Publication: Wealth: Crucial but Not Sufficient--Evidence from Pakistan on Economic Growth, Child Labour and Schooling
Abstract
This study uses cross-sectional time-series data to examine the relationship between wealth and child labour and schooling in Pakistan and finds that wealth is crucial in determining a child's activities, but is far from being a sufficient condition to enrol a child in school. This is particularly the case for rural girls. Nonparametric analysis shows a universal increase in school enrolment for rural girls from 1998-2006 and this increase is independent of wealth. Multinomial logit regression further shows that wealth is insignificant in determining households' decisions about rural girls' activity. Thus, interventions to increase school enrolment should incorporate broadly targeted, demand-side interventions as well as supply-side interventions.
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Publication Wealth : Crucial but Not Sufficient Evidence from Pakistan on Economic Growth, Child Labor, and Schooling(2009-02-01)The relationship between wealth and child labor has been widely examined. This paper uses three rounds of time-series, cross-sectional data to examine the relationship between wealth and child labor and schooling. The paper finds that wealth is crucial in determining a child's activities, but that this factor is far from being a sufficient condition to enroll a child in school. This is particularly the case for rural girls. Nonparametric analysis shows a universal increase in school enrollment for rural girls from 1998 to 2006. This increase is independent of wealth (measured by per capita expenditure). Multinomial logit regression further shows that wealth is insignificant in determining rural girls' activity decisions. Thus, interventions to increase school enrollment should incorporate broad-targeted, demand-side interventions as well as supply-side interventions.Publication Wealth: Crucial but Not Sufficient - Evidence from Pakistan on Economic Growth, Child Labour and Schooling(2010)This study uses cross-sectional time-series data to examine the relationship between wealth and child labour and schooling in Pakistan and finds that wealth is crucial in determining a child's activities, but is far from being a sufficient condition to enrol a child in school. This is particularly the case for rural girls. Nonparametric analysis shows a universal increase in school enrolment for rural girls from 1998-2006 and this increase is independent of wealth. Multinomial logit regression further shows that wealth is insignificant in determining households' decisions about rural girls' activity. Thus, interventions to increase school enrolment should incorporate broadly targeted, demand-side interventions as well as supply-side interventions.Publication Parental Education and Children's Schooling Outcomes: Evidence from Recomposed Families in Rwanda(2009)In this article, I investigate how educational outcomes of orphans are affected by the education of the family members in their new family. The study uses household survey data from Rwanda that contain a large proportion of children living in households without their biological parents. The data also allow controlling for the educational attainment of the absent biological parents and the type of relationship that links the children to their adoptive families. The results of the analysis suggest that the education of the adoptive parents has a positive impact on the children's schooling. Interestingly, mothers' education matters more for girls, while fathers' education is more important for boys. The results also indicate that placing orphans with their relatives has a positive impact on their schooling. This finding has obvious policy implications for African countries with a large proportion of orphans due to the HIV/AIDS epidemic or to conflicts.Publication Why Should We Care about Child Labor? The Education, Labor Market, and Health Consequences of Child Labor(2009-10)Despite the extensive literature on the determinants of child labor, the evidence on the consequences of child labor on outcomes such as education, labor, and health is limited. We evaluate the causal effect of child labor participation among children in school on these outcomes using panel data from Vietnam and an instrumental variables strategy. Five years subsequent to the child labor experience we find significant negative impacts on education, and also find a higher probability of wage work for those young adults who worked as children while attending school. We find few significant effects on health.Publication Migration and Child Growth in Rural Guatemala(2011)This paper examines the relationship between migration and child growth in the rural highlands of Guatemala, a region with substantial international migration outflows, significant remittance inflows, and some of the highest rates of child undernutrition in the world. Using cross-sectional survey data, a double-difference approach based on child growth patterns that controls for the selectivity of migration is used to assess the impact of migration to the US on Height-for-Age Z (HAZ) scores and stunting prevalence of children. HAZ scores for children in households with a migrant to the US are conservatively estimated to be 0.5 standard deviations higher and the prevalence of stunting is approximately 6 percentage points lower. Descriptive evidence suggests the possible channels through which migration may operate are improved food security and reduced morbidity.
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