Publication: Realizing Armenia's High-Tech Potential
Loading...
Files in English
7,253 downloads
Other Files
1,731 downloads
Published
2020-01
ISSN
Date
2019-12-17
Author(s)
Editor(s)
Abstract
Armenia's economy is heavily reliant on domestic demand, which is itself driven by remittances that support local construction and consumption. Armenia will need to shift to an export led strategy if it is to move from middle income to high-income status. Because Armenia is a landlocked country with comparatively high trading costs in physical goods, high-tech digital exports will continue to be key to Armenia's growth. This report seeks to identify strategic opportunities for Armenia’s private sector in high-tech global value chains (GVCs) and also highlights reforms that could support Armenia’s evolution. The study builds on the FY18 Armenia Systematic Country Diagnostic, which identifies value-chain development as a core building block for sectoral growth. Although the report is targeted at policy makers in the Armenian government, sectoral development strategies rely heavily on strong private sector engagement and open public-private dialogue. Armenia's tech community may therefore also take interest in this analysis.
Link to Data Set
Citation
“World Bank. 2020. Realizing Armenia's High-Tech Potential. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/33027 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
Associated URLs
Associated content
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Related items
Showing items related by metadata.
Publication Chile’s Agricultural Innovation System : An Action Plan Towards 2030(World Bank, 2011-06-10)The report builds on the 'towards a vision for agricultural innovation in Chile in 2030' report and is further based on a series of background papers and a consultation process that took place between December 2010 and May 2011. The current study is the third in a series of three that were agreed between the Government of Chile and the World Bank to support the development of a long-term agricultural innovation strategy. The first paper reviewed the functioning of the three main public technological institutes and recommended how their performance can be improved. The second study explored the future of Chile's agriculture towards 2030, using scenario planning and developing a vision for the future of its agricultural innovation system. This paper is based on the results of the former two studies, as well as a set of background documents and further consultations, and will outline the action plan required to achieve the aforementioned vision. The objective of this action plan is to enhance the capacity of Chile's agricultural innovation system in order to achieve the goals as laid out in the vision for the sector for the year 2030. It builds on the current strengths of the agricultural innovation system and elaborates on the main actions needed to address the priority topics. Five principles serve as the foundation of the plan: recognizing national and regional responsibilities; distinguishing public and private roles; diversity; excellence; and institutional integration. Most of the actions can be implemented between 2011 and 2015 and consolidated in the next five years. After 2020, plans and activities can be revised in the light of the progress obtained up to that moment.Publication Leveraging High Technology to Drive Innovation and Competitiveness and Build the Sri Lankan Knowledge Economy(World Bank, 2009-06-01)This study was done at an opportune time in Sri Lanka's history: with end of the war there is hope for the country's peace, prosperity, and growth. To encourage economic growth, this study examines how high technology can drive competitiveness in key export-oriented industries and help build a strong Sri Lankan knowledge economy. The study examines global experience from economies around the world, but particularly several in Southeast Asia, to provide guidance on the role of national governments in enabling the development of a high-tech export sector and the application of high technologies in domestic production. More specifically, it reviews public policies, strategies, and investments in comparable countries that have been successful in promoting the absorption and use of high technologies for competitiveness, and applies lessons to Sri Lanka.Publication Quality Systems and Standards for a Competitive Edge(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2007)This book argues for the urgent need for countries to move forward aggressively on adopting and upgrading quality and standards. The focus is on developing countries, many of which are lagging in the race for standards adoption, and within that category, on middle-income countries. The book analyzes the economic impact of quality and standards on economic growth, on international trade, and as an entry point for the industrial upgrading and mainstreaming of small enterprises. It offers detailed guidelines for the creation of national quality systems that can effectively support the use and adoption of standards. It describes the optimal structure for a national quality system, evaluates the precise roles of the public and private sectors, and proposes best-practice guidelines and norms for these roles. It also addresses the financing issue, including the extent of and rationale for targeted subsidies, and questions of jurisdiction. Special emphasis is given to international integration through mutual recognition agreements that enhance access to external markets-a key objective for developing countries. The first part of the book is generic and normative, providing empirical evidence and guidelines for reform. The second part describes and evaluates the performance of a number of Latin American countries with respect to various components of the national quality system. The first half of this book presents a conceptual framework, highlighting the importance of a national quality system and explaining its role in international trade and economic development. Chapter 2 examines the systemic impact of quality and standards on economic growth and international trade. In particular, it looks at the usefulness of standards as an entry point for technological upgrading and for the mainstreaming of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Chapter 3 addresses the relative roles and jurisdictions of the public and private sectors in the implementation of an effective national quality system. Chapter 4 presents the structure, organization, and functioning of the certification, testing, calibration, inspection, accreditation, and metrology bodies of the national quality system. Chapters 5 and 6 discuss international aspects of the system, especially the ISO 9000 quality management standards. Chapters 7 through 10 focus on the experience in Latin America and the Caribbean. These chapters examine the standards-setting institutions, certification activities, accreditation processes, and metrology institutions in this region. The last two chapters of the text turn to the policy framework. Chapter 11 analyzes existing policies and support programs implemented in several Latin American countries to facilitate the diffusion of standards and quality in the productive sector. Finally, chapter 12 presents detailed policy recommendations for developing countries for implementing effective national quality systems and ends with a brief conclusion.Publication ICT Indicators and Implications for Methods for Assessing Socioeconomic Impact of ICT(Washington, DC, 2012)This report is being delivered pursuant to the agreement (Agreement) between the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology of the Arab Republic of Egypt (MCIT) and the World Bank (Bank) for the provision by the Bank of technical assistance (RTA) to MCIT and certain of its affiliates. One of those affiliates is the Information Technology Industry Development Authority (ITIDA). When it comes to designing and implementing ICT policies, the availability of proper indicators is key to efficiency and effectiveness. However, the indicators should go further, and should help policymakers also to measure how well the sector or projects are performing, provide an assessment over time on the status of a project, program, or policy, promote credibility and public confidence by reporting on the results of programs, provide in-depth information about public sector performance, help formulate and justify budget requests, and identify potentially promising programs or practices for duplication or scalability. Thus, this report is composed of the following sections: (i) a discussion of indicator types, in particular impact indicators and their constraints; (ii) an overview of the institutional setup of ICT data in Egypt; (iii) ICT data categories and methodologies used by major international indices and reports, including an analysis of Egypt's strong and weak results in the indices; (iv) a mapping and gap analysis between the indices' indicators and those currently collected by Egypt; (v) a set of recommendations for Egypt and (vi) implications of this work with respect to analyzing the socioeconomic impact of ICTs on investment, trade, growth and education in Egypt.Publication Science, Technology, and Innovation in Uganda : Recommendations for Policy and Action(World Bank, 2011)Between 2006 and 2010 the World Bank sought to unmask the role of science, technology, and innovation in Ugandan industry. This report presents insights from this research based on case studies of six sectors: agriculture, health, energy, information and communication technology (ICT), transport, and logistics. Based on more than 80 interviews cutting across Uganda's small and medium-sized enterprises, universities, and government entities, the report's findings are intended to offer the government and its partners in industry increased clarity about how better to harness science, technology, and innovation to propel the economy. Enabling implementation of the recent Uganda national science, technology, and innovation policy is a parallel goal of the report. The policy articulates the government's intent to foster research and development that builds the human capital that Uganda requires for a knowledge-based economy. The case studies from which this report's recommendations are drawn depict a diverse range of experiences across industrial sectors in terms of generating, applying, and adapting science and technology to contribute to Uganda's development. Despite the relatively small size of the country's investments in science and technology, the past 20 years have seen considerable advances in building capacity in science and technology, developing related institutions and human resources, advancing collaboration and communication, and expanding the base of available knowledge. But given Uganda's limited investments in science and technology, policies should prioritize near-term investments that benefit key sectors. This report identifies those near-term investments as well as longer-term ones (three to five years in the future).
Users also downloaded
Showing related downloaded files
Publication Governance Matters IV : Governance Indicators for 1996-2004(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2005-06)The authors present the latest update of their aggregate governance indicators, together with new analysis of several issues related to the use of these measures. The governance indicators measure the following six dimensions of governance: (1) voice and accountability; (2) political instability and violence; (3) government effectiveness; (4) regulatory quality; (5) rule of law, and (6) control of corruption. They cover 209 countries and territories for 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, and 2004. They are based on several hundred individual variables measuring perceptions of governance, drawn from 37 separate data sources constructed by 31 organizations. The authors present estimates of the six dimensions of governance for each period, as well as margins of error capturing the range of likely values for each country. These margins of error are not unique to perceptions-based measures of governance, but are an important feature of all efforts to measure governance, including objective indicators. In fact, the authors give examples of how individual objective measures provide an incomplete picture of even the quite particular dimensions of governance that they are intended to measure. The authors also analyze in detail changes over time in their estimates of governance; provide a framework for assessing the statistical significance of changes in governance; and suggest a simple rule of thumb for identifying statistically significant changes in country governance over time. The ability to identify significant changes in governance over time is much higher for aggregate indicators than for any individual indicator. While the authors find that the quality of governance in a number of countries has changed significantly (in both directions), they also provide evidence suggesting that there are no trends, for better or worse, in global averages of governance. Finally, they interpret the strong observed correlation between income and governance, and argue against recent efforts to apply a discount to governance performance in low-income countries.Publication Government Matters III : Governance Indicators for 1996-2002(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2003-08)The authors present estimates of six dimensions of governance covering 199 countries and territories for four time periods: 1996, 1998, 2000, and 2002. These indicators are based on several hundred individual variables measuring perceptions of governance, drawn from 25 separate data sources constructed by 18 different organizations. The authors assign these individual measures of governance to categories capturing key dimensions of governance and use an unobserved components model to construct six aggregate governance indicators in each of the four periods. They present the point estimates of the dimensions of governance as well as the margins of errors for each country for the four periods. The governance indicators reported here are an update and expansion of previous research work on indicators initiated in 1998 (Kaufmann, Kraay, and Zoido-Lobat 1999a,b and 2002). The authors also address various methodological issues, including the interpretation and use of the data given the estimated margins of errors.Publication Design Thinking for Social Innovation(2010-07)Designers have traditionally focused on enchancing the look and functionality of products.Publication Governance Matters VIII : Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators 1996–2008(2009-06-01)This paper reports on the 2009 update of the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) research project, covering 212 countries and territories and measuring six dimensions of governance between 1996 and 2008: Voice and Accountability, Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption. These aggregate indicators are based on hundreds of specific and disaggregated individual variables measuring various dimensions of governance, taken from 35 data sources provided by 33 different organizations. The data reflect the views on governance of public sector, private sector and NGO experts, as well as thousands of citizen and firm survey respondents worldwide. The authors also explicitly report the margins of error accompanying each country estimate. These reflect the inherent difficulties in measuring governance using any kind of data. They find that even after taking margins of error into account, the WGI permit meaningful cross-country comparisons as well as monitoring progress over time. The aggregate indicators, together with the disaggregated underlying indicators, are available at www.govindicators.org.Publication Breaking the Conflict Trap : Civil War and Development Policy(Washington, DC: World Bank and Oxford University Press, 2003)Most wars are now civil wars. Even though international wars attract enormous global attention, they have become infrequent and brief. Civil wars usually attract less attention, but they have become increasingly common and typically go on for years. This report argues that civil war is now an important issue for development. War retards development, but conversely, development retards war. This double causation gives rise to virtuous and vicious circles. Where development succeeds, countries become progressively safer from violent conflict, making subsequent development easier. Where development fails, countries are at high risk of becoming caught in a conflict trap in which war wrecks the economy and increases the risk of further war. The global incidence of civil war is high because the international community has done little to avert it. Inertia is rooted in two beliefs: that we can safely 'let them fight it out among themselves' and that 'nothing can be done' because civil war is driven by ancestral ethnic and religious hatreds. The purpose of this report is to challenge these beliefs.