Health Sector Review

42 items available

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http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2196

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Human Resource in Health Requirements for Implementing the NAPHS under IHR-GHSA at the Federal Level in Pakistan

(Washington, DC : World Bank, 2022) World Bank

Pakistan along with all UN member states has been a signatory to the International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005 which calls for countries to work together to prevent, detect, and respond to public health emergencies under the IHR (2005). The signatory countries have also agreed to work towards Universal Health Coverage and to build resilient health systems which can adapt and respond to the challenges posed by outbreaks and other health hazards and emergencies of national and international concern. The purpose and scope of the IHR (2005) are very broad. According to Article 2 of the IHR, the purpose and scope of the Regulations are “to prevent, protect against, control and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to public health risks, and which avoid unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade.” In 2021 with the promulgation of the National Institute for Health (NIH) Ordinance, the reorganization of the NIH to National Public Health Institutes was initiated with the core functions of disease surveillance and response, public health laboratories, and research. This meant that as per the JEE and NAPHS, which lay out the various functions of IHR-GHSA under the three pillars conceptual framework for Integrated Disease Surveillance (IDSR) that comprises Prevent-Detect-Respond capacities, the newly constituted NIH required an assessment of current and future health workforce capacities in the country The findings in the report are organized by the three pillars of IDSR:1) Prevent, 2) Detect, and 3) Respond. The gap analysis identified the number of additional health workforce needed in various categories. This review concluded that most of the departments in both animal and human health sectors had urgent requirements for filling existing sanctioned posts as well as for additional workforce. Engagement of the requisite workforce, also requires training needs to be met among the 13 areas of work.
Improving Efficiency in the Health Sector: An Assessment of Vietnam's Readiness for Integration of Care

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020-04) Teo, Hui Sin ; Huong, Dao Lan

Vietnam has achieved impressive improvements in its health outcomes over the last few decades. Life expectancy has increased significantly over the years, and mortality rates have declined substantially. The prevalence of chronic, noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in Vietnam has also risen sharply. These trends imply a shift in the health needs of Vietnam’s population away from acute episodic care, towards disease management for NCDs. Ensuring that care is appropriate for the changing needs of the population, including older persons, will require a paradigm shift in the way services are delivered. Today, Vietnam’s health service delivery system is hospital-centric, which is both expensive and not well-suited to the management of chronic conditions and NCDs. An important contributor to the persistence of the hospital-centric model of service delivery and hospital overcrowding is a weak primary health care (PHC) system, especially for NCD management. In theory, most patients with NCDs and chronic conditions can be managed in the community, where care is closer to home, more appropriate, and cheaper. Putting this into practice in Vietnam will entail a new orientation in health service delivery - one which focuses on shifting the delivery of low complexity care out of hospitals to PHC and other intermediate units. Globally, there has been a push towards service delivery models which are more responsive to individual health needs and can deliver the right care in appropriate settings. Such service models typically promote a person-centered approach and involve integration of care.
External Assessment of Quality of Care in the Health Sector in Colombia

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2019-07-17) World Bank ; International Finance Corporation

This report presents findings from an assessment of quality of care in the health sector in Colombia, using a novel methodology developed by the World Bank Group to assess government oversight, promotion and stewardship of quality of care in the health sector. This assessment of quality of care in the health sector in Colombia examines how well governments strategize, plan and measure quality; set standards of care; build capacity for quality improvement in the sector; ensure adequate resources are available and well distributed to support quality results; hold organizations accountable for quality results; apply quality policies consistently; and achieve superior quality of care results. This methodology evaluates these eight domains using 49 criteria based on 171 standards. The assessment is based on quantitative analytics, key informant interviews, over 30 visits of public and private healthcare facilities, a review of key policy documents and a survey of a sample of health insurance companies. The assessment is a joint initiative from the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and was undertaken for the first time in Colombia. It took place from January to June 2019.
Tracking the Health Resources in Ukraine

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-07) World Bank Group

While Ukraine has spent a significant amount of resources on health, its health outcomes fare poorly when compared with other European countries. For example, average life expectancy at birth in Ukraine has improved from the lowest, 66.8 years in 1995 to 71.4 years in 2016, but is still nine years behind the EU average of 80.6 years. The country has much higher death rates related to noncommunicable diseases (NCD) than the neighboring countries on their west. The suboptimal health outcomes point to the inefficient use of public resources, which is magnified by the shortage of funds during the recent economic crisis and conflicts. However, although the Public Finance Review (PFR)has been conducted recently to assess the allocation and effectiveness of public spending,there is no study to track the resource flows in order to identify the magnitude of theinefficiency and waste in the health sector.
Better Spending, Better Care: A Look at Haiti's Health Financing

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017-03) World Bank Group

This report seeks to formulate a long-term vision for Haiti’s health sector to accelerate progress toward universal health coverage (UHC), a key objective of the government’s National Health Policy (Politique Nationale de Santé, PNS)–MSPP (2012). Progress toward this goal has been hindered by political instability and frequent natural catastrophes. Most recently, in October 2016, Hurricane Matthew wreaked havoc on Haiti’s health system. It has been estimated that at least 1,000 people died and 1.4 million Haitians were directly affected by the hurricane. Such disasters have influenced Haiti’s government and development partners by demanding a short-term focus on acute need priorities. This study aims to take a step back, assess Haiti’s health financing system, and identify critical constraints and opportunities to accelerate progress toward UHC and the health-related United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the long term. The report compiles existing studies and information, and it provides new analysis of larger data sets, as well as hospital financing data. To our knowledge, it is the first attempt to assess systematically the health financing system in Haiti.
Health Financing System Assessment: Papua New Guinea

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017) World Bank Group

The health sector of Papua New Guinea (PNG) has seen significant positive developments in recent years. Key indicators of health access and quality have, however, barely improved or have even declined (for example, maternal and child health) from 2006 to 2015. In 2016, PNG entered the accelerated transition phase from the vaccine alliance (Gavi) support. During this time, the government will be expected to increase its share of co-financing for vaccines, while Gavi gradually decreases their contribution. The government is simultaneously moving towards universal health coverage (UHC), along with many other developing countries, and has recently established fee free primary health care and subsidized secondary care. Given this backdrop, the health financing system assessment (HFSA), which evaluates the financing system and institutional sustainability, comes at an opportune time. The report begins by providing a comprehensive background, including an overview of PNG’s economic situation, health demographics, health financing, human resources for health and the health system. It then analyses two areas critical to sustainable health financing: (i) PNG expenditure, with a focus on levels and sources of health expenditure, as well as resource allocation; and (ii) PNG reliance on donor resources, in particular, the global fund to fight aids, tuberculosis, and malaria (GFATM) and Gavi.
Indonesia Health Financing System Assessment: Spend More, Right and Better

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2016-10-28) World Bank Group

This report assesses Indonesia’s health financing system. As an intrinsic and necessary element of universal health coverage (UHC), health financing is not only about assessing the sufficiency of resources, but also about how equitably and efficiently resources are raised, pooled, and allocated to make progress towards UHC.
Health Service Delivery in Tanzania

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2015-01) World Bank Group

The Service Delivery Indicators (SDIs) provides a set of key indicators serving as a benchmark for service delivery performance in the health and education sectors in Sub-Saharan Africa. The overarching objective of the SDIs is to ascertain the quality of service delivery in primary education and basic health services. This would in turn enable governments and service providers alike to identify gaps and bottlenecks, as well as track progress over time, and across countries. The SDI survey interviewed 403 heath providers across Tanzania between May 2014 and July 2014. This technical report presents the findings from the implementation of the SDI in the health sector in Tanzania in 2014. Survey implementation activities took place following extensive consultations with the government and key stakeholders on survey design, sampling, and adaptation of survey instruments. A major challenge for Tanzania’s health sector is the shortage of skilled human resources for health (HRH). This survey found that provider knowledge and abilities were not adequate to deliver quality services. Caseload per provider and absenteeism are relatively low, so the issue is not over burdened providers. There seems to be ample room for a significant increase in the caseload of Tanzanian providers, i.e. the level of productivity in health service delivery, without jeopardizing quality. In addition to increasing the volume of skilled HRH to address the shortage of providers, improvements in management, supervision and training is important to improving service delivery. Health for all in Tanzania will mean the simultaneous availability of widely accessible inputs and skilled providers.
Fairness and Accountability : Engaging in Health Systems in the Middle East and North Africa

(Washington, DC, 2013) World Bank

The World Bank Health Nutrition and Population Sector Strategy for MENA (2013-2018). The new Health, Nutrition, and Population (HNP) Strategy for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is a very timely initiative in light of the transformative socio-political changes in the region, and of the World Bank Group's renewed commitment to ending poverty and reducing inequality. To protect, promote, and preserve the health of its people, health systems in the region must aspire to become more fair and accountable. The MENA HNP strategy is envisioned as a dynamic 'living' strategy, rather than as a static document, providing a compass for prioritization of World Bank engagements in line with regional and client country needs. Its implementation spans three phases. Phase one will involve an intensive engagement process aimed at listening to client needs and clarifying the issues and options towards building and maintaining fairer and more accountable health systems. Phase two entails development of country specific engagement plans in each country. Phase three consists of actual implementation of the strategy, spanning over a period of about four years. Fairness in health and health systems refers to the absence of systematic disparities in health that could be avoided through prevention and care; the just distribution of the burden of costs of health care according to people's ability to pay; and an equitable response to the nonmedical needs, rights, and expectations of those seeking and obtaining health care-that is for a dignified interaction with the provider. Accountability refers to the obligation to ensure that health care services are timely, effective, safe, appropriate, cost-conscious, and patient-centered. The nexus of accountability in health care governs the interaction among three key players: populations, payers, and providers. Safeguarding fairness and accountability requires that the health system is fiscally sound and sustainable. Finally, accountability of providers refers to those interventions that modulate performance through financial and non-financial provider incentives, workforce planning to meet human resources for health, and by setting up alternate organization of care modalities in low resource settings.
Building the Future : Mid- and Long-Term Vision for the Paraguay Health Sector Development, Final Report Executive Summary

(Washington, DC, 2012-06) World Bank

In 2009, the Paraguayan Government's Ministry of Health and the World Bank agreed to conduct technical cooperation work, which included two specific studies and an analysis of the public health sector, with a view to identifying medium- and long-term health sector policy formulation options. The specific studies were on: (i) the national pharmaceutical sector, and (ii) the social determinants of health. This study, facilitated technical exchanges and policy dialogue with the authorities throughout the process, which included the organization of workshops and the submission to the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare in December 2010 of two technical documents, one of which focused on the social determinants of health and the other, on drug policy, which are included in the annexes to this report; as well as to bring technical assessment to the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare about health services integrated networks. This report analyzes the available evidence on changes and trends in the state of health of the Paraguayan population through 2010 to 2011, taking into account the policy guidelines and institutional changes introduced during the final period of the government's term and the trends in a number of social determinants of health. This report will contribute to the development of a medium- and long-term strategy, with the ultimate aim of improving health outcomes, and will serve as a tool that provides information and recommendations that can also create new opportunities for collaboration in the area of sectoral dialogue in the country. This report discusses the following points: recent trends in the population health situation; policy guidelines since 2008; proposals: medium and long-term policy focal areas; health care system; and public health policies.