Federated Ecosystems for Digital ID: Current Approaches and Lessons

Abstract

The focus of this paper is on federations that provide digital ID credentials and services recognized by governments for official purposes, in other words, accessing government services, and may also be accepted or required for certain services in the private sector that require higher levels of assurance—for example, the opening of a bank account. Other forms of digital ID and federation provided and used only by private sector entities—such as using Facebook, Amazon, or Google accounts to log-in to other websites or services on the internet via federation protocols—are not considered here.