Publication: Republic of Armenia : Country Procurement Assessment Report
Loading...
Published
2004-05
ISSN
Date
2013-07-25
Author(s)
Editor(s)
Abstract
Along with assessing the comprehensiveness, transparency, and competitiveness of Armenia's public procurement system, this CPAR addressed specific issues of importance to Government. The MOFE has been advocating that procurement using extra-budgetary donor funds follow the same rules as budget-funded procurement, with the SPA playing the same role. The Authorized Body, which regulates and monitors public procurement (attached to the Ministry of Finance) has been keen to introduce electronic procurement and has already hired a firm to develop specifications. The Ministry of Defense (MOD) has established an internal procurement department and requested the CPAR team's advice in its effort to identify which of its purchases could be suitable for open bidding, as required by law. Therefore the CPAR covers these four key topics: (1) the current degree of centralization of procurement control within the State Procurement Agency; (2) gradual transfer of experience and authority for procurement using Bank funds from Project Implementation Units to the line ministries; (3) the potential for introducing electronic catalogues for periodic procurement and the strategy for introducing other e-procurement uses; and (4) introduction of open bidding procedures for the procurement of non-sensitive items by the Ministry of Defense (MOD). The CPAR presents concrete recommendations that would contribute to three of the five core fiscal strategy objectives of the PER: (1) provide for major improvements in budget accountability to ensure that incremental resources are spent in a transparent and efficient way, (2) increase expenditures on basic health and education, and (3) ensure more efficient use of budget resources. In turn, the CPAR identifies ways in which budget planning and execution, which are a major focus of the Country Financial Accountability Assessment, significantly contribute to overuse of single-source and other non-competitive procurement methods.
Link to Data Set
Citation
“World Bank. 2004. Republic of Armenia : Country Procurement Assessment Report. © World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/14582 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”
Digital Object Identifier
Associated URLs
Associated content
Other publications in this report series
Journal
Journal Volume
Journal Issue
Collections
Related items
Showing items related by metadata.
Publication Republic of Poland : Final Country Procurement Assessment Report, Volume I. Findings and Recommendations(Washington, DC, 2000-07)From the legislative point of view, Poland has a relatively developed public procurement system, though, as recorded above, further improvements remain necessary. Since June 1994, when the Sejm passed the first public procurement law, the law has gone through several amendments with a view to incorporating the lessons learned by the OPP and procuring entities. The law has been revised again in order to make it compatible with the EU procurement directives. It is expected that this revision will further improve the transparency and competitiveness provided by the current law. Furthermore, during the last five years, procuring entities in Poland, especially at the national level, have acquired experience in implementing procurement according to the requirements of the public procurement law, and the Office of Public Procurement in supporting these entities in their responsibility of conducting public procurement and in supervising the system. However, it has been determined that in most cases the shortcomings relate to practice and only in a few cases to the deficiency of the procedures. Therefore, while it is important to make the law more transparent and competitive, to realize savings in public spending, improvement in procurement practices need an even sharper focus. The areas to be addressed are: Provide good quality standard bidding documents. Introduce unambiguous and neutral technical specifications. Introduce objective evaluation criteria. Separate evaluation of bidder's qualification from the bid evaluation. Require bid opening the same day as the deadline for bid submission. Allow adequate bid preparation time to bidders. Remove barriers to participation by foreign bidders. Require mandatory post-qualification in the absence of pre-qualification. Allow adequate time to procuring entities to spend budget allocations. Build procurement as a distinct profession. Introduce two-tier procurement decision making system. Introduce code of ethics for procurement professionals. Include provisions in the law suitable for procurement of consultant services. Prepare a training strategy and implement it. Improve bid dispute arbitration procedures. Introduce procedures for procurement under Euros 3,000 to minimize the use of Sole Sourcing. Introduce best practices to procuring entities through the Public Procurement Bulletin.Publication Republic of Paraguay : Country Procurement Assessment Review(Washington, DC, 2003-01)The findings of this report confirm the long deeply felt need for modernization of the public procurement and contract management functions in Paraguay. The report recommends specific actions on the legal framework, procedures, organization and resources conducive to achieve that objective. however, modernization should not be approached in isolation from other state modernization initiatives. On the contrary, the success of procurement modernization is highly contingent on the successful implementation of reform initiatives in other areas such as financial management, civil service, government structure, the Office of the Comptroller General, etc. To a certain extent Paraguay is overwhelmed by parallel technical assistance operations competing for government attention and resources. The chalenge is to achieve an effective cordination of the various modernization initiative making use of and enhancing the limited poool of national resources, and bringing in different external views and expertise. The goals and pace of reform should be consistent with the country's technical and financial absorptive capacity.Publication Vietnam - Country Procurement Assessment Report : Transforming Public Procurement(Washington, DC, 2002-10-01)The transition from a centrally planned economy to a "socialist oriented market economy" in Vietnam has called for comprehensive changes in the legal framework of the State. The last ten years have witnessed great progress in the development of the Vietnamese legal system, both in substantive and procedural matters. A number of important legal instruments have been promulgated, such as the Constitution in 1992; the Land Law in 1993; and the Civil Code in 1996. More recent normative instruments include the Commercial Law of 1997 and various Ordinances and Regulations on matters such as foreign investment, management of investment and construction, national bidding procedures, conduct of public employees, control of corruption and thrift in the use of public funds. Procurement in the public sector in Vietnam was governed mainly by Decrees issued by the Government. The key existing legal instruments governing public procurement are summarized in Table 1. In addition, there are other Decrees and Inter-Ministerial circulars, which contain provisions concerning public procurement and use of public funds. The report discusses key issues such as the legal and regulatory framework; procurement procedures and practices; institutional framework; human resources and procurement capacity; state-owned enterprises and gives recommendations. Annexes include: (a) A Review of the 5th Draft of Vietnam Public Procurement Ordinance; (b) A: Legal Framework; (c) Trade Practices; (d) Financial Framework; (e) Public Sector Procurement of Goods/Works; (f) Public Sector Selection of Consultants; (g) Procurement Performance ; (h) Private Sector Procurement; (ix) Checklist Comparing NCB Procedures and World Bank Policy; (i) Classification of Investment Projects; (j) : Available Methods for the Selection of Bidders (k) Construction Industry Reform - Summary Report; (l) Summary of Pertinent Laws and regulations; and (m) NCB Acceptability - Proposed Provisions for Bank legal agreements.Publication Vietnam Development Report 2010 : Modern Institutions(World Bank, 2009-12-04)Institutions are not buildings or organizations, they are the rules by which citizens, firms, and the state interact. The photographs that grace the cover of this Vietnam Development Report (VDR) 2010 epitomize modern institutions. The settings may not appear modern, but the activities they represent are cutting edge, and are transforming Vietnam. Local level planning with the active engagement of citizens. Monitoring of public works by citizens groups. Efficient administrative services with the citizen as the client. Legal advice being provided to citizens. Professional media coverage of important events. These are the roots which feed the growth of a modern, open, and high-performing society. This VDR focuses on devolution and accountability, two aspects of modern institutions that are the essence of Vietnam's experience in the past two decades. At the risk of over-simplifying, this VDR distinguishes between two types of accountability, upward accountability focusing on compliance with rules, dictates, and instructions coming from within the hierarchy, and downward accountability focusing on the results that the person or body is entrusted to deliver. A person or body concerned with upward accountability emphasizes adherence to rules. Those concerned with downward accountability serve their clients. Both forms of accountability are needed. Vietnam's devolution has shown many positive results. Competition among the provinces is driving them to improve their business environments. Eased entry for non-state providers of services and greater autonomy for the management of state facilities are supporting innovation and increasing the variety of services.Publication Community Driven Development and Accountable Local Governance : Some Lessons from the Philippines(Washington, DC, 2009-10-15)This study evaluates the connections between community-driven development (CDD) and decentralized local governance, and the need to identify strategies for operational integration. It aims to deepen the understanding of how the institutional environment for local governance interacts with CDD project operations. It gives special emphasis on the issue of accountability, analyzing how CDD operations perform in terms of strengthening the capacity of citizens and civil society to hold local authorities and public service providers accountable, and the capacity of the local government to be held accountable. The study utilizes a two-pronged approach. First, it assesses the institutional environment for accountability in local governance. Second, it examines the operations of two major World Bank-assisted CDD projects in two municipal case study sites. Given that CDD projects both shape and are shaped by local governance contexts in which they are embedded, the study investigates how CDD operations in the Philippines are affected by and are helping reform local governance conditions. It is from the analysis of this interface between CDD operations and local governance conditions that the study aims to generate policy and operational recommendations to enhance integration between CDD and local governance approaches. The analysis of the institutional environment for accountability in local governance often found an enabling policy and legal framework in principle, but severely limiting constraints in practice.
Users also downloaded
Showing related downloaded files
Publication Comoros Country Climate and Development Report(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-06-18)The Union of the Comoros (The Comoros) has significant vulnerability to climate change-related risks but has considerable opportunities to strengthen preparedness and resilience against these challenges. According to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index, the Comoros is the 29th-most vulnerable country to climate change and the 163rd most ready to adapt (out of 191). The Comoros archipelago is exposed to many natural hazards that adversely affect the country’s natural capital, people, and physical infrastructure. In 2014, the economic cost of climate-related disasters was estimated at 5.7 million dollars annually, equivalent to 9.2 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Between 2018 and 2023, as many as 11 tropical depressions or cyclones impacted the country, with Cyclone Kenneth causing the greatest damage, equivalent to 14 percent of GDP, resulting in total economic growth falling from 3.6 percent in 2018 to 1.9 percent in 2019. More than 345,000 people (40 percent of the population) were affected by the cyclone, with 185,000 people experiencing severe impacts and 12,000 people displaced. However, there is an opportunity for the country to grow more robust and shock-responsive, and to establish pre-positioned funding mechanisms to enhance future crisis response efforts. For the Comoros, adaptation and climate-resilient development are the key climate change focus areas, with the country projected to face 836 million dollars 2050 in additional costs due to climate-related impacts. Current plans to adapt to the impacts of climate change in the Comoros include efforts to improve water management, strengthen coastal protection, and develop climate-smart agriculture practices. Given the country’s reliance on its natural resource base for economic growth and mobility, protection of these resources from climate change will be essential for promoting resilient growth and development. In addition to growing the adaptive capacity of the country’s natural resource sectors, strategic economic diversification will be important to help minimize future climate impacts, and development activities will need to be undertaken in such a way as to attract low-carbon co-benefits. The Union of the Comoros is committed to addressing climate change through its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and national priorities. The country’s NDC (which was revised in 2021 for a ten-year horizon) sets ambitious targets, with a goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 23 percent by 2030. The country also plans to significantly increase the share of renewable energy in its energy portfolio, reaching 33 MW by 2030. This will not only promote low-carbon development but also reduce the country’s dependency on imported oil and coal, which currently make up 95 percent of the energy mix. Additionally, the Comoros has declared its intention to increase CO2 removals by 47 percent by 2030, compared to BAU.Publication Guinea-Bissau Country Climate and Development Report(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-10-23)Guinea-Bissau is endowed with a wealth of natural resources, with the highest natural capital per capita in West Africa (US3,874 dollars per capita), which could be leveraged for sustainable and resilient growth. However, Guinea-Bissau faces significant development hurdles, such as high poverty rates, political instability, and economic challenges, including an over-reliance on cashew nuts. Rural poverty has increased, and the nation's infrastructure, education, and health care systems are underdeveloped. Climate change poses a severe threat, potentially impacting agriculture, fisheries, and infrastructure. Without adaptation, it could lead to a significant cut in real GDP per capita (minus 7.3 percent by 2050) and increase in poverty (with up to over 200,000 additional poor by 2050, that is, 5 percent of the expected population, in the worst scenario). The country's low greenhouse gas emissions are expected to rise, mainly due to agriculture and land-use changes, with deforestation being a major contributing factor. Although Guinea-Bissau is a low emitter, it has high mitigation ambitions, targeting a 30 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. The Nationally Determined Contribution outlines significant climate actions, with initiatives focused on forest conservation, sustainable agriculture, and community development. However, the country's political instability, institutional weaknesses, and limited financial resources pose challenges to implementing these climate commitments, which depend heavily on external funding. The financial sector's underdevelopment and vulnerability to external shocks limit its ability to support green investments, though reforms could enhance resilience. Guinea-Bissau must consider its climate financing as development financing and vice-versa, engage the private sector, and integrate climate goals with national development plans to ensure a sustainable future. Concessional climate financing is vital due to the underdeveloped financial sector and the government’s limited borrowing capacity. Addressing Guinea-Bissau's vulnerability to climate change and its structural issues requires a cohesive approach that integrates development and climate strategies. This could involve improving governance, diversifying the economy, protecting natural capital, developing human capital, and investing in sustainable agriculture and infrastructure. The transition to a more sustainable and inclusive development pathway that supports economic growth is possible, but requires focusing on key strategic sectors, enhancing institutional capacity, and creating the conditions to mobilize finance. As a highly vulnerable country, there are myriad needs in the different sectors; however, to be more efficient and effective, Guinea-Bissau should prioritize actions in a few sectors, especially actions on biodiversity, agriculture, and social protection. Low carbon development, especially in energy and forestry sectors, could provide cost-efficient solutions and attract climate finance, including from the private sector, which will support the overall development agenda.Publication Jobs in a Changing Climate: Insights from World Bank Group Country Climate and Development Reports Covering 93 Economies(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-11-05)The World Bank Group’s Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs) provide a crosscutting look at how countries’ development prospects, and the job opportunities they offer to their people, can be threatened by climate impacts and supported by climate policies. Climate change and policies affect jobs through impacts on productivity, energy and material efficiency, and physical, human, and natural capital. They can also transform employment opportunities, especially through complementary measures that help workers and firms adapt to and benefit from new technologies and production practices. Prepared by the World Bank, the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), CCDRs integrate country perspectives, climate science and economic modeling, private sector information, and policy analysis to assess how countries can successfully grow and develop their economies and create jobs despite increasing climate risks and while achieving their climate objectives and commitments. Each CCDR starts from the country’s development priorities, opportunities, and challenges, and is developed in close consultation with governments, businesses, and civil society, ensuring the recommendations reflect national priorities. By combining evidence on adaptation, resilience, and emissions pathways, CCDRs highlight where climate action can reinforce development and job creation, and where targeted policies are needed to manage risks and smooth labor market transitions. Taken together, these elements can help create local jobs, ensure economic transitions are just and inclusive, and equip workers and firms to navigate the disruptions and opportunities of a changing climate and changing technologies.Publication Kyrgyz Republic Country Climate and Development Report(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2025-11-03)This Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) on the Kyrgyz Republic aims to support the country’s development goals amid a changing climate. The CCDR considers two policy scenarios up to 2050: the business-as-usual (BAU) and high-growth scenarios. As it quantifies the likely impacts of climate change on the Kyrgyz economy between now and 2050, the report highlights key government actions to best prepare for and adapt to climate impacts (referred to as “with adaptation” measures), with a particular focus on the time horizon up to 2030. The CCDR also outlines a path to net zero emissions by 2050 (referred to as “with mitigation” measures, “decarbonization,” or, simply, “net zero 2050”), highlighting associated development co-benefits.Publication Mongolia Country Climate and Development Report(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-10-22)Mongolia’s development prospects are uniquely challenged by both the impacts of climate change and the global shift toward a low-carbon economy. The country’s efforts toward decarbonization pose significant challenges given the structurally high-emission intensity of its economy. While challenging, climate action also presents Mongolia with opportunities to achieve important development benefits. The effects of climate risks and the shift away from coal will have diverse impacts across different regions, communities, and socioeconomic levels. The report assesses the critical interconnections between Mongolia’s development ambitions and climate change action and identifies ways to transition to a more economically diversified, inclusive, and resilient development path. It highlights key climate and transition risks affecting Mongolia’s future development and presents a pathway to enhance climate mitigation and adaptation. The report also makes a case for strengthening policies to enhance resilience to climate change and ensure a just transition, particularly for the most vulnerable. The report is structured as follows: section 1 gives introduction. Section 2 delves into the linkages between development and climate in Mongolia and presents model-based findings on the economic and poverty impacts of climate change under different scenarios. Section 3 covers four in-depth sectoral analyses. The first two mainly focus on adaptation to climate change in the agriculture and water sectors. The third considers prospects for the extraction sector, while the fourth sectoral analysis focuses on decarbonizing power and heat generation. Section 4 shifts the focus to how the government can boost resilience for climate-vulnerable populations. Section 5 outlines options for mobilizing private and public financing and private investments to support the green transition. Section 6 examines the existing institutional and governance structure for climate action and presents recommendations to improve its effectiveness, and section 7 concludes with a framework for prioritizing the policy actions outlined in this report.