Publication: Laying the Foundation for a Robust Health Care System in Kenya : Kenya Public Expenditure Review
Loading...
Date
2014-12
ISSN
Published
2014-12
Author(s)
Editor(s)
Abstract
Kenya is currently in an expansionary phase of its fiscal policy reflected in a widening primary deficit. The fiscal framework is marked by a significant fiscal expansion over the last three years, 2011/12 to 2013/14. The fiscal stimulus implemented in 2009/10 increased aggregate spending by 2 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However the envisaged fiscal retrenchment at the end of the program did not materialize and fiscal expansion continued with the general election in 2013. Aggregate expenditure averaged 25 percent and revenue at 18 percent of GDP. The fiscal deficit financed through debt is reflected in the doubling of the primary deficit (commitment basis) now in the range of 3.3 percent of GDP, and the rising stock of public debt from 37 percent to 43 percent of GDP (net of deposits), of which about half 22 percent was external debt in 2013/14. The fiscal developments have seen an increase in the share of debt service in total spending from 13 percent to 15 percent of recurrent spending, equivalent to 2.6 percent of GDP. Kenya s debt service is higher among East Africa Community (EAC) peers, 2 percentage points above Ethiopia and Rwanda, and 1 percentage point higher than Uganda and Tanzania.
Link to Data Set
Citation
“World Bank Group. 2014. Laying the Foundation for a Robust Health Care System in Kenya : Kenya Public Expenditure Review. © http://hdl.handle.net/10986/21508 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
Associated URLs
Associated content
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Collections
Related items
Showing items related by metadata.
Publication Tajikistan - Second Programmatic Public Expenditure Review : Volume 4. Public Expenditure Ttracking Survey (PETS), Health Sector(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2008-06-12)This report, Second Programmatic Public Expenditure Review (PPER 2), is a sequel to PPER, which was published in July 2007. PPER 2 provides a detailed analysis of key public expenditure issues in Tajikistan and reports on the nonlending policy dialogue and technical assistance programs managed and coordinated by the World Bank. PPER 2 has a special focus on social sectors, especially the health and education sectors. Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys (PETS) carried out for the first time in Tajikistan in 2007 contributed to the findings in this report. The report also updates the macroeconomic and fiscal situation to take account of important developments in 2007 and analyzes the implications of energy sector reforms and investments for fiscal sustainability. This report is intended to contribute to improving the quality of life in Tajikistan through a comprehensive reform program. It spells out the macroeconomic, energy, and budget reforms necessary to achieve the growth the country seeks and, at the same time (and frequently via the same measures) the social welfare targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).Publication Nicaragua : Public Expenditure Review 2001-2006(Washington, DC, 2008-03)Nicaragua has made impressive progress since 2001 in reducing the overall fiscal deficit. A series of internal and external shocks (hurricane Mitch, banking crisis, elections) reopened major fiscal gaps at the end of the 1990s, which threatened to destabilize the economy. Since then, fiscal management has remained prudent in spite of spending pressures, resulting in an improvement of the combined public sector balance (after grants) from a deficit of 5.4 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2002 to a surplus of 0.2 percent in 2006. The Public Expenditure Review (PER) has assessed Nicaragua's Public Financial Management (PFM) performance, using an international framework of reference that addresses seven critical dimensions: (i) credibility of the budget; (ii) comprehensiveness and transparency; (iii) budget planning; (iv) predictability and control in budget execution; (v) accounting, recording, and reporting; (vi) external scrutiny and audit; and (vii) donor practices that affect PFM. The assessment reveals that significant progress has been made since January 2004 in the implementation of the 2003 Country Financial Accountability Assessment (CFAA) Action Plan, but that some areas require further attention. Based on that assessment, the following measures are considered critical for scaling up ongoing efforts to reform and modernize public financial management (PFM). Nicaragua has come a long way since the beginning of this decade in bringing its overall fiscal balances under control. This puts Nicaragua in a good position for combating poverty in a sustained manner. To maintain that position, however, it will need to overcome further challenges that threaten to undermine fiscal stability in the medium term, notably a rapidly growing public wage bill and fiscal transfers to the municipalities. Looking beyond macroeconomic stability, Nicaragua also needs to pick up the pace of economic growth in order to generate greater momentum in poverty reduction. In this regard, the PER has identified various options for improving the quality of public expenditures in key areas relevant for economic growth. It also pointed out the most important measures needed to modernize public expenditure management and, thereby, facilitate the adjustments needed to improve the quality of public spending in a cost-effective manner. It is hoped that these insights prove useful to the authorities in their efforts to promote faster growth and poverty reduction in Nicaragua.Publication Uganda - A Public Expenditure Review 2008 : With a Focus on Affordability of Pay Reform and Health Sector(World Bank, 2009-05-30)This report is a further response to the call from Uganda's leaders for 'value for money' in public spending. The report is the second in a series of three sector-oriented public expenditure reviews (PER) for the Government of Uganda (GOU) prepared by the World Bank as input into the Government of Uganda's budget reform initiatives. The focus of this report is efficiency and efficacy of spending by the Government of Uganda with a specific focus on the health sector. The first report in the series was 'Uganda fiscal policy for growth', published in 2007, with a focus on the education sector. This report comes in two volumes. Volume one is the main report with conclusions and policy recommendations which analyses composition of overall spending and budget implementation, budgetary consequences of ongoing pay reforms, and efficiency and effectiveness of spending in Uganda's health sector. Volume two contains a full report on the health sector, and includes the background papers prepared.Publication Angola : Public Expenditure Review, Volume 1. Policy Briefing(Washington, DC, 2007-12-20)This report concerns about policy briefing and outlines the main findings and policy options associated with the analysis of public spending in terms of equity and allocative efficiency. This Public Expenditure Review (PER) covers the sectors of Education, Health, Agriculture, and the area of decentralization. The main objective of this Public Expenditure Review is to examine the allocative efficiency and equity of public spending in Angola. Five cross-cutting messages are drawn from the analysis of public spending and fiscal management in the context of this Public Expenditure Review: (i) the need to prepare public spending plans within a multiyear perspective; (ii) the need to improve the efficiency of public spending; (iii) the need to improve the quality of the data on social indicators and on the budget; (iv) the need to observe equity considerations in the preparation of the budget ; and (v) the need for steady progress with decentralization. The first volume, a policy briefing, outlines the main findings and policy options associated with the analysis of public spending in terms of equity and allocative efficiency. The second volume presents a fuller assessment of each sector and on decentralizationPublication Public Expenditure Review for the Solomon Islands Government(Washington, DC, 2011-06)This policy note assesses how well the Solomon Islands Government budgeting practices have been working over the period of 2006-10 and explores options for improving that process. This note provides a non-technical summary of the initial findings and recommendations. The analysis conducted so far suggests that better results are blocked by problems in matching budgetary allocations to needs and problems with unproductive spending. For example, the Government's spending on schools is above average for the region, yet the Solomon Islands lags behind several of its neighboring countries in school enrollment and literacy. Some of the difficulties in getting good results can be traced to local conditions beyond government control such as its administration and travel costs are increased by the geographic dispersion of the islands. The report concludes that the budget process and the budget formation process both require strengthening and that these are issues well within government control.
Users also downloaded
Showing related downloaded files
Publication Kenya Country Climate and Development Report(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2023-11-16)The Kenya Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) aims to identify the impact of climate change on Kenya’s economy. Through robust and rigorous analyses that cover climate impact modeling across multiple scenarios and the overall economy, sectoral issues, investment needs and potential sources of financing, the CCDR aims to identify high impact intervention areas that would support climate positive development. Action against climate change is imperative to avoid setting back Kenya’s aspiration of being an upper-middle-income country and reducing poverty in the next decade. In a business-as-usual scenario, inaction under different climate futures could dampen real GDP by 1.25 to 2.4 percent by 2030 and 3.61 to 7.25 percent by 2050 compared to the baseline. Climate impacts Kenya’s human, natural and physical capital and the impacts vary by region. By 2050, no climate action could also result in 1.1 million additional poor compared to the baseline under the pessimistic climate scenario, with communities in the arid and semi-arid areas being most hard-hit. Kenya can also be a key player in the global climate solutions arena if it maintains a low-carbon growth path. Kenya stands out among African and lower-middle-income countries due to its well-diversified and primarily low-carbon energy mix, with about 90 percent of electricity generation coming from renewable resources. Kenya could also generate carbon offsets through large-scale landscape restoration. The CCDR identifies five key action areas that could enable Kenya to meet its growth aspirations in an inclusive and climate-resilient manner. The three multisectoral action areas are: managing water, land, and forest for climate-resilient agriculture and rural economies; delivering people-centered resilience with climate-informed basic services and urbanization; and strengthening Kenya’s competitiveness in international markets through shifts in energy, transport, and digital systems. It is necessary to complement these the three action areas with two crosscutting actions areas - improving integration and coordination of climate action in policy, planning, and investment decision-making across the economy, and developing and operationalizing policy measures for mobilizing climate finance from private and public sector. Implementing these action areas should account for regional differences to climate risk exposure.Publication Doing Business 2014 : Understanding Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises(Washington, DC: World Bank Group, 2013-10-28)Eleventh in a series of annual reports comparing business regulation in 185 economies, Doing Business 2014 measures regulations affecting 11 areas of everyday business activity: Starting a business, Dealing with construction permits, Getting electricity, Registering property, Getting credit, Protecting investors, Paying taxes, Trading across borders, Enforcing contracts, Closing a business, Employing workers. The report updates all indicators as of June 1, 2013, ranks economies on their overall “ease of doing business”, and analyzes reforms to business regulation – identifying which economies are strengthening their business environment the most. The Doing Business reports illustrate how reforms in business regulations are being used to analyze economic outcomes for domestic entrepreneurs and for the wider economy. Doing Business is a flagship product by the World Bank and IFC that garners worldwide attention on regulatory barriers to entrepreneurship. More than 60 economies use the Doing Business indicators to shape reform agendas and monitor improvements on the ground. In addition, the Doing Business data has generated over 870 articles in peer-reviewed academic journals since its inception.Publication Classroom Assessment to Support Foundational Literacy(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-03-21)This document focuses primarily on how classroom assessment activities can measure students’ literacy skills as they progress along a learning trajectory towards reading fluently and with comprehension by the end of primary school grades. The document addresses considerations regarding the design and implementation of early grade reading classroom assessment, provides examples of assessment activities from a variety of countries and contexts, and discusses the importance of incorporating classroom assessment practices into teacher training and professional development opportunities for teachers. The structure of the document is as follows. The first section presents definitions and addresses basic questions on classroom assessment. Section 2 covers the intersection between assessment and early grade reading by discussing how learning assessment can measure early grade reading skills following the reading learning trajectory. Section 3 compares some of the most common early grade literacy assessment tools with respect to the early grade reading skills and developmental phases. Section 4 of the document addresses teacher training considerations in developing, scoring, and using early grade reading assessment. Additional issues in assessing reading skills in the classroom and using assessment results to improve teaching and learning are reviewed in section 5. Throughout the document, country cases are presented to demonstrate how assessment activities can be implemented in the classroom in different contexts.Publication World Development Report 2011(World Bank, 2011)The 2011 World development report looks across disciplines and experiences drawn from around the world to offer some ideas and practical recommendations on how to move beyond conflict and fragility and secure development. The key messages are important for all countries-low, middle, and high income-as well as for regional and global institutions: first, institutional legitimacy is the key to stability. When state institutions do not adequately protect citizens, guard against corruption, or provide access to justice; when markets do not provide job opportunities; or when communities have lost social cohesion-the likelihood of violent conflict increases. Second, investing in citizen security, justice, and jobs is essential to reducing violence. But there are major structural gaps in our collective capabilities to support these areas. Third, confronting this challenge effectively means that institutions need to change. International agencies and partners from other countries must adapt procedures so they can respond with agility and speed, a longer-term perspective, and greater staying power. Fourth, need to adopt a layered approach. Some problems can be addressed at the country level, but others need to be addressed at a regional level, such as developing markets that integrate insecure areas and pooling resources for building capacity Fifth, in adopting these approaches, need to be aware that the global landscape is changing. Regional institutions and middle income countries are playing a larger role. This means should pay more attention to south-south and south-north exchanges, and to the recent transition experiences of middle income countries.Publication Argentina Country Climate and Development Report(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022-11)The Argentina Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) explores opportunities and identifies trade-offs for aligning Argentina’s growth and poverty reduction policies with its commitments on, and its ability to withstand, climate change. It assesses how the country can: reduce its vulnerability to climate shocks through targeted public and private investments and adequation of social protection. The report also shows how Argentina can seize the benefits of a global decarbonization path to sustain a more robust economic growth through further development of Argentina’s potential for renewable energy, energy efficiency actions, the lithium value chain, as well as climate-smart agriculture (and land use) options. Given Argentina’s context, this CCDR focuses on win-win policies and investments, which have large co-benefits or can contribute to raising the country’s growth while helping to adapt the economy, also considering how human capital actions can accompany a just transition.