33338 GEF and Small Island Developing States Contents About This Report 1 GEF and SIDS: Collaborating for a Sustainable Future 2 Message from Len Good, CEO and Chairman, GEF About the GEF 4 Overview: Responding to Past and Present Challenges 6 Climate Change 9 Biodiversity 14 International Waters 19 Land Degradation 25 Looking Ahead 28 Annexes 32 About This Report The Global Environment Facility (GEF) hopes this report will con- environmental problems through the sustainable development of 1 tribute to discussions at the International Meeting for the 10-Year SIDS. The report highlights the GEF's work with SIDS on key Review of the Barbados Programme of Action. The GEF fully sup- natural resource issues--climate change, biodiversity, international ports the Barbados Programme of Action as a fundamental frame- waters, and land degradation. It also describes the GEF's strategic work for the sustainable development of small island developing priorities for SIDS over the next five years, recognizing the interre- states (SIDS) and looks forward to continuing to work with SIDS on latedness of SIDS' global environmental problems and their links to its implementation in areas consistent with the GEF's mandate. economic and social development. The report draws on a paper by Dr. Anilla Cherian, An Overview of Achievements Made, Lessons GEF and Small Island Developing States focuses on the collaboration Learned, and Priorities for Action by Small Island Developing States in between the GEF and SIDS over the past 13 years. The GEF has the Areas of Climate Change, Biodiversity, International Waters, and allocated a total $365.1 million for 225 projects to address global Land Degradation (1992­2004). GEF and Small Island Developing States: Collaborating for a Sustainable Future 2 P ristine and tropical coastal habitats have long attracted tourists fests in a range of interlinked impacts. For example, runoff from to small island developing states (SIDS). Here one finds rich unsustainable agriculture can threaten watersheds and coral reefs marine and coastal environments, diverse flora and fauna, and that are a mainstay of tourism dollars. a wealth of natural resources. These natural attributes all play a criti- cal role in sustaining the islands' communities and economies. Despite their geographic dispersion, SIDS are working diligently together on shared concerns through regional and international net- Yet, SIDS confront an array of works, most notably the Alliance of Small Island States. For more challenges. Because they depend on than a decade, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) has collabo- natural resources and lack rated with SIDS and their networks in addressing global environ- resilience, they are highly vulnera- mental concerns through action-oriented projects that also promote ble to global environmental chal- sustainable opportunities for livelihoods for island residents. lenges. They also have limited Restoring and protecting coastal and marine environments, revitaliz- public and private capacity to ing watersheds, preserving biodiversity, preventing land degradation, respond to serious national and and adapting to changing climatic regimes are important focuses. global environmental problems-- particularly climate change--and In small island states, land, ocean, and sky intersect in a high pro- to a rapidly globalizing world portion of their environments. GEF projects in SIDS stress inte- economy. Recent economic and grated solutions. For example, several GEF projects feature demographic growth is stressing integrated coastal management to protect the fisheries on which their fragile environments, where many SIDS economies depend, ensure maritime transport that is misuse of resources quickly mani- their economic lifeline, and protect coral reefs through sewage treatment and other measures. The GEF's operational program on integrated ecosystem management will address overlap among cli- mate change, biodiversity, land degradation, and watershed manage- ment in SIDS through projects under development for Antigua and Barbuda in the Caribbean and Seychelles in the West Indian Ocean. The GEF is currently addressing land degradation in a com- prehensive and integrated manner by forging a partnership with Cuba on a series of interrelated projects. The GEF has gained invaluable experience working on environmen- tal challenges facing SIDS. In the months and years ahead, we look forward to continuing our work with SIDS governments, local com- munities, nongovernmental organizations, the private sector, and bilateral and multilateral organizations. Together, we can promote effective problem-solving partnerships and practical solutions to help improve the global environment, while creating livelihoods and opportunities for the poor. Len Good Chief Executive Officer and Chairman Global Environment Facility (GEF) About the GEF 4 F ollowing a three-year pilot phase, the Global Environment the GEF to assist developing countries in meeting convention Facility (GEF) was formally launched to forge cooperation and objectives. The GEF receives guidance from the conferences of finance actions addressing four critical threats to the global parties to these international conventions on policies, program environment: biodiversity loss, climate change, degradation of inter- priorities, and eligibility criteria. national waters, and ozone depletion. The GEF later expanded its The Convention to Combat Desertification designated the GEF as focal areas to include land degradation--primarily desertification a financial mechanism that is encouraged to seek to maximize the and deforestation--and persistent organic pollutants. availability of funding to assist affected developing countries to combat desertification. The GEF, the only new funding source to emerge from the 1992 Earth Summit, counts 176 countries as members today. During its In May 2001, the Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the first 13 years, GEF allocated $4.5 billion in grant financing, supple- Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants desig- mented by more than $14.5 billion in additional financing, for 1,400 nated GEF as the interim financial mechanism. projects in more than 140 developing countries and countries with GEF assistance has enabled the Russian Federation and economies in transition. nations in Eastern Europe to cut their use of ozone-destroying chemicals by 90 percent; this was done in partnership with the The GEF is a financial mechanism for four international treaties Montreal Protocol of the Vienna Convention on Ozone Layer and collaborates closely with other treaties and agreements to reach Depleting Substances. common goals: GEF initiatives to reverse the degradation of international waters The Convention on Biological Diversity and the U.N. help realize the objectives of a mosaic of regional and interna- Framework Convention on Climate Change have designated tional waters agreements. 5 The GEF capitalizes on the operational capacities of its three imple- organizations serve as GEF executing agencies: the African menting agencies--the U.N. Development Programme (UNDP), Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, European Bank for U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP), and World Bank--which Reconstruction and Development, Inter-American Development play key roles in managing GEF-financed activities. These organiza- Bank, Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N., International tions contribute their expertise to GEF and facilitate cooperation in Fund for Agricultural Development, and U.N. Industrial implementing GEF-financed activities. Seven other international Development Organization. Overview: Responding to Past and Present Challenges 6 S ince 1991, the GEF's mandate has been to help countries address SIDS exhibit great differences in natural resources, population den- global environmental problems. The GEF defrays the added costs sity, market size, financial means, cultures, socioeconomic factors, and of making existing or planned development projects friendly to institutions. For instance, Barbados in the Caribbean has an economy the global environment and finances regional approaches to environ- based on tourism and a vested interest in managing its natural envi- mental problems. Closely linked with national priorities, GEF projects ronment on a sustainable basis; its culture is highly westernized. offer and, in some cases, have already delivered substantial and sustain- Samoa in the Pacific, in contrast, depends greatly on fisheries and able benefits for local communities, including those in small island agriculture, for which the challenges of environmental management developing states (SIDS). The GEF has assisted SIDS in addressing are more complex; its evolving traditional and religious cultures, as critical natural resource issues, such as the potentially adverse effects of elsewhere in the Pacific, have a huge influence on its society. climate change, biodiversity loss, and degradation of land and waters. The Challenges Microcosms of Beauty and Diversity Despite their differences, SIDS share key features that present a spe- Scattered within the Caribbean Sea, the Indian and Pacific Oceans, cial case within the world community. SIDS are sometimes isolated, and other ocean waters around the world, SIDS constitute only a lack economies of scale, have high transportation and communica- tiny portion of the world's land area, yet represent unique and beau- tion costs, are susceptible to natural disasters, and have limited tiful coastal and marine ecosystems with high species diversity and a means and capacity to implement comprehensive sustainable devel- significant degree of endemism. Their often rich fisheries, forests, opment goals. SIDS' economies depend heavily on narrow and frag- and other natural resources have long supported the livelihoods of ile resource bases and are subject to the vagaries of international human settlements and formed the basis of SIDS' economies. trade. These island states typically export a small range of primary products and depend to a great extent on tourism, fisheries in vast SIDS have small yet dense and growing populations, generally ocean areas within exclusive economic zones, and, on larger islands, between 100,000 and 700,000 people, who locate primarily in rap- mining and mineral extraction. Taken together, these characteristics idly urbanizing areas along fragile coasts; 30 percent of Pacific make islands economically, ecologically, and geopolitically vulnera- Islanders and 60 percent of Caribbean people now live in towns and ble, particularly to outside shocks. cities, putting pressure on resources and increasing pollution. Growing cities, new development, agriculture, and waste disposal all In recent years, SIDS have experienced increased economic and compete for increasingly scarce land, leading to land degradation and demographic growth, which is stressing natural environments. Most desertification. Waste and pollution are becoming severe. Industrial Enabling SIDS to Respond to International Conventions Since its inception, the GEF has provided financial More recently, the GEF is expanding its support for capacity-building and other capacity-building support to SIDS to projects that help SIDS and other developing countries strengthen enable them to meet their obligations under the their human and institutional capacities to address global environmen- Convention on Biological Diversity and the U.N. Framework tal problems. As an initial step, the GEF is funding country-driven Convention on Climate Change. More recently, the GEF is providing National Capacity Self-Assessments (NCSAs) to help countries assess support to SIDS for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic their capacity needs and priorities to manage global environmental Pollutants (POPs) and the Convention to Combat Desertification. issues. Once countries identify gaps in capacity, they are encouraged to develop a plan of action for overcoming the gaps. To date, nine GEF "enabling activities"--typically up to $450,000--have helped SIDS are carrying out NCSAs and 17 additional SIDS projects are SIDS prepare biodiversity national inventories, strategies and action under preparation. plans, national communications required by the Convention on Climate Change, and national implementation plans under the As part of its Strategic Approach to Capacity Building, the GEF is Stockholm Convention. working to develop country programs for Least Developed Countries and SIDS. Following the GEF Small Grants Programme model, the More specifically, the GEF has financed: GEF will provide funds to be administered at the country level under biodiversity, 71 projects with a total of $21.6 million through a multistakeholder decision-making process. These pro- under climate change, 52 projects with a total of $16.2 million grams will give countries the flexibility to finance smaller projects under POPs, 19 projects with a total of $7.2 million. and remove bottlenecks identified in their NCSAs. SIDS' unique situation makes them all the more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change: predicted sea-level rise and more severe weather events would exacerbate ongoing human degradation of coastal and marine environments in many SIDS, intensifying the loss of biodiversity; erosion of beaches, fertile land, and watersheds; and damage to infrastructure. SIDS, therefore, could provide an early illustration of the value of strategies for adapting to the impacts of climate change. 8 Their distinctive situation and concerns, however, have long been marginalized within their regions by larger and continental neigh- bors. For this reason and despite their geographic dispersion, in 1991 small island states joined with low-lying coastal developing countries around the world to form the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS). They are working together on shared concerns and bring- ing international attention to the serious environmental and devel- opmental challenges they face. GEF's Response Since its inception, the GEF has allocated more than $365.1 million for 225 projects in SIDS. These projects have attracted $571.6 mil- lion in cofinancing from other organizations and governments. GEF projects for SIDS tackle climate change, biodiversity, international waters, and land degradation--the major concerns described in this growth is increasing the proportion of nonbiodegradable and toxic report. These projects are tailored to individual or groups of island solid waste; untreated sewage that is pumped out to sea is, along with states, or address SIDS through regional projects that include SIDS, agricultural runoff, ruining coral reefs and other environments that among other countries. The GEF also assists SIDS through a number are key to tourism. of global GEF projects addressing broad concerns. Climate Change G lobal climate change is one of the gravest environmental Lack of voice within larger regional group settings and their shared 9 challenges facing SIDS today. Small islands, especially those concern over the adverse effects of global climate change are what located in the tropics, will feel the brunt of physical impacts originally spurred SIDS and low-lying coastal states to form AOSIS. of global climate change: increased frequency and intensity of At the international level, negotiators from SIDS played a key role in weather-related phenomena (hurricanes, tidal waves, and storms), the intergovernmental negotiations leading up to and following the rises in sea level and coastal water temperatures (resulting in coral adoption of the U.N. Framework Convention for Climate Change reef bleaching), and flooding of coastal zones. These impacts could (UNFCCC) at the U.N. Conference on Environment and jeopardize the entire territories of the 10 SIDS that are barely one Development in 1992. SIDS, however, face substantial obstacles that meter above sea level. limit their capacity to mitigate and adapt to future climate change and sea-level rise: small size, relative isolation, acute fragility and sen- The majority of SIDS populations live and work on coasts, where sitivity to external market forces, severe demographic pressures on degradation of the land leaves little defense against raging surfs limited coastal resources, poorly developed infrastructure, and serious driven by hurricanes and tropical storms. The impacts--including beach erosion, destruction of valuable coral reefs, loss of fertile coastal areas, and damage to infrastructure (roads, bridges, utility GEF Funding for Climate Change lines, and buildings)--could be profound and lasting. The poor con- Projects in SIDS dition of upland watersheds, particularly on larger islands, also makes inland areas highly susceptible to flooding and soil erosion, with Since its inception, the GEF has allocated more than consequent damage to ecosystems, property, and infrastructure and $89 million for 69 climate change projects in small island threats to human health and safety, in part from disruption of sanita- developing states. These projects have attracted $244.5 tion systems. million in cofinancing from other sources. financial, capacity, and institutional constraints. The GEF has worked since its inception to help SIDS meet both national development and global climate change objectives through a variety of projects. Supporting SIDS Networks The Small Island Developing States GEF Objectives for Climate Change Projects Network (SIDSNet) helps SIDS stake- holders communicate with each other As the financial mechanism for the UNFCCC, the GEF finances about shared concerns and coordinate projects that help fulfill the convention's central objective: to sta- globally dispersed members of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS). 10 bilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level This network disseminates information, that will prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the provides directories for networking and climate system. GEF objectives for energy and climate change use of experts from SIDS themselves, builds local capacity, projects are to: serves as a repository of information needed by SIDS, and allows Remove barriers to energy conservation and energy efficiency. for uniform reporting by SIDS. Promote the adoption of renewable energy by removing barriers GEF's Capacity Building for Small Island Developing States and reducing implementation costs. through SIDSNet project was designed to improve the function- Reduce the long-term costs of low greenhouse gas-emitting ing of SIDSNet as well as build links with GEF's SIDS projects. energy technologies. The project is working to strengthen SIDSNet by improving collection, organization, and dissemination of information Foster more environmentally sustainable transportation systems. among AOSIS member states on good practices addressing Identify and implement measures to adapt to the impacts of cli- biodiversity conservation, climate change responses, and international waters management. mate change. The project has fostered sharing of experiences among SIDS on the use of information technology as a sustainable development GEF Climate Change Projects tool for ecosystem management as well as for virtual capacity development workshops. GEF climate change projects in SIDS have focused on renewable energy, capacity building, and adaptation to the likely adverse conse- quences of climate change. In addition, the GEF has provided fund- renewable energy technologies in these islands. The project is ing for SIDS to fulfill their obligations under the UNFCCC, includ- working to establish an enabling environment for regionwide adap- ing preparation of their national communications to the convention. tation and commercialization of such technologies. This effort involves the design, development, and implementation of appropri- Renewable Energy ate policies, strategies, and interventions addressing fiscal, finan- cial, regulatory, market, technical, and information barriers to Key aspects of GEF energy projects include facilitating demonstra- developing and using renewable energy. In the process, the project tion of innovative technologies, building capacity, establishing works to improve the policymaking abilities of Pacific Island lead- new institutions and financing services, transforming markets, and ers on the subject. engaging the private sector and nongovernmental organizations 11 (NGOs) in projects. In many cases, GEF projects help create an Eastern Caribbean. Most countries of the Eastern Caribbean enabling environment for technology transfer by reducing market depend heavily on imported fossil fuels for electricity. This barriers to technology diffusion and ensuring that codes, standards, dependence makes them vulnerable to volatile international oil and certification programs are in place to minimize transaction prices and environmental impacts in fuel consumption, and can costs. GEF energy projects continue to evolve as the GEF demon- significantly drain foreign exchange. Use of diesel fuels emits car- strates new approaches, replicates best practices, and leverages bon, contributing to global climate change. Under development limited resources to address the enormous challenges presented by by the GEF, the Eastern Caribbean Geothermal Development project climate change. would be implemented in Dominica, St. Lucia, and/or St. Kitts and Nevis and, through replication, could supply power to The availability of and potential for utilizing renewable energy Guadeloupe and Martinique via submarine cables. The project resources--solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, and biomass--vary would focus on mitigating key barriers to the commercial develop- greatly among SIDS. Although traditional biomass fuel usage in ment of geothermal energy on these islands, including policy and SIDS is inefficient and unsustainable, biomass energy offers tremen- regulatory reform, capacity building, institution strengthening, and dous potential for converting organic wastes into sustainable energy information dissemination. It would do so by establishing the and organic fertilizer in waste-to-energy systems or biogas systems. Eastern Caribbean Geothermal Exploration Financing Facility, The following projects are examples of GEF support for renewable conducting a feasibility study for and catalyzing full development energy for SIDS: of an Eastern Caribbean geothermal energy project, launching studies on the feasibility of additional geothermal sites in the Pacific Islands. The GEF's Pacific Islands Renewable Energy Program Eastern Caribbean, and providing technical assistance and is promoting widespread implementation and commercialization of capacity-building opportunities to key stakeholders. Capacity Building for Climate Change The GEF has funded several projects in island states focused on adaptation to climate change. SIDS recognize that they have limited capacity to address the impacts of climate change because of inadequate funding, scarcity of Caribbean. The GEF-funded Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to technical expertise, and poor infrastructure. The GEF has responded Global Climate Change project involved 12 Caribbean Community to this challenge through projects such as the following: (CARICOM) countries and focused on capacity building for adapta- tion, particularly on response to sea-level rise. The project helped Global. Improved observational networks are important for monitor- Caribbean countries prepare to cope with the adverse effects of ing the climate system. Accurate observations and better knowledge global climate change by developing a model for regional coopera- 12 of climate change will help scientists improve their ability to under- tion in vulnerability assessment, adaptation planning, and related stand, detect, and predict climate change and help countries develop capacity building. The project established a sea-level and climate national strategies to mitigate and adapt to potentially harmful monitoring system (18 monitoring stations installed in 12 countries) effects. Such networks, however, have deteriorated rapidly in recent and a related information network; improved access to and availabil- years and are now inadequate for their intended purposes. ity of data; increased national and regional appreciation of climate change issues; addressed national needs for expanded vulnerability The GEF project Capacity Building for Observation Systems for Climate assessments; established coral reef monitoring protocols; and created Change is working to improve observing systems for climate change in a network for regional harmonization. a range of developing countries, including SIDS in the Pacific and West Indian Oceans and the Caribbean. The project will help coun- Concluding in 2001, this project was immediately followed by the tries develop national capacity to participate in systematic observation ongoing Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change project, whose networks for meeting the multiple needs of the UNFCCC as well as objective is to mainstream climate change adaptation strategies into regional action plans for improving observing systems. Regional work- the sustainable development agendas of CARICOM countries and shops for this project have already been completed in the Pacific Islands. SIDS. Participants include Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Kitts and SIDS realize that the world will witness an inevitable increase in Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse Tobago. The project is working to integrate climate change consider- gases for at least several more decades. These countries recognize, ations into development planning and sector strategies, promote therefore, the importance of adaptation measures as well as national appropriate technical and institutional response mechanisms for and regional initiatives to improve data monitoring and implementa- adapting to global climate change, and monitor and model regional tion of response strategies to the adverse effects of climate change. climate change. Pacific Islands. The GEF's broad objective for funding the Pacific Islands Climate Change Assistance project was to help these islands reduce the rate of growth in their greenhouse gas emissions. The project specifically worked to help Pacific Island countries meet their reporting obligations under the UNFCCC, leading to their initial required national communication. The project also worked to build capacity in the region to advance national interests related to cli- mate change. This included active and effective capacity to pursue energy and natural resource management activities that are directly or indirectly related to climate change abatement and adaptation and to take advantage of opportunities to procure funding for proj- ects related to climate change. The now-completed project produced tangible results for the Pacific Island countries involved. Key achievements included national com- munications for UNFCCC, a regional mitigation assessment, studies and development of training on vulnerability and adaptation, and preparation of greenhouse gas emission inventories in 10 Pacific SIDS. The project also helped establish an effective regional net- work of climate change coordinators and country teams and effec- tively built the basic elements of national and regional capacity in relation to climate change. Biodiversity 14 S IDS are repositories of some of the world's most diverse and In addition to having significant biodiversity, the rich marine ecosys- unique species and ecosystems. The islands of the Caribbean, tems found in SIDS are key to human survival in these islands and West Indian Ocean, and the Pacific are all considered hotspots particularly vital for future development and well-being. Coastal of biological diversity. The Caribbean, including the southern tip of ecosystems account for almost one-third of all marine biological pro- the U.S. State of Florida, is home to a total of 12,000 species of ductivity (the amount of living biomass produced within oceans), plants, of which 7,000 are endemic. The Seychelles in the West and coral reefs harbor the highest levels of known diversity among Indian Ocean has the highest degree of amphibian endemism of any marine species. These habitats also support large subsistence and island group in the world. The Pacific holds the most extensive and commercial fisheries of international importance. biologically diverse reefs in the world, the deepest ocean trenches, deep-sea minerals, and the world's largest tuna fishery, as well as an SIDS marine and coastal resources are now highly threatened array of globally threatened species such as sea turtles and dugongs. because of a combination of small land size, capacity and resource constraints, and high levels of endemism. Coastal areas are degraded by increased land-based sources of pollution, modification of critical habitats, and growing unsustainable exploitation of living and non- GEF Funding for Biodiversity Projects living resources. Deforestation, chemical contamination, destructive in SIDS agricultural and land-use patterns, pollution, and ineffective waste management are some of the major environmental threats con- Since its inception, the GEF has allocated more than $179 fronting SIDS. Heavily dependent on revenues from tourism, many million for 115 biodiversity projects in small island develop- small island nations have sought to develop their fragile coastal areas ing states. These projects have attracted $192.5 million in rapidly; however, aggressive coastal development, along with over- cofinancing from other sources. fishing, pollution, and the introduction of exotic species, among other factors, has played a major role in destroying and degrading Many examples exist of successful SIDS actions related to biodiver- valuable coastal and marine ecosystems. sity, but much work remains to be done in building technical capac- ity to identify, assess, respond to, and manage SIDS unique and Island flora and fauna in many SIDS are particularly vulnerable to endemic biodiversity. extinction, given these human population pressures and resource consumption patterns. As many as 75 percent of the birds and ani- mals known to have gone extinct--including the dodo--lived on GEF Objectives for Biodiversity Projects islands. Ocean islands are home to around one-sixth of all threat- ened plant species in the world, of which one in three are Consistent with guidance from the Convention on Biological endemic. Introduced species are responsible for many recorded Diversity, GEF-financed biodiversity conservation and sustainable 15 extinctions. In isolated island ecosystems, a newly introduced use projects generally seek to protect intact ecosystems by establish- pathogen or predator can rapidly imperil species that did not co- ing and strengthening ways of conserving areas containing globally evolve with the newcomer. significant species. Sustainable use objectives simultaneously address conservation and production needs. In the case of forests, for exam- Threats to SIDS biodiversity are closely linked with the islands' vul- ple, these will be sought through a range of uses--from strict protec- nerability to the adverse effects of global climate change, such as sea- tion of reserves to various forms of multiple use. Specific objectives level rise and coastal zone inundation, which could pose significant of projects that have been funded by the GEF include: hazards to biodiversity in low-lying SIDS and cause land erosion and wide-scale habitat destruction. Protecting and strengthening representative ecosystem biodiver- sity of global significance, mainly in transboundary areas The sustainable management, conservation, and use of biodiversity Developing biodiversity protection programs with a range of activ- resources within SIDS will continue to present a difficult challenge ities, including management techniques for a variety of represen- because of increasing demographic and economic pressures, limited tative ecosystems, environmental education and awareness, and national and regional resources and capacity, and the fragility and community support for managing protected areas vulnerability of SIDS natural environments. Given the problem of waste management in and among neighboring SIDS and the impact Developing conservation and sustainable use programs based of wastes and pollutants on biodiversity, measures to address biodi- on revenue generation mechanisms for protected areas, versity loss in SIDS need to be located within and be responsive to interactions with local communities and land managers, broader frameworks for addressing environmental degradation, pol- sustainable development strategies, and various forms of lution, and waste management at national and regional levels. demonstration activities. GEF Biodiversity Projects GEF is further assisting SIDS in retaining the remarkable biodiver- sity found in small island ecosystems through projects that help A number of SIDS, with GEF funding, have begun to implement conserve natural areas, manage protected areas, and restore and their obligations as Parties to the Convention on Biological rehabilitate degraded habitat and ecosystems. Diversity by developing national biodiversity strategies and action plans. It is the first time that such a wide-ranging initiative has been Conservation of Biodiversity undertaken on action plans for biodiversity. An important conse- quence is a growing policy and informational base, which can be GEF biodiversity projects are assisting SIDS in conserving globally used to identify underlying trends and SIDS' priorities with respect significant biodiversity by supporting inventories of flora and fauna, 16 to biodiversity. ecological assessments of biodiverse natural areas, and establishment of protected areas, among other approaches. Cuba. The northern archipelago of the Sabana-Camaguey ecosys- tem in central Cuba harbors marine and terrestrial biodiversity of global significance. It is threatened principally by conventional tourism development and, to a lesser extent, by overfishing and agroindustrial pollution. GEF funded Priority Actions to Consolidate Biodiversity Protection in the Sabana-Camaguey Ecosystem to support incorporation of biodiversity concerns into integrated coastal zone management. The first stage of this project established the scientific and institu- tional foundations for biodiversity conservation through integrated management of the entire Sabana-Camaguey ecosystem. In addi- tion, the project significantly advanced planning for tourism that also protects the ecosystem's valuable biodiversity. Management plans or operational plans are now being implemented in four approved protected areas. Although approval is still pending for four other protected areas, work is already under way there to build capacity of personnel and develop operational and management plans. The project has also made significant progress in carrying Protected Area Management out inventories of the terrestrial and marine flora and fauna in dif- ferent ecosystems, conducting rapid ecological assessments of the GEF also supports improved management of existing protected areas in health of mangrove forests and sea grass beds, and expanding bio- SIDS to ensure the continued protection of their species and ecosystems. logical collections. Samoa. The GEF-funded Marine Biodiversity Protection and Dominican Republic. GEF's project titled Biodiversity Conservation Management project was designed to protect critical sites for Samoan and Integration of Traditional Knowledge on Medicinal Plants in National marine biodiversity in the Aleipata and Safata Districts of Upolu Primary Health Care Policy in Central America and the Caribbean is Island. These sites include coral reefs, mangroves, and sea grass beds contributing to the conservation and management of medicinal within core zones of large multiple-use marine protected areas. 17 plants in Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and the small island devel- Launched in 1999 at a workshop involving 47 Samoan village lead- oping state of the Dominican Republic. ers, members of Parliament, and government and donor representa- tives, the project completed management plans for marine protected The project's primary focus has been on forest ecosystems and indige- areas and established community-based monitoring programs. It also nous and local knowledge. Project staff completed inventories of established a partnership with the Peace Corps for environmental medicinal plants and populations in eight selected forest sites in the education and awareness, including issuance of Samoan national four countries. In the Dominican Republic, the project focused on stamps with the marine protected area logos. The project helped Parque Nacional del Este and Zambrana Cotuí. During one expedi- strengthen local governance and increase commitment to resource tion into Parque Nacional del Este, project staff discovered natural management by serving as a catalyst for district committees to meet populations of two species of medicinal plants, which were reported and resolve urgent issues for their communities. to authorities for management purposes. Cape Verde. GEF's project titled Integrated Participatory Ecosystem The project has led to other important results in this island republic. Management in and around Protected Areas is intended to conserve For example, the National Botanical Garden in the Dominican globally significant biodiversity and ensure sustainable use of natural Republic has proposed a list of threatened medicinal plants to be resources through an integrated approach, in which protected areas integrated into the Biodiversity Law Project, coordinated by the and community-based sustainable use activities are woven into a Protected Areas System at the Ministry of Environment and Nature "win-win" package. The project only recently began work, but, along Resources. In addition, the Dominican Republic has proposed con- with implementation of the country's National Biodiversity Strategy, servation assessments for several native species of medicinal plants to it is intended to identify long-term solutions for better management be included in the National Conservation Strategy. of water, natural resources, land use, and invasive species. Restoration and Rehabilitation In some cases, it is possible to restore the habitat of globally impor- tant species as a means of preventing their slide into threatened or endangered status. Several GEF projects support restoration and rehabilitation of species and their habitats in SIDS, including two in the West Indian Ocean. Mauritius. GEF's Restoration of Round Island project represents strong collaboration between the Mauritian Wildlife Foundation and the Government of Mauritius; this project has facilitated restoration of native vegetation and increased awareness of the value of Round Island's biodiversity, nationally and internationally. Seychelles. The GEF-funded Management of Avian Ecosystems proj- ect is assisting these islands in improving the conservation status of threatened endemic birds, their ecosystems, and associated biodiver- sity by establishing a program of species and habitat restoration. Among project accomplishments are the following: Better management of the islands' globally threatened birds and their ecosystems through collection and analysis of key informa- tion on these habitats Establishment of a population of Seychelles fodies on Aride island, making these birds eligible for removal from the global list of endangered birds--the first species in Seychelles ever to be so downgraded Highly successful institutional development of the NGO Birdlife Seychelles and scientific capacity building overall in these islands. International Waters O ceans and seas are fundamentally important to the life and processes, measures, and a more intensive level of management are 19 culture of SIDS. SIDS governments, therefore, have com- necessary to address these waters. Within its focal area on interna- mitted themselves to most international agreements and tional waters, the GEF also established a SIDS component that is mechanisms related to oceans and seas, including the U.N. consistent with the Barbados Programme of Action; this program Convention on the Law of the Sea and the related implementing resulted from the Global Conference on the Sustainable agreement on fish stocks. Among the greatest challenges for SIDS Development of Small Island Developing States, held in Barbados is sustaining their fragile freshwater and coastal water resources in in 1994. the face of fluctuating climatic events. Droughts, floods, and storms just worsen stresses from population growth, tourism (including cruise ships), and agriculture. Groupings of SIDS from the GEF Funding for International Waters Caribbean and the Pacific and Western Indian Oceans have Projects in SIDS requested and received assistance under the GEF's international waters focal area for improved management of coastal and oceans Since its inception, the GEF has allocated more than fisheries and integrated coastal management. $79.9 million for nine international waters projects in SIDS. These projects have attracted $125.6 million In creating the GEF, the world community recognized the need to address increased degradation of international water systems; GEF in cofinancing from other sources. A significant number established international waters as a special focal area to help of regional GEF projects that include SIDS are in the countries collaborate in restoring and protecting great rivers and pipeline, representing more than $100 million of additional marine ecosystems that are transboundary in nature. Special GEF funding. GEF Objectives for International Develop a more comprehensive approach to joint management of Waters Projects a multicountry river basin, groundwater system, or large marine ecosystem as a transition to sustainable development. The GEF acts as a catalyst for countries wishing to address trans- boundary water issues in order to help them: The GEF assists countries in utilizing a full range of policy, legal, and institutional reforms and measures at the multicountry, Better understand their international waters system national, and subnational levels. The GEF also helps countries iden- Overcome barriers to addressing root causes of conflict, stress, tify priority national investments, so that countries may effectively or degradation address transboundary water-related environmental priorities. The 20 GEF recommends that each country involved establish an intermin- Caribbean. In the mid-1990s, Caribbean nations approached the isterial committee so that different sectors become involved in the GEF about a project related to ship-generated wastes in the Wider GEF project concerned. The countries may then seek initial GEF Caribbean. The initiative began with a request from the countries funding to produce a transboundary diagnostic analysis describing for special designated status for the Caribbean for maritime pollution the priority transboundary concerns regarding their water body or prevention because of intensive maritime activities and sensitive basin and the root causes of those concerns. On the basis of this ecosystems. The Wider Caribbean Initiative for Ship-Generated Waste analysis and establishment of priorities, countries may then work project helped these countries prepare to ratify and implement the together to formulate country-driven strategic action programs con- International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution taining the policy, legal, and institutional reforms and priority (MARPOL). The project provided technical assistance to 22 nations investments needed nationally and regionally to address their trans- for formulation of a regional implementation strategy, assessments of 21 boundary priorities. The GEF may at that point provide catalytic existing waste management systems, proposed alternatives, and pro- financing for implementation activities. grams to raise public awareness. Given the difficulties of managing wastes from cruise ships and GEF International Waters Projects tourist activities, the six small island countries of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States requested more intensive assistance from the GEF. The seven-year Ship-Generated Waste Management project GEF international waters projects in SIDS focus on addressing and helped these countries improve their systems of solid waste disposal. limiting ship-related pollution, promoting sustainable fisheries, and This upgrade was necessary for MARPOL designation of the protecting watersheds and coasts. Examples of GEF projects in these Caribbean as a special area so that ships would hold their waste until categories for individual or groups of SIDS or that benefit SIDS, reaching port, where reception facilities were needed. among other countries, follow. Eventually totaling $50 million, the project made great progress in five of the six island nations in terms of regulatory, institutional, Ship-Related Pollution financial, and operational programs for increased coverage, improved waste collection, and secure disposal sites and services for Many island states are strategically located along shipping or fishing residents of the islands in addition to the cruise ships and tourist routes, and the high volume of marine traffic that nurtures their industry. Five of the six countries fully developed and enacted new economies, including cruise ships, brings with it the risk of environ- solid waste legislation, established awareness programs, and intro- mental damage from waste and pollution discharges. duced successful cost recovery mechanisms ranging from tourist environmental levies and special user taxes to household service Pacific Ocean. The Western Tropical Pacific Warm Pool Large charges for waste disposal linked to water or electric bills. Of Marine Ecosystem--whose rich tuna fisheries provide one-third of greatest impact, however, was the project's work to locate a the world's tuna supply--is the lifeblood of Pacific SIDS' economies. secure facility on Grenada near the habitat of the endangered After adopting a GEF joint strategic action plan in 1997, the 13 Grenada dove. Pacific SIDS began work on the GEF's project on Implementation of the Strategic Action Program of the Pacific Small Island Developing West Indian Ocean. West Indian Ocean SIDS also recognized the States. Components involved community-based fisheries manage- sensitive nature of their coastal environment and likewise requested ment, integrated coastal management, and water supply interven- a ship-waste project under MARPOL. The GEF responded with the tions. The project assisted Pacific SIDS in negotiating a landmark 22 Indian Ocean Islands Oil Spill Contingency Planning project for international treaty for sustaining valuable tuna fisheries in the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles. Working together, Pacific--these fisheries will be key to SIDS' foreign exchange earn- these nations developed regional and national capacity to respond to ings in the future. The project also helped the SIDS' Forum Fisheries oil spill emergencies with assistance from South Africa. The project Agency negotiate the broader Convention on the Conservation and succeeded in local adoption of measures, establishment of regulatory Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks of the Western and programs, accession to MARPOL, and regional sharing of emergency Central Pacific Ocean. Signed in September 2000, the convention is response equipment. An additional ship-related project under prepa- the first agreement to be successfully negotiated on the basis of the ration will extend successes to the mainland and institute the new 1995 U.N. Fish Stocks Agreement. concept "Marine Electronic Highway" for precision navigation, which may prevent collisions and spills. The GEF has since approved assistance to establish a commission for this convention and complete the necessary international legal and institutional framework for conserving and managing transboundary Sustainable Fisheries oceanic fish stocks within an ecosystem approach. The project, Oceanic Fisheries Management: Implementation of the Strategic Action SIDS have a special relationship with their coasts, whose living Program of the Pacific SIDS, is intended to help build the capacity of resources are important for livelihoods and food security and as the commission and its regulatory apparatus on a regional scale and, sources of foreign exchange. Many of these stocks are transboundary on a national scale, help strengthen fisheries legislation and capacity in nature; even the life that populates coral reefs may move with building to implement convention requirements. At the end of the currents to live in other reefs. Both Pacific and Caribbean SIDS project, commission operation should no longer need international have requested GEF assistance for sustainable management of funding, as fees from fisheries' access should fund the commission's their fisheries. resource management. In addition, through the Pacific SIDS project, the island states have and institutional reforms regionally and nationally, and develop an placed a priority on community-based demonstration activities for institutional and procedural approach to monitoring, evaluating, and integrated watershed and coastal management of their valuable reef reporting on this large marine ecosystem. systems and critical water supplies. With one demonstration site on each of the 14 participating SIDS, progress has been slow but steady in ensuring effective local participation. Protection of freshwater supplies Watershed and Coastal Pollution is a particular focus of pilots in Kiribati, Nauru, Samoa, and Tonga. West Indian Ocean. The GEF recently approved the Addressing Caribbean. Most of the Caribbean's fish resources are coastal and Land-Based Activities in the Western Indian Ocean project, which will heavily exploited for, among other things, the tourism industry--a focus on protection of reefs and bays from land-based pollution 23 mainstay of local economies--and for export. Marine resources are sources through demonstration measures as well as regional and shared among Caribbean countries, which recognize the need for national institutional reforms needed for coastal protection. The cooperative marine resource management. They suffer, however, project is employing broad stakeholder participation to work toward from inadequate institutional, legal, and policy mechanisms for managing these resources; lack of capacity at the national level; and lack of information on transboundary distribution, dispersal, and migration of marine fish species. The GEF, therefore, is developing the regional project, Sustainable Management of the Shared Marine Resources of the Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem (CLME) and Adjacent Regions, to be carried out in Barbados, Cuba, Jamaica, Mexico, and República Bolivariana de Venezuela. The project will assist the countries of the Wider Caribbean to meet sustainable fisheries targets of the World Summit for Sustainable Development for 2010 and 2015. In doing so, the project will assist countries as they implement management reforms to reverse the continuing trend of living resource depletion. The project will first identify major transboundary issues, causes, and actions needed for sustainable management of shared living resources in the Caribbean. It will help the countries implement legal, policy, three objectives, whose achievement will form a strong basis for sus- The full project is raising national cofinancing to help Cuba and tainable environmental management in the Western Indian Ocean Jamaica overcome a number of key barriers to adopting best practices region in the future: that limit contamination of national and adjacent international Reduce stress to the ecosystem by improving water and waters. The project is working to reduce inputs of nitrogen and phos- phorus in Havana Bay and Kingston Harbour and the adjacent sediment quality. Wider Caribbean by building a demonstration integrated sewage Strengthen the regional legal basis for preventing land-based treatment plant midway along the Luyanó River. The project is also sources of pollution. strengthening or creating institutions for rehabilitating and sustain- Develop regional capacity and strengthen institutions for sustain- ably managing the two bays as well as disseminating successful 24 able and less polluting development. approaches to other harbors in the region that face similar environ- mental challenges. The project will help strengthen the Nairobi Convention for the Protection, Management, and Development of the Marine and Building on lessons from the Pacific, GEF's Integrated Catchment Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region as well as com- Area and Coastal Management in SIDS in the Caribbean project mitment to it by SIDS and their mainland neighbors. The project involves two regional institutions: the Caribbean Environment benefits from a previous GEF intervention supporting an African Program and CARICOM's Caribbean Environmental Health process undertaken to conserve coastal areas, which has now been Institute. National interministerial committees once again were integrated into the Environmental Action Plan of the New supported to develop a project addressing needed water-related Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). reforms as well as piloting on-the-ground improvements in inte- grated management of watersheds and coastal resources. Of note Caribbean. In 1999 the GEF funded the Demonstrations of Innovative are pilots in Cienfuegos Province, Cuba, protecting water supply Approaches to the Rehabilitation of Heavily Contaminated Bays in the watersheds and mitigating downstream sewage impacts; pollution Wider Caribbean project as a follow-up to a pilot project in Havana reduction from industries in the Low Haina River Basin of the Bay (Cuba), Puerto Limon (Costa Rica), Cartagena Bay (Colombia), Dominican Republic; improved watershed management in the and Kingston Harbour (Jamaica). The pilot project resulted in plans Fond d'Or watershed area of St. Lucia; remediation of pollution for investment and institution strengthening and identified financ- and sediment from the Courland watershed in Trinidad and ing sources for implementing remedial actions, eventually leveraging Tobago; and aquifer water supply protection in the Basseterre more than $250 million. Valley of St. Kitts and Nevis. Land Degradation T he small size of most SIDS mseans that their coastal areas ulation density, deforestation, inappropriate agricultural practices, 25 make up a large proportion of their land area. SIDS depend and pollution, as well as collection of fuelwood and other products primarily on coastal and marine resources for economic and by poor rural people. In place of once rich and dense forests have social development; population and economic development, there- come human settlements, roads, farms, and pastures. Deforestation in fore, tend to be most concentrated in the coastal zone in SIDS. some SIDS resulting from logging and agricultural and land tenure Adverse impacts on coastal resources represent grave threats to the practices has caused soil erosion and triggered flash floods and mud- socioeconomic well-being of SIDS. slides. Such forest loss also degrades freshwater ecosystems, lagoons, water reservoirs, and biodiversity. Although many SIDS, such as The scarcity of land in SIDS and intense pressure on limited Seychelles, Mauritius, and Comoros, were once covered by forest, resources contribute to unsustainable land-use patterns, compli- cated by customary ownership and associated land tenure disputes. Implementing sustainable land tenure and legislation to protect GEF Support for Land Degradation resources is fraught with difficulties. Furthermore, limited human resources and expanding urbanization negatively affect land Projects in SIDS tenure and land-use practices. Pressures on land lead to loss of As land degradation is a new GEF focal area, SIDS-specific valuable arable land because of erosion that is often accelerated GEF projects related to land degradation are currently in by natural disasters, deforestation, inappropriate agricultural prac- the project development phase. Now in the pipeline are at tices, and pollution. least two projects, representing $12.6 million of GEF Forest cover varies considerably across SIDS. Forest resources, like funding. One example in the Caribbean addresses land other land in SIDS, are subject to intense stress because of high pop- degradation in a number of SIDS. deforestation has reduced their forests dramatically in area and qual- vide coordinated financial and technical support addressing land ity; in West Indian Ocean islands, indigenous trees, such as the tata- degradation to achieve long-term global environment benefits maca, ebony, and baobab, are nearly extinct. through sustainable development. Specific objectives include: Integrating sustainable land management into national develop- In many SIDS, inadequate waste management practices and systems ment priorities can lead to the contamination and degradation of land resources. The extraction and refinement of mineral resources such as gold Strengthening human, technical, and institutional capacities (Fiji), manganese (Vanuatu), bauxite (Haiti), phosphate (Nauru), Bringing about needed policy and regulatory reforms and oil (Trinidad and Tobago) exacerbate pollution. Many islands 26 with limited land mass and sloping areas currently have little access Implementing innovative sustainable land to appropriate technologies to extend land use for sustainable farm- management practices. ing on steep slopes. Rapid coastal development, increased construction and dredging of GEF Land Degradation Projects coastal areas, dumping of shipping wastes, escalation of tourism, inland pollution, improper waste disposal and destructive fishing In its first decade, the GEF provided financial assistance to help practices threaten the well-being of coastal land resources, including developing countries deal with the problem of land degradation-- coral reefs, mangroves, and sea grass beds. For many SIDS, stemming especially desertification and deforestation--but only as part of proj- the destruction of offshore resources, such as coral reefs, that serve as ects in GEF's initial focal areas (climate change, biological diversity, buffers to storm surges is a pressing concern, precisely because their international waters, and ozone layer depletion). As land degradation destruction makes SIDS even more vulnerable to the adverse effects around the world began to reach alarming levels, however, the GEF of global climate change. decided that a more focused and systematic response was critical. In 2002 the second GEF Assembly significantly expanded the GEF's GEF Objectives for Land Degradation mandate by adding land degradation to the GEF's portfolio. The GEF's commitment to land degradation was further strengthened The overall operational goal of the GEF's focal area on land degrada- when, in 2003, the United Nations Convention to Combat tion is to catalyze partnerships with other organizations working on Desertification designated the GEF as a financial mechanism for the land management issues, land users, and other stakeholders at the convention. The GEF has begun to assist countries in addressing local, national, regional, and global levels. A key priority is to pro- land degradation issues in a comprehensive and integrated manner based on priorities outlined in their national action programs on programs to combat desertification as well as in national biodiversity desertification and poverty reduction strategy papers. Such partner- strategies and action plans. ships will comprise a package of interventions to address land degra- dation through policy, regulatory, and institutional reforms; capacity building; and investments. The GEF will coordinate their financing from a variety of sources, including national budgets, bilateral development cooperation agreements, country assistance programs GEF Funding to of multilateral agencies, and private foundations. Eliminate Persistent Organic Pollutants The GEF is currently developing a project titled Preventing Land 27 Degradation in Small Island Ecosystems in the Caribbean through Designated the interim finan- Sustainable Land Management to address land degradation in Antigua cial mechanism for the and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines. The project in 2001, the GEF substantially will work to create an enabling environment and institutional capac- broadened its work to protect ity to support sustainable land management and develop pilot human health and the environ- demonstration activities on sustainable land management to address ment from persistent organic land degradation at the community level in project sites identified by pollutants (POPs). In just two the island states. years, the GEF has approved nearly $100 million in grants, This regional project will address the problems of land degradation, supplemented by $72 million in cofinancing, for activities to particularly deforestation, and loss of ecosystem goods and services, help more than 100 countries develop national implementation especially endemic species, by mainstreaming sustainable land man- plans to eliminate POPs. agement into national development priorities and conservation man- agement techniques. The project will also help improve land One such project is taking place in the Marshall Islands. management practices, institutional arrangements, policies, and Enabling Activities for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic incentives for mitigation of land degradation to preserve the func- Pollutants (POPs): National Implementation Plan for Marshall Islands tioning of fragile and unique ecosystems of small islands in the is preparing the groundwork for implementation of the conven- Caribbean. The project will also contribute to harmonization of sus- tion in these Pacific Islands, assisting them in meeting reporting tainable land management priorities identified in national action and other obligations under the convention, and strengthening Looking Ahead 28 "Small island developing States have sovereign rights over their Clearly, the challenges are great and there is much more that can be own natural resources. Their biodiversity is among the most done. Looking to the future, there are emerging areas of particular threatened in the world and their ecosystems provide ecological interest and opportunity. corridors linking major areas of biodiversity around the world. They bear responsibility for a significant portion of the world's oceans and seas and their resources. The efforts of small island Building SIDS Capacity to Integrate Global developing States to conserve, protect and restore their ecosystems deserve international cooperation and partnership." Environmental Challenges and Sustainable Development --Barbados Declaration, May 6, 1994 Capacity building remains one of the most urgent needs for SIDS in B ecause the well-being and prosperity of small island developing pursuit of sustainable development. Weak national institutions and states is so dependent on their natural resources, their futures insufficient technical capacities are common constraints shared by are integrally linked to the health of the global environment. SIDS. Other concerns are limited stakeholder participation and Their ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to global environmental inadequate institutional capacity for monitoring and evaluation, threats. The GEF is well placed to partner with SIDS in seeking to especially data collection, analysis, and interpretation. integrate global environmental challenges into their national sustain- able development planning and poverty reduction strategies. A variety of GEF forums, such as the Second GEF Assembly, have emphasized the importance of capacity building. The third GEF This report has illustrated the important work that SIDS and the replenishment process recommended that the GEF and its GEF are doing to respond to the Barbados Programme of Action. Implementing Agencies rationalize and coordinate enabling activi- ties and capacity building for effectiveness and efficiency. It stressed A new sustainable land management portfolio of projects for that SIDS be given special attention. LDCs and SIDS, which will be available to help 49 LDCs and SIDS develop individual, institutional, and systematic capacity for SIDS have available to them a number of GEF tools to help sustainable land management strengthen their capacity to address global environmental concerns. The Small Grants Programme, which provides up to $50,000 One new tool is the National Capacity Self-Assessment (NCSA). assistance directly to NGOs and communities to develop man- Under an NCSA, a country analyzes its thematic and crosscutting power and institutional capacity to promote locally appropriate capacity needs and priorities to manage global environmental issues. solutions to global environmental problems. Once a country identifies gaps in capacity building, it is encouraged to develop a plan of action for overcoming the gaps. NCSAs are As the GEF expands its support for SIDS capacity building, 29 intended to be entirely country driven, undertaken in accordance greater emphasis will be placed on country-level coordination and with country priorities and situations. The GEF's Strategic Approach to Capacity Building, approved in November 2003, agreed that as a follow-up to NCSAs, the GEF would establish country programs for least developed countries (LDCs) and SIDS to provide financing at the country level that can address critical capacity bottlenecks. This process, which would be managed through a country-based multistakeholder decision-making process, would give countries the flexibility to remove bottlenecks that inhibit good management of global environmental issues. Financing through such a mechanism would be based on identified priority needs highlighted through an NCSA or similar exercise. Other GEF tools available to strengthen the capacity of SIDS include: Enabling activities, which assist SIDS with preparing biodiversity inventories, strategies and action plans, national communications required by the Convention on Climate Change, and implementa- tion plans under the Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants developing synergies among the GEF-supported tools and projects. phenomena and could in some cases become uninhabitable," the For example, establishing a country-level multistakeholder body to Barbados Declaration stated. It concluded that "...they are among oversee and coordinate GEF tools and projects could promote a more those particularly vulnerable States that need assistance under the comprehensive integration of global environmental concerns into United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, includ- national sustainable development plans and poverty reduction strate- ing adaptation measures and mitigation efforts." gies. Such integration ultimately is the best means to magnify and sustain the results and impacts of GEF financing. To adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change, SIDS can draw upon GEF assistance in several of its focal areas, including biodiver- sity, climate change, international waters, and land degradation. The 30 Helping SIDS Adapt to Climate Change overall goal of the GEF's support in the area of adaptation is to help SIDS and other countries mainstream adaptation into their develop- "While small island developing States are among those that con- ment planning. This entails incorporating potential impacts of tribute least to global climate change and sea level rise, they are climate change into ongoing sectoral, national, and regional devel- among those that would suffer most from the adverse effects of such opment strategies and plans addressing, for example, water resources, energy, health, agriculture, and biodiversity. The GEF is establishing pilot or demonstration projects to show how adaptation planning and assessment can be practically translated into projects that will provide real benefits and may be integrated into national policy and sustainable development planning. In November 2003, the GEF allotted $50 million during the 2005­07 period to support adaptation projects. The GEF will support projects that maximize the opportunity for learning and capacity building and are representative of particularly vulnerable sectors, geographic areas, ecosystems, and communities. Recognizing that small communities are often the most severely affected by, yet the least equipped to deal with, the impacts of cli- mate change, up to 10 percent of the GEF adaptation resources will be allocated to the Small Grants Programme, which will work with the GEF Secretariat and the Implementing Agencies to pilot com- Action (NAPAs). This process is a capacity-building measure and munity adaptation initiatives. The Small Grants Programme will provides simplified information regarding the immediate adaptation develop community-based capacity and tools to respond to the needs of LDCs, including SIDS that are LDCs. The fund will also adverse impacts of climate change, finance diverse community-based support the implementation of NAPAs. In addition, the Special adaptation projects, and disseminate lessons learned at the commu- Climate Change Fund will make financing activities addressing nity level. adaptation its highest priority. The GEF will work with its partners to ensure that all GEF projects place greater emphasis on issues of adaptation. While many scientific Learning from Experience uncertainties exist, the scope and magnitude of the risks now known 31 to be associated with climate change represent a challenge to envi- The GEF has taken innovative steps to strengthen its partnerships ronmental and economic goals and must be taken into account with SIDS, improve its responsiveness to country needs and local today. At the end of the pilot, adaptation should be fully main- priorities, and expand its sources of information and ideas. The streamed in the GEF portfolio, enabling SIDS and others to be bet- GEF's drive for improved relationships with countries and partner ter prepared for the possible impacts of climate change. institutions, together with the initiatives described earlier, offer an array of opportunities for countries seeking to address global environ- Through the Special Climate Change Fund and the Least Developed mental concerns in the context of sustainable development. Looking Countries Fund, the GEF will be providing complementary assis- to the future, the GEF will continue to expand its support for SIDS tance to countries to address adaptation. At present the LDC fund is to advance their sustainable development and address emerging supporting the preparation of National Adaptation Programs of global environmental challenges. Annex A: GEF Climate Change Projects in SIDS GEF 32 Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Antigua and Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.1615 UNDP Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first Barbuda national communications) under Article 12 of the U.N. Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC). Antigua and Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.1000 UNDP Develop an institutional mechanism to coordinate activities Barbuda (Additional Financing for Capacity necessary to develop policy options for climate change and Building in Priority Areas) comply with the provisions of the UNFCCC. (It is an add- on or top-up project.) The Bahamas Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.1853 UNDP Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. The Bahamas Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.0955 UNDP Provide for the continuity of the National Climate Change (Additional Financing for Capacity Program in The Bahamas by addressing weaknesses and areas Building in Priority Areas) not covered by the initial efforts (this project is Phase II). In many ways this is testament to the fact that national capac- ity, as a result of training and awareness, has been enhanced to the point where the strengths and weaknesses of the ini- tial Enabling Activity's project design have been identified. GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Bahrain Enabling Activities for the Preparation 0.0335 UNEP Support the preparation of the initial national communica- of the Initial National Communication tion related to the UNFCCC. Related to the UNFCCC Barbados Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.1894 UNDP Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. Belize Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.1851 UNDP Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. 33 Cape Verde Energy and Water Sector Reform and 4.9300 World Bank 1. Fund the incremental cost of adding 7.8-megawatt grid- Development connected wind capacity by funding costs of technology and required technical assistance. 2. Stimulate the creation and growth of private sector capacity to supply, install, and main- tain household photo-voltaic (PV) systems by providing initial equipment subsidies and funding capacity building and initial start-up costs of building PV systems. Cape Verde Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.1000 UNDP Develop an institutional mechanism to coordinate activities (Additional Financing for Capacity necessary to develop policy options related to climate change Building in Priority Areas) and comply with the provisions of the UNFCCC. It is an add-on or top-up project. Cape Verde Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.3193 UNDP Enable the country to meet its reporting obligations (submis- sion of first national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. This project is based on the National Environmental Action Protection 1994­2005. Comoros Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.3100 UNEP Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. Comoros Expedited Financing for (Interim) 0.1000 UNEP Measures for Capacity Building in Priority Areas (Phase II) GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Cuba Generation and Delivery of Renewable 5.6620 UNIDO Replace diesel mini-grids with biomass (from citrus fruits) on Energy-Based Modern Energy Services the Isla de la Juventud with larger scale national and regional in Cuba; the case of Isla de la Juventud replication based on results. Cuba Producing Energy-Efficient Home 0.7500 UNDP Phase out 100 percent use of CFC 11 as blowing agent Refrigerators Without Making Use of and CFC 12 as cooling agent for domestic refrigeration Ozone-Depleting Substances production. Cuba Co-generation of Electricity and Steam 12.5150 UNDP 1. Reduce Cuba's energy-related carbon dioxide emissions Using Sugarcane Bagasse and Trash by removing barriers to the substitution of sugarcane bagasse 34 and trash for fuel oil in power and steam co-generation. 2. Demonstrate viability of biomass-fired, high-pressure, condensing-extraction steam turbine technology to be used in the vicinity of sugar mills to co-generate steam and power. Cuba Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.1500 UNDP Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. Dominica Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.1687 UNDP Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. Dominica Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.1000 UNDP (Additional Financing for Capacity Building in Priority Areas) Dominican Republic Preparation of the Initial National 0.3500 UNDP Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first Communication in Response to the national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. Provisions of the UNFCCC Dominican Republic Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.1000 UNDP (Additional Financing for Capacity Building in Priority Areas) GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Fiji Renewable Energy Hybrid Power 0.7545 UNDP Set up a commercial Rural Energy Service Company that Systems charges a fee for the electricity supplied to the consumers as a sustainable institutional framework to operate the renew- able energy system in Nabouwalu, for replication. Global (Cuba is one Solar and Wind Energy Resource 6.8120 UNEP Provide solar and wind resource data and geographic infor- the 13 countries Assessment mation assessment tools to private and public sector execu- involved in the pilot tives involved in energy market development. The overall stage of the project) goal of the project is to promote the integration of solar and wind alternatives in national and regional energy planning and sectoral restructuring. 35 Global (Antigua Country Case Studies on Climate 2.0000 UNEP 1. Test and improve methodologies and guidelines through a and Barbuda, Change Impacts and Adaptations series of country studies for assessing climate change impacts Cameroon, Estonia, Assessment (Phase I) and adaptation. 2. Support Phase I adaptation measures as Pakistan) approved by the Conference of Parties 1 (COP-1) of the UNFCCC. Global (Andean Economics of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) 3.0000 UNEP Perform eight national and two regional studies in parallel Pact Countries, Limitation (Phase I) with the development of a methodological framework for the Argentina, Ecuador, economics of climate change mitigation. The methodological Estonia, Hungary, framework comprises a common analytical structure, eco- Indonesia, Mauritius, nomic concepts, and technical assumptions for sectoral and Southern African cross-sectoral assessment of mitigation options. Development Com- munity (SADC), Senegal, Vietnam) Global (Benin, Climate Change Training Phase II-- 2.7000 UNDP 1. Enhance the capacity of each of the participating countries Bolivia, Chad, Cook Training Program to Support the to implement the UNFCCC by facilitating the establishment Islands, Cuba, Implementation of the UNFCCC of a national institution and process for the development of a Ecuador, Fiji, Kiribati, strategy to implement the UNFCCC. 2. Enhance the capacity Marshall Islands, of four regional partner institutions to play the major role in Nauru, Nigeria, carrying out the first objective. 3. Create an informal training Paraguay, Peru, network to allow the sharing of training resources developed Samoa, Senegal, by other programs and institutions. Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu) GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Global (Bangladesh, Fuel Cells Financing Initiative for 9.8500 World Bank/ Promote commercial use of fuel cells in distributed genera- Brazil, Chile, Egypt, Distributed Generation Applications IFC tion applications. Stage I starts with three pilot installations, India, Mexico, each as a separate stand-alone deal (and separate Council Philippines, South work program submission), to test the financing and business Africa, Trinidad and models for distributed generation investments with fuel cells. Tobago) Stage II, which starts only once the industry achieves speci- fied cost reduction milestones, provides an umbrella financ- ing program for scaling up the financing and business models piloted in Stage I. 36 Global (Bangladesh, Solar and Wind Energy Resource 6.8120 UNEP 1. Provide solar and wind resource data and geographic infor- Brazil, China, Cuba, Assessment mation assessment tools to public and private sector execu- El Salvador, Ethiopia, tives who are involved in energy market development. 2. Ghana, Guatemala, Demonstrate the use of these instruments in investment and Honduras, Kenya, policy decision making and build local capacities for their Nepal, Nicaragua, continuous use. Sri Lanka) Grenada Climate Change 0.1800 UNDP Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first Enabling Activity national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. Grenada Enabling Grenada to Prepare Its Initial 0.1844 UNDP Help the national government to comply with the provisions National Communication in Response of the UNFCCC. to Its Commitments to UNFCCC Guinea-Bissau Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.3456 UNDP Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. Guyana Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.1967 UNDP Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. Haiti Expedited Financing for (Interim) 0.0900 UNEP Enable the identification of technology needs; access to tech- Measures for Capacity Building in nology information; participation in systematic observation net- Priority Areas (Phase II) work; and preparation of programs to address climate change. GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Haiti Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.3250 UNEP Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. Jamaica Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.2420 UNDP Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. Jamaica Demand-Side Management 3.8000 World Bank 1. Strengthen the institutional capabilities of Jamaica Public Demonstration Service Company and implement an integrated approach to energy conservation. 2. Demonstrate the viability of energy sav- ings and efficiency in the commercial, residential, and indus- trial sectors and the long-term sustainability of retrofitting. 37 Jamaica Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.1000 UNDP (Additional Financing for Capacity Building in Priority Areas) Jamaica Enabling Jamaica to Prepare First 0.2328 UNDP National Communication in Response to Commitments to UNFCCC Kiribati Enabling Activities for the Stockholm 0.0399 UNEP Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): National Implementation Plan for Kiribati Maldives National GHG Inventory and 0.1000 UNDP Help the national government to meet its reporting Vulnerability Assessment for the obligations under the UNFCCC. Maldives: A Climate Change Enabling Activity Maldives Renewable Energy Technology 0.7500 UNDP Assist the national government in defining and, if Development and Application Project possible, formulating and finalizing an OP-6 Full Project Brief to submit for GEF financing in the promotion of renewable energy. Malta Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.2700 UNDP Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Malta Expedited Financing of Climate 0.9150 UNDP Change Enabling Activities (Phase II) Mauritius Sugar Bio-Energy Technology 3.3000 World Bank 1. Develop and test technologies for gathering, storing, and using sugarcane tops, leaves, and residues as fuel to expand power generation by existing sugar mills. 2. Provide technical assistance to a Bagasse Energy Development Program coordi- nated by the Mauritius Sugar Authority that will develop a program to tap the long-term potential of power generation from sugarcane waste. 38 Mauritius Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.1400 UNEP Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. Mauritius Expedited Financing of Climate 0.0970 UNEP Change Enabling Activities Part II: Expedited Financing for (Interim) Measures for Capacity Building in Priority Areas Niue Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.2960 UNEP Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. Niue Enabling Activities for the Preparation 0.1000 UNEP Hold a national workshop to review the earlier work and dis- of Initial National Communications cuss the details for the Phase II activities. Related to the UNFCCC Niue Biodiversity Enabling Activity Add-on 0.2800 UNDP Components for Niue Palau Republic of Palau Enabling Activity to 0.3090 UNDP Enable the Republic of Palau to prepare its first national Prepare Its First National Communi- communication to the COP of the UNFCCC. cation and National Implementation Strategy in Response to Its Obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Papua New Guinea Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.3456 UNDP 1. Build capacity in Papua New Guinea to advance national interests related to climate change. 2. Develop an institu- tional mechanism to coordinate the activities that are neces- sary to develop policy options related to climate change and comply with the provisions of the UNFCCC, including the submission of Papua New Guinea's First National Communication to the UNFCCC. Regional Mainstreaming Adaptation to N/A World Bank Pipeline. Build capacity in the Caribbean Community (Caribbean) Climate Change (CARICOM) SIDS to develop Stage II adaptation strategies and measures, according to guidance issued at the COP to 39 the UNFCCC. This project will include support for (a) the mainstreaming of climate change considerations into devel- opment planning and sectoral investment projects; (b) appropriate technical and institutional response mechanisms for adaptation to global climate change; and (c) regional climate change monitoring and modeling. Regional Expedited Financing of Climate 0.1000 UNDP Enable Pacific countries to meet their obligations under (Pacific) Change Enabling Activities (Phase Article 12 of the UNFCCC and build on the results of the II)--Pacific Islands Climate Change first phase of PICCAP. Assistance Project (PICCAP) Regional Building Capacity for Conducting 0.1177 UNDP Implement training in three phases. In Phase 1, countries Vulnerability and Adaptation would complete a comprehensive assessment of national data Assessments in the Caribbean Region and expertise and prepare a detailed draft vulnerability and adaptation (V&A) work plan. In Phase 2, a two-week workshop will be held in the region. In Phase 3, a three-day workshop will be held so that countries may share experi- ences and resolve problems encountered during the early stages of V&A assessment. GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Regional Caribbean Renewable Energy 4.4260 UNDP Remove barriers to renewable energy utilization in the Development Program Caribbean. Currently, renewable energy provides less than 2 percent of the region's commercial electricity. It is estimated that because of the planned barrier removal activities, the share of renewable energy could reach 5 percent by 2015. This would imply annual reductions of carbon dioxide emis- sions by some 680,000 tons. Part of the GEF funding will be used through nongrant instruments to remove incremental risks related to renewable energy investments. 40 Regional (Antigua Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to 6.8250 World Bank Support Caribbean countries in preparing to cope with and Barbuda, Global Climate Change (CARICOM) adverse effects of climate change, particularly sea-level rise. Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago) Regional (Cook Pacific Islands Climate Change 2.4400 UNDP Enable Pacific Island countries to meet their reporting obli- Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Assistance Project gations under the UNFCCC. This program of enabling Marshall Islands, activities is derived from the GEF training-cum-scoping Micronesia, Nauru, workshop held in Nadi, Fiji. Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu) Regional (Cook Pacific Islands Renewable Energy 0.7000 UNDP Facilitate the promotion with the Pacific Island countries of Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Program (PIREP) the widespread implementation and, ultimately, commercial- Marshall Islands, ization of renewable energy technologies. Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu) GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) São Tomé and Preparation of Initial National Com- 0.3500 UNDP Contribute to sustainable development through the integra- Principe munication for the Implementation of tion of adaptation and/or mitigation measures to respond to the United Nations Framework the negative effects of climate change. Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Seychelles Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.2503 UNDP Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. Coordinate the activities that are necessary to develop policy Seychelles Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.1000 UNDP options related to climate change and comply with the provi- 41 (Additional Financing for Capacity sions of the UNFCCC. This is an add-on or top-up project. Building in Priority Areas) St. Kitts and Nevis Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.1586 UNDP Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. St. Kitts and Nevis Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.1000 UNDP Coordinate the activities that are necessary to develop policy (Additional Financing for Capacity options related to climate change and comply with the provi- Building in Priority Areas) sions of the UNFCCC. This is an add-on or top-up project. St. Lucia Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.1699 UNDP Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. St. Lucia Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.1000 UNDP Coordinate the activities that are necessary to develop policy (Additional Financing for Capacity options related to climate change and comply with the provi- Building in Priority Areas) sions of the UNFCCC. This is an add-on or top-up project. St. Vincent and Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.3495 World Bank Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first the Grenadines national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. St. Vincent and Climate Change Enabling Activity Coordinate the activities that are necessary to develop policy the Grenadines (Additional Financing for Capacity 0.1000 UNDP options related to climate change and comply with the provi- Building in Priority Areas) sions of the UNFCCC. This is an add-on or top-up project. Suriname Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.3500 UNDP Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Tonga Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.3300 UNDP Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. Tonga Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.1000 UNDP Coordinate the activities that are necessary to develop policy (Additional Financing for Capacity options related to climate change and comply with the provi- Building in Priority Areas) sions of the UNFCCC. This is an add-on or top-up project. Trinidad and Tobago Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.2189 UNDP Enable the country to meet its obligations (submission of first national communications) under Article 12 of the UNFCCC. 42 Trinidad and Tobago Climate Change Enabling Activity 0.1000 UNDP Coordinate the activities that are necessary to develop policy (Additional Financing for Capacity options related to climate change and comply with the provi- Building in Priority Areas) sions of the UNFCCC. This is an add-on or top-up project. Annex B: GEF Biodiversity Projects in SIDS GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) 43 Antigua and Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.1390 UNDP Help the country to meet its obligations to the Convention Barbuda on Biological Diversity (CBD) and assist in the formulation of a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) through a participatory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). Antigua and Clearing House Mechanism Enabling 0.0100 UNDP Assist the government in meeting its obligations under Barbuda Activity the CBD. Antigua and Assessment of Capacity-building Needs 0.2121 UNDP Assist the government of Antigua and Barbuda in addressing Barbuda and Country-specific Priorities the following priorities: (a) assessment of capacity-building needs and (b) consultation for the second national report for the COP of the CBD. The Bahamas Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.1500 UNEP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). The Bahamas Clearing House Mechanism Enabling 0.0140 UNEP Assist the government in meeting its obligations under Activity the CBD. GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) The Bahamas National Biodiversity Strategy, Action 0.1500 UNEP Assist the country with the ability to formulate and manage Plan and First National Report to the sectoral and cross-sectoral programs to meet the objectives of Convention on Biological Diversity in the CBD through a cost-effective approach within the con- the Bahamas text of national sustainable development efforts, and to report to the Convention on progress achieved in imple- menting agreed commitments. The Bahamas Assessment of Capacity-building Needs 0.1940 UNEP to Conserve Biological Diversity, Participation in National Clearing 44 House Mechanism, and Preparation of a Second National Report to the CBD (add-on) Barbados Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.1436 UNEP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). Belize Sustainable Development and 3.0000 UNDP 1. Comprehensively plan coastal resource management to Management of Biologically Diverse preserve globally significant and economically vital marine Coastal Resources ecosystem. 2. Train local teachers and others, lay groundwork for zoning plans, and assist with developing permanent statu- tory authority charged with preserving and managing littoral zone nationwide. Belize Northern Belize Biological Corridors 0.7484 World Bank Secure long-term conservation of biodiversity of global Project importance in the Maya Lowlands of northeastern Central America by maintaining ecological linkages between pro- tected areas across northern Belize. Belize Community-managed Sarstoon Temash 0.8067 World Bank Reduce land degradation and conserve globally significant Conservation Project biodiversity resources in the Sarstoon Temash National Park and its buffer zones. Belize Clearing House Mechanism Enabling 0.0070 UNDP Assist the government in meeting its obligations under Activity the CBD. GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Belize Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.1845 UNDP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). Belize Creating a Co-managed Protected 0.7500 UNDP Improve effective protection of existing protected areas by Areas System encouraging community co-management of these areas. Belize Conservation and Sustainable Use of 5.3550 UNDP Build on the achievements of the GEF-funded pilot phase the Barrier Reef Complex project and operationalize the recently passed Coastal Zone Management Act. This Act provides the institutional frame- work for the implementation of targeted interventions for 45 biodiversity protection. Belize Assessment of Capacity-building Needs 0.0177 UNDP and Country-specific Priorities in Biodiversity (add-on) Cape Verde Elaboration of the Second National 0.0200 UNDP Communication on Biodiversity for the Conference of Parties in 2001 Cape Verde Integrated Participatory Ecosystem 3.9316 UNDP Conserve globally significant biodiversity and ensure sustain- Management in and around Protected able use of natural resources through an integrated approach Areas, Phase I whereby protected areas and community-based sustainable use activities are woven into a win-win package. Cape Verde Clearing House Mechanism 0.0140 UNDP Assist the government in meeting its obligations under Enabling Activity the CBD. Cape Verde Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.2082 UNDP Formulate an NBSAP through a participatory process and in conformity with the third National Development Plan (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). The process will allow biodiversity to be integrated with existing frame- works such as the National Environmental Action Plan (PANA) and Desertification Control Plan. GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Comoros Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.1318 UNDP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). Comoros Island Biodiversity and Participatory 2.4420 UNDP Develop capacity at all levels in the Comoros and help to Conservation in the Federal Islamic establish the legal, financial, institutional, and operational Republic of Comoros frameworks and essential technical skills for collaborative management and sustainable use of biodiversity. Key outputs of the project include establishing a model national park managed under a collaborative agreement, implementing at 46 least two species recovery plans, and establishing a sustainable funding mechanism, such as a biodiversity trust fund, to cover recurrent protected area and species conservation costs. Comoros Clearing House Mechanism 0.1400 UNDP Enabling Activity Cook Islands Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.2000 UNDP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). Cook Islands National Biodiversity Strategy, Action 0.2042 UNDP Help the national government to meet its obligations under Plan and Country Report to the COP the CBD. Cuba Support to the Implementation of the N/A UNEP Pipeline. 1. Support the implementation of Decree Law National Biosafety Framework of Cuba N.190/99 on Biological Safety by drafting and enacting addi- tional relevant regulations and therefore enabling an ade- quate level of protection in the field of the safe transfer, handling, and use of living modified organisms (LMOs). 2. Develop methodologies to (a) assess, manage, and monitor the risks associated with LMOs handling, transport, use, transfer, and release and (b) produce and validate the related data at national and regional levels. 3. Strengthen capacity building at the national and regional levels by setting up a National Center of Capacity Building and running national and distance courses in biosafety. 4. Promote information sharing and enhance public awareness at national and regional levels. GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Cuba Strengthening the National System of 2.1453 UNDP Improve management of the National System of Protected Protected Areas Areas by addressing gaps in the default baseline. By support- ing a number of site-based demonstration/investment activi- ties geared to mitigating a cross-section of threats/risks and refining conservation practices and approaches, the project will build the capacity to perform protected area management functions, including planning, enforcement, interpretation, public outreach, financial administration, and reporting. Cuba Priority Actions to Consolidate 3.8890 UNDP Seek to support the incorporation of biodiversity concerns Biodiversity Protection in the Sabana- into integrated coastal zone management. This consolidation 47 Camaguey Ecosystem phase project focuses on the northern archipelago of the Sabana-Camaguey Ecosystem in central Cuba, which harbors marine and terrestrial biodiversity of global significance. Cuba Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.2063 UNEP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). Cuba Protecting Biodiversity and Establishing 2.0000 UNDP 1. Enhance current surveys of biodiversity by providing Sustainable Development of the equipment and resources and assisting with rapid ecological Sabana-Camaguey Region inventories. 2. Facilitate creation of geographic information systems, maintenance of ongoing monitoring and analysis, and translation of data into procedures and guidelines for ecotourism development. Cuba Support to the Implementation of the 0.6465 UNEP Provide the needed capacity building for implementing the National Biosafety Framework of Cuba National Biosafety Framework according to the obligations of the Cartagena Protocol. This demonstration project follows the first-phase pilot project, Development of the National Biosafety Framework. Cuba Assessment of Capacity-building 0.1917 UNEP 1. Obtain national consensus on the specific mechanisms Needs for Biodiversity, Participation needed for ongoing capacity building to manage the use of in Clearing House Mechanism biodiversity and ensure its conservation in accord with the (CHM), and Preparation of Second NBSAP. 2. Expand on initial participation in the CHM National Report through establishing an Internet site. 3. Prepare a second national report for submission to the Secretariat CBD by the deadline (in accordance with Decision V/19 of the COP). GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Dominica Clearing House Mechanism 0.0072 UNDP Assist the government in meeting its obligations under Enabling Activity the CBD. Dominica Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.0960 UNDP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). Dominica Biodiversity Enabling Activity Add-on: 0.1985 UNDP Assessment of Capacity-building Needs and Country-specific Priorities 48 Dominican Republic Biodiversity Conservation and 3.0000 UNDP Formulate strategies and actions necessary for the protection Management in the Coastal Zone of and sustainable use of the Dominican Republic's biodiversity, the Dominican Republic as well as prepare a plan for their implementation. The pri- mary product will be a Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (BSAP). In addition, the Dominican Republic's first national report will be prepared. Dominican Republic National Biodiversity Strategy and 0.2300 World Bank Assist the government in protecting two important coastal Action Plan, and First National Report regions through addressing regional landshed issues and devel- to the CBD oping buffering strategy. Training will take place, public awareness will be raised, and data will be gathered into a geo- graphic information system for assessment of priority protec- tion areas, monitoring of environmental change, and assessment of socioeconomic impact on environmental policy. Fiji Clearing House Mechanism 0.0100 UNDP Assist the government in meeting its obligations under Enabling Activity the CBD. Fiji Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.1979 UNDP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Global (Bolivia, Pilot Biosafety Enabling Activity 2.7440 UNEP Carry out country-level needs assessments and a global Bulgaria, Cameroon, program on awareness building on issues arising from the China, Cuba, Egypt, UNEP's International Technical Guidelines for Safety in Kenya, Hungary, Biotechnology. Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Namibia, Pakistan, Poland, Russian Federation, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia) 49 Global (Brazil, Promoting Best Practices 0.7500 UNEP Identify and disseminate best practices for conserving and Burkina Faso, Egypt, for Conservation and Sustainable Use sustainably using biodiversity of global significance in the Jamaica, Jordan, of Biodiversity of Global Significance arid and semi-arid ecosystems of 15 countries worldwide. Kuwait, Mali, in Arid and Semi-arid Zones Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal, Syria, Tunisia) Global Biodiversity Country Studies (Phase I) 5.0000 UNEP Gather and analyze the data required to drive the process of (Includes three developing national strategies, plans, or programs for the SIDS: Bahamas, conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and Cuba, Papua New to integrate these activities with other relevant sectoral or Guinea) cross-sectoral plans, programs, or policies. Global Development of Best Practices and 0.7500 UNEP Examine current tools and approaches that are used to recog- (Includes Dissemination of Lessons Learned for nize, evaluate, and militate against invasive species in order one SIDS: Dealing with the Global Problem of to determine best practices and to disseminate this informa- Mauritius) Alien Species That Threaten Biological tion. However, the specific aspects of the project for which Diversity GEF funding is requested relate only to a portion of the global strategy for dealing with invasives, that is, that of defining and disseminating the best practices. GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Global (Includes 1 People, Land Management, and 6.2760 UNEP Establish how sustainable and conservationist development can SIDS: Papua New Environmental Change be achieved by participatory methods bringing together farm- Guinea) ers' natural resource and biodiversity management approaches and scientists' knowledge in a productive context. The focus is on agrodiversity of different ecosystems (semi-arid, mountain, forest, and wetland) in the tropics and sub-tropics. Grenada Assessment of Capacity-building Needs 0.2060 UNDP Address in-situ and ex-situ conservation, incentive measures, and Country-specific Priorities specific threats to biodiversity, and traditional practice. 50 Grenada Development of a National Biodiversity 0.1336 UNDP Help the national government to meet its obligations under Conservation Strategy, and Action the CBD. Plan and Country Report to the CBD Grenada Dry Forest Biodiversity Conservation 0.7480 World Bank Build on activities supported under the World Bank/GEF Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) Ship Waste project related to the Grenada dove. The proposed MSP would take a broader approach, with the goal of pro- moting the conservation of the dry forest ecosystem and component species of special significance in Grenada. Grenada Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.1325 UNDP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). Guinea-Bissau Coastal and Biodiversity 5.1500 World Bank Implement biodiversity conservation components of the Management Program National Coastal Zone Management Plan, in conjunction with an International Development Association (IDA) credit. GEF-eligible components could include promotion of alternative livelihoods in connection with protected areas (PAs), community participation in protecting PAs capacity building for relevant institutions, information networks, and Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E). Guinea-Bissau Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.1955 UNDP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Guinea-Bissau Capacity-building Needs Assessment 0.2405 UNDP for the Implementation of the National Biodiversity Strategy of Guinea-Bissau and Strengthening of Clearing House Mechanism (add-on) Guinea-Bissau Establishment of Clearing 0.0140 UNDP House Mechanism Guyana Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.0826 UNDP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- 51 tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). Guyana National Protected Areas System 6.0000 World Bank 1. Prepare a National Protected Areas System strategic plan through a participatory process involving stakeholders and Amerindian indigenous communities. 2. Strengthen national institutional capacity; develop the necessary legislative, policy, and long-term financing framework. 3. Establish and manage at least two protected areas. 4. Undertake a public awareness campaign on conservation and protected area issues. 5. Monitor and evaluate project activities and outcomes. Guyana Program for Sustainable Forestry 3.0000 UNDP Develop replicable demonstration projects leading to guide- (Iwokrama Rain Forest Program) lines for sustainable utilization of tropical forests. Activities include research, detailed inventory of species, fellowship for training in environmental management, training of forest rangers, and establishment of a local study center. Haiti Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.2620 World Bank Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). Jamaica Development of a National Biodiversity 0.1928 UNDP Help the national government to meet its obligations under Conservation Strategy and Action Plan the CBD. and Report to the CBD GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Kiribati Assessment of Capacity-building Needs 0.1988 UNDP 1. Assist the government of Kiribati in assessing capacity- and Country-specific Priorities in building needs for specific priorities necessary to protect Biodiversity Including Clearing House national biodiversity in accordance with the NBSAP Mechanism (add-on) recommendations and the GEF and COP/CBD guidelines 2. Implement a country-driven CHM project. Kiribati Participation in the Clearing House 0.1980 UNDP Help the national government to meet its obligations under Mechanism of the CBD the CBD. Kiribati National Biodiversity Strategy and 0.0128 UNDP Help the national government to meet its obligations under 52 Action Plan and Country Report to the CBD. the COP Maldives Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.1507 UNDP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). Maldives Clearing House Mechanism 0.0100 UNDP Assist the government in meeting its obligations under Enabling Activity the CBD. Maldives Atoll Ecosystem-based Conservation of 2.7301 UNDP Work with island communities to identify and remove Globally Significant Biological threats to sustainable biodiversity in selected atolls. Diversity in the Maldives Baa Atoll Marshall Islands National Biodiversity Conservation 0.2300 UNDP Formulate, through a participatory and analytical process, the Strategy, Action Plan, and Report to strategies and actions necessary for the protection and sus- the CBD tainable use of biodiversity in the Marshall Islands and pre- pare a formal plan for implementation of said strategies. Marshall Islands Assessment of Capacity-building Needs 0.2200 UNDP 1. Establish a CHM for the Marshall Islands to facilitate the and Country-specific Priorities in effective exchange of technical and scientific biodiversity Biodiversity and Participation in the information in-country, regionally, and internationally. 2. Use Clearing House Mechanism the CHM to disseminate and share biodiversity information, ensuring its sustainability by creating partnerships and net- works within-country as well as regionally and internationally. GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Marshall Islands Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.2300 UNDP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). Mauritius Partnerships for Marine Protected 3.3653 UNDP Help the government of Mauritius to improve the manage- Areas in Mauritius ment and conservation practice for Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the country, including Rodrigues, and the equi- table sharing of benefits with the local community. Mauritius Restoration of Round Island 0.7500 World Bank Restore Round Island as much as possible to its original eco- logical state, and protect it as an example of a sustainable 53 representative Mascarene Island ecosystem practically free of introduced species. Mauritius Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.2354 UNEP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). Mauritius Restoration of Highly Degraded and 0.2000 UNDP 1. Continue efforts to restore degraded habitat on Rodrigues, Threatened Native Forests in Mauritius Ile aux Aigrettes, and Round Island. 2. Propagate and rein- troduce critically endangered flora and fauna on these three islands. 3. Strengthen local technical and administrative skills for conservation and ecosystem restoration. Mauritius Restoration of Round Island 0.7500 World Bank Increase populations of endemic species on Round Island through habitat improvement, erosion control, selective weeding, and re-establishment of populations of plants and animals that have vanished because of human intervention. Mauritius Clearing House Mechanism 0.0123 UNEP Assist the government in meeting its obligations under Enabling Activity the CBD. Mauritius Biodiversity Restoration 1.2000 World Bank 1. Continue efforts to restore degraded habitat on Rodrigues, Ile aux Aigrettes, and Round Island. 2. Propagate and rein- troduce critically endangered flora and fauna on these three islands. 3. Strengthen local technical and administrative skills for conservation and ecosystem restoration. GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Micronesia Community Conservation and 0.7480 UNDP 1. Assist the country in meeting its obligations under the Compatible Enterprise Development CBD by protecting Pohnpei's globally significant terrestrial on Pohnpei and marine biodiversity. 2. Develop and implement an inno- vative model for community-based biodiversity conservation on the basis of Pohnpei's Watershed Management Strategy: 1996­2000. Micronesia Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.2800 UNDP Allow Micronesia to formulate strategies and actions to pro- tect and sustainably use its marine and terrestrial biodiver- sity. The outputs of this project will be a BSAP and a 54 national report to the COP to the CBD. Micronesia Assessment of Capacity-building Needs 0.1660 UNDP Assist Micronesia in further assessing capacity-building and Country-specific Priorities in needs, identifying specific priorities, analyzing institutional Biodiversity Including Clearing House and functional capabilities, and determining capacity- Mechanism (add-on) building actions necessary to protect national biodiversity in accordance with the NBSAP. Niue Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.1349 UNDP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). Niue Clearing House Mechanism 0.0140 UNDP Assist the government in meeting its obligations under Enabling Activity the CBD. Niue Biodiversity Enabling Activity-- 0.2800 UNDP Add-on components for Niue Palau Enabling Activity 0.3090 UNDP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). Palau National Biodiversity Strategy Action 0.3300 UNDP Plan and First Report to the COP GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Papua New Guinea Community-based Coastal and 3.5494 UNDP Develop participatory management processes that protect a Marine Conservation in the Milne sample of Milne Bay coastal marine biodiversity, owned and Bay Province driven by local stakeholders, and that are sustainable. Papua New Guinea Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.1820 World Bank Help the government of Papua New Guinea to implement commitments under the CBD. This funding would allow the government to define priority actions for biodiversity conser- vation and utilization within the context of sustainable development. Papua New Guinea Biodiversity Conservation and 5.0000 UNDP Support government conservation strategy through assistance 55 Resource Management in establishing two pilot areas for Integrated Conservation and Development. Activities include building technical and institutional capacity of a resource center, enhancing aware- ness, establishing biodiversity objects and monitoring crite- ria, and implementing sustainable development practices and alternative income opportunities. Papua New Guinea Forestry and Conservation Project 17.3000 World Bank 1. Promote conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and more equitable sharing of benefits accruing from forest resources in one of the world's last remaining extensive tracts of tropical rainforest. 2. Develop an accessible mechanism to enable landowners to declare their lands for conservation and sustainable use. 3. Provide financial assistance to landowners in priority biodiversity areas to pursue conserva- tion-based livelihoods as an alternative to large-scale com- mercial logging. Regional (Comoros, Coral Reef Monitoring Network in 0.7370 World Bank Assist in the conservation and sustainable management of Madagascar, Member States of the Indian Ocean coral reefs through a monitoring network. Activities include Mauritius, Commission (COI), within the Global linking stakeholders of the Indian Ocean islands via a coral Seychelles) Coral Reef Monitoring Network reef network; providing decision-making tools for the inte- (GCRMN) grated management of coastal zones and information and data on status and trends of coral reefs; facilitating participation in the GCRMN; and bringing to the attention of the interna- tional community COI activities in the environment sector. GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Regional Biodiversity Conservation and 0.7500 UNDP Contribute to the conservation and management of medici- (Dominican Integration of Traditional Knowledge nal plants in globally significant eco-regions of Central Republic, Honduras, on Medicinal Plants in National America and the Caribbean. This project will focus primarily Nicaragua, Panama) Primary Health Care Policy in Central on forest ecosystems and indigenous and local knowledge. America and Caribbean Regional South Pacific Biodiversity 10.0000 UNDP 1. Protect biological diversity of 15 island states by facilitating Conservation Program establishment of conservation areas with agreed-upon criteria for development based on long-term ecological sustain- ability goals. 2. Support scientific and technical assessments, 56 train nongovernmental organization (NGO) and government officials; facilitate extensive consultations with local groups; assist with initial management of protected areas; and raise public awareness. This is an important undertaking for GEF as the recommendations from the evaluation will impact on future GEF biodiversity interventions in the Pacific. Regional Sustainable Conservation 0.9992 UNEP Enhance cooperation, communication, and consensus among of Globally Important Caribbean Bird biodiversity conservation stakeholders through the coordina- Habitats: Strengthening a Regional tion of a strengthened network of NGO, government agency, Network for a Shared Resource and regional institution partnerships. Regional (Belize, Establishment of a Program for the 10.0940 UNDP/ Promote, in seven years in two phases, the conservation and Costa Rica, Consolidation of the Mesoamerican UNEP sustainable use of globally significant biodiversity through the El Salvador, Biological Corridor establishment of six biological corridors in southeast Mexico. Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama) Regional (Belize, Central American Fund 15.0000 UNDP Ensure the long-term financing of critical regional Costa Rica, for Environment and Development: environment activities of global relevance in the Central El Salvador, Account for the Global Environment American Isthmus. Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama) GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Regional (Belize, Conservation and Sustainable Use of 10.6161 World Bank Help the countries of Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Guatemala, the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef Mexico to strengthen and coordinate national policies, regu- Honduras, Mexico) lations, and institutional arrangements for marine ecosystem conservation and sustainable use, with a particular focus on transboundary issues. Regional (Bolivia, Regional Strategy for the Conservation 4.5000 UNDP Develop regionally compatible geographic information Brazil, Colombia, and Sustainable Use of Natural system and enhance national institutions' capabilities in Ecuador, Guyana, Resources in the Amazon eight nations to manage protected areas, rehabilitate Peru, República degraded lands, institute suitable zoning plans, share Bolivariana de information, and assist Amazon Cooperation Treaty in 57 Venezuela, developing regional strategies. Suriname) Regional (Bolivia, Action for a Sustainable Amazonia 3.8500 UNDP Promote the formulation and application of policies that Brazil, Colombia, incorporate biodiversity conservation values and principles Ecuador, Guyana, into sectoral development planning and reform. Peru, República Bolivariana de Venezuela, Suriname) Regional (Belize, EcoEnterprises Fund 1.0000 World Bank Abate threats to biodiversity conservation in Latin America Bolivia, Costa Rica, and the Caribbean by creating economic incentives to pro- Ecuador, El Salvador, tect critical natural resources. Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru) Regional (Comoros, Addressing Land-based Activities in 4.5111 UNEP Reduce stress to the ecosystem by improving water and sed- Kenya, Madagascar, the Western Indian Ocean iment quality; strengthen regional legal basis for preventing Mauritania, land-based sources of pollution; and develop regional Mozambique, capacity and strengthen institutions for sustainable, less Seychelles, polluting development. Tanzania) GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Samoa Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.1720 UNDP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). Samoa Additional Funding of Biodiversity 0.2150 UNDP Enabling Activity Samoa Marine Biodiversity Protection 0.9250 World Bank Protect critical sites for marine biological diversity, including and Management coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass areas, within the core zones of large multiple-use MPAs in the Aleipata and Safata 58 Districts of Upolu Island. Samoa Enabling Activity 0.0140 UNDP Assist the government in meeting its obligations under the CBD. São Tomé and Biodiversity Strategy, Action Plan, and 0.1630 World Bank Provide the resources to the government to prepare its first Principe First National Report and Clearing national report and assist in enhancing the capacity of rele- House Mechanism vant stakeholders in biodiversity and in identifying priority areas for biodiversity conservation and management. Under the CHM, the project will also provide minimal equipment to the focal point to enable the implementation of national obligations under the CBD. Seychelles Clearing House Mechanism 0.0101 UNEP Assist the government in meeting its obligations under Enabling Activity the CBD. Seychelles Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.1860 UNEP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). Seychelles Management of Avian Ecosystems 0.7400 World Bank Finance the definition and initial implementation of action plans for upland forest, coastal wetlands, and coastal plateau forest habitats through action plans for seven threatened endemic bird taxi and recovery programs, socioeconomic models for island restoration, assessment of potential islands for translocation of bird populations, restoration of one island, eradication of exotic species and habitat management plan for that island, public awareness and education cam- paigns, and monitoring and assessment. GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Seychelles Marine Ecosystem Management Project 0.7470 World Bank Conserve endangered coastal and marine species and ecosys- tems, establish marine national parks, and protect world heritage sites. Seychelles Biodiversity Conservation and Marine 1.8000 World Bank Biodiversity conservation component: 1. Restore and preserve Pollution Abatement the ecosystem of the atoll by strengthening conservation management and scientific research and control of feral goats. 2. Implement a protection program for the Green and Hawksbill Turtles. Marine pollution component: Analyze the steps needed to comply with the International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution (MARPOL) standards 59 for ship-waste treatment and actions required to control pol- lution from commercial shipping, fishing, and leisure craft. Seychelles Improving Management of NGO and 0.8390 World Bank Improve management of NGO- and privately owned biodi- Privately Owned Nature Reserves and versity-rich islands by installing a shared program framework High Biodiversity Islands in Seychelles and infrastructure for enhanced and sustainable conserva- tion, financing, and use of biodiversity. Solomon Islands Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.1200 UNEP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). Solomon Islands Clearing House Mechanism 0.0100 UNEP Assist the government in meeting its obligations under Enabling Activity the CBD. St. Kitts and Nevis Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.1040 UNDP Formulate an NBSAP through a fully participatory process that will include government, private sector, and NGOs. St. Lucia Assessment of Capacity-building Needs 0.2804 UNEP 1. Obtain national consensus on mechanisms to raise the for Biodiversity, Participation national capacity to manage the use of biodiversity and in CHM, and Preparation of Second ensure its conservation. 2. Assess key capacity-building National Report requirements identified by the NBSA. St. Lucia National Biodiversity Strategies, 0.1700 UNEP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and Action Plan, and the First National assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- Report to the Convention on tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). Biological Diversity GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) St. Lucia Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.1696 UNEP Assist the government in meeting its obligations under the CBD. St. Vincent and the Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.1170 UNDP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and Grenadines assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). St. Vincent and the Assessment of Capacity-building 0.2060 UNDP Assist the government of St. Vincent and the Grenadines in Grenadines Needs and Country-specific Priorities completing its comprehensive capacity-building needs assess- (Add-on) ment for country-specific priorities, undertaking consulta- 60 tions for the second national report to the COP, establishing a CHM, and implementing a country-driven Biodiversity Clearing House Mechanism project. This is an add-on request. Suriname Conservation of Globally Significant 9.5400 UNDP Contribute to institutional learning in the conservation arena Forest Ecosystems in Suriname's by operationalizing protected area management in two key Guyana Shield globally important and representative sites, namely the Central Suriname Nature Reserve and the Sipaliwini Nature Reserve in south Suriname. The participation of nongovernment and community groups in conservation activities will be secured to encourage collective decision-making and collaboration. Suriname Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.0920 UNDP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). Tonga National Biodiversity Conservation 0.3180 UNDP Strategy Action Plan and First Report to the COP Trinidad and Tobago Protected Areas and Wildlife 4.2000 World Bank Improve management of project components including the Management Project establishment of the National Parks and Wildlife Authority; establishment and management of national parks and other protected areas; and community development that is compat- ible with biodiversity conservation. Within the national parks and protected areas component, GEF would support conservation of the most critical of these sites through the establishment of effective management regimes. GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Trinidad and Tobago Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.1270 UNDP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). Vanuatu Enabling Activity 0.1317 UNEP Implement a participatory process to conduct the following activities: identify actions needed to raise capacity to the level required to manage biodiversity in accord with the NBSAP; identify constraints on relevant stakeholder agencies on how these can be addressed; and work with the National Biodiversity Advisory Committee (NBAC) and relevant sec- toral agencies and NGOs to reach consensus on capacity 61 building and implementation. This is add-on funding. Vanuatu Clearing House Enabling Activity 0.0100 UNEP Assist the government in meeting its obligations under the CBD. Vanuatu Biodiversity Enabling Activity 0.2074 UNEP Help the country to meet its obligations to the CBD and assist in the formulation of an NBSAP through a participa- tory process (in accordance with articles 6 and 8 of the CBD). Annex C: GEF International Waters Projects in SIDS GEF Allocation Implementing 62 Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Regional (Pacific Implementation of the Strategic Action 12.0290 UNDP Provide a regional framework within which actions are iden- SIDS) Program of the Pacific Small Island tified and implemented. Targeted actions will be carried out Developing States in two linked consultative contexts: Integrated Coastal and Watershed Management (ICWM) and Oceanic Fisheries Management (OFM). ICWM will focus on freshwater sup- plies including groundwater, MPA enhancement and devel- opment, sustainable coastal fisheries, and integrated coastal management including tourism development; activities to demonstrate waste reduction strategies will be stressed. The OFM component will target the Western Pacific Warm Pool ecosystem, whose boundaries correspond almost precisely to those of the Western Pacific tuna fishery. Regional (Antigua Ship-generated Waste Management 13.0180 World Bank Assist OECS governments in reducing pollution of interna- and Barbuda, tional and territorial waters caused by the discharge of ship- Dominica, Grenada, generated solid wastes by supporting appropriate actions St. Kitts and Nevis, aimed at improving collection, treatment, and disposal of St. Lucia, St. Vincent these wastes. and the Grenadines) GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Regional (Belize, Regional Program of Action and 7.0495 UNEP Prevent reintroduction of DDT for malaria control by pro- Costa Rica, El Demonstration of Sustainable moting new integrated vector control techniques and imple- Salvador, Guatemala, Alternatives to DDT for Malaria menting a coordinated regional program to improve national Honduras, Mexico, Vector Control in Mexico and capacities. (During the past decade Mexico and Central Nicaragua, Panama) Central America American countries have gradually discontinued DDT spray- ings for vector control. Malaria, however, still poses a serious risk for the population of these countries.) Regional (Brunei, Prevention and Management of Marine 8.0025 UNDP Develop policies and plans to control marine pollution for Cambodia, China, Pollution in the East Asian Seas land- and sea-based sources, upgrade national and regional Indonesia, Korea infrastructures and technical skills, and establish financing 63 DPR, Malaysia, instruments for project sustainability. Project will include Philippines, selection of demonstration sites, establishment of regional Republic of Korea, monitoring and information network, and involvement of Singapore, regional association of marine legal experts to improve Thailand, Vietnam) capacity to implement relevant conventions. Regional (Comoros, Western Indian Ocean Islands Oil Spill 3.0164 World Bank Fund a joint petroleum industry/government planning semi- Madagascar, Contingency Planning nar and associated follow-up work to prepare a project Mauritius, designing national and sub-regional contingency plans for oil Seychelles) spill containment and treatment to respond to spills of differ- ing size, location, and degree of threat; provide basic training and equipment to execute plans at the national and sub- regional levels; and design mechanisms to ensure financial and operational sustainability. Regional Development and Protection of the 0.0750 UNEP Assist Sub-Saharan African countries in achieving sustainable (Côte d'Ivoire, Coastal and Marine Environment in management of their coastal and marine environment and Ghana, Kenya, Sub-Saharan Africa resources. Specifically, the project will (a) identify areas, sites, Mozambique, or living resources of regional and global significance that are Nigeria, Seychelles, suffering measurable degradation; (b) determine the South Africa) sources/causes of this degradation and the associated scales of impact (national, regional, and global); (c) identify areas, sites, and resources of regional significance that, although not currently degraded, are threatened with future degradation; (d) determine, through root-cause analysis, the fundamental causes of damage or threat posed; and (e) design a program of interventions addressing problems of regional priority. GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Regional (Cuba, Demonstrations of Innovative 9.0410 UNDP/ Develop investment and institution-strengthening plans and Jamaica) Approaches to the Rehabilitation of UNEP identify sources of financing for the implementation of reme- Heavily Contaminated Bays in the dial actions. This initiative is a follow-up of the Pilot Phase Wider Caribbean PRIF project, Planning and Management of Heavily Contaminated Bays and Coastal Areas in the Wider Caribbean; the project areas were Havana Bay (Cuba), Puerto Limon (Costa Rica), Cartagena Bay (Colombia), and Kingston Harbour (Jamaica). Regional Wider Caribbean Initiative for Ship- 5.0500 World Bank Lay the foundation for countries in the Wider Caribbean 64 (Caribbean SIDS) generated Waste Region to ratify and implement the MARPOL 73/78 Convention, ending discharge of ship-generated wastes into international and territorial waters. Technical assistance will be provided for studies leading to a regional strategy for the implementation of MARPOL 73/78, assessment of existing waste management systems, formulation of criteria for waste reception facilities at ports, development of integrated waste management alternatives, and public awareness programs. Latin America/ Demonstrations of Innovative 6.0910 UNDP/ Implement pilot projects to test innovative technical, man- Caribbean Approaches to the Rehabilitation of UNEP agement, legislative, and educational approaches for reducing (Includes two SIDS: Heavily Contaminated Bays in the the input of priority international waters contaminants to Cuba, Jamaica) Wider Caribbean Havana Bay, Kingston Harbour, and the adjacent Wider Caribbean. The project will further strengthen and/or help create new institutions responsible for the rehabilitation and sustainable management of the two bays. Regional (Includes Preparation of a Transboundary N/A UNEP Pipeline. Develop a strategic action program that will iden- two SIDS: Diagnostic Assessment for the tify and assess problems and causes, contained in the compre- Cape Verde, Protection of the Canary Current Large hensive Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis, to reduce the Guinea-Bissau) Marine Ecosystem from degradation of the Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem. Land-based Activities Caribbean SIDS Integrating Management of Watersheds N/A UNEP/ Pipeline. Assist participating countries in improving their and Coastal Areas in Small Island UNDP watershed and coastal zone management practices in support Developing States in the Caribbean of sustainable development. GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Regional (Includes Elaboration of the Transboundary N/A UNEP Pipeline. Prepare a transboundary diagnostic analysis and the two SIDS: Comoros, Diagnostic Analysis and Strategic framework elements of a strategic action program. Seychelles) Action Plan and Implementation for the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Western Indian Ocean Regional Ship-generated Waste Management 12.0500 World Bank Assist OECS governments in reducing pollution of interna- (Antigua and tional and territorial waters caused by the discharge of ship- Barbuda, Dominica, generated solid wastes by supporting appropriate actions Grenada, St. Kitts aimed at improving collection, treatment, and disposal of and Nevis, St. Lucia, these wastes. The project includes national components con- 65 St. Vincent and the sisting of the establishment of port-waste reception facilities Grenadines) and incremental expansion of landfill sites to handle ship- generated wastes, together with a regional component com- posed of support activities and technical assistance for project management, training, and education; establishment of common legal framework for ship-waste management; recycling possibilities; and public awareness programs. Project activities will also protect critical habitat for the endangered Grenada dove. Global (Cameroon, Reduction of Environmental Impact 4.0780 UNEP/FAO Introduce fishing technologies and practices that reduce the Colombia, Costa from Tropical Shrimp Trawling through capture of juveniles. (Shrimp exploitation by tropical trawl Rica, Cuba, Introduction of By-catch Technologies fisheries generates significant amounts of non-shrimp by- Indonesia, Iran, and Change of Management catch, which constitutes a threat to the sustainable produc- Mexico, Nigeria, tion of fish from an area.) Philippines, República Bolivariana de Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago) GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Regional (Comoros, Addressing Land-based Activities in 4.5111 UNEP Reduce stress to the ecosystem by improving water and sed- Kenya, Madagascar, the Western Indian Ocean iment quality; strengthen regional legal basis for preventing Mauritania, land-based sources of pollution; and develop regional Mozambique, capacity and strengthen institutions for sustainable, less Seychelles, polluting development. This project has a primary focus on Tanzania) the degradation of the marine and coastal environment caused by land-based activities. Regional (Côte Development and Protection of the 0.7500 UNEP Assist Sub-Saharan African countries in achieving sustain- d'Ivoire, Ghana, Coastal and Marine Environment in able management of their coastal and marine environment 66 Kenya, Mozambique, Sub-Saharan Africa and resources. Nigeria, Seychelles, South Africa) Annex D: GEF Regional or Global International Waters Projects on Issues of Great Relevance to SIDS 67 GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Global Strengthening Capacity for Global 5.2500 UNDP/ Strengthen countries' capacities to integrate sustainable (Need to ensure that Knowledge-sharing in International UNEP/ water resources management into their national planning SIDS can learn from Waters World Bank processes and to comply with relevant agreements in the area and/or benefit from of international waters. The project will enable (a) sharing of lessons learned) critical knowledge and collaboration using a wide array of new tools and learning methods; (b) development of training courses tailored to the strategic needs of countries, building upon an ongoing global training program (UNDP's TRAIN- SEA-COAST); and (c) convening of two portfolio-wide strategic planning and assessment meetings. Global Regionally Based Assessment of 3.0000 UNEP Provide a measure of the nature and comparative severity of Persistent Toxic Substances (PTS) damage and threats posed at national, regional, and ulti- mately global levels by PTS. This measure will provide the GEF and UNEP with a science-based rationale for assigning priorities for action among and between chemical-related environmental issues. GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Global Global International Waters 6.7850 UNEP Produce a comprehensive and integrated global water assess- Assessment ment of both environmental and socioeconomic aspects in 66 sub-regions, including both marine and freshwater sys- tems, in order to provide the GEF with objective strategic guidance for prioritizing its future interventions in the International Waters Focal Area. Regional (Angola; Combating Living Resource Depletion 21.0449 UNDP/ Assist the countries in making changes in the ways that Benin; Cameroon; and Coastal Area Degradation in the UNEP human activities are conducted in the different sectors to Congo, Dem. Rep. Guinea Current LME (GCLME) ensure that the GCLME and its multicountry drainage basins 68 of; Côte d'Ivoire; through Ecosystem-based Regional can sustainably support the socioeconomic development of Gabon; Ghana; Actions the region. (This new project is a follow-up action with Equatorial Guinea; respect to the Pilot Phase Gulf of GCLME project [six coun- Guinea-Bissau; tries].) Liberia; Nigeria; São Tomé and Principe; Sierra Leone; Togo) Annex E: GEF Land Degradation Projects in SIDS GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) 69 Antigua and Implementation of a Sustainable Island 2.0000 UNDP Pipeline. Promote integrated ecosystem management, with Barbuda Resource Management Mechanism special emphasis on the conservation of globally significant biodiversity and prevention of land degradation in the islands of Antigua and Barbuda. Regional (Gambia, Integrated Management of the Fouta 10.0554 UNEP Pipeline. Enable conservation and sustainable use of the Guinea, Guinea- Djallon Highlands international watershed and biodiversity of the Fouta Djallon Bissau, Mali, highlands. The project will build on the experiences of the Mauritania, Niger, Fouta Djallon Program coordinated by the International Senegal, Sierra Co-ordination Office, which was aimed at promoting holistic Leone) approaches to integrated ecosystem management-based participatory and community-based strategies. Annex F: GEF Multi-focal Area Projects in SIDS GEF Allocation Implementing 70 Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Antigua and National Capacity Self-Assessment for 0.0193 UNEP Barbuda Global Environmental Management Bahamas National Capacity Self-Assessment for 0.0150 UNEP Global Environmental Management Belize National Capacity Self-Assessment for 0.0198 UNDP Global Environmental Management Global Harnessing Multistakeholder 0.0750 UNDP Engage more actively an existing structure in six prototype (Burkina Faso, Costa Mechanisms to Promote Global countries to fulfill the objective of including global environ- Rica, Dominican Environmental Priorities mental priorities while they implement their mandate of Republic, Mexico, integrating environmental issues and social and cultural con- Philippines, Uganda) cerns in development planning. Grenada National Capacity Self-Assessment for 0.0225 UNDP Global Environmental Management Jamaica National Capacity Self-Assessment for 0.0225 UNDP Global Environmental Management GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Mauritius National Capacity Self-Assessment for 0.0153 UNEP Global Environmental Management Regional (Antigua A Participatory Approach to Managing 0.0720 UNEP Build capacity within the countries of the Americas for the and Barbuda, the Environment: An Input to the successful incorporation of public participation practices in Argentina, Bahamas, Inter-American Strategy sustainable development policy formulation and decision- Barbados, Belize, for Participation making; design mechanisms to improve communication and Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, promote partnership among governments (national and Colombia, Costa local), NGOs, community and local groups, the private sec- Rica, Dominica, tor, and academic organizations in these matters; and pro- Dominican Republic, vide technical assistance for exchanging information and 71 Ecuador, developing methodologies for conflict resolution and con- El Salvador, sensus building. Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru) Regional Global Environmental Citizenship 3.0212 UNDP/ Generate public awareness, increase levels of understanding (Argentina, Chile, UNEP of global environmental issues, and mobilize support in Latin Costa Rica, Cuba, American countries for the objectives of the GEF operational Ecuador, Mexico, programs. Peru) GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Regional (Antigua Building Wider Public and Private 0.0998 UNDP 1. Increase public awareness of global environmental issues and Barbuda, Constituencies for the GEF in Latin and multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). 2. The Bahamas, America and the Caribbean: Regional Increase motivation, interest, and participation of general Barbados, Belize, Promotion of Global Environment public and Latin American and Caribbean owners of SMEs Brazil, Chile, Protection through the Electronic in global environment issues, and in replicating environmen- Colombia, Media tally sustainable initiatives. Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, 72 Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, República Bolivariana de Venezuela, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Uruguay) Seychelles National Capacity Self-Assessment for 0.0225 UNDP Global Environmental Management St. Kitts and Nevis National Capacity Self-Assessment for 0.0225 UNDP Global Environmental Management St. Vincent and the National Capacity Self-Assessment for 0.0225 UNDP Grenadines Global Environmental Management Annex G: GEF Persistent Organic Pollutants Projects in SIDS GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) 73 Antigua and Enabling Activities for the Stockholm 0.3973 UNEP Assist Antigua and Barbuda in meeting its reporting and Barbuda Convention on Persistent Organic other obligations under the Stockholm Convention. Pollutants (POPs): National Implemen- tation Plan for Antigua and Barbuda Comoros Initial Assistance to the Union of the 0.3900 UNDP Create sustainable capacity and facilitate a country-driven Comoros for Enabling Activities to approach to enable the three autonomous islands making up Implement the Stockholm Convention the Union of the Comoros to meet their obligations under on POPs the Stockholm Convention. Cuba Enabling Activities for the Stockholm 0.4997 UNEP Assist Cuba in meeting its reporting and other obligations Convention on POPs: National under the Stockholm Convention. Implementation Plan for Cuba Fiji National Implementation Plan for the 0.3840 UNEP 1. Prepare the ground for meeting Fiji's obligations under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Stockholm Convention. 2. Assist Fiji in preparing a National Organic Pollutants for Fiji Implementation Plan for POPs. 3. Enable Fiji to prepare detailed action plans for reducing or eliminating POPs. GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Global (Barbados, Development of National Implemen- 6.1850 UNEP Strengthen national capacity to manage POPs and Bulgaria, Chile, tation Plans for the Management assist countries in meeting their obligations under the Ecuador, Guinea, of POPs Stockholm Convention. Lebanon, Malaysia, Mali, Micronesia, Papua New Guinea, Slovenia, Zambia) Haiti Enabling Activities for the Stockholm 0.3835 UNEP Assist Haiti in meeting its reporting and other obligations Convention on POPs: National under the Stockholm Convention. 74 Implementation Plan for the Republic of Haiti Jamaica Enabling Activities for Jamaica to 0.2415 UNDP Prepare a National Implementation Plan for POPs Develop and Implement the Management pursuant to Article 7 of the Stockholm National Implementation Plan for the Convention, and related capacity building. POPs Convention Kiribati Enabling Activities for the Stockholm 0.3990 UNEP Assist Kiribati in meeting its reporting and other obligations Convention on POPs: National under the Stockholm Convention. Implementation Plan for Kiribati Marshall Islands Enabling Activities for the Stockholm 0.3464 UNEP Assist Marshall Islands in meeting its reporting and other Convention on POPs: National Imple- obligations under the Stockholm Convention. mentation Plan for Marshall Islands Mauritius Enabling Activities for the Stockholm 0.3564 UNDP Assist Mauritius in meeting its reporting and other obliga- Convention on POPs: National tions under the Stockholm Convention. Implementation Plan for Mauritius Nauru Enabling Activities for the Stockholm 0.2211 UNEP Assist Nauru in meeting its reporting and other obligations Convention on POPs: National under the Stockholm Convention. Implementation Plan for Nauru Niue Initial Assistance to Niue to Meet Its 0.2500 UNDP Create sustainable capacity and ownership in Niue to meet Obligations under the Stockholm its obligations under the Stockholm Convention. Convention on POPs GEF Allocation Implementing Country Project Title (in millions) Agency Project Objective(s) Palau Enabling Activities for the Stockholm 0.3470 UNEP Assist Palau in meeting its reporting and other obligations Convention on POPs: National under the Stockholm Convention. Implementation Plan for Palau Samoa Initial Assistance to Samoa to Meet Its 0.3725 UNDP Create sustainable capacity and ownership in Samoa to meet Obligations under the Stockholm its obligations under the Stockholm Convention, including Convention on POPs initial preparation of a POPs Implementation Plan. São Tomé and Enabling Activities to Facilitate Early 0.3729 UNIDO Build and strengthen national capacities and enhance knowl- Principe Action on the Implementation of edge of decisionmakers, industrialists, NGOs, and the general the Stockholm Convention on POPs population on POPs. 75 Seychelles Enabling Activities to Facilitate Early 0.3840 UNIDO Assist Seychelles in meeting its reporting and other obliga- Action on the Implementation of tions under the Stockholm Convention. the Stockholm Convention on POPs in Seychelles St. Lucia Enabling Activity for the Stockholm 0.3999 UNEP Assist St. Lucia in meeting its reporting and other obliga- Convention on POPs: National tions under the Stockholm Convention. Implementation Plan for St. Lucia Tonga Enabling Activities for the Stockholm 0.3860 UNEP Assist the Kingdom of Tonga in meeting its reporting and Convention on POPs: National other obligations under the Stockholm Convention. Implementation Plan for the Kingdom of Tonga Vanuatu POPs Enabling Activities for the 0.3930 UNEP Assist Vanuatu in meeting its reporting and other obligations Stockholm Convention on POPs: under the Stockholm Convention. National Implementation Plan for Vanuatu Photo Credits: Cover: Philip Wolmuth/Panos Inside front cover: Pietro Cenini/Panos Page 2: Ronald Thomas Page 3: William Waterfall/Pacific Stock Page 5: Pietro Cenini/Panos Page 7: Mary Lou Frost/coralreef.org Page 8: Francis Dobbs/World Bank Page 9: Chuck Savall/coralreef.org Page 10: Curt Carnemark/World Bank 76 Page 13: Jonathan French/World Bank Page 14: Gerry Ellis/Minden Page 16: David Shale/naturepl.com Page 18: Nick Garbutt/naturepl.com Page 19: Norbert Wu/Minden Page 20: Philip Wolmuth/Panos Page 23: Philip Wolmuth/Panos Page 25: Francis Dobbs/World Bank Page 27: Matthew Harris/Corbis Page 29: Anders Ryman/Corbis Page 30: Heldur Netocny/Panos Page 76: Philip Wolmuth/Panos Production Credits: Text Compiled by Pamela Cubberly with Patricia Bliss-Guest, Song Li, Alfred Duda, Andrea Merla, and Deepak Kataria Editor: Shirley Geer Contributing Editor: Carollyne Hutter Researcher: Asha K. Richards Production: Rick Ludwick, Monika Lynde Design: Patricia Hord.Graphik Design Printer: Peake Printing How the GEF Works Since its inception, the GEF has sought to continuously evolve as a governments, civil society, the private sector, local stakeholders, flexible, innovative entity that can respond effectively to new chal- and other appropriate parties. lenges and responsibilities. The GEF applies the lessons learned from its activities and remains on the cutting edge of international global "Country drivenness" is essential to ensuring the sustainability of environmental problem solving. Several characteristics contribute to GEF projects. This means that initial project ideas originate in GEF's effectiveness: the country, are based on national strategies, and reflect national and regional priorities. Consultation between GEF's implementing and executing agencies and national and regional participants is The GEF encourages the participation of a broad range of stake- an important element of the country-driven GEF project develop- holders. Overall, the GEF and its partners represent a comprehen- ment process. In addition, GEF projects are an integral part of a sive network of governments, scientists, nongovernmental country's development process. organizations (NGOs), civil society, the private sector, and grass- roots groups, working at different levels toward sustainable devel- Strong national coordination among all stakeholders is necessary opment that addresses global environmental challenges. GEF's for GEF projects to successfully promote sustainable development Council, which functions as an independent board of directors that addresses global environmental concerns. Countries choose responsible for adopting and evaluating GEF programs, welcomes an operational focal point to maintain a close working relation- the participation of NGOs in its deliberations and incorporates ship with specialized and technical ministries and with NGOs, the input of the global scientific community through its Scientific the private sector, scientists, local governments, and civil society. and Technical Advisory Panel (STAP). A range of stakeholders National focal points are responsible for coordinating the identifi- implement GEF projects, which also actively involve national cation and preparation of GEF programs and projects. Copyright 2005 The text of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes Global Environment Facility Secretariat form for educational or nonprofit uses, without special permission, provided without prior written consent of the GEF Secretariat. 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