Publication: Constraints to Women’s Use of Public Transport in Developing Countries, Part II: Safety
Loading...
Date
2022-08-03
ISSN
Published
2022-08-03
Author(s)
Editor(s)
Abstract
Women and men travel differently in low- and middle-income countries and women face different constraints on their mobility. _is Brief is the second in a two-part series that provides an overview of the evidence on key features of women’s travel behavior and the safety barriers they face in accessing public transport in developing countries (see Borker 2022, which focuses on affordability, frequency, coverage, and comfort). This brief focuses on the safety concerns that limit women’s use of public transport, centering on two aspects of safety: safety from accidents and safety from violence. It highlights how women’s different travel behavior, as well as unsafe infrastructure, driving, and vehicle design, make women vulnerable to road accidents. It also shows that an overwhelming majority of women around the world have experienced sexual violence as they travel, whether verbal, visual, or physical. Women’s perceptions about violence and their actual safety in public spaces affect both their physical mobility and economic choices. Understanding the evidence on the challenges faced by women is a first step in identifying policies and interventions that could improve women’s accessibility.
Link to Data Set
Citation
“Borker, Girija. 2022. Constraints to Women’s Use of Public Transport in Developing Countries, Part II: Safety. Global Indicators Briefs;No. 10. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/37823 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
Associated URLs
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Collections
Related items
Showing items related by metadata.
Publication Constraints to Women’s Use of Public Transport in Developing Countries, Part I(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022-08-03)This brief, the first in a two-part series, provides an overview of the evidence on key features of women’s travel behavior and the barriers they face in accessing public transport in developing countries, including affordability, frequency, coverage, and comfort. Women make more frequent, shorter trips with more stops along the way to combine multiple tasks. In contrast, men follow direct and linear routes. These patterns have important implications. As this brief shows, the cost and frequency of public transport affect women more than men, and given women’s income constraints, create trade-offs between travel and other economic opportunities. This brief also highlights how the current design of public transport does not accommodate the unique needs of women. Notably, coverage issues such as a poorly connected network, including last mile problems, limit women’s use of public transport and increase their reliance on private and informal modes of transport. Infrastructure design does not prioritize women’s comfort. Understanding the evidence on the challenges faced by women is a first step in identifying policies and interventions that could improve women’s accessibility.Publication Gender and Public Transport : Kathmandu, Nepal(Nepal, 2013)This study was commissioned by The World Bank as part of the research to feed into the development of the Government of Nepal's national transport management strategy. The overall strategy vision is 'to develop safe, efficient and environmentally friendly transport'. Under the second pillar of the draft strategy which refers to 'management of road transport', there is specific reference to the particular needs of women in transport. The study took place between October and December, 2013 and comprised a review of secondary data and the collection of primary data via a questionnaire survey of public transport users in the Kathmandu valley, qualitative conversations and focus group discussions with users and non-users of public transport as well as key informant interviews with transport operators, police and relevant Government department staff and supplemented by participant observation. The questionnaire survey was carried out with 470 people (60 percent women) and qualitative conversations involved a further 165 (58 percent women). The questionnaire was administered 'in situ' as people were commuting on public transport at different times of the day and on different transport routes in and around the city.Publication Making Transport Work for Women and Men : Tools for Task Teams(Washington, DC, 2010-01)The primary objective of this report is to provide brief, relevant, and practical tools for World Bank task teams and their country counterparts to facilitate their work in addressing gender issues in transport policies and projects. This responds to the need, expressed by task teams, to repackage and condense existing gender and transport tools in formats more relevant to transport operations. These tools can also be used for training on gender and transport. The term tool was selected to convey the notion that these materials are nuts and bolts resources to be used when needed, and to emphasize that they are not requirements or directives.Publication Guidelines to Mainstream Gender in Transport Projects(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2008-08-18)The consideration of gender in transport is essential to ensure that transport is equitable, affordable, and provides access to resources and opportunities required for development. This note aims to provide guidance for mainstreaming gender into transport projects. It provides examples of how to do this, in relation to the various transport modes used in development operations by the World Bank, and well-known good practices in this area. The note is based on a number of key studies and projects from the World Bank and partner organizations, including the EU and UN. It highlights a number of constraints that women face in accessing transport infrastructure and services, as well as examples of interventions that could circumvent these constraints. Also, it identifies employment and participatory opportunities where women could play a role in the planning and implementation of transport operations. The information provided is not meant to be exhaustive but simply to draw attention to the most basic gender aspects in relation to transport.Publication World Bank Group and World Bank Corporate Scorecards, October 2014(Washington, DC, 2014-10)The 2014 World Bank Group Corporate Scorecard for the fall Annual Meetings is designed to provide a high-level and strategic overview of the World Bank Group's performance toward achieving the two goals. It is the apex from which indicators cascade into the monitoring frameworks of the three World Bank Group institutions. The Scorecard is structured in three tiers: 1) The Goals and Development Context tier provides an overview of progress on key development challenges faced by World Bank Group client countries; 2) The Results tier reports on the key sectoral and multi-sectoral results achieved by World Bank Group clients with support of World Bank Group operations in pursuit of the goals; and 3) The Performance tier captures World Bank Group performance in implementation of the World Bank Group Strategy and includes measures of both operational and organizational effectiveness. These three tiers are the components of a unified results and performance monitoring framework with indicators grouped along the result chain as follows: the Scorecard monitors, at an aggregate level, how the World Bank Group implements its Strategy and improves its performance (Tier III) in order to support clients in achieving results (Tier II) in the context of global development progress (Tier I). The indicators in the first two tiers are grouped into three categories encompassing growth, inclusiveness, and sustainability/resilience. The World Bank Group Strategy recognizes the importance of each of these three areas for the achievement of the two goals. Economic growth that creates good jobs requires action to strengthen both the private and public sectors. Inclusion entails empowering all citizens to participate in, and benefit from, the development process and removing barriers against those who are often excluded. Sustainability ensures that today?s development progress is not reversed tomorrow; it implies securing the long-term future of the planet and its resources, ensuring social inclusion, and limiting the economic burdens on future generations. Recognizing the importance the World Bank Group Strategy places on fragility and gender, Scorecard indicators are disaggregated by gender and fragile and conflict-affected situations when feasible.
Users also downloaded
Showing related downloaded files
Publication Business Ready 2024(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-10-03)Business Ready (B-READY) is a new World Bank Group corporate flagship report that evaluates the business and investment climate worldwide. It replaces and improves upon the Doing Business project. B-READY provides a comprehensive data set and description of the factors that strengthen the private sector, not only by advancing the interests of individual firms but also by elevating the interests of workers, consumers, potential new enterprises, and the natural environment. This 2024 report introduces a new analytical framework that benchmarks economies based on three pillars: Regulatory Framework, Public Services, and Operational Efficiency. The analysis centers on 10 topics essential for private sector development that correspond to various stages of the life cycle of a firm. The report also offers insights into three cross-cutting themes that are relevant for modern economies: digital adoption, environmental sustainability, and gender. B-READY draws on a robust data collection process that includes specially tailored expert questionnaires and firm-level surveys. The 2024 report, which covers 50 economies, serves as the first in a series that will expand in geographical coverage and refine its methodology over time, supporting reform advocacy, policy guidance, and further analysis and research.Publication World Development Report 2006(Washington, DC, 2005)This year’s Word Development Report (WDR), the twenty-eighth, looks at the role of equity in the development process. It defines equity in terms of two basic principles. The first is equal opportunities: that a person’s chances in life should be determined by his or her talents and efforts, rather than by pre-determined circumstances such as race, gender, social or family background. The second principle is the avoidance of extreme deprivation in outcomes, particularly in health, education and consumption levels. This principle thus includes the objective of poverty reduction. The report’s main message is that, in the long run, the pursuit of equity and the pursuit of economic prosperity are complementary. In addition to detailed chapters exploring these and related issues, the Report contains selected data from the World Development Indicators 2005‹an appendix of economic and social data for over 200 countries. This Report offers practical insights for policymakers, executives, scholars, and all those with an interest in economic development.Publication Lebanon Economic Monitor, Fall 2022(Washington, DC, 2022-11)The economy continues to contract, albeit at a somewhat slower pace. Public finances improved in 2021, but only because spending collapsed faster than revenue generation. Testament to the continued atrophy of Lebanon’s economy, the Lebanese Pound continues to depreciate sharply. The sharp deterioration in the currency continues to drive surging inflation, in triple digits since July 2020, impacting the poor and vulnerable the most. An unprecedented institutional vacuum will likely further delay any agreement on crisis resolution and much needed reforms; this includes prior actions as part of the April 2022 International Monetary Fund (IMF) staff-level agreement (SLA). Divergent views among key stakeholders on how to distribute the financial losses remains the main bottleneck for reaching an agreement on a comprehensive reform agenda. Lebanon needs to urgently adopt a domestic, equitable, and comprehensive solution that is predicated on: (i) addressing upfront the balance sheet impairments, (ii) restoring liquidity, and (iii) adhering to sound global practices of bail-in solutions based on a hierarchy of creditors (starting with banks’ shareholders) that protects small depositors.Publication Classroom Assessment to Support Foundational Literacy(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-03-21)This document focuses primarily on how classroom assessment activities can measure students’ literacy skills as they progress along a learning trajectory towards reading fluently and with comprehension by the end of primary school grades. The document addresses considerations regarding the design and implementation of early grade reading classroom assessment, provides examples of assessment activities from a variety of countries and contexts, and discusses the importance of incorporating classroom assessment practices into teacher training and professional development opportunities for teachers. The structure of the document is as follows. The first section presents definitions and addresses basic questions on classroom assessment. Section 2 covers the intersection between assessment and early grade reading by discussing how learning assessment can measure early grade reading skills following the reading learning trajectory. Section 3 compares some of the most common early grade literacy assessment tools with respect to the early grade reading skills and developmental phases. Section 4 of the document addresses teacher training considerations in developing, scoring, and using early grade reading assessment. Additional issues in assessing reading skills in the classroom and using assessment results to improve teaching and learning are reviewed in section 5. Throughout the document, country cases are presented to demonstrate how assessment activities can be implemented in the classroom in different contexts.Publication Argentina Country Climate and Development Report(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022-11)The Argentina Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) explores opportunities and identifies trade-offs for aligning Argentina’s growth and poverty reduction policies with its commitments on, and its ability to withstand, climate change. It assesses how the country can: reduce its vulnerability to climate shocks through targeted public and private investments and adequation of social protection. The report also shows how Argentina can seize the benefits of a global decarbonization path to sustain a more robust economic growth through further development of Argentina’s potential for renewable energy, energy efficiency actions, the lithium value chain, as well as climate-smart agriculture (and land use) options. Given Argentina’s context, this CCDR focuses on win-win policies and investments, which have large co-benefits or can contribute to raising the country’s growth while helping to adapt the economy, also considering how human capital actions can accompany a just transition.