Publication: WSP’s Engagement in the Rural Sanitation Sector in India: Successes and Challenges
Loading...
Published
2016-06
ISSN
Date
2016-07-05
Author(s)
Editor(s)
Abstract
In October 2014, the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) initiated a study to document its engagement in the rural sanitation sector in India between 2002 and 2013. The intent was to learn from achievements, challenges, and lessons from the past as the Water Global Practice of the World Bank and other stakeholders intensify efforts to address the huge challenge of realizing the Government of India’s goal of universal rural sanitation in India by 2019. The study covered a cross-section of eight states in which WSP has worked as well as an examination of activities at the national level. The primary source of information was 138 structured interviews with key informants including Indian Government officials at all levels: (a) representatives of development agencies and civil society organisations; and (b) current and former WSP staff. The key findings were as follows: (i) Creating champions is a key determinant of success, and new, more cost-effective, and scalable approaches must be developed; (ii) Effective ways must be found to increase awareness and willingness to act among senior decision makers at state level; (iii) New implementation models must be developed that support the work of state governments to roll out sanitation at scale, and state governments must be supported to institutionalize them; and (iv) Mechanisms must be found to support decentralized, large-scale sector capacity building. These insights will be used to develop future interventions that will further accelerate change and help achieve the goal of universal rural sanitation in India
Link to Data Set
Citation
“Brocklehurst, Clarissa; Mead, Simon; Verhagen, Joep. 2016. WSP’s Engagement in the Rural Sanitation Sector in India: Successes and Challenges. Water and Sanitation Program Learning Note;. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/24601 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
Digital Object Identifier
Associated URLs
Associated content
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Collections
Related items
Showing items related by metadata.
Publication Engaging Non-state Providers in Rural Water Supply Services : Documentation of Experiences in India(New Delhi, 2013-02)Taking an integrated approach to the country's rural water supply issues, Government of India's (GoI's) National Rural Drinking Water Program (NRDWP) focusses on the key aspects of source and system sustainability. System sustainability is inextricably linked to both technical and financial aspects of operations of rural water supply schemes. A key plank of NRDWP's approach as well as that of the sector reform project that preceded it is the devolution of Operations and Maintenance (O&M) functions, particularly related to distribution at the village level, to Gram Panchayats (GPs), or local government entities, through the formation of Village Water and Sanitation Committees (VWSCs). However, the lack of substantive community engagement in planning and implementation of schemes as well as capacity constraints in GPs has limited the spread and implementation of this approach. As reported in a recent study for the Planning Commission (PC, 2010), only a fourth of GPs surveyed reported VWSCs and less than one percent of the respondents were aware of the VWSCs' existence.Publication Scaling Up Rural Sanitation and Hygiene in Indonesia(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2016-06-06)This report is a synthesis of the technical assistance (TA) Scaling Up Rural Sanitation and Hygiene in Indonesia, carried out by the World Bank - Water and Sanitation Program (WSP). It was developed in consultation with the Directorate of Environmental Health, Directorate General of Public Health and Centre for Health Promotion of the Ministry of Health (MoH) and with key institutions in the focus provinces in West Java, Central Java, East Java, Bali, and West Nusa Tenggara. Reform in the rural sanitation sub-sector began in 2005 following the successful introduction of Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) in 6 districts. In 2007, the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) supported the Ministry of Health (MoH) to complement the use of CLTS with behavior change communication (BCC) and development of the sanitation market. This new approach was piloted at scale in 28 out of 29 districts in East Java Province in 2007-2011 under the Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing (TSSM) TA. Impressive results were achieved in just ten months, with 262 villages becoming Open Defecation Free (ODF). In response, MoH adopted the district-wide approach in 2008 and launched a new rural sanitation development strategy called Community-Based Total Sanitation (Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat) or STBM. The STBM strategy has three elements: demand creation through CLTS and BCC; supply chain improvement through developing the local sanitation market; and creation of and enabling environment through advocacy for local formal and informal regulations and resource mobilization. This project was was also complementary to a large-scale World Bank-funded program called PAMSIMAS, which has evolved from a project to a national platform through which the government intends to reach its newly adopted target of universal access to water supply and sanitation by 2019. Some of the key results and achievements are as follows : i) Well-functioning STBM Secretariat set up to co-ordinate STBM implementation nationwide, ii) Local government capacity in implementing STBM through demand creation, supply improvement and enabling environment increased, and iii) More effective STBM implementation at provincial and district Level. Some of the lesson learned: i) A capacity building framework to strengthen institutions at all levels is key for scaling up in a decentralized environment; ii) Well-crafted advocacy and communications are valuable for disseminating tested approaches and facilitating their adoption at scale; iii) Engagement of a range of institutions also strengthens campaign outreach; iv) An effective monitoring system is invaluable and it use should be formally integrated into the routine operations of government agencies; v) Local government can help to develop the rural sanitation market; and vi) The scaling up tested approaches can be enhanced greatly through their incorporation into established programmes.Publication Mali - Public Expenditures Review : Rural Water and Sanitation Sector(Washington, DC, 2008-03)The review of public expenditure in the sector of potable water and sanitation in rural and semi urban areas aims at supporting the Government of Mali. The review highlighted many sector accomplishments and challenges such as: (i) achieving objectives of the government of passing from 50 percent of access to potable water to 82 percent is difficult but probable; (ii) budget allocations to the sector in real terms increase for more than twice during the last 6 years; (iii) expenditure's increase in the sector has translate into an increase of facilities carried out; (iv) development of the sector is limited by a weak budgetary performance and not by a lack of financing; (v) the weakness of operating budgets hampers the sector's effectiveness; (vi) the traditional systems of facilities management have to be absolutely reconsidered on the basis of lesson learned and the new systems developed with the collaboration of stakeholders; (vii) the sector is well engaged in the approach-program with regard to harmonization and alignment in accordance with the declaration of Paris; (viii) sanitation is neglected. The coverage in family latrines is weak; and (ix) mobilization of resources beyond the state is essential to keep pace with the sector's growth.Publication Guidance Note : Public Expenditure Review from the Perspective of the Water and Sanitation Sector(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2012-06)The objective of this guidance note: public expenditure review from the perspective of the water supply and sanitation sector is to provide World Bank staff with a body of knowledge and good practice guidelines to help them evaluate the allocation of public resources to water and sanitation services in a consistent manner and to increase their knowledge of public expenditure issues in the sector. This guidance note discusses the challenges that are specific to public expenditure management in water and sanitation and the difficulties often involved in identifying sector expenditures. The challenges particular to this sector stem from three factors. First, countries define water and sanitation differently (e.g., drainage may or may not be included, rural services may be considered separately). Second, responsibilities for water and sanitation policy are often divided horizontally across government ministries and agencies, vertically between national and local governments and functionally among the public, private, and non-governmental sectors. Third, the roles of these multiple actors may be unclear or overlapping.Publication Cambodia Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Improvement Support(2016-05-26)This synthesis report documents the implementation process, results and lessons learned under a three-year Technical Assistance (TA) program undertaken by the Water and Sanitation Program of the World Bank’s Water Global Practice (WSP) in Cambodia between May 2013 and June 2016. It also presents recommendations for the government on key steps to accelerate service delivery at scale for Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (RWSSH) and for the World Bank to strategically engage in the sector. For comprehensiveness, annexes are attached that include key supporting documentation, and resources and deliverables developed under this TA are also provided in the resource pack (the resource pack is linked to Box folder which is available upon request).
Users also downloaded
Showing related downloaded files
Publication Islamic Law, Women's Rights, and State Law(Taylor and Francis, 2015-10-23)Issues related to Islamic law, women’s rights, and state law have long been and remain deeply contested. This is most evident in debates around family law reform in majority Muslim countries. As one recent example, in Mali, a secular state according to its Constitution, the National Assembly adopted in August 2009 a new family code proposed by the government. The new code included provisions to set the minimum age for marriage at 18; change inheritance rules for women including the ability for them to remain in their dwelling upon the death of their husband; change rules for adoption and the recognition of children born out of wedlock; define marriage as a secular and public act that should be ratified by the state; and protect the integrity of the human body (which relates among others to the issue of female genital cutting or FGC). In some countries arguments inspired by Islamic law have been used in order to suggest that prohibiting FGC and child marriage could be “un-Islamic,” and faith leaders have substantial influence on whether the practices persist or not. Mali is a case in point.Publication Toward an Agenda for Improving Wastewater Use in Agriculture(Taylor and Francis, 2011-08-10)This paper sets out the trends and challenges of wastewater use in agriculture; identifies the risks and benefits of wastewater irrigation; describes the risk-assessment and management framework adopted by the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and other international and national organizations; and proposes measures for applying the framework to reduce health risks by moving from unplanned to a planned, integrated, approach to wastewater use for irrigation.Publication Digital Africa(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2023-03-13)All African countries need better and more jobs for their growing populations. "Digital Africa: Technological Transformation for Jobs" shows that broader use of productivity-enhancing, digital technologies by enterprises and households is imperative to generate such jobs, including for lower-skilled people. At the same time, it can support not only countries’ short-term objective of postpandemic economic recovery but also their vision of economic transformation with more inclusive growth. These outcomes are not automatic, however. Mobile internet availability has increased throughout the continent in recent years, but Africa’s uptake gap is the highest in the world. Areas with at least 3G mobile internet service now cover 84 percent of Africa’s population, but only 22 percent uses such services. And the average African business lags in the use of smartphones and computers as well as more sophisticated digital technologies that catalyze further productivity gains. Two issues explain the usage gap: affordability of these new technologies and willingness to use them. For the 40 percent of Africans below the extreme poverty line, mobile data plans alone would cost one-third of their incomes—in addition to the price of access devices, apps, and electricity. Data plans for small- and medium-size businesses are also more expensive than in other regions. Moreover, shortcomings in the quality of internet services—and in the supply of attractive, skills-appropriate apps that promote entrepreneurship and raise earnings—dampen people’s willingness to use them. For those countries already using these technologies, the development payoffs are significant. New empirical studies for this report add to the rapidly growing evidence that mobile internet availability directly raises enterprise productivity, increases jobs, and reduces poverty throughout Africa. To realize these and other benefits more widely, Africa’s countries must implement complementary and mutually reinforcing policies to strengthen both consumers’ ability to pay and willingness to use digital technologies. These interventions must prioritize productive use to generate large numbers of inclusive jobs in a region poised to benefit from a massive, youthful workforce—one projected to become the world’s largest by the end of this century.Publication Tunisia : Understanding Successful Socioeconomic Development, A Joint World Bank–Islamic Development Bank Evaluation of Assistance(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2005)Tunisia has successfully shifted from resource-based exports dominated by oil and gas to manufactures and services. The economy is now driven mainly by textile, electrical, mechanical, and food processing exports; tourism and related activities; and production of olives and cereals. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth has been rising consistently, increasing from 3 percent annually over 1985-90 to more than 5 percent annually over 1996-02. Today, with a per capita income of US$2,000, Tunisians enjoy more than two-and-a-half times the real incomes that their parents had 30 years ago. Tunisia signed an association agreement with the European Union (EUAA) that provides for free trade in manufacturing by 2008. The European Union (EU) has been Tunisia's dominant trading partner; the region is the source of 67 percent of capital flows into Tunisia, accounts for a large share of Tunisia's tourism market, and is the region with the largest community of expatriate Tunisians. This dominance renders Tunisia's economy vulnerable to adverse developments in the EU.Publication The Impact of the Arab Spring on the Tunisian Economy(Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the World Bank, 2019-02)We use Synthetic Control Methodology to estimate the output loss in Tunisia as a result of the “Arab Spring.” Our results suggest that the loss was 5.5 percent, 5.1 percent, and 6.4 percent of GDP in 2011, 2012, and 2013 respectively. These findings are robust to a series of tests, including placebo tests, and are consistent with those from an Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model of Tunisia’s economic growth. Moreover, we find that investment was the main channel through which the economy was adversely impacted by the Arab Spring.