76565 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons Learned an from Exchange ofBrazilian experiences withAfrica REDD+ and Community Forestry: lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa Virgilio Mauricio Viana Andre Rodrigues Aquino Thais Megid Pinto Luiza M. T. Lima Anne Martinet François Busson Jean-Marie Samyn Organized by: Supported by: Acknowledgements We would also like to extend our gratitude to the speakers, who greatly con- tributed to the event: Adriana Bariani (SFB), André Odenbreit (Foreign Affairs Ministry/Brazil), Antonio Carlos Hummel (SFB), Claudia Costa (BNDES), Do- mingos Macedo (CEUC/AM), Eduardo Rizzo (Idesam), Fábio Marques (Plantar Group), Firmin Antonio (FAS), Gabriel Ribenboim (FAS), Jean Ometto (INPE/ Brazil), Jeremais Dantas (Coomflona), João Tezza (FAS), Manoel Cunha (CNS), Mariana Christovam (IPAM), Mariano Cenamo (IDESAM), Mauricio Voivodic (IMAFLORA), Mauro Pires (MMA/Brasil), Plinio Camargo (CENA/USP), Ricardo Rettmann (IPAM), Secretary Nádia d’Avila Ferreira (SDS/AM), Sérgio Weguelin (BNDES), Thais Linhares Juvenal (MMA/Brasil), Valcleia Solidade (FAS), and Viviane Daufemback (ICMBio/Brazil). We are also very grateful to the communities of Tumbira (Rio Negro Reserve, Amazonas), Maguary and São Domingos, and of Ambé Project (National Forest of Tapajós, Pará) for their warm welcome. Finally, we would like to thank the Amazonas Sustainable Foundation (FAS) team for all their support, especially Alexandre Barbosa, Ana Claudia Aquino, Ana Mota, Andre Ballesteros, Antonio Cruz, Benjamim Maia, Isandra D’Avila, Jousanete Dias, Lizandra Sá, Monick Maciel, Valcleia Solidade, Vanylton Santos, Victor Salviati, and Viviani Garcia. For the revision of this document, we kindly thank Abanda, Ananie Cyrille Ekoumou; Acworth, James Michael; Gernot, Brodnig; Martinez-Deffry, Idriss; Megevand, Carole and Rietbergen, Simon, all from the World Bank. VIANA, V.M, AQUINO, A.R., PINTO, T.M., LIMA, L.M.T., MARTINET, A., BUS- SON, F., SAMYE, J.M. REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange of Brazilian experiences with Africa. 2012. Manaus, Brazil. 72 PG. The World Bank/Amazonas Sustainable Foundation The visit and the publication of this guide were funded by the FCPF, with technical coordination provided by the Amazonas Sustainable Foundation. Translation and revision of texts: Erick Vermot, Francisco Toledo e Marcos Bresler Graphic design and cover: Eric Peleias Table of Contents Testimonials 0. Executive Summary 8 “This knowledge exchange initiative comes at a strategic moment for the partici- 1. Introduction 12 pating countries, as they design national strategies to address the causes of defo- restation and forest degradation. African countries can benefit from the Brazilian 2. Conceptual approach to community forestry 14 experience of decentralizing forest management to communities, and innovative and REDD+ Payment for Ecosystem Schemes. Brazil, in turn, can learn from the Congo Basin’s positive and negative experiences with forest concession management.� a. “Community forestry:� common features and 14 André Aquino, forest carbon expert – FCPF/WB implementation methods “Brazil has made significant progress in recent years with the development of b. REDD+ and its basic principles 16 satellite forest monitoring systems and I am sure that this, in the context of this c. Recent findings and trends relating to community 18 South-South cooperation, is an important area in which countries can collaborate.� forests Antonio Carlos Hummell, Director General of the Brazilian Forest Service, Ministry of the Environment d. How can community forestry effectively contribute 22 to reducing emissions from deforestation and “Promoting South-South cooperation in REDD+ and sustainable management of forests is crucial for making progress in climate change mitigation. This trip is an degradation? important contribution to building knowledge in REDD+ through the exchange e. How can REDD contribute to the implementation of 24 of experiences and lessons learned. For the Brazilian government it is a good opportunity to share the progress we have made in sustainable community ma- community forest management? nagement of forests and learn from the experience of other countries, as well as for opening a policy dialogue with other tropical forested countries.“ 3. The key issues of REDD+ in connection with 26 Thais Linhares-Juvenal, Former Director for Climate Change of the Ministry community forestry in Africa of the Environment (2010/2011) 4. How are REDD+ and FC being developed in 40 “The Brazilian experience of empowering forest communities to manage their Brazil? resources and extract value from that is highly valuable for my country, the De- mocratic Republic of Congo (DRC), where some field experiences are underway a. Examples of policies on REDD in Brazil 41 and the new legislation on community forest management is under discussion.� b. Examples of legal and institutional frameworks for 43 Victor Kabengele Wa Kadilu, Projects Coordinator – Ministry of Environment DRC/ South-South Cooperation DRC Focal Point forest management in Brazil “This South-South exchange trip has been a very rich experience. It allowed 5. Conclusions 58 us, on the one hand, to see the technological advances that Brazil has made in monitoring forest cover, and on the other, to see how local people in the states 6. References 64 visited in the North are involved in safeguarding the forests.� 7. Annexes 66 Ifo Aware Suspense, Climate Focal Point, Congo Brazzaville CHAPTER 0 This publication is the result of an initiative to promote an exchange between Brazil and Africa on lessons learned about the role Executive Summary of community forestry as a strategy to achieve the goals of REDD+ 1. The results presented here are based on a fact-finding mission to Brazil by policy makers and experts from six African countries, in February 2011. Key issues related to REDD+ were addressed in seminars, field visits and workshops during a 10-day journey. This publication brings together information, analyses, and conclusions on issues relevant to the design and implementation of national REDD+ strategies. These findings do not represent the official position of any of the institutions or governments involved. This publication aims to promote a discussion on the role of community forest management as a strategic option to promote REDD+ goals, and, conversely, on ways REDD+ can foster community management of forests, both in theory and in practice. The mission’s main conclusions were the following: 1. REDD+ initiatives need to be integrated with sectoral and cross-sec- toral policies, including forestry, agriculture, infrastructure, and en- vironmental policies. 2. Support for long-term capacity building and financing are key ele- ments for the success of REDD+ initiatives. 3. Community-based forest management plays a very important role in reducing deforestation and forest degradation. 4. Community-based forest management should be implemented through participatory processes that empower indigenous peoples and local populations in the decision-making process. 5. Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) is a key element of REDD+ initiatives, and South-South (S-S) cooperation plays an important role in increasing its efficiency and effectiveness. In this publication, the term REDD+ is used for all activities covered by the mechanism for 1 Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, plus the conservation of forest carbon stocks, the sustainable management of forests, and the increased enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries. 8 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa 6. Cooperation and exchange of experiences with Brazil could provide providing transparency—REDD+ financial resources will be subject important support for REDD+ development in Africa. to close international scrutiny. Hence, countries have an incentive to develop a transparent mechanism to channel resources to the local 7. Cooperation and exchanges of experience with Brazil could provide level; and (iv) serving as a “performance-based� type of payment, as important support for REDD+ development in Africa. REDD+ encourages stakeholders at all levels to continuously improve the actions aimed at reducing deforestation and degradation, in order From an analysis of the literature and the practical examples assessed to ensure uninterrupted payments. during this exchange, the following conclusions can be drawn on the role of community forestry for the promotion of REDD+ goals: 3. Effective implementation of community forestry faces major chal- lenges, such as: (i) ensuring long-term financial support for commu- 1. Community forestry can be an efficient and effective strategic option nities, including compensation for all costs they incur when changing to address some of the main causes of deforestation and degradation, forest management practices (mainly different sorts of restrictions contributing to the reduction of emissions from these sources, and on the use of forest resources); (ii) the low level of social and human to promote important social and environmental co-benefits. The de- capacity across many forest communities, as well as the very defini- centralization of forest management to local communities, the clari- tion and boundaries of “community� in many cases; and (iii) ensuring fication of land and forest use rights and ownership, the lending of fair benefit sharing at the local level. The social and environmental long-term support to promote the internal cohesion and capacity of results of community forest management are often realized only in community-level organizations, the clarification of benefit-sharing the long term. mechanisms at the local level and support in adding value to forest products and services (wood, non-timber forest products, carbon stor- 4. The national REDD+ Readiness process has created new venues for age, biodiversity, etc.) are all key elements of a successful strategy to Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and representatives of forest com- promote community forestry and ensure it supports REDD+ goals. The munities (including indigenous peoples) to influence policy making. promotion of community forestry in public areas facing deforestation This could be a good opportunity for these organizations to push for pressure from new developments (infrastructure developments, com- further support of community forestry from national and local gov- mercial agriculture expansion, etc.) can be a key strategy to manage ernments. future deforestation. 2. REDD+ can foster community forestry by: (i) providing a long-term, steady flow of financial resources to local communities that are able to demonstrate “verifiable� emission reductions, as a way to pay them for the global-level environmental service being carried out (carbon storage); (ii) promoting national REDD+ Readiness processes, as vari- ous countries are currently seeking cost-efficient options to effectively reduce deforestation so that they can access REDD+ resources, and use this as a “window of opportunity� to mainstream community for- estry as an efficient and effective strategy to reach REDD+ goals; (iii) 10 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa CHAPTER 1 forestry as a strategic option to achieve the goals of REDD+. The initiative was supported by the World Bank with funding from the Global Environ- ment Facility (GEF), and coordinated by the Amazonas Sustainable Founda- Introduction tion (FAS) with support from the National Forestry Agency – International (ONFI). Representatives of five countries from the Congo Basin (Cameroon, Gabon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Republic of Congo) and Madagascar participated in this initiative. This initiative was timely, as all participating countries are currently busy with their own national “REDD+ Readiness Process,� including the prepa- ration of a national REDD Strategy, with the support of the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), the UN-REDD Program, and a range of other multilateral and bilateral partners. The FCPF currently supports 37 countries in getting “ready� for REDD+. This publication and the visit of African representatives to Brazil benefited The role of forests in climate change mitigation is garnering from the support of a number of governmental and non-governmental increasing attention. Some 12% to 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions institutions, listed in the Annex. Discussions took place through seminars, are associated with deforestation and forest degradation. REDD+ has been field visits and workshops in the course of a 10-day visit in February 2011. formally incorporated into the United Nations Framework Convention on The opening seminar was held at the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES), Climate Change (UNFCCC) process. International initiatives, such as the in the state of Rio de Janeiro, field visits were made to forest communities Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) and the UN-REDD Program, are and protected areas in the states of Amazonas and Pará, and the closing actively supporting the implementation of REDD+ at the national level. seminar was held in São Paulo. Designing a successful REDD+ strategy is a complex undertaking. REDD+ This publication organizes information, analyses and conclusions on is- deals with the intricacies of changing human behavior toward forests and sues relevant to the design and implementation of REDD+ strategies. The land in general. Most forests in developing countries are home to human findings do not represent an official position of any of the institutions or societies, many of which are indigenous and traditional populations. Most governments involved. In fact, the material presented here aims to stimulate of these communities face higher poverty rates and have less access to further discussions, as the REDD+ debate is still unfolding and could benefit government services than neighboring urban societies. greatly from technical exchanges among the various ongoing initiatives. Community forestry, taken in its broadest sense, can play a key role in achiev- This publication has the following sections: (i) a conceptual approach to ing REDD+ goals. Various tropical countries have demonstrated that the community forestry and REDD+; (ii) the key issues of REDD+ in connec- effective decentralization of forest management rights and responsibilities, tion with community forestry in Africa; (iii) how REDD+ and FC are being when combined with long-term support of local communities, can prove developed in Brazil; and (v) conclusions. effective at inducing better management of forest resources. REDD+ can foster decentralization of forest management rights and responsibilities. We hope that the material presented here, as well as that available on the websites of our institutions, will prove a useful tool for REDD+ design and South-South exchanges provide a unique opportunity to improve the ef- implementation around the world. ficiency and effectiveness of the emerging REDD+ strategies by allowing policy makers to experience how their counterparts in other countries have tackled similar challenges. Benoît Bosquet Prof. Virgilio Viana Coordinator, Forest Carbon General Director This publication is the result of an initiative to promote an exchange between Partnership Facility Amazonas Sustainable Brazil and African countries on lessons learned about the role of community World Bank – FCPF Foundation 12 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa CHAPTER 2 and public participation. It is also an approach involving multiple actors and processes, which must be built up in stages and over time. Conceptual approach to community Certain notions and key elements are often attached to the concept and forestry and REDD+ practice of community forestry. Box 1: Key elements of « Community Forestry » approach 1. Institutional framework: forest policy and the new role of the state. Throu- gh decentralization, some rights and responsibilities of governments, pre- viously implemented by their technical services, are given to organized user groups living in or around the forests. The importance of other sectors (pri- marily agriculture) for sound management of forests is also recognized. 2. Legal framework: formal rights for forest use management/propriety are clearly recognized for these users groups, with certain obligations attached. Processes for attaining these rights and the role of the different stakeholders are described in laws and regulations. 3. Technical and methodological tools: both the legal framework and support A. “Community forestry:� common features and of technical partners rely on common approaches recognizing local experti- implementation methods se, using participatory approaches, and technical frameworks such as forest management plans. In one of the first appearances of the the term “community 4. Landholding: setting up community forests is a way to tackle open or ram- forestry� (CF) in the literature in the 1970s, FAO provided the follo- pant conflicts concerning land access and propriety, and opposition between wing definition: “any situation which intimately involves local people modern law and traditional practices. in a forestry activity. It embraces a spectrum of situations ranging from woodlots in areas which are short of wood and other forest products 5. Organizational: support must be given to local communities for complying for local needs, through the growing of trees at the farm level to provi- with the legal framework and the technical requirements of CF. de cash crops and the processing of forest products at the household, 6. Economic: development of community forests is regarded as a contribution artisan or small industry level to generate income, to the activities of to the fight against poverty and the livelihood of rural communities, with forest dwelling communities� (FAO, 1992). special attention to fair benefit sharing and valuation of all forest products and services. The basic idea of giving local people greater rights and management responsibilities over forest resources has since been widely disseminated. The motivations to engage in this approach have varied depending on The motivations of the different stakeholders (governments, local popula- the context. In some cases, the recognition of a population’s dependence tions, technical and support organizations) to further develop CF converge on the forest and their indigenous rights were a priority; in other cases, around the goal of promoting “sustainable management of forest resources.� it was rather the desire for operational efficiency—decentralization based However, the effective implementation of CF takes time, and the legal and on the social actors that were close to the resources rather than relying institutional frameworks are not yet complete, particularly in the countries exclusively on a national administration. of Central Africa. In practice, the concept of CF varies widely, from the simple recognition Income-generation opportunities for local populations are one of the of use rights to the transfer of property. Between these two extremes, conditions necessary for the success and longevity of the CF systems in we find all the possible variations and degrees of transfer, accountability, 14 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa place. Wood is probably the most popular product, but also Non-Timber mainly, agricultural expansion (a cause found in 96% of the studied Forest Products (NTFP) and, in some cases, activities such as ecotourism cases), the extension of infrastructure (72%), and forest exploitation can be interesting sources of additional income. The importance of NTFP (67%). Indirect causes influence direct causes. They are, in order in regional and international markets has increased in recent years. Their of descending importance, economic, political and institutional, global economic value is, however, difficult to calculate but rising quickly. technological, cultural or sociopolitical, and demographic factors. The carbon storage of forests also has an important potential for generating a stream of benefits for local communities, as an international mechanism It is clear that forest policy and legislation alone are not sufficient for REDD+ is already in place. to ensure sustainable forest management. Other sectors such as agriculture, livestock, mining, infrastructure, as well as guidelines In order for CF to contribute in a significant way to improving living condi- for industrial policies, trade policies, and decentralization also have tions and sustainable forest management, various conditions must be met: a major influence on the forest resource.  an enabling regulatory and legal framework must be in place; REDD+ Strategy  community capacity must be strengthened in the long term; A REDD+ strategy is a set of programs and policies targeted at reducing deforestation and forest degradation, and increasing forest carbon stocks.  fair and efficient benefit-sharing systems must be implemented at the local level, Various countries, including those supported by the FCPF, are currently supported by functioning institutions; actively designing their National REDD+ Strategy through analytical, participatory, and testing activities. In defining priorities across different  clear rules must be defined and management tools be made available that can be strategic options that may contribute to achieving REDD+, countries will implemented by communities; be taking into account costs, the generation of co-benefits, risks, and political feasibility.  enhanced local added value (transformation and processing of local products) and improved access to existing markets, particularly through the development of roads, The cost of achieving REDD+ is one of the main variables used when but also access to new markets for forest products and services. assessing strategic options. Three types of costs are generally identified: opportunity costs, transaction costs, and implementation costs (PAGIO- B. REDD+ and its basic principles LA and BOSQUET, 2009). Opportunity costs are the estimated financial benefits foregone by the various actors when not causing deforestation The principle of REDD+ is to provide compensation for a verified reduction and forest degradation, transaction costs are those necessary for the of deforestation and degradation or a verified increase of forest carbon organization of REDD+ payment transactions, and the implementation stocks. A National REDD+ Strategy defines the policies and institutional costs concern the implementation of activities and processes. arrangements that the country is to implement to reach the goal of REDD+. This requires a deep understanding of the causes of deforestation However, it should be highlighted that cost estimation is only one aspect (current and future), so that feasible and appropriate strategic options (in in assessing REDD+ strategies. Other elements include the calculation of terms of costs, political feasibility, and generation of co-benefits) can be co-benefits, including environmental services provided by the forest, and designed and implemented. social benefits to local communities and society in general. Countries will be trying to prepare national REDD+ strategies that allow them to achieve The causes of deforestation REDD+ at the lowest possible cost, while maximizing the generation of co-benefits, and being politically feasible. A review of 152 case studies conducted by Geist and Lambin (2001)—78 pertaining to 11 Latin American countries, 55 pertaining to 10 Asian REDD+ monitoring countries, and 8 to 19 African countries—helped to develop a theo- retical framework for analyzing the direct and indirect causes of de- The principle of REDD+ involves having accurate and reliable tools for forestation. Direct causes are the activities that lead to deforestation: measuring emissions due to deforestation. The identified systems are 16 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa generally based on the use of satellite imagery and geographic information For the countries in our study, the global tendency over the period 2002- systems. But field observations remain essential, especially if one wants to 2008 does not apply to Brazil, to a much smaller degree to Cameroon, work on a fine scale and involvement local communities in the collection and not at all to the other Central African countries (Madagascar was not of field data; regular collection may be a way to reduce the overall cost of included in the study). this system and promote the adoption of the REDD+ mechanism by com- munities. Various countries are testing how community monitoring can be Governance/sustainable management of forests links integrated in the national MRV systems that they are designing. From a forest conservation and sustainable forest management point of view, recent studies2 conclude that community forest management (CFM) C. Recent findings and trends relating community forests is more efficient than centralized management, considering the biological conditions and carbon storage capacity of the forest (tree density, fragmen- Evolution of forest management tation, regeneration, etc.). A global study completed by the Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI) and More specifically, Porter-Bolland et al. (2011) based their study on 40 pro- the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) in 2009 confirms tected areas and 33 community managed forests (mostly in Latin America), a strong tendency towards the disengagement of the state from direct by statistically comparing annual deforestation rates. They found that, on forest management, in favor of management by local communities or the whole, community managed forests presented lower and less variable private operators (see table 1). However, this global tendency does not annual deforestation rates than protected forests, as shown in table 2. apply to Africa in general, in which close to 98% of forest land was still public and administrated by the government in 2008. Table 2. Protected area (PA) and community managed forest (CMF) case studies undergoing Table 1 Forest tenure distribution and evolution between 2002 and 2008 deforestation (annual percent forest cover change rates equal to or below – 0.2) Total number of case studies analyzed was 40 (PA) and 33 (CMF) Forest area (million hectares) Annual Community managed Annual Reserved for Owned by Owned by Protected area Government - deforestation rate forest deforestation rate communities & communities & individuals & Administered Belize BS -2 Brazil IR -0.2 indigenous peoples indigenous peoples firms Costa Rica BCNP1 -19.4 Colombia BC -1.99 2002 2008 2002 2008 2002 2008 2002 2008 Costa Rica BCNP2 -6.7 Colombia BC -0.2184 Total of 36 2,694.22 2,505.55 49.8 78.83 249.8 305.11 342.27 463.95 Guatemala LDTNP -0.33 Colombia CMD y M -0.2247 countries Guatemala MBR (51) -0.694 Colombia IR2 -0.7644 Total Asia & 410.00 411.00 12.00 18.00 143.00 146.00 36.00 21.00 Pacific Guatemala SLNP -1.07 Colombia IR3 -0.2072 Total Latin Honduras CNP1 -1.04 Colombia LS -0.5839 453.00 227.00 29.00 46.00 105.00 155.00 64.00 210.00 America Honduras CNP2 -0.47 Colombia LY -0.8127 Brazil 295.26 88.56 11.68 25.62 74.50 109.13 57.30 0.00 Indonesia BBSNP -0.64 Colombia PC -0.8227 Total Africa 423.00 455.00 1.83 7.67 0.00 2.05 0.00 0.24 Indonesia GPNP -2.2 Guatemala P4 -0.716 Cameroon 22.80 20.11 0.00 1.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Indonesia GRWS -2.74 India TART (P) -0.25 Gabon 21.00 21.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Rep. of 0.00 22.06 22.01 0.00 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 Congo CAR 22.90 22.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 PORTER-BOLLAND & al., 2011 “Community managed forests and forests protected areas: an assessment of their conservation effectiveness across the tropics�, Elsevier DRC 109.20 133.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 CHHATRE A. & AGRAWAL A., 2009 « Trades-offs and synergies between carbon storage and livelihood benefits from the forest commons » Ostrom ed. MURDIYARSO D. & SKUTSCH M. (ed.), 2006 « Community forest management as carbon mitigation option » Source: RRI & ITTO (2009) CIFOR 18 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa Indonesia HR -2.13 Mexico EXM -0.6 Box 2. Experiences in CFM and Deforestation Reduction in Mexico Jamaica BMRPE -0.26 Mexico UEFHG -0.4 (from Barry et al., 2010 “Sustainable forest management as a strategy to combat cli- Malawi LMNP -0.83 mate change: lessons from Mexican communities�) Malaysia SBFR -9.07  The central region of the state of Quintana Roo, which is dominated by CFM, Mexico LM1 -0.7 has the lowest rate of deforestation in southern Mexico—even lower than that Mexico LM2 -0.3 recorded in protected areas in the region. Mexico LTBR -4.3  A study of CFM in X-Maben in central Quintana Roo showed that under locally Mexico MABR -0.33 recognized land-use rules, regulations, and forest management plans the area Mexico MABR -2.4 of mature forest decreased from 80% in 1976 to 76% in 1997, while early fallow Zimbabwe SWR -0.7 and secondary forest more than doubled; overall, forest cover increased. A varie- Total number of cases 21 Total number of cases 13 ty of local conservation practices were adopted in the forest management plan. Proportion of PAs with Proportion of CMFs  In the state of Oaxaca, deforestation rates have been high in both temperate 52.5% 39.4% positive rates with positive rates and tropical forests, but CFM only occurs there in temperate pine-oak forests. Average rate -2.77 Average rate -0.59 Between 1980 and 2001, Oaxaca lost an estimated 21% of its temperate forests. However, the region of Sierra Norte, where land use is dominated by mature CFM Source: Porter-Bolland & al. (2011) experiences in timber production (with recent diversification into ecotourism, spring water bottling, and payments for carbon capture and watershed mana- gement), showed a 3.3% expansion of pine-oak forests over a 20-year period. Chhatre and Agrawal, in their 2009 study, based their analysis on 80 “forest commons� case studies in 10 countries (in Latin America, Africa, and Asia).  The Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve—in a highland area of the states As shown in figure 1, they found that the “degree of rule-making autonomy� of Michoacan and Mexico—has suffered rapid deforestation in the last several of the forests (which can be considered a trend toward CF, and knowing decades due to heavy illegal logging and the expansion of subsistence agricul- that the effects of local autonomy vary with the size of the forest commons) ture. From 1971 to 1984 the annual deforestation rate in the region was 1.7%; was positively associated with high carbon storage and livelihood benefits it jumped to 2.41% between 1984 and 1999 and was even higher (1% and 3%, (“sustainable forest commons�), and negatively associated with low carbon respectively) inside three sampled areas of the reserve. However, two small com- storage and low livelihood benefits (“overused forest commons�). munities in the region that have managed their forests for timber production have successfully maintained forest cover. 1 Fig. 2. Importance of local autonomy in “trade offs� and “synergies� between But all the authors insist on the variability of field conditions and the great Change in Probability .8 carbon storage and livelihood benefits difficulty of predicting the evolution of a forest based on its initial conditions. from forest commons .6 The difficulty in comparing the different studies used as “meta data� is also underlined, and Bowlers et al. (2012) recommend that the monitoring of .4 Overused Forest Commons outcomes be improved for CFM projects in order to produce more robust Sustainable Forest Commons .2 analysis and evidence of the positive impact of CFM. 0 Source: Chhatre and Agrawal (2009) 2 4 6 8 10 The literature stresses the importance of real governance systems at the field level, Log of Forest Size and therefore the need for the local population at one level or another in these systems (AGRAWAL et al., 2008). Clear access and management rules are always Several articles focus on Latin American, where CFM in its various forms is particularly advanced. For this part of the world, the relevance of the CFM 3 CRONKLETON P. et al. 2011. “Community Forest Management and the Emergence of Multi-Scale Governance Institu- tions: Lessons for REDD+ Development from Mexico, Brazil and Bolivia�. approach for forest conservation seems more evident3. In Mexico, CFM 4 BARRY D.et al. 2010. “Sustainable forest management as a strategy to combat climate change: lessons from Mexican success stories reported in Barry et al.4 appear quite enlightening (see box 2). communities.� CCMSS/RRI 20 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa regarded as an important variable for the success of REDD+ implementation6. One of the key messages in the FAO/ITTO policy brief “Forest governance and Box 3. Clarifying the rights on forest in Tanzania climate-change mitigation“ states that “REDD cannot be achieved without clarifying rights to land, forests and carbon,� which is part of CFM. (Source: BLOMLEY T. and LUKUMBUZYA K. 2010. “Learning from the past and looking towards the future: Towards REDD Readiness in Tanzania.� WB. D. How can community forestry effectively contribute to Tanzania has two forest management modalities that are relevant to CF: (1) Community-Based Forestry Management (CBFM) in forests owned by villages, reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation? communities or private individuals, and (2) Joint Forest Management (JFM), with government representatives in governmental forest reserves. Clarification of property rights and management rights and responsibilities CBFM enables the communities to have well defined rights over property, and Securing property rights over natural resources is unanimously recognized as the management and use of benefits, whereas in the case of JFM property necessary to foster sustainable management. One individual or a community rights are less clear. will not be encouraged to invest (plantation, improvement of plantings, etc.) in In practice, CBFM arouses more interest from populations, objectively ena- a forest if their rights are not clear and secure in the long term. A state-owned bling better forest management and creating little carbon leakage (CBFM forest without any surveillance system and efficient control could generally be management rules are generally implemented in adjacent forests not for- considered as “open access,� and therefore subject to unsustainable exploi- mally enjoying this status). JFM is less efficient at ensuring good forest ma- tation. This leads to the “tragedy of commons� described by Hardin (1968). nagement and generates more leakage. Even if there is only a relative transfer of property rights, the responsibility for resource management is clearly established in CFM. This often contributes How can CFM address future deforestation? to a more sustainable use of the forestry resource (see box 3: Clarification of forest rights in Tanzania). In addition, communities whose rights have been The promotion of community forestry in public areas facing deforestation clarified and are enforced through effective CFM also have strong incentives pressure from new developments (infrastructure developments, commer- to protect the forests from “outsiders� who may overexploit their resources. cial agriculture expansion, etc.) can be a key strategy to manage future deforestation. CFM is a way of incentivizing communities to protect their CFM is often associated with the clarification of benefit-sharing mechanisms resource in the face of speculative pressures from an increase in land values. at the local level, which can also create incentives for forest conservation if In Brazil, the government is attempting to mitigate the negative effects appropriately designed (see the example in the next section of the Bolsa Flo- on forest cover resulting from paving the 163 Highway by supporting the resta program in Brazil, which compensates households for following certain creation of new extractivist reserves, protected areas and concessions to forest management rules). avoid settlers coming and deforesting the newly opened territory. In the Congo Basin, a similar approach could be adopted in areas being opened Community forestry (CF) may also contribute to reducing forest emissions by up to new types of exploitation (roads, agriculture, etc.). supporting mechanisms that add value to forest products, including wood, but also NTFP, and environmental services (ecotourism, carbon and biodiver- Main challenges facing community forest management sity). REDD+, in particular, could become an important stream of revenue to local communities who are able to demonstrate reduced emissions against Several challenges can hinder the effective implementation of CFM: an agreed baseline.  The national legislative frameworks for CFM should be adapted to field realities and Finally, through support to CF, national and local governments, as well as suitable for local communities. For communities, the implementation costs in this donors have an incentive to support the strengthening of local community approach should be kept low, and the technical requirements should not be too high organizations over the long-term, as this is a pre-condition for the latter to if the model is to be disseminated without “heavy� support from technical partners. be able to sustainably manage forests. 5 FAO / ITTO 2009: Forest governance and climate-change mitigation.� Policy brief 22 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa  The legal and fiscal framework, particularly for carbon benefit sharing and taxation also created new venues for CSOs and representatives of forest communities of income from forest products—including carbon—should create incentives for the (including indigenous peoples) to influence policy making. This could be promotion of this type of management; a good opportunity for these organizations to push for further support for community forestry by national and local governments.  A substantial part of the REDD+ income should reach the communities, and the car- bon income has to be integrated in a global approach of forest product valorization An opportunity to improve forest governance and financial flows and development of lucrative fields in the long term. Community forestry is generally associated with local management organi-  Communities have to be able to reach a certain technical level and a negotiation zations that can manage funds and distribute them, such as local associa- capacity that will enable them to control all the elements of the REDD approach and tions or cooperatives. In some cases, however, the lack of capacity of their to take the most advantage of it. representatives or the lack of control over funds can lead to situations of inequity or inefficiency in the redistribution of benefits. REDD+ financial  Ensuring long-term financial support to communities, including compensation of resources will be subject to close international scrutiny. Hence, countries all costs they incur when changing forest management practices (mainly different have an incentive to develop transparent mechanisms to channel resources sorts of restrictions imposed on forest resources); to the local level.  Low level of social and human capacity across many forest communities, and the As REDD´s incentives are directly correlated with the effective reduction of very definition and boundaries of “community� in many cases; deforestation and degradation, REDD compels countries and local actors to think about the most effective systems possible, which really benefit those  Ensuring fair benefit sharing at the local level. The social and environmental results who are actually reducing deforestation in the most effective way possible. of CFM are often realized only in the long term. In addition, in order to secure international funding, countries have to show real transparency and an absence of corruption in the management of the funds. E. How can REDD contribute to the implementation of community forest management? From a CF perspective, REDD+ enables the use of tools that allow for the verification of the actual conservation of forests and national and global Some of the many challenges related to CF can be directly addressed by trends, thus improving transparency in resource allocation. the REDD mechanism. Long-term financial support to CFM Payments for emission reductions resulting from reduced deforestation and forest degradation can offset the costs of implementing CFM, including the opportunity costs associated with restrictions to forest access. The long- term nature of carbon payments, as opposed to traditional donor financing, can help address the need for long-term support to local communities for capacity building. Inclusion of CFM as a strategic option in the National REDD+ Strategy Various countries are currently seeking cost-efficient options to effectively reduce deforestation so that they can access REDD+ resources. This is a window of opportunity for mainstream CF as an efficient and effective strategy to reach REDD+ goals. The national REDD+ Readiness process has 24 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa CHAPTER 3 The key issues of REDD+ in connection with community forestry in Africa This chapter focuses on the interactions between REDD+ and CF All these countries are, however, undergoing a very dynamic process of elabora- in the participating African countries. These interactions were analyzed using tion and implementation of their plans, so the present status cannot represent the theoretical framework presented in the tables on the following pages. It a static reality, but the present state of evolution and gaps. considers the main elements of the architecture of a national REDD+ system and the potential interactions with community forestry. The analysis is deliberately not exhaustive for each country (for readability pur- poses), but focuses instead on the most original aspects of the implementation The tables are based on various documents from different sources and direct of REDD+ in each country, in connection with CF. information from stakeholders in these countries. 26 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa Cameroon Current Institutional status of framework Social and environmental Experiences with Community Forestry Technical capacity - MRV REDD+ in the and benefit safeguards country sharing  Country The Forest Code (1994) defines community forests in this way: Framework  The Forest and Environment Permanent sample plot monitoring selected by the - Forest of non-permanent forest domain, subject to a management agreement Law on the Sector Plan includes a section on devices (ITTA) with several layers of FCPF, RPP under between a village community and the administration responsible for forestry; environment forest governance with platforms for vegetation for carbon stock evaluation preparation - An interim management agreement (after developing and validating a Simple (1996), Forest dialogue with different levels of civil by type of vegetation cover. Management Plan) is initially signed for two years, and the final renewable Code (1994), society.  Institutional agreement is valid for 25 years; Forest and  GIZ support for the establishment problems (lack - The maximum area that may be granted to a community is 5,000 ha; Environment  While Cameroon has not yet of projections on carbon stocking and of coordination - Forest products belong to the communities. Sector Plan established a coherent policy to removal (collaborative project with between (2003). address the rights of indigenous Bolivia). The first Community Forest was founded in 1997.  ministries in peoples, certain ad hoc legislation charge of The Community Forestry Network (RFC) was created in 1997, including  A national has been introduced for individual  Pilot project being developed environment communities and indigenous peoples, national and international NGOs, REDD+ committee programs in response to pressure with the European Union and the and forests) are universities, projects, key actors and the ministry responsible for forests. incorporates all from international organizations European Space Agency. slowing down the the stakeholders. (Dkamela, 2011). For example, to In early 2011: process. Not yet meet World Bank Operational Policies National Observatory of climate 457 allocation requests (area: 1,502,347 ha); - operational. on indigenous peoples the Pygmy change created by decree in 2009; its 291 Simple Management Plans approved (area: 933,457 ha); -  There are Peoples Development Plan (PPDP) operationalization will benefit from 182 interim management agreements signed (area: 677,233 ha); - about 30 local  Joint decree was established as part of the Forest the results of pilot projects. 43 final agreements signed (area: 142,470 ha). - REDD initiatives 520 of June 3, and Environment Sector Program in Cameroon. Strengths: 2010 sets down (FESP) to facilitate the access of Field experience developed since 1997; - how revenues Pygmies to community forests and to  Cameroon Reflection on the CF conducted at national level, with representative - from logging ensure fair distribution of the Annual signed a organizations, and production of technical documents (manuals). (including fauna) Forest Fee (AFF) and the Wildlife Tax Voluntary and for village (extract from the REDD desk). Constraints: Partnership communities are The integration of the Community Forest approach in a broader approach of - Agreement under to be distributed: local development needs to be improved; the FLEGT with 50% to the In practice, the groups responsible for management of community forests are - the European state, 20% to the often under the control of elites (financial partners, forest operators, etc.) who Union on May municipalities receive more benefits than the communities themselves. 6, 2010 to fight where the forest against the illegal Outlook: is located, 20% to exploitation of Revision of the forestry law in progress; - an Equipment and wood. - Work on the transformation of CFM into real small and medium-sized forest Intermunicipal enterprises to the benefit of the community. Intervention Fund, and 10% to local communities. 28 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa Central African Republic Current Technical status of Institutional framework and Social and environmental Experiences with Community Forestry capacity - REDD+ in the benefit sharing safeguards MRV country Member of the  Community forests are identified in the new forest code of 2008, but still no REDD National Committee (6 government officials The RCA is the only African Forest of Southwest FCPF. concrete implementation on the ground. “Community forests are part of the and 14 from other sectors), 3 inter-prefectural country to have signed the well monitored through non-permanent forest domain, and are the subject of a management agreement committees and a REDD technical coordinator. Convention ILO 169 concerning the planning process  RPP presented between an organized and interested village or indigenous community on the one Responsible for the preparation, these institutions Indigenous and Tribal Peoples. A for forest exploitation. informally in hand and the state represented by the Forestry Administration on the other hand� should be institutionalized in the implementation draft law on the promotion and It consists mainly March 2011, final (art 133 Forest Code). phase of REDD. protection of indigenous peoples of savanna areas version accepted is being developed. that require the Possible use of the experience of village areas of “game hunting� interest: the in October CAR plans the development of a REDD+ law that establishment of a villages collect taxes from hunting and must pay back 25% to the municipality and 2011 but will set strategic priorities, principles and instruments The law 07.018 of December new specific device. An 15% to the state, the remaining 60% being for their socio-economic development. subject to some for the implementation of REDD. The REDD law will 28, 2007 setting Environmental external control of the improvements. Rights on the resources: confer a legal enforceability to the REDD strategic Code establishes in its article quality of inventory data - “A management agreement is a contract whereby the Forestry Administration guidelines. 101 the Strategic Environmental will be set up (modeled  Development assigns to a community a portion of a forest of the national domain with a Assessment (SEA), defined as “the after the Independent of 13 pilot view to its management, conservation and exploitation in the interests of There is a proposal that the benefits related to REDD systematic process of assessing Observer under APV- projects is this community. The management agreement is accompanied by a simple be distributed through the National Environment the possibilities, capabilities and FLEGT). planned for management plan� (art 134 Forest Code); Fund (which already exists) where a REDD account functions of resources, natural and widening the - “Forest products of any kind resulting from the exploitation of community will be created. The National Treasury supervises human systems in order to facilitate The RCA will be preliminary forests, wood resources, animal and plant species, fish products and special the management of all state funds, including the sustainable development planning, the first country in the strategic options. products, except those that are regulated or prohibited by law, belong entirely to NEF. All expenses will be made in accordance with decision making and to predict and Congo Basin to benefit the populations concerned� (art 139 Forest Code). the work plan approved by the National REDD manage the impacts of planning from the agreement  The Central Committee (including the participation of CSOs). proposals�. AFD/Astrium, which Strengths: African Republic The ENF will periodically prepare a financial report aims to provide - Identification of community forests under the Forest Code; signed a on the different operations to the National REDD Expected completion, early in historical and future - Experience of village areas of “game hunting� interest that can be used for the Voluntary Committee for control. The new Central African the implementation of the RPP, SPOT imagery, and FC approach. Partnership Penal Code (2010) devotes a large part to the of a SESA in accordance with the historical analysis of Agreement under Constraints: suppression of corruption. Environmental Code and safeguard deforestation, including the FLEGT with - Operational framework for implementation not yet completed; policies of the World Bank. The rainforest and wooded the European - No pilot projects. Once the state portion is deducted, REDD results will enable the development savannah. Union in 2010 resources are expected to be redistributed to private of a framework for environmental Outlook: to fight against entities, local authorities and communities. Local and social management to REDDAF project - Development of pilot initiatives and operational framework, capitalizing on the the illegal communities and indigenous peoples would receive limit the negative impacts and (funded by the experience of village areas of “game hunting� interest; exploitation of their share through the financing of development maximize co-benefits. The social European Union and - One of the REDD options identified in the RPP is to “promote sustainable wood. projects that contribute to and/or facilitate the and environmental impacts will implemented by GAF): forest management, including the operationalization of the concept of implementation of REDD+ activities. Submission of be monitored on the basis of this research project aimed community forestry and greater involvement of local people in sustainable projects by local communities and validation at the framework for environmental and at achieving forest forest management.� inter-prefectural committees where local communities social management. mapping of CAR. and autochthonous peoples are also represented. 30 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa Congo, Brazzaville Current Technical status of Institutional framework and Social and environmental Experiences with Community Forestry capacity REDD+ in the benefit sharing safeguards - MRV country Member of Legal framework does not yet exist for the CF.   Forest Code of 2000, Decree No.  A strategic social and 2 methodologi- the FCPF and the 2002-437 establishing the conditions for environmental assessment cal pilot projects: Thoughts on participatory management developed from 2000 (see “workshop UN-REDD. management and use of forests, National is planned in order to on the promotion of community and private forests� / Brazzaville 2009). - WRI-IMAZON- Scheme of Territorial Planning 2005. A formulate measures for the OSFAC:  RPP approved Still no operational implementation.  National Land Allocation Plan is planned to environmental and social Analysis and in 2010, subject avoid land use overlaps (such as between management of REDD+ A law on NTFP is in preparation on access to these products, funded by FAO.  quantification to certain forests, mining and agriculture). activities, a charter of of forest carbon improvements. Other structures of the CF approach: responsibilities with synergies emissions and Final version Municipal or local forests (art. 11 Forest Code): “It is considered as a - REDD National Committee, 12 for the management of social stock; submitted in municipal, local or territorial forest, a forest which was declared in favor departmental committees, REDD+ national and environmental impacts, - GAF project: September 2011. of such a community, by decree of the Council of Ministers, or as a result coordination and financing agency. For and a technical manual to remote sensing of the plantation that the community carried out on its land or a transfer now, only the National Coordination is facilitate the development of monitoring of  10 REDD of ownership of the domain of the state operated by it for the benefit of functional. this assessment. forest cover pilot projects the community� and “The forests of the municipalities and other local or throughout the are planned for regional authorities enter the private domain of the communities involved�;  REDD law should set the responsibilities  Law No. 5-2011 on the country 1990- development. Series of community development within management plans of forest - of the various sectors involved. promotion and protection of 2000-2005. concessions. indigenous peoples’ rights,  The Republic  The creation of a national REDD fund is which recognizes, among Strengths: of Congo signed planned. other things, customary - National discussion on FC, particularly based on the experiences of a Voluntary land rights of traditional neighboring countries; Partnership  The Congo already has experience in populations. - Experience with a series of community developments within logging Agreement under forest concessions from the conservation concessions. the FLEGT with councils (forestry companies, civil society  A REDD Interim the European Constraints: and local council) which run a local Commission of the NGOs is Union in 2010 No legal framework for community forests; - development fund supported by a tax on working in connection with to fight against National Land Allocation Plan not finalized; - marketed production. the National Coordination. the illegal No sustainable source of funding for the promotion of community forests. - This commission is composed exploitation of  The REDD fund could be linked to the of representatives of different Outlook: wood. Community Development Fund managed platforms related to the Integration in the Forest Code of the concepts of CF, and practical - by the local committees around forest forests. It is expected to be arrangements for implementation and allocation of forest; concessions, to ensure fair carbon benefits restructured into a future Awareness raising and dissemination to communities and linking it with the - redistribution to local stakeholders and REDD platform of civil society, local development process; the consistency of decision making at the with greater representation. Promotion of planted community forests (PRONAR - Promotion of 1 million - local level as well as the full participation of hectares of plantations over 20 years). those directly involved. 32 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa Democratic Republic of Congo Current Institutional Social and status of Technical capacity Experiences with Community Forestry framework and environmental REDD+ in the - MRV benefit sharing safeguards country  Country Law No. 011/2002 of August 29, 2002 on the Forestry Code, allowing communi-  Nov. 2009 decree  The Working Group Climate  National forestry selected by the ties to obtain parts of forests as “forest concessions� (“A local community may, at its formalizing the national REDD (GTCR, a network inventory in progress, FCPF, UN-REDD request, obtain as a forest concession part or all of the protected forests among forests structures in preparation including the main national with FAO support (the and FIP (Forest regularly possessed by virtue of custom. The arrangements for allocating concessions of REDD+: it created a NGOs working in the field preparation of national Investment to local communities are determined by a Presidential Decree. There is no charge for national committee and an of Environment, Forests, and experts is currently being Program). the award�). This law must be operationalized by various decrees, but most of them inter-ministerial committee Rural Development) is working strengthened). haven’t been signed yet (which is also the case of the application decree on commu- responsible for orientation and closely with the REDD National  RPP approved nity forestry). This generates confusion about the legal framework applicable to the planning, a scientific council Coordination. Intervention of  A preliminary MRV in March 2010 by Congolese forest sector in general. and a national coordination civil society at different stages system with emphasis on the FCPF and the for council and coordination. of the process through GTCR: satellite images analysis Pilot project (FORCOM) implemented by FAO, which enabled the development of UN-REDD. All these structures are steering structures, IEC plan, is under preparation a first proposal for a decree and “arrêté�6 on community forests. operational, except the diagnosis of the causes of (TerraCongo).  7 pilot projects A second pilot project (Congolese government, Forest Monitor and RRN) took over Scientific Committee. It is deforestation, REDD+ strategies, to allow testing consultations and prepared a second proposal (with decree of allocation, “arrêté� of expected to decline these implementation framework, of the various management and sub-policies). entities at the provincial level. Strategic Environmental and components of Social Assessment, baseline The CF activities are planned in the forest domain of protected forests, which may the draft strategy, Analytical studies under establishment, emission and be subject to a concession through a contract for a term not exceeding 25 years (Ar- supported by way on options for sharing absorption monitoring system ticle 21 of the Forest Code). the CBFF (Congo revenues from REDD+, and on and monitoring of social and Basin Forest The Government has created a Division of Community Forest in the Forest Man- managing REDD+ resources. environmental impacts. Fund). agement Department. A project of USD 7 million for the implementation of local community forests has been submitted to the CBFF.  A National REDD+ Fund  The organization of a is envisioned, which should strategic environmental and Strengths: centralize national-level social assessment is planned. Consistency of the overall legal framework and pilot experience; - REDD+ funding. In parallel, The SESA exercise in DRC will National level institutions to promote community forests are in place (including - the country is reflecting on be led by the National SESA Community Forests Division at Ministry of the Environment). national-level regulations on Oversight Committee, including Constraints: benefit sharing for REDD+ representatives from civil Lack of organization of local communities; - across all levels (including society. Lack of long-term funding; - projects). Need for capacity building of government and other stakeholders. - Local civil society has already A registry of REDD projects is prepared a proposal of National Outlook: already available, and a process Social and Environmental Signature of the implementing texts (decrees and “arrêtés�) of the Forestry Code - for approval of REDD projects is Standards for REDD+ in DRC, regarding Community Forestry; currently being designed (to be which should be tested at the Start of the allocation of concessions to local communities with financing from the - formalized through an “arrêté�). project level. government and donors. 6 Government or Ministerial Order 34 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa Gabon Current Institutional Social and status of framework Technical capacity Experiences with Community Forestry environmental REDD+ in the and benefit - MRV safeguards country sharing  Country CF identified as such in the Forest Code of 2001, and Decree No. 001028/PR/   Climate  Existence of a National  The Gabonese Agency selected by the MEFEPEPN of 2004 establishing the conditions for creation of community forests. Council created Commission on Sustainable for Space Studies and FCPF. in May 2010 in Development (including Observations was created  According to Law 16/01: Distribution of the national forest domain in charge of the representatives of civil society, in 2010 as part of an permanent forest domain (with state production forests and protected forests),  Process started Action Plan on the scientific community, agreement with IRD, INPE and rural forest domain (with the community forests and other areas set aside for in 2008 but climate change. administrations and and AGEOS, in order to local communities). suspended in development partners) on monitor deforestation 2010 due to 2 pilot projects for community forests:  Unit for which Gabon may rely for in the Congo Basin. government - DACEFI 1 and 2 (Development of Community Alternatives to illegal conservation, consultation with various The Gabonese Agency reorganization. logging) (1 site in north-eastern Gabon); monitoring and stakeholders. for Space Studies and - Development project of community forests in Gabon: Project ITTO PD implementation Observations will also  National 383/05 (three sites in three different provinces). of REDD. be responsible for the Climate installation of a satellite Type of resource rights: Plan under  The Climate receiving antenna and - Management Agreement between the administration of Water and Forestry preparation, Council is under construction of a center and the community through contractual arrangements; (thus temporary) which will be the President of of excellence in remote for the management of a portion of rural forest domain “(Decree 001028); part of the the Republic’s sensing, which will be - Relates to NTFP and wood products. government direct authority, used to monitor forest strategic In the present configuration, the CFs do not receive benefits (“the socio- which should cover in the sub-region. development economic investments must be supported by the communities� art. 251), which encourage plan. poses a practical problem of investment capacity. inclusion of  A project to develop Action Plan an inventory system of Strengths: recommendations national forest resources is Existing legal and operational framework; - on Climate also in progress. First experiences with pilot projects. - Change in other Constraints: sectoral policies. - Rural forest domain not yet precisely defined; - Concept of community forest remains to be clarified. Outlook: - Capitalization of experiences with the pilot projects; - Dissemination of the approach at the national level. 36 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa Madagascar Strengths: Current Operational legal framework - Institutional Social and Technical status of Experiences with Community Forestry to allow the transfer of natural framework and environmental capacity REDD+ in the resource management to benefit sharing safeguards - MRV country grassroots communities; Experience of 15 years in the - Country select- The environmental charter (1990), the new forest policy (1997), and especially the Environmental Charter  SESA would be Deforestation management transfers. ed by the FCPF. law on the management of renewable natural resources (called “Gelose�) of 1996 (1990), Forest Policy (1997), prepared as part maps already provide a framework to achieve management transfers (natural resource manage- Constraints: and “Gelose� Law (1996). of FCPF support to exist (1990-  RPP is avail- ment transferred from the state to local communities). Supported by funding from the Regulatory framework is still - the country. 2000-2005), but able, but it can´t Environmental Action Plan, several hundred management transfers were made in the incomplete; Completed REDD / RPP should be im- be approved by late 90s and during the 2000s. More generally, an approach to forest zoning has been Evaluations show a lack of sup- - document providing new orga-  The environ- proved. A 2010 the FCPF due to implemented with the support of the project “Jariala� in the 2000s. port over the medium to long nizational arrangements, mental services map is currently the current politi- term to grassroots communities; but not implemented due to attributable to being prepared Since 2003, Madagascar has also embarked on a massive expansion of its network cal situation (RPP Monitoring and capitalization - the current political situation. forest, biodiversity by ONE and CI. of protected areas (with a target of 6 million hectares) by integrating within its law the version on the of experiences are still very conservation and equivalent to classes IV, V and VI of the IUCN allowing the sustainable use of natural website of the incomplete; Non-formalized REDD improvement of  Some pilot ecosystems by the people. Results: National Office Restrictions to forest resources - technical committee, which living conditions experiences on 728 management transfers made since 1996, over an area of 1,213,743 hectares; - of Environment management result in costs nevertheless enabled the RPP of populations local people in- 11 pilot sites, “Koloala�, resulting from the zoning process, with identification of - includes all the to local communities that are document monitoring devel- are monitored by volvement (for- areas to be transferred to populations (suspended due to the cessation of interna- latest consulta- not fully compensated in most opment. Establishment of new the tools of land est and biodiver- tional funding); tion processes, cases; structures planned in the RPP use planning and sity monitoring) Nearly 3.9 million hectares of “New Protected Areas� (NAP) were created between - etc.). The legislative and regulatory - (Interministerial Committee on environmental and that could bring 2005 and 2008 (currently under temporary status, a part of this area could be framework for new protected Environment and REDD Execu- social dashboards benefits. managed by local communities).  5 REDD pilot areas is not yet finalized and tive Bureau). incorporating projects, three of The name “Community Forest� is not used in Madagascar. What exists are Transfers prevents the development of a REDD elements.  “Lidar ex- which have al- of Management (TG) between the state (which remains the owner of state forests) significant potential for the ap- As part of the management perience dans ready sold carbon and grassroots communities identified and recognized legally, on a contractual basis proach “community forests�. transfers: “Communities will  Forest gover- le cadre du credits on volun- (according to the procedures “Gelose� or “GCF�). get certain benefits for com- nance will also be Programme Outlook: tary markets. mercialization and promotion monitored from Holistique de Types of resource rights: Revitalization of the Network - of renewable resources and the identification Conservation - Following the management transfers (Gelose), “the approval provides to the ben- of Natural Resource Manage- derived products� (Article 54 of responsibilities, des Forêts�7, led eficiary grassroots community, during the period specified in the act, the manage- ment Transfer and capitaliza- of Law 96-025). But the imple- stakeholder partici- by Good Planet ment of access, conservation, exploitation and valorization of resources from the tion of experiences; menting texts are still not pub- pation, transpar- management transfer;� Finalization and implementa- - lished. Pilot approaches for PES ency and the link Initial approval for the management transfer of 3 years, which may be renewed - tion of the framework of new are also being developed, but with national after evaluation for 10 years; protected areas; there is no official (or strategic) organizations in Decree 2000-027 provides a specific legal recognition of grassroots communities - Better management of access - legal framework. the fight against (governance model like NGOs, but can make money and register at the municipal to forest resources (including corruption. level). the promotion of manage- Pilot fund distribution of the ment transfers) is a preliminary At the national level, representation of community forests throughout the Network Makira REDD project, but no REDD strategic option. of Natural Resource Management Transfer. national regulation yet. 7 Madagascar LIDAR: Light Detection And Ranging: remote sensing technique using an airborn laser to “scan� the land, map and evaluate the 38 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa biomass of a forest. The “Programme Holistique de Conservation des Forêts� is the name of a joint program (Good Planet / WWF) to contribute to forest conservation and assess new methodologies for REDD implementation adapted to the Malagasy context. CHAPTER 4 What policies and institutional framework would be necessary to support REDD initiatives in Brazil? How are REDD+ and FC being Brazil is committed to reducing the national deforestation rate by 80% in the Amazon Rainforest, and by 40% in the savannah area by 2020, using the aver- developed in Brazil?8 age rate of deforestation over the past 10 years as the baseline. In the same context, two national programs related to climate change are cur- rently in effect: the National Plan on Climate Change, approved in November 2008, and the National Policy on Climate Change, signed at the end of 2009 by the then president (MAY and MILLIKAN, 2011). The latter accomplishes the former—the Policy establishes actions and means to reach the goals established by the Plan. The legal framework aimed at allowing the deployment and management of the financial resources at different levels is a very important aspect for the success of REDD+, not only in terms of deforestation reduction efficiency, but also as a helpful tool to manage forests that shelter traditional communities. The legal standing of these people with regard to the land does not ensure that they will receive income from REDD+ if they can’t prove their property rights, for example. In Brazil, the lack of land tenure security is, without a doubt, a fact that influ- ences deforestation. The development of alternatives for the communities that depend on forests is, according to the Brazilian Forest Service (2009), one of the greatest challenges to the structuring of communitarian forest manage- ment. Moreover, without land security, it is hard for landowners to commit to long-term contracts to reduce deforestation and have access to the potential benefits of REDD+ (MAY and MILLIKAN, 2011). A. EXAMPLES OF POLICIES ON REDD IN BRAZIL Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Legal Amazon (PPCDAM) (Source: Keynote from the Prevention and Control Policies Department Director Against Deforestation in the Brazilian Environment Ministry - addressed to the African delegation, February 4, 2011) The PPCDAM is the fundamental action plan of the federal government to reduce deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. The program started in 2004, through a process led by the President of the Republic with 13 ministries and with the participation of civil society. It is structured along 3 major axes—territorial 8 The content of this Chapter was based on some of the presentations made during the technical trip in February 2011. The list of speakers and participants of the visit can be viewed in the Annex. 40 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa management, environmental monitoring and control, and the support of vi- March 2012, over 8,000 families (more than 32,000 individuals) were benefit- able productive activities. ing from the Bolsa Floresta Program. The BFP is the largest reward program for environmental services in the world. In total, 567 communities participate After five years of implementation, the Brazilian government obtained the in 15 protected areas. This represents around 10 million hectares of forest, an first results in terms of deforestation reduction, expansion of protected areas, area as big as Portugal. recognition of millions of hectares as indigenous land, landhold regulation and improvements in the deforestation surveillance systems. B. EXAMPLES OF LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL In addition to these actions led by the Federal Government, the PPCDAM was FRAMEWORKS FOR FOREST MANAGEMENT IN BRAZIL created as a power decentralization strategy, favoring the state governments. Thereby, each of the nine states that form the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest must Since the 1988 Brazilian Constitution, the decentralization of the environmental create their own PPCDAM, with action plans to reduce deforestation in their policies has been growing as a true trend (CGEE, IPAM and SAE, 2011). For- territory. So far, seven states have achieved their plans, and two are underway est management is divided among different levels of government—federal, and should be achieved soon. state, and municipal levels. In addition, it is expected that the population will participate in the institutional framework through collective bodies and advice The funding sources for managing and implementing the PPCDAM come from (see table 3). the federal budget, which constitutes the greatest part, the Amazon Fund and other sources. Table 3. Institutional arrangements for forest management at the various levels The Bolsa Floresta Program in Amazonas State, Brazil of government (Source: FAS, 2011) Responsibilities Federal State Municipality The state of Amazonas is a leader in several environmental initiatives (VIANA, Municipal Sec- 2010). It has developed, over a short period of time, a legal and institutional Forestry Policies / Ministry of the Environ- State Secretary for retary for the framework aimed at reducing deforestation. Among the main actions that Granting Agencies ment (MMA) the Environment Environment contributed to these advancements is the creation in 2003 of a Secretary of State for the Environment and Sustainable Development, which in turn stimu- Brazilian Institute Control and envi- State Agency or Municipal lated the creation of Conservation Units, as well as the creation of programs, of Environment and ronmental moni- Secretary for the Agency for the of institutions like the State Center for Conservation Units (CEUC). The state Renewable Natural Re- toring of forests Environment Environment government has provided the means to ensure the effective implementation sources (Ibama) of these zones. The big picture has changed: 29 CU (Conservation Units) now Chico Mendes Institute State Agency or Municipal have a full-time manager, up from zero in 2003, and more than 30 of the 41 Forest conservation for Biodiversity Conser- Secretary for the Agency for the UCs have an operating budget of over R$ 100,000. vation (ICMBio) Environment Environment The Bolsa Floresta Program (BFP) appeared against a backdrop of creation of Municipal Agen- Public forest man- State Agency for public policies and sustainable development, integrating the protected area Brazilian Forestry Ser- cy for Public agement/forest Public Forest Man- inhabitants of the state of Amazonas. It was launched by the Amazonas state vice (SFB) Forest Manage- concessions agement government in 2007, and, starting in April 2008, the Sustainable Amazonas ment Foundation (Fundação Amazonas Sustentável) became responsible for managing National Councils and implementing the Bolsa Floresta Program in the CUs of the state of Amazonas. Collegial bodies for Environment (Conama, Conaflor/ State Environmen- participation in for- Municipal Cgflop) tal Council The Bolsa Floresta Program is the first Brazilian initiative to pay the communities est management Council living in the protected areas of the state of Amazonas directly for their environ- mental services, and aims to reduce carbon emissions due to deforestation. In Source: Pereira et al. (2010) 42 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa Public Forest Management Law (11.284 02/03/06) and Brazilian For- In the state of Amazonas, the management of protected areas is under the estry Service (SFB) responsibility of the Conservation Units State Center (CEUC), a state agency (Source: SFB presentation given to the African Delegation on February 7, 2011) for the Environment and Sustainable Development (SDS/AM). The Public Forest Management Law (11.284/2006) had four main objec- According to SEUC rules, the creation of protected areas must be preceded tives—establish sustainable management of public forest, create a Brazilian by scientific studies and public consultations. Two years after its creation, the Forestry Service, create the National Fund for Forestry Development (NFFD), CU management plan should be prepared in accordance to the “Amazonas and decentralize forestry management. State protected areas management plan development model� and ensure the participation of the different segments of society. This document should be In accordance with the law, public forests can be used for three purposes: (i) published and disseminated widely in an appropriate language and accessible creation of Conservation Units (ii) allocation of local communities within the to any interested person. Protected Areas and (iii) forestry concessions, granted through a signed contract, with payment for sustainable use by private companies, forestry resources in The management Plan indicates the CU zoning and establishes the intensive, public forests (National Forests). semi-extensive and extensive areas of use. In the Sustainable Development Reserves (RDS), Extraction Reserves (RESEX) and the State Forests, the CU The Brazilian Forestry Service is an autonomous agency, under the Ministry inhabitants have the right to a “concession of use� contract with the state for the Environment. Its main responsibility is to ensure the management of government that grants them the right to access to the land resources and public forests, the management of the National Fund aimed at supporting natural resources. forestry development and program implementation, the promotion of train- ing programs and skill building, research and technical assistance in the forest This law also authorizes forestry concessions in state forests, as defined by sector to stimulate sustainable activities, market research promotion for forestry the law on public forest management. At least 50% of total payments for the products and services to suggest plans for sustainable production compatible environmental services and the forestry resources of the protected areas must with the needs of society, the creation and maintenance of the National For- be invested in the CU itself, in its management or activities that reduce poverty estry Information System, and the management of the national public forest and ensure the promotion of sustainable development. registration process. Prevented deforestation on small properties in the region of the Regarding forestry concessions, three concession holders under contract are Trans-Amazonian Highway, Pará, Brazil already in activity in an area of 96,000 hectares—the Jamary National Forest (Source: Presentation by Ricardo Rettmann, researcher at the Amazon Environ- in the state of Rondônia. Six other national forests are being created, some at mental Research Institute - AERI, to the African delegation on February 4, 2011; an early stage of announcement or contract signature, and others at advanced IPAM 2011 – http://www.ipam.org.br/programas/projeto/Desmatamento- stages. evitado-em-pequenas-propriedades-rurais-na-regiao-da-rodovia-Transamazoni- ca/46) State System for Conservation Units (SEUC - Complementary Law 53/2007) and the State Center for Conservation This project aims to establish an initiative for REDD+ in the cities of José Por- Units (CEUC) firio, Pacajá and Anapu, and others inserted in the mid-southwest region of the state of Pará. In June 2007, the state of Amazonas revised its legal framework on public forest management, adopting specific legislation for the Conservation Units—comple- The project aims to evaluate the environmental services provided by the com- mentary law no. 53, which created the Conservation Units System (SEUC). munities of small farmers and to promote the reaping of benefits achieved by standing forests for the climate, biodiversity and for improving the life quality of This law is really similar to the federal law that established the National Con- the local rural population thanks to a rural development model for the region. servation Units System (SNUC). It defines which categories of protected areas are for “sustainable use� or “full protection,� and the rules of use as well as the The funds generated by the project will be used to compensate the farmers’ rules regarding the creation and management of these areas. efforts in the reduction of deforestation, but also to support activities looking 44 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa to raise productivity of already opened areas, allowing the adoption of new Meanwhile, in Madagascar... technologies, the development and establishment of forest management plans, Pilot projects coordination integrated management of the property, the establishment of land tenure (Source: communications on the REDD+ methodological workshop, Sept. registration and clarification, social organization reinforcement that indeed 2009, and “REDD Madagascar: Inventory and ongoing experiences�) represents the families, and an increase of social control, among other actions. IIn 2009, Madagascar had five pilot projects using the REDD+ approach, The investment project follows the same structure as the one presented in chapter over a total surface of 1,762,400 hectares. 2, divided into the same three types of costs related to the implementation of  Makira Forest (having WCS as the main operator) a REDD+ project. Total costs are therefore divided into deforestation payment savings, transition investments, and project management costs.  2 forest corridor projects CAZ (Corridor Ankeniheny-Zahamena) and COFAV (Corridor Fandriana-Vondroz) (Operator InterCooperation) The project area covers a total of more than 31,000 hectares, divided into 350  The REDD FORECA project (main operator: GTZ and Coopération properties, ranging from 25 to 250 hectares. On average, 55% of the properties Suisse) are still standing forests, including the “Legal Reserve� (surface percentage of  The Holistic Forest Conservation Program (HCPF: main operators: a private property where the forest has to be legally maintained—in Amazon WWF and Good Planet) biome it is 80% of the property) and the “Permanent Protected Areas,� another Three of these (Makira, CAZ and COFAV) aim directly at obtaining negotiable category of protected area on private properties, established by law. These are carbon units. They are also projects that concern the largest areas (240,000 to the areas of intervention for the project, because they are more vulnerable to 425,000 Ha), and are located in the eastern part of the country, in the forest deforestation due to increasing demand for agricultural land. areas having the largest potential for carbon storage. The other two projects (REDD FORECA and HCPF) are methodological projects, Given an average deforestation rate of 4.8% per year, the properties would lose with no direct goal for the commercialization of “carbon credits� at this stage around 2.39 hectares per year, which is equivalent to 1107.26 tons of CO2 of the process. Their sites are more numerous (7 for COFAV and 5 for HCPF), per year. Therefore, 5 years of implementation would prevent the release of more scattered, covering almost all types of forests existing in Madagascar, 1.8 million tons of CO2. and within a smaller area. Preliminary studies estimate the average opportunity cost for these lands at Initially, these projects were developed and led in an independent way, before BRL 182.50 per hectare per year, as an average of the utilization profit within exchanges with the REDD+ Technical Committee (TCREDD+), headed by the the region. This way, we can estimate the cost to prevent the emission of one representative of the ministry in charge of the forests. ton of CO2 as BRL 4.05. This is a very low cost, compared for example, to This same TCREDD+ has driven the development of the REDD+ approach at those related to projects based on fossil fuels in Non-OECD (Organization for the national level, including preparation of FCPF documents (R-PIN and RPP). Economic Cooperation and Development) countries, including Brazil. But, because of the lack of specific legislation and a means of implementation, The project was developed by the Amazon Environmental Research Institute there is still no formal framework for the pilot projects. The information dissem- (IPAM), with the Live, Produce and Preserve Foundation (PPVF) and the Brazilian inated by these projects is still fragmentary, and despite meetings and work- Biodiversity Fund (FUNBIO), as well as other technical and institutional partners. shops, all the elements of the methodological approach used are unknown, and even less harmonious, at the national level. Preliminary studies for the project for example—have been supported by the The needs identified for these projects in order to create a national approach, Netherlands Embassy and the British Embassy, and have been submitted for concern, on one hand, the establishment of a “registry,� allowing clear identi- evaluation by the Amazonian Fund. fication of the perimeters of the projects (and therefore, verifying the lack of spatial overlay between projects), and the main characteristics of each project. On the other hand, a formal process of capitalization will allow the collection of technical and methodological elements used by each one, and the evalua- tion of the results obtained, as well as the possibility of their generalization. 46 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa What are the current resources that finance REDD+ in The Fund can finance sustainable use of forests, recovery of deforested areas, sustainable conservation, use of biodiversity, and environmental control and Brazil and how have they been managed? monitoring. So far, 24 projects have been approved for support through the Fund. Fund allocation guidelines have been established by a steering committee The options for financial management of REDD+ resources are still being dis- (COFA), which includes representatives from civil society. Decisions on funding cussed in Brazil. The main question is whether international finance would come allocation are made by the BNDES team (see http://www.amazonfund.gov.br/ from markets or funds (MAY and MILLIKAN, 2011). The federal government for more details on the Fund’s management, including an initial list of approved created the Amazon Fund in 2008 in order to support projects and programs projects and others awaiting approval). Project proposals can be presented by aiming to reduce deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest. The management public institutions, public companies and NGOs. Several proposals have been of this fund seeks to promote excellence in the management of resources, as presented by private companies; however, a COFA subcommittee decided to well as the efficiency and effectiveness of its use. Civil society organizations and deny financial support to for-profit companies. the state governments can submit projects. These are evaluated based on their real capacity to reduce deforestation. The fund is managed by the Brazilian b. "The FAS experience with the reward programs for the environmen- Development Bank (BNDES), one of the largest development banks in the world. tal services" (Source: VIANA, V. et al., 2010) At the sub-national level, and even before the creation of the Amazon Fund, Still in 2007, FAS was created after the Amazonas State Policy on climate the state of Amazonas presented an innovative strategy to increase efficiency change, the legislation on environmental conservation and the sustainable in the management of environmental services of protected areas, creating an development policy that was implemented by the Amazonas State Govern- independent “foundation� that can raise private funds to invest quickly and ment and the bank Bradesco. Since 2008, the foundation has had the right safely through the Bolsa Floresta. The foundation, initially created by the state to generate environmental products and services inside the state’s protected of Amazonas Policy on climate change (law no. 3.135/2007), was later called zones and the duty to manage and implement the Program Bolsa Floresta, a the Amazonas Sustainable Foundation (FAS). pilot reward mechanism for environmental services in Brazil (formerly managed by the Amazonas state government). i. CURRENT EXAMPLES FROM BRAZIL ON FUNDING FOR FAS was designed to have a high level of institutional governance and trans- REDD parency; to provide solutions to the conservation and deforestation paradigm with civil society, government, and the private sector; and it has managed to The Amazon Fund establish new partnerships with Bradesco Bank, Coca-Cola Brazil, the Amazon Fund, the Marriott hotel chain, and others. Launched in 2008, the aim of the Amazon Fund is to promote projects for the prevention and combating of deforestation and also for the conservation and sustainable use of forests in the Amazon biome. FAS - A case of good management Since 2009, Norway has pledged donations of USD 390 million to the Ama- Balmford and his colleagues revealed a lack of expertise in the management zon Fund. To date, USD 110 million have been withdrawn for a first group of of projects and initiatives for environmental conservation—of all the money projects. Meanwhile, more than 60 projects have been evaluated, of which invested in projects in Latin America, less than 10% had reached its goals. only five had been approved by the end of 2009. In 2008, the Brazilian government had USD 500 million to invest in conserva- In 2010, the German Development Bank, KfW, also joined the Fund, by signing tion initiatives, but only 9.9% (USD 49 million) has been used appropriately, a contract for USD 28 million. Finally, in 2011, a Brazilian state company also because of excessive bureaucracy and bad management. In 2009, investments pledged a donation in the amount of USD 4.2 million. in operational activities accounted for 71% of the budget of FAS. Of the entire budget used, 91% was obtained from private partners and only 9.3% from the The Fund is managed by the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES). BNDES is Amazonas state government. All the public resources were used for the family one of the largest national development banks, with annual loans that exceed, component of the Bolsa Floresta Program. FAS can therefore be considered a on a global basis, those of the World Bank. benchmark in administrative capacity. 48 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa The experience of FAS with governance and operations should serve as an im- Table 4. Institutions and Systems for deforestation and forest degradation portant example for decision makers, illustrating the use of financial mechanisms monitoring in Brazil to reduce deforestation can be sustainable, accessible to the local communities Institutions Programs/Systems Methods Area and the actors invested in conservation, while at the same time reinforcing the autonomy of traditional communities. PRODES (Amazon INPE (National Deforestation Annual Landsat imagery Brazilian The main issue to be considered for REDD is beyond the methodological Institute of Calculation analysis and SIG techniques to Legal questions, and should focus on the governance issue and on how to ensure Space Research) Program), created measure deforestation Amazon equitable and effective distribution of the services. The presence of the team in in 1980 the communities of SAF increases the reliability required for the expansion of Every 15 days, georeferenced investments. The model used by FAS is a successful example of the possibilities DETER (Real-time data on changes in forest cover for collaboration between public and private sector to enhance environmental Brazilian deforestation in the area, enabling timely conservation. This model can be thought of as a model to be replicated and Legal detection), implementations of inspection adjusted at both the national and sub-national level. Amazon created in 2004 activities of the illegal deforestation. What are the main monitoring systems for deforestation Monitoring process of the and forest degradation measures in Brazil? forest degradation and establishment of management One of the necessary elements for a country to be considered “ready for the models in the forest Any DEGRAD REDD+� is the establishment of a national Measurement, Reporting and Veri- concessions managed by the disturbance (Degradation fication (MRV) system. This has to do with the country’s capacity to measure Brazilian Forest Service (SFB). in the Detection), the efficiency and the impacts of REDD+ programs and projects, to ensure their The DEGRAD system allows Amazon created in 2009. dissemination, and to establish an appropriate methodology that enables third monitoring of roads, wood forest parties to evaluate these positive or negative impacts. stockpiling areas, and forest extraction through selective Brazil is recognized as the most advanced country in terms of capacity to exploration. monitor and report on its forest resources with the use of satellites. Regarding IBAMA (Brazilian After receiving the satellite the capacity of MRV in its forest resources, the country possesses the latest Institute for the CEMAM images of DETER / INPE, the and most efficient tools for REDD+ (MAY and MILLIKAN, 2011). The National Environment (Environmental center prepares and distributes All Brazilian Institute for Space Research (INPE) is recognized worldwide for its deforestation and Renewable Monitoring georeferenced digital maps of biomes detection systems, which were developed at the beginning of the 1970s. The Natural Center) key areas for local inspection data is updated regularly and available to the public through its website (INPE). Resources) activities in the Amazon. The table below presents the institutions and methods utilized in Brazil to as- Source: May and Milikan (2011) sess deforestation and forest degradation using different scales and degrees. Furthermore, the Amazon Institute of People and the Environment (Imazon), a non-governmental organization, is also an important information source regarding the land conversion in the Amazon, especially through its Defores- tation Alert System. 50 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa Brazil - DRC cooperation in the monitoring of forests CURRENT EXAMPLES FROM BRAZIL RELATED TO Source: INPE (2011) PARTICIPATORY AND SAFEGUARD SYSTEMS In August 2011, the technology used in the country by the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) for forest monitoring was reported on in the Brazil- Development of social and environmental safeguards for REDD+ in Brazil ian media. (Source: BONFANTE, VOIVODIC and MENESES-FILHO, 2010; Mauricio Voivodic pre- sentation, executive secretary of Imaflora at the South-South workshop, 03 February INPE provides the necessary technical skills for monitoring REDD through a 2011) partnership with FAO. Classes are held in Belém, where INPE installed a center of international dissemination of tropical forest satellite monitoring technolo- In 2009, under the leadership of civil society organizations, a social and environmen- gies. There, foreign technicians can learn to use “Amazon Terra,�, the system tal safeguards development process was initiated for REDD+ in Brazil, with strong developed by the Institute for their monitoring programs, such as PRODES. social participation. Teams from the Democratic Republic of Congo will be trained in Belém, along with colleagues from Papua New Guinea and Vietnam. The Institute for development and for forestry and agriculture certification (Imaflora) emphasizes the importance of careful planning before starting the process, in order to properly define the goals and expected outcomes of the initiative, as well as the time and resources required. How has recognition been given to all actors and their rights through a participatory and empowerment process for the The creation of a multi-sectoral group is also an important step. The representation of relevant sectors (lumber and forest companies, large farmers, developers and equitable distribution of benefits? project certification bodies, banks, etc.) and those who may be affected by REDD+ (local communities, indigenous people and small farmers, for example) increases The importance of recognizing the rights of the forest people over their resources the political strength of the document to be prepared. Academic and research and ensuring they benefit from the programs and projects for REDD+ has already institutions may help by providing technical information (BONFANTE, VOIVODIC, been raised in this publication. Respect for the traditional rights of these populations MENEZES-FILHO, 2010). is of great importance to ensure the efficiency of the mechanism in terms of the reduction of greenhouse gases. After these preliminary activities, a guide was published named “The development of social and environmental safeguards for REDD+,� summarizing the implementation At the international level, a process for establishing “Social and Environmental process as shown in the diagram below. standards for REDD+� already exists, carried out in a participative manner with the assistance of the Climate, Community and Biodiversity Alliance (CCBA) and Care International. This process resulted in principles and criteria for a REDD+ initiative Public and is now being tested at the state level in Acre. Consultation In Brazil, a process with similar goals took place with strong participation from vari- Sectoral Comitê Multisectoral ous stakeholders. Principles and criteria to guide the development of projects and Multisectorial Opened to Committee programs for REDD+ in the Brazilian Amazon were produced in order to ensure social whole society and environmental safeguards. Version 1.0 Document Final Version The produced documents have common principles, such as: recognition of land rights and rights to the land’s resources, equitable sharing of REDD+ benefits, contribu- Source: Bonfante, Voivodic & Meneses-Filho, 2011 tion to the improvement of the quality of life of local populations, improvement of governance, environmental conservation and restoration, stakeholder participation in planning and implementing actions, monitoring, transparency and respect for local and national laws as well as international treaties. 52 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa Creating a well-coordinated committee is crucial because the report’s quality will environmental safeguards for REDD+ in their country. largely depend on the effectiveness of the committee, since it is responsible for: The NGO coordinates a network of social and environmental organizations Writing the first version of the document for public consultation  in 50 countries and, jointly with civil society, is the facilitator of the con- Organizing public consultations with different sectors  struction process of social and environmental safeguards for REDD+ in their country. Gathering and publishing the comments received  In Brazil, to continue the preparation work, the multi-sectoral committee of Drafting the second version of the document  social and environmental principles and social criteria for REDD+ has created Disseminating and discussing the draft with the government  the REDD Observatory, a tool that may allow social control of the national REDD initiatives. This process was conducted by an institution responsible for facilitating the process, (Source: IMAFLORA, 2011) whose functions were organizing meetings and acting as the committee secretariat. Following this process, the document “Principles and social and environmental Meanwhile, in the DRC... criteria for the development of REDD+ and the implementation of programs and projects in the Brazilian Legal Amazon� was published in July 2010. The aim is to allow the use of its eight principles and related criteria to guide the development Consultations with civil society for the design of the National and implementation of REDD+ projects in the Brazilian Amazon. These principles are REDD+ Strategy based on “minimum requirements to ensure that the actions of REDD+ are effective (information provided by the REDD National Coordination of the DRC) in climate, biodiversity conservation and local communities, and to minimize the risks of negative environmental and social impacts resulting from such actions.� Over an R-PIN from May 2008, the DRC committed in January 2009 to a preparation process for the future International arrangement on Among the main lessons learned from this process in Brazil, the leaders emphasize Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+), the importance of the involvement of indigenous and local communities when run by the Environment, Conservation of Nature and Tourism Ministry discussing protective measures and the development process. The process led (MECNT), in partnership with the United Nations program for the REDD them to conclude that transparency also increases the legitimacy of the process (UN-REDD) and the World Bank (FCPF program). Developed in a highly itself. Moreover, the discussion with the groups may require a pre-training process, participatory framework, the R-PP was approved in March 2010 by the which, in turn, is positive both in terms of better integration of society—contribut- UN-REDD Steering Council and the FCPF participants Committee. To ing to better governance of REDD in Brazil—and to greater awareness of REDD+. accompany this process, civil society has since June 2009 organized with the CN-REDD support at the REDD Climate Working Group (RCWG), For more information and advice about the process, please consult: “The Social whose operation is funded by the Norway Rainforest Foundation. Development and Environmental Protection of the REDD: a guide to the process of community building,� written by Bonfante, T.M., Voivodic, M. and Meneses Filho, The approach defined in the R-PP for the construction of the national L. (2010). strategy is based on international benchmarks regarding key analyti- cal determinants of the REDD+ strategy, and on studies feeding the decision making process through 30 Thematic Coordination Groups The social and environmental safeguards developed for REDD+ in Brazil can serve as (TCGs) formed in January 2011. These TCGs gather several stakehold- a model for other countries. ers (government, civil society and the private sector) and each one is During a visit to Imaflora in June 2011, the NGO Republic of Congo National responsible for further discussing a specific strategic option for a year Resources Network stated that the publication of the aforementioned Bra- and a half on a select committee, about the potential contribution of an zilian guide would be very useful in guiding the development of social and activity sector or theme to REDD+, costs, co-benefits and implementa- tion challenges and providing recommendations to be submitted to 54 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa arbitration by the National Committee. This process will end around June 2012, Investment Program (FIP). These consultations were held on the one hand by with the strategy being finalized in late 2012. It will be conducted in parallel the REDD National Coordination (through the TCG and many seminars) and with seven pilot projects integrated geographically, spread across the country on the other hand by civil society groups representing all stakeholders (local, and targeting different causes of deforestation to experiment with different provincial and national government, civil society, representatives of indigenous options and institutional conditions for effective implementation of a REDD+ peoples, and the private sector). strategy. These projects are about to start with the Congo Basin Forest Fund Financing (CBFF). The provincial consultations involved more than 600 people in 16 sites located in six provinces (Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Kasai Occidental, Kasai Oriental, Kin- As to social and environmental standards to be met in the implementation of shasa and Eastern Province). In addition, over 30 meetings of the TCG have REDD+ projects and initiatives, regulations under development plans require that been conducted, involving more than 160 people, including more than 50 projects and initiatives state publicly what social and environmental standards people from the private sector. These consultations were based on a partici- will be used. Concerning the REDD+ projects aiming to produce “emissions patory methodology and raised several issues—the need for tenure security, reduction/absorptions� for the voluntary markets and/or carbon funds (e.g., the alignment between public and traditional authority, the risk of unequal FCPF Carbon Fund), at first the DRC will endorse the existing internationally distribution of opportunities and political interference in the project selection, recognized social and environmental standards (e.g., CCB). These standards will as well as the weak capacity of provincial governments for monitoring projects. apply to the REDD+ projects. In the long run, the government will recognize its own social and environmental standards developed by the stakeholders (a These consultations also revealed many opportunities related to FIP activities, process that is already underway, inspired by the Brazilian experience). These in particular the creation of local employment, capital injection, and the revi- standards may apply to the projects once they are operational (both in terms talization of banks and other financial structures in related areas. Overall, the of methodology and standardized protocols) and once the institutions capable consultations revealed strong interest from stakeholders in the proposed FIP of certifying compliance with these standards have been established. activities. A detailed consultation plan for the development of programs will be set up once the investment plan has been approved by the subcommittee. Extensive consultation has finally also been conducted at the national and provincial levels for the preparation of the Investment Plan for the Forest 56 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa CHAPTER 5 enhancement of forest carbon stocks, the improvement of the quality of life, and poverty eradication. Conclusions 2. Support for long-term capacity building and financing are key elements for the success of REDD+ initiatives. Capacity building should include all stakeholders, in a long-term pers- pective. This includes both formal education programs as well as on- the-job training activities. Formal education should bring community forestry issues into the existing curricula. Complementary educational programs should include workshops and communication campaigns. Capacity building should combine educational programs as well as investment in institutional development and infrastructure. These activities should have a special focus on forest-based communities and national institutions, both governmental and non-governmental. Financing mechanisms should be innovative, as well as predictable, permanent and sufficient to meet the challenges of REDD+. Public and private finance should be combined so as to strengthen national institu- The findings presented here are based on a document produced tions as well as to support civil society organizations, local communities by participants of the Project, in the last session of the Program in Brazil. and the private sector. Fund management should be based on innovative They are based on the experiences of the participants, on a number institutional frameworks that secure the necessary transparency and of presentations, field visits and technical discussions during the study good governance. Investments should be designed so as to increase trip of African leaders and experts. Brazilian experiences were analyzed efficiency and effectiveness, given the context of African countries. through the prism of African eyes and perspectives. Brazilian institutions may play an important role in capacity building and in the design and implementation of REDD+ strategies in Africa. 1. REDD+ initiatives need to be integrated with sectoral and cross-sectoral policies, including forestry 3. Community-based forest management plays an and environmental policies. important role in reducing deforestation and forest degradation. REDD+ should be a central part of the process of designing and implemen- ting development policies. These include macroeconomic, agricultural, Forest-based communities must be placed at the center of the design infrastructural, educational, and international policies, among others. and implementation processes. Forest-based communities are key Sectoral policies directly related to REDD+ are particularly relevant, such players and their rights, views and values need to be incorporated as forestry and environmental policies. The aims of these sectoral and into all stages of REDD+ processes. Participation should involve multi- cross-sectoral policies should include their effects on the reduction of stakeholder processes so that different views and perspectives can be GHG emissions, the reduction of deforestation and degradation, the incorporated. 58 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa The examples of Brazilian sustainable use of protected areas, which This may include satellite monitoring, social safeguards, community- involve local communities in the design and implementation of forest based monitoring and the participatory design of MRV policies and management plans, may be adapted to the African context and used programs. as important references for policy reform. 6.Cooperation and experience exchanges with Brazil 4. Community-based forest management should be could greatly support REDD+ development in Africa. implemented through participatory processes that empower indigenous and local populations in the Brazil and Africa share many similar problems and solutions. Brazilian ins- titutions have made important advancements that are relevant for Africa. decision making process. These include innovations in all aspects of REDD+ design and implemen- tation. This creates a very promising opportunity for S-S cooperation on Indigenous and local populations must be included in all phases of forest REDD+. International REDD+ finance mechanisms should give priority to management, including the definition of use rights and the design and technical cooperation between Brazil and Africa. implementation of management plans. Participatory methods should be used alongside investments and support for capacity building, education Cooperation should focus on the management of forest concessions and for sustainability and the empowerment of community-based grassroots protected areas, as well as the management of funds to finance long-term organizations. implementation of REDD+. Experiences such as the Amazon Fund and the Amazonas Sustainable Foundation could be used as a reference to REDD+ initiatives should support community forestry, including initia- develop similar initiatives in Africa. tives designed for forests to be worth more standing than cut to forest dwellers. Community forestry should aim at increasing the economic, Study trips, such as the one described in this publication, offer a valuable social and environmental values of forest-based communities. opportunity for on-the-job training for both experts and leaders of go- vernmental and non-governmental institutions. Similar initiatives should The experience of the Bolsa Floresta Program is particularly relevant for be encouraged and supported. African countries. Lessons learned from this Program could greatly benefit REDD+ in Africa. Cooperation should focus on payment mechanisms for From an analysis of the literature and the practical examples assessed environmental services and participatory methods for managing protected during this exchange, the following conclusions on the role of community areas as well as timber and non-timber forest resources. forestry for the promotion of REDD+ goals can be drawn: 1) Community forestry can be an efficient and effective stra- 5. Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) is a key tegic option to address some of the main causes of deforestation and degradation, contributing to the reduction of emissions from these element of REDD+ initiatives and S-S cooperation plays an sources, and promote important social and environmental co-benefits. important role in increasing its efficiency and effectiveness. The decentralization of forest management to local communities, the clarification of land and forest use rights and ownership, the long-term support to the internal cohesion and capacity of community-level organi- A robust MRV system is essential to secure environmental integrity of zations, the clarification of benefit sharing mechanisms at the local level REDD+ mechanisms. This should include not only MRV of carbon stocks and the support to adding value to forest products and services (wood, and dynamics, but also social and environmental impacts of REDD+. non-timber forest products, carbon storage, biodiversity, among others) are key elements of a successful strategy to promote community forestry Cooperation among Congo Basin countries, supported by Brazilian and ensure it supports REDD+ goals. The promotion of community fores- technologies could reduce costs and increase the efficiency of MRV. try in public areas facing deforestation pressure from new developments 60 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa (infrastructure developments, commercial agriculture expansion, etc.) can Conceptual approach for Lessons Learned from the Experiences be a key strategy to manage future deforestation. Key Questions REDD+ in community exchange of experiences presented in Brazil forestry 2) REDD+ can aid community forestry by: (i) providing a long-term  How can  Recognizing and  Importance of  Recognition steady flow of financial resources to local communities that are able to community securing land use inclusion of forest of communities’ demonstrate “verifiable� emission reductions, as a way to pay them for forestry effectively and resources rights into Sectoral policies rights: Brazilian the global-level environmental service being offered (carbon storage); (ii) contribute – national legislative development; Forestry Service through the national REDD+ Readiness process, various countries are cur- to reducing framework  Include the  Recognition rently seeking cost-efficient options to effectively reduce deforestation so emissions from  Legal and fiscal participation of states by law that they can access REDD+ resources. This is a “window of opportunity� deforestation and framework in order to and civil society to mainstream community forestry as an efficient and effective strategy degradation?  Community ensure benefits sharing to reach REDD+ goals; (iii) REDD+ financial resources will be subject to  Monitoring systems forest close international scrutiny. Hence, countries have an incentive to develop  REDD+ incomes that can assess management transparent mechanism to channel resources to the local level; (iv) finally, should reach the different biomes at the (Coomflona) the very nature of REDD+, as a “performance-based� type of payment, communities same time can involve  Amazon Fund fosters stakeholders at all level to continuously improve the actions aimed local people  Comprehension of to reduce deforestation and degradation, to ensure a continued flow of  Bolsa Floresta the communities and “payments.� Program and FAS capability to discuss and negotiate carbon and  Suruí Fund 3) Effective implementation of community forestry faces major forest benefits and Suruí REDD challenges, such as: i) ensuring long-term financial support to com- Project munities, including compensation of all costs they incur when changing forest management practices (mainly different sorts of restrictions to forest  How can  REDD+ as a long-  Importance to create  Bolsa Floresta resources are implemented); ii) low level of social and human capacity REDD strengthen term financial flow or work in partnership Program across many forest communities, and the very definition and boundaries community for reinforcement of with a transparent, of ‘community’ in many cases; iii) ensuring fair benefit sharing at the forestry? community forest efficient and credible local level. The social and environmental results of community forest management management structure management are often realized only in the long-term.  REDD+ as an  Recognize the rights opportunity for countries of communities 4) The national REDD+ Readiness process has created new ve- to reflect and improve on nues for Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and representatives  To ensure a issues concerning forest of forest communities (including indigenous peoples) to influence participatory system, governance policy making. This could be a good opportunity for these organizations communities must to push for further support to community forestry by national and local  REDD+ as an be involved in the governments. opportunity to review investment of resources legal frameworks 62 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa References AGRAWAL, A.; CHHATRE, A.; HARDIN, R. Changing Governance of the World’s IMAFLORA. P&C Socioambientais de REDD+ brasileiro serve como modelo para Forests. International Forestry Resources and Institutions Program working paper outros países. July, 20th 2011. Available at http://www.imaflora.org/index.php/ W08I-4, 2008. noticia/detalhe/182 BRAY, D; BARRY, D.; MADRID, S.; MERINO, L.; ZUÑIGA, I. Sustainable Forest Man- INPE – BRAZILS’ NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR SPACE RESEARCH. Com apoio da tecno- agement as a Strategy to Combat Climate Change: Lessons from Mexican Com- logia brasileira, Congo avança no monitoramento de florestas para REDD. August munities. Consejo Civil Mexicano para la Silvicultura Sostenible (CCMSS), Rights 2, 2011. Available at http://www.inpe.br/noticias/noticia.php?Cod_Noticia=2617 and Resources. 35 pages. November, 2010. MAY, P.H., MILLIKAN, B. The context of REDD+ in Brazil: drivers, agents and institu- BOWLER, D.; BUYUNG-ALI, L.M; Healey, J. R.; JONES, J.P.G.; KNIGHT, T.M.; PULLIN, tions. Occasional paper 55. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, 2010. A.S. Does community forest management provide global environmental benefits and PAGIOLA, S.; BOSQUET, B. Estimating the costs of REDD at the country level. MPRA improve local welfare? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10: 29–36. 2012. Paper 13726, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised September 22, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/110040 PEREIRA, D.; SANTOS, D.; VEDOVETO, M.; GUIMARÃES, J.; VER�SSIMO, A. Forests CHHATRE, A. and AGRAWAL, A. Forest commons and local enforcement. Proceedings Facts in the Amazon 2010. Belém, PA: Imazon. 2010 of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America September 9, PORTER-BOLLAND & al. Community managed forests and forests protected areas: 2008 vol. 105 no 36, 2008. an assessment of their conservation effectiveness across the tropics. Forest Ecol. CHHATRE, A. and AGRAWAL, A. Trade-offs and synergies between carbon storage Manage. (2011), doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.05.034 and livelihood benefits from forest commons, Proceedings of the National Academy RRI & ITTO, 2009. Tropical Forest Tenure Assessment: Trends, Challenges and of Sciences of the United States of America. Vol. 106 no.42. October, 2009. Opportunities. Rights and Resources Institute and International Tropical Timber BONFANTE, T. M.; VOIVODIC, M.; MENESES-FILHO, L. Developing Social and En- Organization. May, 2009. vironmental Safeguards for REDD+: a guide for bottom-up approach. Piracicaba, SFB – BRAZILIAN FORESTRY SERVICE. Annual plan for community and familiar SP: Imaflora, 2010. 40 p. forestry management: period 2010. Brasília: SFB, 2009. CGEE, IPAM, SAE. REDD in Brazil: A focus on the Amazon. Principles, criteria, and VIANA, V.M.; TEZZA, J; RIBENBOIM, G.A; PINTO, T.M.; SALVIATI, V.; LIMA, L.M.T., institutional structures for a national program for Reducing Emissions from Defor- 2010. estation and Forest Degradation – REDD. Brasília, DF: Center for Strategic Studies and Management, 2011. FAS’ Experience with Payments for Environmental Services Programs in the Amazon State. The value of nature’s services - support for public policies for environmental FAO, 1992. CF Note 7: Community Forestry: Ten Years in Review. Revised edition services in Amazonas/ Secretariat of State for the Environment and Sustainable prepared by J. E. M. Arnold. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- Development - Manaus: SDS/CECLIMA, 2010. 72p. tions, Rome, 1992. VIANA, V. M. Sustainable Development in Practice: Lessons Learned from Amazo- FAS – AMAZONAS SUSTAINABLE FOUNDATION. Management Report - 2010 - nas. Environmental Governance No. 3. International Institute for Environment and Fundação Amazonas Sustentável. Manaus, Amazonas, 2011. Development, London, 2010. FUNBIO – BRAZILIAN BIODIVERSITY FUND. Suruí Carbon Project – Suruí Fund. Brazil- ian Biodiversity Fund. Available at http://www.site.funbio.org.br/teste/Oquefazemos/ Solucoes/ProjetoCarbonoSuru%C3%AD/FundoSuru%C3%AD.aspx GEIST, H.J.; LAMBIN, E.F. What Drives Tropical Deforestation? A meta-analysis of proximate and underlying causes of deforestation based on subnational case study evidence. Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LUCC) Project. International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP), International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). Collection: LUCC Report Series; 4, 2001. 64 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa Annex—Acronymes BNDES Brazilian Development Bank JFM Joint Forest Management CAR Central African Republic MMA Brazilian Ministry of Environment CBFF Congo Basin Forest Fund MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification CEUC Amazonas State Center for Conservation Units NCS Conservation and Sustainability Centers CDM Clean Development Mechanism NTFP Non-Timber Forest Products CF Community Forestry ONFI National Forestry Agency - International DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo PBF Bolsa Floresta Program UNFCCC United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change PPCDAM Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Legal Amazon DNA Designated National Authority PSE Payment for Environmental Services CF Community Forestry RDS Sustainable Development Reserve CSO Civil Society Organization R-PIN Readiness Plan Idea Note FAS Amazonas Sustainable Foundation R-PP Readiness Preparation Proposal FCPF Forest Carbon Partnership Facility REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation FLEGT Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade SESA Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment FLONA National Forest SEUC Amazonas State System of Conservation Units FUNAI National Indian Foundation of Brazil SFB Brazilian Forest Service FUNBIO Brazilian Biodiversity Fund UC Conservation Unit GEF Global Environment Facility IBAMA Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources ICMBio Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation IDESAM Institute for the Conservation and Sustainable Development of Amazonas INPE National Institute for Space Research IPAM Amazon Environmental Research Institute IRD Institute for Research and Development ITTA International Tropical Timber Agreement IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature 66 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa Participants of the Study Trip Presentations and Speakers of the Technical Visit Country Participant Organization The Role of Community Forestry on REDD+: a South-South exchange trip in Brazil on the theme Assistant Director of Community Forests - Ministry of Mr. Félix YOH Forests and Wildlife Mr. Jean Oberlin Henri Marc Development lawyer-sociologist of the – Pilot RFC - Cameroon ABESSOLO ABBE Community Forestry Network (RFC) Mr. Jean-Avit KONGAPE Forestry Inventory and Management Assistant Direc- Seminar: Advances and challenges for REDD + in Brazil tor - Ministry of Forests and Wildlife Rio de Janeiro, RJ – February 2nd and 3rd, 2011 - Vulgarization of New Environmental Technologies Opening - Sérgio Weguelin (BNDES); André Aquino (World Bank); Virgilio Viana (Amazonas Sustai- Central African Mr. David YANGBONDO Head of Service - Assistant UNFCCC Focal Point - Envi- nable Foundation) and Thais Linhares – Juvenal (MMA) Republic ronment and Ecology Ministry “Contextualization of REDD+ in Africa� (André Aquino, WB) Mr. Ulrich LASSIDA Student at the University of Bangui “The construction of the REDD Strategy in Brazil� (Thais Linhares-Juvenal, MMA) Program Director - Human Rights and Development Mr. Alphonse LONGBANGO Committee, NGO CODHOD “The experience of the Amazon Fund, major challenges and opportunities� (Claudia Costa – BNDES) Mr. Gaston NGINAYEVUVU Bas-Congo Provincial Minister “Key technical aspects for REDD +" (Mariano Cenamo, IDESAM) Head of Community Forestry Division - Environment, “The social and environmental safeguards REDD + building process�(Mauricio Voivodic – Imaflora) Ms. Jeanine BOKAMBA Democratic Nature Conservation and Tourism Ministry “Proposals for implementing a structure of REDD+ in Brazil: IPAM’s initiative at the Transamazônica� Republic of National REDD Coordinator - Environment, Nature (Mariana Christovam and Ricardo Rettmann – IPAM) Congo Mr. Kanu MBIZI Conservation and Tourism Ministry “Brazil's role in South-South Cooperation in REDD +� (André Odenbreit – MRE) Mr. Patrick BISIMWA National Project Officer - UN-REDD Program “The Suruí REDD Project� (Mariano Cenamo - Idesam) Project Coordinator, Secretary of the Thematic Group Mr. Victor KABENGELE 13 - the Environment, Nature Conservation and Tou- “The Bolsa Floresta Programme a PES and REDD+ rism Ministry initiative at Amazonas State� Research officers in the General Direction of Water Rio Negro Reserve, Amazonas– February 5th and 06th, 2011 Mr. Abrahm NDOGOU Gabon and Forests - Water and Forests Ministry “The Bolsa Floresta Programme and the Amazonas Sustainable Foundation� (Virgilio Viana – FAS) Mr. Protet ESSONO ONDO Program Coordinator - Brainforest Visit to the Conservation and Sustainability Center Agnello Bitencourt, Tumbira Community, Ama- zonas Ms. Naritiana RAKOTO- Executive Director – Support Service for the Environ- NIAINA ment Management "The participation of traditional communities in policy, programs and projects REDD" (Manoel Cunha, Madagascar CNS) Mr. Olivier ANDRIAMAN- Environment and Forests Regional Director - ITASY DROSO Ceremony for the Delivery of 10 Community Forest Management Plans at the Sustainable Develo- pment Reserve of Rio Negro, Santa Helena do Inglês Community, Amazonas Forest Carbon Specialist - Climate Change / Project Mr. Ifo SUSPENSE Republic of MDDEFE OSFAC-WRI- “The Environmental Policy of the State of Amazonas� (Secretary Nadia Avila Ferreira - SDS / AM) Congo General Secretary / Legal OI-FLEG – Support Circle Discussion: [What are the main points to be clarified for the Advancement of REDD+ in your country] Mr. Lambert MABIALA for Sustainable Forest Management (CAGDF) (Moderator: Virgilio Viana, FAS) 68 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa “The Community Forestry Management: challenges and opportunities� Part 1 Rio Negro Protected Area, Manaus/AM, February 7th, 2011 “The general framework for community forestry management in Brazil (Antonio Carlos Hummel / SFB) “Forest management in Protected Areas�. (Domingos Macedo/CEUC) "Community Forestry Management in the Amazonas State" (Eduardo Rizzo / IDESAM) “"The forestry economy and the products and environmental services" (João Tezza/ FAS) “The community social organization in the Protected Areas covered by the BF Program� (Valcleia Solidade/ FAS) Part 2 National Forest of Tapajós, Santarem/PA, February 08th to 10th, 2011 “The Public Forests Management and the federal agencies’ role in the region�� Adriana Bariani (SFB) e Viviane Daufemback (ICMBio) “Ambé Project – social and productive organization " (Jeremais Dantas – Coomflona) Visit to the forestry community areas in the National Forest of Tapajos and the LBA towers obser- vation (Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazon) (Plinio Camargo – CENA/USP) Visit to Maguary and São Domingos Communities – Flona Tapajós: non-timber forest products pro- ductive chain projects: Vegetable Leather, Honey and Essential Oils Closure São Paulo, SP, February, the 11th, 2011 “The experience of FAS in raising funds for REDD+� (Firmin Antonio, FAS) Completion of "Manaus Letter" by the countries’ participants 70 REDD+ and Community Forestry: Lessons learned from an exchange between Brazil and Africa Organization: Support: