Publication: Sanitation Finance in Rural Cambodia
Loading...
Date
2012-02
ISSN
Published
2012-02
Author(s)
Editor(s)
Abstract
This document presents the findings of a study on sanitation finance in Cambodia conducted for the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) with support from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The overall objective of the assignment was to consider sustainable sanitation financing options with a focus on promoting access for the poorest. This guidance note contains an introduction on sanitation financing and subsidies, stating the cases for subsidies as well as some of their practical pitfalls. The study used data (as of late 2009) from two case studies of rural sanitation finance in Cambodia to illustrate the practical issues, sup-plemented by preliminary data from two sanitation marketing projects. The study also examined the potential use and effectiveness of (hardware) subsidies, conditional cash transfers (CCTs), and other financing approaches relevant for sanitation improvement. The document ends with recommendations for improved sanitation finance, including practical suggestions for sanitation programs in Cambodia. These recommendations bear particular relevance for the ADB's Second Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project, which commenced in 2010.
Link to Data Set
Citation
“Robinson, Andy. 2012. Sanitation Finance in Rural Cambodia. Water and sanitation program guidance note. © http://hdl.handle.net/10986/17329 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
Associated URLs
Associated content
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Collections
Related items
Showing items related by metadata.
Publication Enabling Environment Assessment for Scaling Up Sanitation Programs : Himachal Pradesh, India(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2008-01)The Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) is in the start-up phase of a new Global Scaling up Sanitation Project. The project is applying Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing (TSSM) to stimulate and scale up sanitation demand and supply. One of the central objectives of the project is to improve sanitation at a scale sufficient to meet the 2015 Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets for improved sanitation in Indonesia, Tanzania, and the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. The baseline enabling environment assessment was carried out during the start-up phase of the overall project in May and June 2007. A follow-up assessment will be carried out at the end of project implementation, in approximately May or June 2009. The main objective of this assessment was to establish a baseline of the programmatic conditions needed to scale up, sustain and replicate the total sanitation and sanitation marketing in the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. The TSSM project enables the WSP team to enhance and broaden the level of support provided, to leverage Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) resources and sector opportunities at the national level, to extend its preexisting engagements at the state level, and to facilitate achievement of the TSSM objectives and outcomes. The TSC provides a broad financial and policy framework for sanitation improvement in India, but allows individual states and districts the freedom to develop local policies and interventions according to their specific needs and priorities. This freedom limits central control of program methodology, but allows more progressive local governments to develop and implement new approaches and policies. As a result, there is a wide variation in the effectiveness and outcomes of the TSC in different states.Publication Enabling Environment Assessment for Scaling Up Sanitation Programs : Madhya Pradesh, India(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2008-01)The Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) is in the start-up phase of a new Global Scaling up Sanitation Project. The project is applying Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing (TSSM) to stimulate and scale up sanitation demand and supply. One of the central objectives of the project is to improve sanitation at a scale sufficient to meet the 2015 sanitation Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets in Indonesia, Tanzania, and the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. The baseline enabling environment assessment was carried out during the start-up phase of the overall project in May and June 2007. A follow-up assessment will be carried out at the end of project implementation in approximately May or June 2009. The main objective of this assessment was to establish a baseline of the programmatic conditions needed to scale up, sustain, and replicate the Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing (TSSM) approaches in the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.Publication Economic Assessment of Sanitation Interventions in Lao People's Democratic Republic(Washington, DC, 2013-08)Access to improved sanitation is a major concern in the Lao People s Democratic Republic. Only 63 percent of the population of the country had access to improved sanitation facilities in 2010. Sanitation conditions are worse in rural areas. This study aims to generate evidence on the costs and benefits of sanitation improvements Lao PDR.Publication Enabling Environment Assessment for Scaling up Sanitation Programs : East Java, Indonesia(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2008-01)The Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) is in the start-up phase of a new Global Scaling up Sanitation Project. The project is applying Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing (TSSM) to stimulate and scale up sanitation demand and supply. One of the central objectives of the project is to improve sanitation at a scale sufficient to meet the 2015 sanitation Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets in Indonesia, Tanzania and the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. The baseline assessment of the enabling environment was carried out during the start-up phase of the overall project in July and August 2007. A follow-up assessment will be carried out at the end of project implementation in mid-2009. The purposes of the baseline assessment are to: (1) assess to extent to which the programmatic conditions for scale up and sustainability are in place at the beginning of the project, and (2) on the basis of the baseline assessment findings, recommend what should be done to address the gaps during project implementation, and determine whether conditions are conducive for scaling up and sustaining results at the end of the implementation period. The purpose of the final assessment (at the end of the implementation period) will be to determine whether suitable programmatic conditions are in place to meet the 2015 MDG targets and sustain these broader achievements over time. This report presents the main findings and recommendations from the baseline assessment of the enabling environment to scale up, sustain and replicate sanitation improvements in East Java, Indonesia. In order to ensure consistency in the assessment findings, WSP developed a conceptual framework for assessing the enabling environment for sanitation. This framework was developed based on a literature review and a series of discussions with key actors.Publication Economic Impacts of Inadequate Sanitation in Bangladesh(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2012-01)This study estimates the nonmonetary, financial, and economic costs of poor sanitation in the areas of health, drinking water, and domestic water, as well as user preference and welfare. Financial costs refer to the direct financial expense paid in monetary terms by someone, such as changes in household and government spending and real income losses for households. Nonmonetary costs consist of both longer-term financial impacts (such as less educated children, fewer children, and loss of working people due to premature death or relevant morbidity), and nonfinancial implications, such as the value of loss of life, time-use of adults and children, and intangible impacts. Bangladesh has made inadequate progress toward the sanitation-related millennium development goal (MDG) target. The country's financial commitment and political priority for sanitation also has shown inadequate progress (Water-Aid, 2008). Therefore, to mitigate the adverse effects of poor sanitation and hygiene practices, intervention is necessary. The aim of this study is to provide concrete evidence of the impact poor sanitation has on the population and the environment and, consequently, on the economy. This study provides estimates of the current and long-term effects of poor sanitation, which cover not only the negative impacts of poor sanitation but also the potential gains that different sanitation interventions could achieve. Policy makers and water and sanitation advocacy organizations are the target audience of this study.
Users also downloaded
Showing related downloaded files
Publication Crime and Violence in Central America : A Development Challenge - Main Report(World Bank, 2011-01-01)Crime and violence are now a key development issue for Central American countries. In three nations El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras crime rates are among the top five in Latin America. This report argues that successful strategies require actions along multiple fronts, combining prevention and criminal justice reform, together with regional approaches in the areas of drug trafficking and firearms. It also argues that interventions should be evidence based, starting with a clear understanding of the risk factors involved and ending with a careful evaluation of how any planned action might affect future options. In addition, the design of national crime reduction plans and the establishment of national cross-sectoral crime commissions are important steps to coordinate the actions of different government branches, ease cross-sectoral collaboration and prioritize resource allocation. Of equal importance is the fact that national plans offer a vehicle for the involvement of civil society organizations, in which much of the expertise in violence prevention and rehabilitation resides. Prevention efforts need to be complemented by effective law enforcement. The required reforms are no longer primarily legislative in nature because all six countries have advanced toward more transparent adversarial criminal procedures. The second-generation reforms should instead help deliver on the promises of previous reforms by: (i) strengthening key institutions and improving the quality and timeliness of the services they provide to citizens; (ii) improving efficiency and effectiveness while respecting due process and human rights; (iii) ensuring accountability and addressing corruption; (iv) increasing inter-agency collaboration; and (v) improving access to justice, especially for poor and disenfranchised groups. Specific interventions reviewed in the report include: information systems and performance indicators as a prerequisite to improve inter-institutional coordination and information sharing mechanisms; an internal overhaul of court administration and case management to create rapid reaction, one-stop shops; the strengthening of entities that provide legal counseling to the poor and to women; and the promotion of alternative dispute-resolution mechanisms and the implementation of community policing programs.Publication The Mexican Social Protection System in Health(World Bank, Washington DC, 2013-01)With a population of 113 million and a per-capita Gross Domestic Product, or GDP of US$10,064 (current U.S. dollars), Mexico is one of the largest and highest-income countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The country has benefited from sustained economic growth during the last decade, which was temporarily interrupted by the financial and economic crisis. Real GDP is projected to grow 3.8 percent and 3.6 percent in 2012 and 2013, respectively (International Monetary Fund, or IMF 2012). Despite this growth, poverty in the country remains high; with half of the population living below the national poverty line. The country is also highly heterogeneous, with large socioeconomic differences across states and across urban and rural areas. In 2010, while the extreme poverty ratio in the Federal District and the states of Colima and Nuevo Leon was below 3 percent, in Chiapas, Guerrero, and Oaxaca it was 25 percent or higher. These large regional differences are also found in other indicators of well-being, such as years of schooling, housing conditions, and access to social services. This case study assesses key features and achievements of the Social Protection System in Health (Sistema de Proteccion Social en Salud) in Mexico, and particularly of its main pillar, Popular Health Insurance (Seguro Popular, PHI). It analyzes the contribution of this policy to the establishment and implementation of universal health coverage in Mexico. In 2003, with the reform of the General Health Law, the PHI was institutionalized as a subsidized health insurance scheme open to the population not covered by the social security schemes. Today, the PHI covers all of its intended affiliates, about 52 million peoplePublication Classroom Assessment to Support Foundational Literacy(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-03-21)This document focuses primarily on how classroom assessment activities can measure students’ literacy skills as they progress along a learning trajectory towards reading fluently and with comprehension by the end of primary school grades. The document addresses considerations regarding the design and implementation of early grade reading classroom assessment, provides examples of assessment activities from a variety of countries and contexts, and discusses the importance of incorporating classroom assessment practices into teacher training and professional development opportunities for teachers. The structure of the document is as follows. The first section presents definitions and addresses basic questions on classroom assessment. Section 2 covers the intersection between assessment and early grade reading by discussing how learning assessment can measure early grade reading skills following the reading learning trajectory. Section 3 compares some of the most common early grade literacy assessment tools with respect to the early grade reading skills and developmental phases. Section 4 of the document addresses teacher training considerations in developing, scoring, and using early grade reading assessment. Additional issues in assessing reading skills in the classroom and using assessment results to improve teaching and learning are reviewed in section 5. Throughout the document, country cases are presented to demonstrate how assessment activities can be implemented in the classroom in different contexts.Publication Argentina Country Climate and Development Report(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022-11)The Argentina Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) explores opportunities and identifies trade-offs for aligning Argentina’s growth and poverty reduction policies with its commitments on, and its ability to withstand, climate change. It assesses how the country can: reduce its vulnerability to climate shocks through targeted public and private investments and adequation of social protection. The report also shows how Argentina can seize the benefits of a global decarbonization path to sustain a more robust economic growth through further development of Argentina’s potential for renewable energy, energy efficiency actions, the lithium value chain, as well as climate-smart agriculture (and land use) options. Given Argentina’s context, this CCDR focuses on win-win policies and investments, which have large co-benefits or can contribute to raising the country’s growth while helping to adapt the economy, also considering how human capital actions can accompany a just transition.Publication Guide to the Debt Management Performance Assessment Tool(Washington, DC, 2008-02-05)The purpose of this document is to provide guidance and supplemental information to assist with country assessments of debt management performance, using the Debt Management Performance Assessment (DeMPA) tool. The DeMPA is a methodology used for assessing public debt management performance through a comprehensive set of 15 performance indicators spanning the full range of government Debt Management (DeM) functions. It is based on the principles set out in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank guidelines for public debt management, initially published in 2001 and updated in 2003. It is modeled after the Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) framework for performance measurement of public financial management. The DeMPA has been designed to be a user-friendly tool to undertake an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses in government DeM practices. This guide provides additional background and supporting information so that a no specialist in the area of debt management may undertake a country assessment effectively. The guide can be used by assessors in preparing for and undertaking an assessment. It is particularly useful for understanding the rationale for the inclusion of the indicators, the scoring methodology, and the list of supporting documents or evidence required, and the questions that could be asked for the assessment.