabo SSA IDA Overall CPIA Scores Indicator Verde Average 4.4 Economic Management 3.7 3.3 4.2 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 4.0 3.5 4.0 Fiscal Policy 3.5 3.2 3.8 Debt Policy 3.5 3.3 3.6 Structural Policies 3.8 3.2 3.4 Trade 4.5 3.7 3.2 Financial Sector 3.5 2.9 3.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.5 3.1 Cabo Verde IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 4.0 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 4.5 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 4.0 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 4.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 4.0 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.0 3.2 3.3 Environmental Sustainability 2014 3.3 Public Sector Management 4.0 3.0 and Institutions 3.9 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 4.0 2.7 3.5 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.5 3.1 2008 3.6 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 4.0 3.4 4.2 Quality of Public Administration 4.0 2.9 Non-Fragile Non-Fragile Countries Cabo Verde Transparency, Accountability and Countries in SSA Outside SSA 4.5 2.7 Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.9 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Cabo Verde • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. 0.0 0.0 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. -0.3 -0.3 • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized -0.8 Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Management Policies for Social Management CPIA Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 46 CAMEROON World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 22.3 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 29.6 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.2 — 3.7 2.9 GDP per capita (current US$) 1,328.6 (Public Sector Management At the SSA IDA Avg. No Change (Economic Management) and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011) 24.9 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Overall CPIA Scores Indicator Cameroon Average 3.4 Economic Management 3.7 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 4.0 3.5 3.3 Fiscal Policy 3.0 3.2 Debt Policy 4.0 3.3 3.2 Structural Policies 3.2 3.2 3.1 Trade 3.5 3.7 Financial Sector 3.0 2.9 3.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.0 3.1 Cameroon IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.0 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 3.0 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 3.0 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.0 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 3.0 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.0 3.2 3.3 Environmental Sustainability 2014 3.3 Public Sector Management 2.9 3.0 and Institutions 3.2 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 2.5 2.7 3.5 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.0 3.1 2008 3.6 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.5 3.4 3.2 Quality of Public Administration 3.0 2.9 Non-Fragile Non-Fragile Countries Cameroon Transparency, Accountability and Countries in SSA Outside SSA 2.5 2.7 Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.2 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Score from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Cameroon • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized -0.1 Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 47 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 4.6 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 1.5 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 2.4 0.1 2.8 2.2 GDP per capita (current US$) 333.2 (Policies for Social Inclusion Below SSA IDA Avg. (Economic Management) and Equity and Public Sector Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011) 56.7 Management and Insitutions) (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend Central SSA IDA Overall CPIA Scores Indicator African Average Republic 3.6 Economic Management 2.8 3.3 3.2 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 3.0 3.5 Fiscal Policy 2.5 3.2 2.8 Debt Policy 3.0 3.3 Structural Policies 2.5 3.2 2.4 Trade 3.0 3.7 2.0 Financial Sector 2.5 2.9 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 2.0 3.1 Central African IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 2.2 3.2 Republic Average Average Gender Equality 2.5 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 2.0 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 2.5 3.5 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Social Protection and Labor 2.0 2.9 Policies and Institutions for 2.0 3.2 2.8 Environmental Sustainability 2014 2.9 Public Sector Management 2.2 3.0 and Institutions 2.4 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 1.5 2.7 2.7 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 2.5 3.1 2008 2.9 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 2.5 3.4 2.5 Quality of Public Administration 2.0 2.9 Transparency, Accountability and Fragile Countries Fragile Countries Central African 2.5 2.7 in SSA Outside SSA Republic Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 2.4 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Score from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Central African Republic • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: 0.0 0.0 • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized -0.1 -0.1 Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. -0.2 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 48 CHAD World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 12.8 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 13.5 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 2.7 0.1 3.0 2.5 GDP per capita (current US$) 1,053.7 (Policies for Social Below SSA IDA Avg. (Economic Management) Inclusion and Equity) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 36.6 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Indicator Chad Overall CPIA Scores Average 3.5 Economic Management 3.0 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 3.0 3.5 3.0 Fiscal Policy 3.0 3.2 Debt Policy 3.0 3.3 Structural Policies 2.7 3.2 2.5 Trade 3.0 3.7 Financial Sector 2.5 2.9 2.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 2.5 3.1 Chad IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 2.5 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 2.5 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 2.5 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 2.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 2.5 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 2.5 3.2 2.8 Environmental Sustainability 2014 2.9 Public Sector Management 2.6 3.0 and Institutions 2.7 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 2.5 2.7 2.7 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.0 3.1 2008 2.9 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 2.5 3.4 2.5 Quality of Public Administration 2.5 2.9 Fragile Countries Fragile Countries Chad Transparency, Accountability and 2.5 2.7 in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 2.7 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides credits to the poorest countries. Chad • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. 0.4 0.3 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: 0.2 • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. 0.1 • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. -0.1 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 49 COMOROS World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 0.7 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 0.6 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 2.7 0.1 3.0 2.4 GDP per capita (current US$) 815.0 (Public Sector Management Below SSA IDA Avg. (Structural Policies) and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 48.2 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Overall CPIA Scores Indicator Comoros Average 3.6 Economic Management 2.7 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 3.0 3.5 3.2 Fiscal Policy 2.5 3.2 Debt Policy 2.5 3.3 2.8 Structural Policies 3.0 3.2 2.4 Trade 3.5 3.7 Financial Sector 3.0 2.9 2.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 2.5 3.1 Comoros IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 2.8 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 2.5 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 2.5 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 2.5 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.0 3.2 2.8 Environmental Sustainability 2014 2.9 Public Sector Management 2.4 3.0 and Institutions 2.7 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 2.5 2.7 2.7 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 2.0 3.1 2008 2.9 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 2.5 3.4 2.3 Quality of Public Administration 2.5 2.9 Fragile Countries Fragile Countries Comoros Transparency, Accountability and 2.5 2.7 in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 2.7 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Comoros • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. 0.7 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. 0.4 • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. 0.3 0.3 • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized 0.2 Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 50 CONGO, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 67.5 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 32.7 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.0 0.1 3.5 2.5 GDP per capita (current US$) 484.2 (Public Sector Management Below SSA IDA Avg. (Economic Management) and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 84.0 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Overall CPIA Scores Indicator Congo DR Average 3.6 Economic Management 3.5 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 3.5 3.5 3.2 Fiscal Policy 3.5 3.2 2.8 Debt Policy 3.5 3.3 Structural Policies 3.0 3.2 2.4 Trade 3.5 3.7 Financial Sector 2.5 2.9 2.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.0 3.1 Congo, Democratic IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 2.9 3.2 Republic Average Average Gender Equality 2.5 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 3.5 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 2.5 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 2.5 3.2 2.8 Environmental Sustainability 2014 2.9 Public Sector Management 2.5 3.0 and Institutions 3.0 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 2.0 2.7 2.7 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.0 3.1 2008 2.9 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.0 3.4 2.7 Quality of Public Administration 2.5 2.9 Transparency, Accountability and Fragile Countries Fragile Countries Congo, Democratic 2.0 2.7 in SSA Outside SSA Republic Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.0 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Congo, Democratic Republic • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. 0.0 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 51 CONGO, REPUBLIC World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 4.4 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 14.1 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.0 — 3.7 2.5 GDP per capita (current US$) 3,167.0 (Public Sector Management Below SSA IDA Avg. No Change (Economic Management) and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 32.8 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend Congo SSA IDA Indicator Overall CPIA Scores Republic Average 3.5 Economic Management 3.7 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 3.5 3.5 3.3 Fiscal Policy 3.5 3.2 3.1 Debt Policy 4.0 3.3 2.9 Structural Policies 3.0 3.2 2.7 Trade 3.5 3.7 Financial Sector 3.0 2.9 2.5 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 2.5 3.1 Congo, Republic IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.0 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 3.0 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 3.0 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 2.5 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.0 3.2 Environmental Sustainability 3.3 Public Sector Management 2014 3.3 2.5 3.0 and Institutions 3.0 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 2.5 2.7 3.5 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 2.5 3.1 2008 3.6 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.0 3.4 2.7 Quality of Public Administration 2.5 2.9 Transparency, Accountability and Non-Fragile Non-Fragile Countries Congo, Republic 2.0 2.7 Countries in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.0 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides credits to the poorest countries. Congo, Republic • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. 0.9 • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. 0.3 0.3 0.2 • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. -0.1 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 52 CÔTE D’IVOIRE World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 20.3 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 31.1 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.3 0.1 3.7 2.9 GDP per capita (current US$) 1,528.9 (Policies for Social Inclusion Above SSA IDA Avg. (Economic Management) and Equity) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011) 37.3 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend Côte SSA IDA Indicator Overall CPIA Scores d’Ivoire Average 3.5 Economic Management 3.7 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 4.0 3.5 3.0 Fiscal Policy 3.5 3.2 Debt Policy 3.5 3.3 Structural Policies 3.3 3.2 2.5 Trade 4.0 3.7 Financial Sector 3.0 2.9 2.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.0 3.1 Côte d’Ivoire IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 2.9 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 3.0 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 2.5 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 2.5 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.0 3.2 2.8 Environmental Sustainability 2014 2.9 Public Sector Management 3.1 3.0 and Institutions 3.3 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 3.0 2.7 2.7 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.0 3.1 2008 2.9 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.5 3.4 2.7 Quality of Public Administration 3.0 2.9 Transparency, Accountability and Fragile Countries Fragile Countries Côte d’Ivoire 3.0 2.7 in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.3 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Côte d’Ivoire • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. 1.2 • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. 0.6 0.6 0.6 • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. 0.0 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 53 DJIBOUTI World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 0.9 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 1.5 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.1 — 3.5 2.7 GDP per capita (current US$) 1,668.0 (Public Sector Below IDA Avg. No Change (Structural Policies) Management and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 12.8 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend Indicator Djibouti IDA Average Overall CPIA Scores 3.4 Economic Management 3.0 3.4 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 3.5 3.5 Fiscal Policy 3.0 3.2 3.2 Debt Policy 2.5 3.4 3.1 Structural Policies 3.5 3.3 3.0 Trade 4.0 3.8 2.9 Financial Sector 3.0 2.9 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.5 3.1 Djibouti IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.0 3.3 Average Average Gender Equality 3.0 3.3 Equity of Public Resource Use 3.0 3.4 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.5 3.6 Social Protection and Labor 3.0 3.0 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 2.5 3.2 2.8 Environmental Sustainability 2014 2.9 Public Sector Management 2.7 3.1 3.1 and Institutions Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 2.5 2.9 2.7 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 2.5 3.2 2008 2.9 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.5 3.4 3.1 Quality of Public Administration 2.5 2.9 Fragile Countries Fragile Countries Dijbouti Transparency, Accountability and in SSA Outside SSA 2.5 2.9 Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.1 3.3 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Djibouti • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: 0.0 0.0 0.0 • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. -0.1 • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized -0.2 Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 54 ERITREA World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 6.3 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 3.4 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 2.0 — 2.7 1.3 GDP per capita (current US$) 543.8 (Policies for Social Inclusion (Economic Management and Below SSA IDA Avg. No Change and Equity) Structural Policies) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) NA (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Indicator Eritrea Overall CPIA Scores Average 3.4 Economic Management 1.3 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 1.5 3.5 3.0 Fiscal Policy 1.5 3.2 2.6 Debt Policy 1.0 3.3 Structural Policies 1.3 3.2 2.2 Trade 1.5 3.7 Financial Sector 1.0 2.9 1.8 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 1.5 3.1 Eritrea IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 2.7 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 3.5 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 2.5 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 2.0 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 2.0 3.2 2.8 Environmental Sustainability 2014 2.9 Public Sector Management 2.6 3.0 and Institutions 2.0 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 2.5 2.7 2.7 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 2.0 3.1 2008 2.9 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.5 3.4 2.3 Quality of Public Administration 3.0 2.9 Transparency, Accountability and Fragile Countries Fragile Countries Eritrea 2.0 2.7 in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 2.0 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. Eritrea • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. -0.1 -0.2 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: -0.3 -0.3 • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. -0.9 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 55 ETHIOPIA World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 94.1 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 47.5 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.5 0.1 3.7 3.2 GDP per capita (current US$) 505.0 (Policies for Social Inclusion Above SSA IDA Avg. and Equity) (Structural Policies) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2010, est.) 36.8 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Indicator Ethiopia Overall CPIA Scores Average 3.6 Economic Management 3.5 3.3 3.5 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 3.5 3.5 3.4 Fiscal Policy 3.0 3.2 Debt Policy 4.0 3.3 3.3 Structural Policies 3.2 3.2 3.2 Trade 3.0 3.7 3.1 Financial Sector 3.0 2.9 3.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.5 3.1 Ethiopia IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.7 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 3.0 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 4.0 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 4.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 3.5 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.5 3.2 3.3 Environmental Sustainability 2014 3.3 Public Sector Management 3.5 3.0 and Institutions 3.5 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 3.0 2.7 3.5 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 4.0 3.1 2008 3.6 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 4.0 3.4 3.4 Quality of Public Administration 3.5 2.9 Non-Fragile Non-Fragile Countries Ethiopia Transparency, Accountability and 3.0 2.7 Countries in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.5 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Ethopia • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. 0.2 0.2 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. 0.1 0.1 • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. 0.0 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 56 GAMBIA, THE World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 1.8 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 0.9 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.1 0.2 3.5 2.7 GDP per capita (current US$) 488.6 Below SSA IDA Avg. (Structural Policies) (Economic Management) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 34.0 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Indicator Gambia Overall CPIA Scores Average 3.6 Economic Management 2.7 3.3 3.5 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 3.0 3.5 3.4 Fiscal Policy 2.5 3.2 3.3 Debt Policy 2.5 3.3 Structural Policies 3.5 3.2 3.2 Trade 4.0 3.7 3.1 Financial Sector 3.0 2.9 3.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.5 3.1 Gambia, The IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.4 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 3.5 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 3.5 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 4.0 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 2.5 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.5 3.2 3.3 Environmental Sustainability 2014 3.3 Public Sector Management 3.0 3.0 and Institutions 3.1 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 3.0 2.7 3.5 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.5 3.1 2008 3.6 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.5 3.4 3.2 Quality of Public Administration 3.0 2.9 Transparency, Accountability and Non-Fragile Non-Fragile Countries Gambia, The 2.0 2.7 Countries in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.1 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Gambia, The • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. 0.2 0.2 0.1 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: -0.1 • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. -0.8 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 57 GHANA World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 25.9 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 48.1 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.4 0.3 3.9 2.5 GDP per capita (current US$) 1,858.2 (Policies for Social Inclusion Above SSA IDA Avg. and Equity) (Economic Management) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 18.0 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Indicator Ghana Overall CPIA Scores Average 4.0 Economic Management 2.5 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 2.0 3.5 3.8 Fiscal Policy 2.5 3.2 3.6 Debt Policy 3.0 3.3 3.4 Structural Policies 3.7 3.2 3.2 Trade 4.0 3.7 Financial Sector 3.0 2.9 3.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 4.0 3.1 Ghana IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.9 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 4.0 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 3.5 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 4.0 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 4.0 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 4.0 3.2 3.3 Environmental Sustainability 2014 3.3 Public Sector Management 3.4 3.0 and Institutions 3.4 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 3.5 2.7 3.5 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.0 3.1 2008 3.6 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.5 3.4 3.9 Quality of Public Administration 3.5 2.9 Non-Fragile Non-Fragile Countries Ghana Transparency, Accountability and 3.5 2.7 Countries in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.4 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Score from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Ghana • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. -0.1 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: -0.3 -0.5 -0.5 • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. -1.2 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 58 GUINEA World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 11.7 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 6.1 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.0 — 3.3 2.7 GDP per capita (current US$) 523.1 (Public Sector Management Below SSA IDA Avg. No Change (Economic Management) and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 41.3 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Overall CPIA Scores Indicator Guinea Average 3.5 Economic Management 3.3 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 3.5 3.5 3.3 Fiscal Policy 3.5 3.2 3.1 Debt Policy 3.0 3.3 2.9 Structural Policies 3.0 3.2 2.7 Trade 3.5 3.7 2.5 Financial Sector 2.5 2.9 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.0 3.1 Guinea IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.1 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 3.0 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 3.0 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 2.5 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.5 3.2 3.3 Environmental Sustainability 2014 3.3 Public Sector Management 2.7 3.0 3.0 and Institutions Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 2.0 2.7 3.5 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.0 3.1 2008 3.6 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.0 3.4 3.0 Quality of Public Administration 3.0 2.9 Non-Fragile Non-Fragile Countries Guinea Transparency, Accountability and Countries in SSA Outside SSA 2.5 2.7 Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.0 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Guinea • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. 0.3 • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. 0.1 0.1 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: 0.0 • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. -0.3 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Management Policies for Social Management CPIA Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 59 GUINEA-BISSAU World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 1.7 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 0.96 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 2.5 — 3.0 2.2 GDP per capita (current US$) 563.8 (Public Sector Management Below SSA IDA Avg. No Change (Structural Policies) and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 48.7 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend Guinea- SSA IDA Indicator Overall CPIA Scores Bissau Average 3.6 Economic Management 2.5 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 2.5 3.5 3.2 Fiscal Policy 2.5 3.2 2.8 Debt Policy 2.5 3.3 Structural Policies 3.0 3.2 2.4 Trade 4.0 3.7 Financial Sector 2.5 2.9 2.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 2.5 3.1 Guinea-Bissau IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 2.3 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 2.5 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 2.0 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 2.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 2.0 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 2.5 3.2 2.8 Environmental Sustainability Public Sector Management 2014 2.9 2.2 3.0 and Institutions 2.5 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 2.0 2.7 2.7 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 2.0 3.1 2008 2.9 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 2.5 3.4 2.6 Quality of Public Administration 2.5 2.9 Transparency, Accountability and Fragile Countries Fragile Countries Guinea-Bissau 2.0 2.7 in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 2.5 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Guinea-Bissau • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. 0.7 • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized -0.2 -0.1 -0.3 Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. -0.4 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 60 KENYA World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 44.4 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 55.2 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.8 0.1 4.3 3.4 GDP per capita (current US$) 1,245.5 (Public Sector Management Above SSA IDA Avg. (Economic Management) and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 38.0 (2013 ) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Overall CPIA Scores Indicator Kenya Average 4.0 Economic Management 4.3 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 4.5 3.5 3.8 Fiscal Policy 4.0 3.2 3.6 Debt Policy 4.5 3.3 3.4 Structural Policies 3.8 3.2 3.2 Trade 4.0 3.7 Financial Sector 4.0 2.9 3.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.5 3.1 Kenya IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.7 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 3.5 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 4.0 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 4.0 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 3.5 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.5 3.2 3.3 Environmental Sustainability 2014 3.3 Public Sector Management 3.4 3.0 and Institutions 3.8 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 3.0 2.7 3.5 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.5 3.1 2008 3.6 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 4.0 3.4 3.6 Quality of Public Administration 3.5 2.9 Non-Fragile Non-Fragile Countries Kenya Transparency, Accountability and 3.0 2.7 Countries in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.8 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Kenya • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. 0.5 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: 0.3 • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. 0.2 • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized 0.1 Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. 0.0 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 61 LESOTHO World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 2.1 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 2.3 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.3 0.2 3.4 3.3 GDP per capita (current US$) 1,125.6 (Economic Management, Structural Above SSA IDA Avg. (Policies for Social Inclusion Policies, and Public Sector Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 45.7 and Equity) Management and Institutions) (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Overall CPIA Scores Indicator Lesotho Average 3.6 Economic Management 3.3 3.3 3.5 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 3.5 3.5 3.4 Fiscal Policy 2.5 3.2 3.3 Debt Policy 4.0 3.3 3.2 Structural Policies 3.3 3.2 3.1 Trade 4.0 3.7 Financial Sector 3.0 2.9 3.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.0 3.1 Lesotho IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.4 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 4.0 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 3.0 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 3.0 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.5 3.2 3.3 Environmental Sustainability 2014 3.3 Public Sector Management 3.3 3.0 3.3 and Institutions Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 3.5 2.7 3.5 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.0 3.1 2008 3.6 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 4.0 3.4 3.5 Quality of Public Administration 3.0 2.9 Non-Fragile Non-Fragile Countries Lesotho Transparency, Accountability and Countries in SSA Outside SSA 3.0 2.7 Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.3 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Lesotho • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. 0.1 0.0 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. -0.1 -0.2 • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). -0.7 • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 62 LIBERIA World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 4.3 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 1.951 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.1 — 3.5 2.9 GDP per capita (current US$) 454.3 (Public Sector Management Below SSA IDA Avg. No Change (Economic Management) and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 70.9 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Overall CPIA Scores Indicator Liberia Average 3.5 Economic Management 3.5 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 3.5 3.5 3.3 Fiscal Policy 3.5 3.2 3.1 Debt Policy 3.5 3.3 2.9 Structural Policies 3.0 3.2 2.7 Trade 3.5 3.7 Financial Sector 2.5 2.9 2.5 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.0 3.1 Liberia IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.0 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 3.0 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 3.5 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.0 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 2.5 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.0 3.2 2.8 Environmental Sustainability 2014 2.9 Public Sector Management 2.9 3.0 3.1 and Institutions Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 2.5 2.7 2.8 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.0 3.1 2009 3.1 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.5 3.4 2.8 Quality of Public Administration 2.5 2.9 Fragile Countries Fragile Countries Liberia Transparency, Accountability and in SSA Outside SSA 3.0 2.7 Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.1 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2009 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Liberia • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. 0.5 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. 0.3 0.3 • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. 0.2 • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized 0.1 Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 63 MADAGASCAR World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 22.9 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 10.6 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.1 0.1 3.7 2.6 GDP per capita (current US$) 463.0 (Public Sector Management Below SSA IDA Avg. (Economic Management) and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 87.8 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Indicator Madagascar Overall CPIA Scores Average 3.8 Economic Management 3.7 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 3.5 3.5 3.6 Fiscal Policy 3.0 3.2 3.4 Debt Policy 4.5 3.3 3.2 Structural Policies 3.2 3.2 3.0 Trade 4.0 3.7 Financial Sector 2.5 2.9 2.8 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.0 3.1 Madagascar IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.1 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 3.5 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 3.0 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 2.5 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.0 3.2 2.8 Environmental Sustainability Public Sector Management 2014 2.9 2.6 3.0 and Institutions 3.1 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 2.5 2.7 2.7 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 2.0 3.1 2008 2.9 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.5 3.4 3.7 Quality of Public Administration 2.5 2.9 Transparency, Accountability and Fragile Countries Fragile Countries Madagascar 2.5 2.7 in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.1 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Madagascar • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. -0.1 -0.3 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. -0.6 -0.6 • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized -1.0 Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 64 MALAWI World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 16.4 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 3.7 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.2 0.1 3.5 3.0 GDP per capita (current US$) 226.5 (Policies for Social At the SSA IDA Avg. Inclusion and Equity) (Economic Management) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 71.6 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Overall CPIA Scores Indicator Malawi Average 3.5 Economic Management 3.0 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 3.0 3.5 3.4 Fiscal Policy 3.0 3.2 3.3 Debt Policy 3.0 3.3 3.2 Structural Policies 3.2 3.2 3.1 Trade 3.5 3.7 Financial Sector 3.0 2.9 3.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.0 3.1 Malawi IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.5 3.2 average average Gender Equality 3.5 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 3.5 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 3.5 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.5 3.2 3.3 Environmental Sustainability 2014 3.3 Public Sector Management 3.1 3.0 3.2 and Institutions Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 3.5 2.7 3.5 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.0 3.1 2008 3.6 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 4.0 3.4 3.4 Quality of Public Administration 2.5 2.9 Non-Fragile Non-Fragile Countries Malawi Transparency, Accountability and Countries in SSA Outside SSA 2.5 2.7 Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.2 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Malawi • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. 0.1 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. -0.2 • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 65 MALI World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 15.3 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 10.9 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.4 — 3.7 3.0 GDP per capita (current US$) 715.1 (Public Sector Management Above SSA IDA Avg. No Change (Economic Management) and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 50.8 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Indicator Mali Overall CPIA Scores Average 3.8 Economic Management 3.7 3.3 3.7 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 4.0 3.5 3.6 Fiscal Policy 3.5 3.2 3.5 Debt Policy 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.3 Structural Policies 3.5 3.2 3.2 Trade 4.0 3.7 3.1 Financial Sector 3.0 2.9 3.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.5 3.1 Mali IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.3 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 3.0 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 3.5 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.0 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 3.0 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 4.0 3.2 2.8 Environmental Sustainability 2014 2.9 Public Sector Management 3.0 3.0 and Institutions 3.4 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 2.5 2.7 2.7 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.5 3.1 2008 2.9 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.5 3.4 3.7 Quality of Public Administration 2.5 2.9 Transparency, Accountability and Fragile Countries Fragile Countries Mali 3.0 2.7 in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.4 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Mali • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. 0.0 • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: -0.1 • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. -0.3 -0.4 • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. -0.6 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 66 MAURITANIA World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 3.9 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 4.2 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.4 0.1 3.7 3.2 GDP per capita (current US$) 1,069.0 (Structural Policies and Above SSA IDA Avg. (Economic Management) Public Sector Management Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011) 23.5 and Institutions) (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Overall CPIA Scores Indicator Mauritania Average 3.5 Economic Management 3.7 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 4.0 3.5 3.4 Fiscal Policy 4.0 3.2 3.3 Debt Policy 3.0 3.3 3.2 Structural Policies 3.2 3.2 3.1 Trade 4.0 3.7 Financial Sector 2.5 2.9 3.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.0 3.1 Mauritania IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.5 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 4.0 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 4.0 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 3.0 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.0 3.2 3.3 Environmental Sustainability 2014 3.3 Public Sector Management 3.2 3.0 3.4 and Institutions Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 3.0 2.7 3.5 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.0 3.1 2008 3.6 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 4.0 3.4 3.3 Quality of Public Administration 3.0 2.9 Non-Fragile Non-Fragile Countries Mauritania Transparency, Accountability and Countries in SSA Outside SSA 3.0 2.7 Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.4 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Score from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Mauritania • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. 0.2 0.2 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: 0.1 • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. 0.0 • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized -0.1 Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 67 MOZAMBIQUE World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 25.8 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 15.6 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.6 — 4.2 3.3 GDP per capita (current US$) 605.0 (Public Sector Management Above SSA IDA Avg. No Change (Economic Management) and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 55.8 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Overall CPIA Scores Indicator Mozambique Average 3.8 Economic Management 4.2 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 4.5 3.5 3.6 Fiscal Policy 4.0 3.2 3.4 Debt Policy 4.0 3.3 Structural Policies 3.5 3.2 3.2 Trade 4.0 3.7 Financial Sector 3.5 2.9 3.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.0 3.1 Mozambique IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.4 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 3.5 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 3.0 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 4.0 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 3.0 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.5 3.2 3.3 Environmental Sustainability 2014 3.3 Public Sector Management 3.3 3.0 3.6 and Institutions Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 2.5 2.7 3.5 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 4.0 3.1 2008 3.6 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 4.0 3.4 3.7 Quality of Public Administration 3.0 2.9 Non-Fragile Non-Fragile Countries Mozambique Transparency, Accountability and 3.0 2.7 Countries in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.6 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Mozambique • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: 0.0 0.0 • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized -0.1 -0.1 Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. -0.2 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 68 NIGER World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 17.8 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 7.4 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.4 0.1 3.8 3.2 GDP per capita (current US$) 415.4 (Public Sector Management Above SSA IDA Avg. (Economic Management) and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 40.8 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Indicator Niger Overall CPIA Scores Average 3.6 Economic Management 3.8 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 4.0 3.5 3.5 Fiscal Policy 3.5 3.2 3.4 Debt Policy 4.0 3.3 3.3 Structural Policies 3.3 3.2 3.2 Trade 4.0 3.7 Financial Sector 3.0 2.9 3.1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.0 3.1 Niger IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.3 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 2.5 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 4.0 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 3.0 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.5 3.2 3.3 Environmental Sustainability 2014 3.3 Public Sector Management 3.2 3.0 and Institutions 3.4 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 3.0 2.7 3.5 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.5 3.1 2008 3.6 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.5 3.4 3.3 Quality of Public Administration 3.0 2.9 Non-Fragile Non-Fragile Countries Niger Transparency, Accountability and 3.0 2.7 Countries in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.4 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Niger • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: 0.3 • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. 0.1 0.1 • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized 0.0 0.0 Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 69 NIGERIA World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 173.6 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 521.8 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.5 0.1 4.3 2.8 GDP per capita (current US$) 3,005.5 (Public Sector Management Above SSA IDA Avg. (Economic Management) and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 60.1 (2013) 2013 Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Indicator Nigeria Overall CPIA Scores Average 3.8 Economic Management 4.3 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 4.5 3.5 3.6 Fiscal Policy 4.0 3.2 Debt Policy 4.5 3.3 3.4 Structural Policies 3.5 3.2 3.2 Trade 3.5 3.7 Financial Sector 3.5 2.9 3.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.5 3.1 Nigeria IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.5 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 3.0 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 3.5 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 4.0 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.5 3.2 3.3 Environmental Sustainability 2014 3.3 Public Sector Management 2.8 3.0 and Institutions 3.5 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 2.5 2.7 3.5 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.0 3.1 2008 3.6 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.0 3.4 3.4 Quality of Public Administration 2.5 2.9 Transparency, Accountability and Non-Fragile Non-Fragile Countries Nigeria 3.0 2.7 Countries in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.5 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Nigeria • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. 0.3 • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. 0.2 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: 0.1 • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. 0.0 • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. -0.1 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 70 RWANDA World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 11.8 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 7.5 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 4.0 0.1 4.2 3.6 GDP per capita (current US$) 638.7 (Structural Policies and Policies for (Public Sector Above SSA IDA Avg. Social inclusion and Equity) Management and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 63.0 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Indicator Rwanda Overall CPIA Scores Average 4.2 Economic Management 4.0 3.3 4.0 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 4.0 3.5 3.8 Fiscal Policy 4.0 3.2 Debt Policy 4.0 3.3 3.6 Structural Policies 4.2 3.2 3.4 Trade 4.5 3.7 3.2 Financial Sector 3.5 2.9 3.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 4.5 3.1 Rwanda IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 4.2 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 4.0 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 4.5 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 4.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 4.0 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 4.0 3.2 3.3 Environmental Sustainability 2014 3.3 Public Sector Management 3.6 3.0 4.0 and Institutions Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 3.5 2.7 3.5 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 4.0 3.1 2008 3.6 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.5 3.4 3.7 Quality of Public Administration 3.5 2.9 Non-Fragile Non-Fragile Countries Rwanda Transparency, Accountability and Countries in SSA Outside SSA 3.5 2.7 Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 4.0 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Rwanda • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. 0.7 • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. 0.3 0.3 • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. 0.2 • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized 0.1 Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 71 SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 0.2 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 0.3 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.1 — 3.2 2.8 GDP per capita (current US$) 1,609.8 Below SSA IDA Avg. No Change (Structural Policies) (Economic Management) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 42.2 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend São Tomé SSA IDA Indicator Overall CPIA Scores and Príncipe Average 3.5 Economic Management 2.8 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 3.0 3.5 3.3 Fiscal Policy 3.0 3.2 3.1 Debt Policy 2.5 3.3 2.9 Structural Policies 3.2 3.2 2.7 Trade 4.0 3.7 Financial Sector 2.5 2.9 2.5 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.0 3.1 São Tomé IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.1 3.2 and Príncipe Average Average Gender Equality 3.0 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 3.0 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 2.5 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.5 3.2 3.3 Environmental Sustainability 2014 3.3 Public Sector Management 3.1 3.0 and Institutions 3.1 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 2.5 2.7 3.5 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.0 3.1 2008 3.6 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.5 3.4 3.0 Quality of Public Administration 3.0 2.9 Non-Fragile Non-Fragile Countries São Tomé Transparency, Accountability and Countries in SSA Outside SSA and Príncipe 3.5 2.7 Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.1 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. São Tomé and Príncipe • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. 0.3 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. 0.1 • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. 0.0 0.0 0.0 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 72 SENEGAL World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 14.1 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 14.8 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.8 — 4.2 3.5 GDP per capita (current US$) 1,046.6 (Policies for Social Above SSA IDA Avg. No Change (Economic Management) Inclusion and Equity) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 34.1 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Indicator Senegal Overall CPIA Scores Average 4.0 Economic Management 4.2 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 4.0 3.5 3.8 Fiscal Policy 4.0 3.2 3.6 Debt Policy 4.5 3.3 3.4 Structural Policies 4.0 3.2 3.2 Trade 4.5 3.7 Financial Sector 3.5 2.9 3.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 4.0 3.1 Senegal IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.5 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 3.5 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 3.5 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 4.0 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 3.0 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.5 3.2 3.3 Environmental Sustainability 2014 3.3 Public Sector Management 3.6 3.0 and Institutions 3.8 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 3.5 2.7 3.5 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.5 3.1 2008 3.6 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 4.0 3.4 3.6 Quality of Public Administration 3.5 2.9 Transparency, Accountability and Non-Fragile Non-Fragile Countries Senegal 3.5 2.7 Countries in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.8 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Senegal • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. 0.4 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. 0.2 0.2 0.2 • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized 0.1 Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 73 SIERRA LEONE World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 6.1 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 4.1 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.3 — 3.5 3.1 GDP per capita (current US$) 679.0 Above SSA IDA Avg. No Change (Economic Management) (Public Sector Management and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 56.6 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend Sierra SSA IDA Overall CPIA Scores Indicator Leone Average 3.4 Economic Management 3.5 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 4.0 3.5 3.3 Fiscal Policy 3.0 3.2 Debt Policy 3.5 3.3 3.2 Structural Policies 3.2 3.2 3.1 Trade 3.5 3.7 Financial Sector 3.0 2.9 3.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.0 3.1 Sierra Leone IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.3 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 3.0 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 3.5 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.0 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 3.5 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.5 3.2 2.8 Environmental Sustainability 2014 2.9 Public Sector Management 3.1 3.0 3.3 and Institutions Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 3.0 2.7 2.7 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.5 3.1 2008 2.9 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.0 3.4 3.1 Quality of Public Administration 3.0 2.9 Fragile Countries Fragile Countries Sierra Leone Transparency, Accountability and in SSA Outside SSA 3.0 2.7 Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.3 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Sierra Leone • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. 0.4 0.4 • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: 0.2 • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. 0.0 • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. -0.2 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Management Policies for Social Management CPIA Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 74 SOUTH SUDAN World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 11.3 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 11.8 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 2.0 0.1 2.2 1.8 GDP per capita (current US$) 1,045.0 Below SSA IDA Avg. (Structural Policies) (Economic Management) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) NA (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend South SSA IDA Overall CPIA Scores Indicator Sudan Average 3.4 Economic Management 1.8 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 2.0 3.5 3.0 Fiscal Policy 2.0 3.2 2.6 Debt Policy 1.5 3.3 Structural Policies 2.2 3.2 2.2 Trade 2.0 3.7 1.8 Financial Sector 2.5 2.9 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 2.0 3.1 South IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 2.1 3.2 Sudan Average Average Gender Equality 2.5 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 2.0 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 2.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 1.5 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 2.0 3.2 2.8 Environmental Sustainability 2014 2.9 Public Sector Management 1.9 3.0 and Institutions 2.0 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 1.5 2.7 2.8 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 2.0 3.1 2012 2.9 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 2.0 3.4 2.1 Quality of Public Administration 2.0 2.9 Fragile Countries Fragile Countries South Sudan Transparency, Accountability and 2.0 2.7 in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 2.0 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA scores from 2012 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. South Sudan • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. 0.0 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. -0.2 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 75 SUDAN World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 38.0 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 66.6 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 2.4 — 2.7 2.2 GDP per capita (current US$) 1,753.4 (Public Sector Management Below SSA IDA Avg. No Change (Structural Policies) and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 17.2 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Overall CPIA Scores Indicator Sudan Average 3.4 Economic Management 2.3 3.3 3.2 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 3.0 3.5 3.0 Fiscal Policy 2.5 3.2 2.8 Debt Policy 1.5 3.3 2.6 Structural Policies 2.7 3.2 2.4 Trade 2.5 3.7 2.2 Financial Sector 2.5 2.9 2.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.0 3.1 Sudan IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 2.5 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 2.5 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 2.5 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.0 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 2.5 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 2.0 3.2 2.8 Environmental Sustainability 2014 2.9 Public Sector Management 2.2 3.0 and Institutions 2.4 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 2.0 2.7 2.7 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 2.5 3.1 2008 2.9 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.0 3.4 2.5 Quality of Public Administration 2.0 2.9 Fragile Countries Fragile Countries Sudan Transparency, Accountability and 1.5 2.7 in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 2.4 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Sudan • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. 0.2 • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: 0.0 • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. -0.1 -0.1 • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. -0.4 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 76 TANZANIA World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 49.3 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 43.6 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.8 — 4.0 3.4 GDP per capita (current US$) 912.7 (Public Sector Management Above SSA IDA Avg. No Change (Economic Management) and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 43.5 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Indicator Tanzania Overall CPIA Scores Average 4.0 Economic Management 4.0 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 4.5 3.5 3.8 Fiscal Policy 3.5 3.2 3.6 Debt Policy 4.0 3.3 3.4 Structural Policies 3.8 3.2 3.2 Trade 4.0 3.7 Financial Sector 4.0 2.9 3.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.5 3.1 Tanzania IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.8 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 3.5 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 4.0 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 4.0 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 4.0 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.5 3.2 3.3 Environmental Sustainability Public Sector Management 2014 3.3 3.4 3.0 and Institutions 3.8 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 3.5 2.7 3.5 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.5 3.1 2008 3.6 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 4.0 3.4 Quality of Public Administration 3.0 2.9 3.8 Transparency, Accountability and Non-Fragile Non-Fragile Countries Tanzania 3.0 2.7 Countries in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.8 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides credits to the poorest countries. Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. Tanzania • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. 0.1 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: 0.0 0.0 • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized -0.1 Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). -0.3 • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 77 TOGO World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 6.8 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 4.3 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.0 — 3.2 2.6 GDP per capita (current US$) 636.4 (Structural Policies and Policies (Public Sector Management Below IDA Avg. No Change for Social Inclusion and Equity) and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 52.5 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Indicator Togo Overall CPIA Scores Average 3.6 Economic Management 3.0 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 4.0 3.5 3.2 Fiscal Policy 2.5 3.2 Debt Policy 2.5 3.3 2.8 Structural Policies 3.2 3.2 2.4 Trade 4.0 3.7 Financial Sector 2.5 2.9 2.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.0 3.1 Togo IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.2 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 3.0 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 3.5 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 3.0 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.0 3.2 2.8 Environmental Sustainability 2014 2.9 Public Sector Management 2.6 3.0 and Institutions 3.0 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 2.5 2.7 2.7 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 2.5 3.1 2008 2.9 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.0 3.4 2.7 Quality of Public Administration 2.5 2.9 Transparency, Accountability and Fragile Countries Fragile Countries Togo 2.5 2.7 in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.0 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Togo • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. 0.5 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: 0.4 • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. 0.3 0.3 • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. 0.0 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 78 UGANDA World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 37.6 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 24.7 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.7 — 4.2 3.1 GDP per capita (current US$) 657.4 (Public Sector Above SSA IDA Avg. No Change (Economic Management) Management and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 37.0 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Indicator Uganda Overall CPIA Scores Average 4.0 Economic Management 4.2 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 4.0 3.5 3.8 Fiscal Policy 4.0 3.2 3.6 Debt Policy 4.5 3.3 3.4 Structural Policies 4.0 3.2 Trade 4.5 3.7 3.2 Financial Sector 3.5 2.9 3.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 4.0 3.1 Uganda IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.7 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 3.5 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 4.0 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 4.0 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 3.5 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.5 3.2 3.3 Environmental Sustainability Public Sector Management 2014 3.3 3.1 3.0 and Institutions 3.7 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 3.5 2.7 3.5 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.5 3.1 2008 3.6 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.5 3.4 3.9 Quality of Public Administration 3.0 2.9 Transparency, Accountability and Non-Fragile Non-Fragile Countries Uganda 2.0 2.7 Corruption in Public Sector Countries in SSA Outside SSA Overall CPIA Score 3.7 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Uganda • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. 0.2 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. -0.1 • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized -0.2 Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. -0.3 -0.3 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 79 YEMEN, REPUBLIC World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 24.4 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 36.0 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.0 — 3.2 2.7 GDP per capita (current US$) 1 ,473.0 (Public Sector Below IDA Avg. No Change (Economic Management) Management and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 16.8 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend Indicator Yemen IDA Average Overall CPIA Scores 3.4 Economic Management 3.2 3.4 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 3.5 3.5 3.3 Fiscal Policy 3.0 3.2 3.2 Debt Policy 3.0 3.4 3.1 Structural Policies 3.0 3.3 3.0 Trade 4.0 3.8 Financial Sector 2.0 2.9 2.9 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.0 3.1 Yemen IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.0 3.3 Average Average Gender Equality 2.0 3.3 Equity of Public Resource Use 3.5 3.4 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.0 3.6 Social Protection and Labor 3.5 3.0 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.0 3.2 Environmental Sustainability 2.8 2014 2.9 Public Sector Management 2.7 3.1 and Institutions 3.0 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 2.0 2.9 2.7 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.5 3.2 2008 2.9 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.0 3.4 3.2 Quality of Public Administration 3.0 2.9 Transparency, Accountability and Fragile Countries Fragile Countries Yemen 2.0 2.9 in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.0 3.3 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. Yemen • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. -0.1 • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. -0.2 -0.2 • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. -0.3 -0.3 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 80 ZAMBIA World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 14.5 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 26.8 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 3.4 — 3.7 3.2 GDP per capita (current US$) 1,844.8 (Public Sector Above SSA IDA Avg. No Change (Structural Policies) Management and Institutions) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) 73.2 (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Indicator Zambia Overall CPIA Scores Average 3.7 Economic Management 3.5 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 3.5 3.5 3.5 Fiscal Policy 3.0 3.2 Debt Policy 4.0 3.3 3.3 Structural Policies 3.7 3.2 Trade 4.0 3.7 Financial Sector 3.5 2.9 3.1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 3.5 3.1 Zambia IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.3 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 3.0 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 3.5 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 4.0 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 2.5 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.5 3.2 Environmental Sustainability 3.3 Public Sector Management 2014 3.3 3.2 3.0 and Institutions 3.4 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 3.0 2.7 3.5 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.5 3.1 2008 3.6 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 3.5 3.4 3.5 Quality of Public Administration 3.0 2.9 Transparency, Accountability and Non-Fragile Non-Fragile Countries Zambia 3.0 2.7 Countries in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 3.4 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides credits to the poorest countries. Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. Zambia • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. 0.0 0.0 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. -0.1 • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. -0.2 -0.2 • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 81 ZIMBABWE World Bank – Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPIA 2014 Quick Facts Population (millions) 14.1 Change from Highest Lowest CPIA Score GDP (current US$ billions) 13.5 previous year performing cluster performing cluster 2.7 0.4 3.1 2.3 GDP per capita (current US$) 953.4 (Policies for Social Below IDA Avg. Inclusion and Equity) (Economic Management) Poverty below US$1.25 a day (% of population, 2011, est.) NA (2013) Country and Policy Institutional Assessment 2014 Trend SSA IDA Indicator Zimbabwe Overall CPIA Scores Average 3.5 Economic Management 2.3 3.3 Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy 2.5 3.5 3.0 Fiscal Policy 2.5 3.2 2.5 Debt Policy 2.0 3.3 2.0 Structural Policies 2.5 3.2 1.5 Trade 3.0 3.7 Financial Sector 2.5 2.9 1.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Business Regulatory Environment 2.0 3.1 Zimbabwe IDA Borrowers' SSA IDA Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity 3.1 3.2 Average Average Gender Equality 4.0 3.2 Equity of Public Resource Use 2.5 3.3 Comparison Building Human Resources 3.5 3.5 Social Protection and Labor 2.5 2.9 Comparing Overall CPIA Scores Policies and Institutions for 3.0 3.2 2.8 Environmental Sustainability 2014 2.9 Public Sector Management 2.7 3.0 and Institutions 2.7 Property Rights and Rule-Based Governance 2.0 2.7 2.7 Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management 3.5 3.1 2008 2.9 Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization 4.0 3.4 1.4 Quality of Public Administration 2.5 2.9 Transparency, Accountability and Fragile Countries Fragile Countries Zimbabwe 1.5 2.7 in SSA Outside SSA Corruption in Public Sector Overall CPIA Score 2.7 3.2 Progress Definitions: • CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment. • IDA: International Development Association, the arm of the World Bank Group that provides Change in CPIA Scores from 2008 to 2014 credits to the poorest countries. Zimbabwe • SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. • Poverty is based on the PovcalNet poverty data as of June 2015. 1.6 • The cut-off date for the World Development Indicators (WDI) database is June 2015. 1.3 1.3 Average scores for comparisons refer to country groupings as follows: 1.1 • IDA Borrowing Countries: 76 countries eligible for IDA credits and with CPIA scores in 2014. 1.0 • SSA IDA Countries: 38 SSA IDA countries which had CPIA scores in 2014. • Fragile Countries in SSA: 17 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. • Non-Fragile Countries in SSA: 21 IDA-eligible countries (excluding fragile countries). • Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 11 countries with CPIA scores included in the World Bank’s Harmonized Economic Structural Policies Public Sector Overall Fragile List for Fiscal Year 2016. Management Policies for Social Management CPIA • Non-Fragile Countries Outside SSA: 27 IDA-eligible countries outside Sub-Saharan Africa Inclusion/Equity Institutions Score (excluding fragile countries). NOTES: The CPIA consists of 16 criteria grouped in four equally weighted clusters: Economic Management, Structural Policies, Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity, and Public Sector Management and Institutions. For each of the 16 criteria, countries are rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 6 (high). The scores depend on the level of performance in a given year assessed against the criteria, rather than on changes in performance compared with the previous year. The ratings depend on actual policies and performance, rather than on promises or intentions. The ratings reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments originated in the World Bank or elsewhere. For details, see: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 82 Appendix A: CPIA Components A. Economic Management: 1. Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy: The quality of monetary/exchange rate policies in a coherent macroeconomic policy framework. 2. Fiscal Policy: The quality of fiscal policy as regards stabilization (achieving macroeconomic policy objectives in conjunction with coherent monetary and exchange rate policies, smoothing business cycle fluctuations, accommodating shocks) and resource allocation (appropriate provisioning of public goods). 3. Debt Policy: Degree of appropriateness of the country’s debt management strategy for ensuring medium-term debt sustainability and minimizing budgetary risks. B. Structural Policies: 4. Trade: Extent to which the policy framework fosters regional and global integration in goods and services, focusing on the trade policy regime (tariffs, nontariff barriers and barriers to trade in services) and trade facilitation. 5. Financial Sector: Quality of policies and regulations that affect financial sector development on three dimensions: (a) financial stability; (b) the sector’s efficiency, depth, and resource mobilization strength; and (c) access to financial services. 6. Business Regulatory Environment: The extent to which the legal, regulatory, and policy environment helps or hinders private business in investing, creating jobs and becoming more productive. C. Policies for Social Inclusion and Equity: 7. Gender Equality: The extent to which policies, laws and institutions (a) promote equal access for men and women to human capital development; (b) promote equal access for men and women to productive and economic resources; and (c) give men and women equal status and protection under the law. 8. Equity of Public Resource Use: The extent to which the pattern of public expenditures and revenue collection affects the poor and is consistent with national poverty reduction priorities. 9. Building Human Resources: The quality of national policies and public and private sector delivery in health and education. 10. Social Protection and Labor: Policies promoting risk prevention by supporting savings and risk pooling through social insurance, protection against destitution through redistributive safety net programs and promotion of human capital development and income generation, including labor market programs. 11. Policies and Institutions for Environmental Sustainability: The extent to which environmental policies and institutions foster the protection and sustainable use of natural resources and the management of pollution. D. Public Sector Management and Institutions 12. Property Rights and Rule-based Governance: The extent to which economic activity is facilitated by an effective legal system and rule-based governance structure in which property and contract rights are reliably respected and enforced. 13. Quality of Budgetary and Financial Management: The extent to which there is: (a) a comprehensive and credible budget, linked to policy priorities; (b) effective financial management systems to ensure that the budget is implemented as intended in a controlled and predictable way; and (c) timely and accurate accounting and fiscal reporting, including timely audit of public accounts and effective arrangements for follow up. 14. Efficiency of Revenue Mobilization: Assesses the overall pattern of revenue mobilization, not only the tax structure as it exists on paper, but revenue from all sources as they are actually collected. 15. Quality of Public Administration: The core administration defined as the civilian central government (and sub-national governments, to the extent that their size or policy responsibilities are significant) excluding health and education personnel, and police. 16. Transparency, Accountability and Corruption in Public Sector: The extent to which the executive, legislators, and other high-level officials can be held accountable for their use of funds, administrative decisions, and results obtained. 83 Appendix B: Country Groups Sub-Saharan Africa Non Sub-Saharan Africa Fragile* Non-Fragile Fragile* Non-Fragile BURUNDI BENIN AFGHANISTAN BANGLADESH* CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC BURKINA FASO HAITI BHUTAN* CHAD CAMEROON* KIRIBATI* BOLIVIA* COMOROS CABO VERDE* KOSOVO* CAMBODIA CONGO, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC CONGO REPUBLIC* MARSHALL ISLANDS*(U) DJIBOUTI* CÔTE D'IVOIRE * ETHIOPIA MICRONESIA, FS* DOMINICA*(U) ERITREA GHANA* MYANMAR* GRENADA*(U) GAMBIA, THE GUINEA SOLOMON ISLANDS* GUYANA* GUINEA-BISSAU KENYA* TIMOR-LESTE* HONDURAS* MADAGASCAR LESOTHO* TUVALU*(U) KYRGYZ REPUBLIC* MALI MALAWI YEMEN, REPUBLIC* LAO, PDR* LIBERIA MAURITANIA* MALDIVES*(U) SIERRA LEONE MOZAMBIQUE MOLDOVA* SOUTH SUDAN NIGER MONGOLIA*(U) SUDAN* NIGERIA* NEPAL TOGO RWANDA NICARAGUA* ZIMBABWE SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE* PAKISTAN* SENEGAL* PAPUA NEW GUINEA* TANZANIA SAMOA* UGANDA SRI LANKA* ZAMBIA* ST. LUCIA*(U) ST. VINCENT*(U) TAJIKISTAN TONGA*(U) UZBEKISTAN* VANUATU* VIETNAM* Note: “Fragile Situations” have: either a) a harmonized average CPIA country rating of 3.2 or less, or b) the presence of a UN and/or regional peace-keeping or peace-building mission during the past three years. This list includes only IDA-eligible countries and non-member or inactive territories/countries without CPIA data. It excludes IBRD-only countries for which the CPIA scores are not currently disclosed. The analysis does not include the following fragile countries since either they do not have CPIA data or are IBRD countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Syria, and West Bank Gaza. Middle income countries (MIC) are identified by asterisk (“*”) and upper MICSs by “*(U)”, based on the income classification in effect as of July 2015. 84 Appendix C: Guide to CPIA The CPIA is a diagnostic tool that is intended to capture the quality of a country’s policies and institutional arrangements—i.e., its focus is on the key elements that are within a country’s control, rather than on outcomes (such as growth rates) that are influenced by elements outside the country’s control. More specifically, the CPIA measures the extent to which a country’s policy and institutional framework supports sustainable growth and poverty reduction, and consequently the effective use of development assistance. The outcome of the exercise yields both an overall score and scores for all of the sixteen criteria that compose the CPIA. The CPIA tool was developed and first employed in the mid-1970s and over the years the World Bank has periodically updated and improved it to reflect the lessons of experience and the evolution of thinking about development. In June 2006, the World Bank publicly disclosed for the first time the numerical scores of its 2005 Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA). The CPIA exercise covers country performance during a given calendar year with the results for the IDA eligible countries disclosed in June of the following year. The CPIA has undergone periodic reviews to update and refine the content of the criteria. The most recent revision of the criteria took place last year and was applied to the 2011 CPIA exercise. The revisions were guided by the conclusions of an IEG evaluation and by the relevant literature findings and the lessons learned in carrying out the annual CPIA exercise in the past few years. In undertaking the revisions, special attention was given to ensuring that the content of the revisions was commensurate with the availability of information and the ability to assess country performance; and that some degree of continuity was preserved in the criteria. The revisions have not resulted in significant changes in country scores. Among the revisions are the following: • In Q4 (Trade), trade policy and trade facilitation are now equally weighted; more emphasis is placed on the trade regime, not just imports; services are explicitly introduced; and the trade facilitation sub- component elaborated. • The coverage of social assistance programs, including coordination, reach and targeting issues in Q10 (Social Protection and Labor), was strengthened. • Q15 (Quality of Public Administration) was revised to include a stronger focus on the core public administration and, when relevant, a more explicit treatment of sub-national governments. • In Q16, (Transparency, Accountability and Corruption in the Public Sector) was revised to include a new dimension to cover aspects of financial corruption that had not been treated consistently. Coverage of fiscal information is now more explicit, and capture and conflicts of interest as distinct forms of corruption are treated more consistently. CPIA scores help to determine IDA allocations—concessional lending and grants—to low-income countries. Details are available at: www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA. 85