Sector/Thematic Studies

6,688 items available

Permanent URI for this collection

http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2110

Economic and Sectoral Work are original analytic reports authored by the World Bank and intended to influence programs and policy in client countries. They convey Bank-endorsed recommendations and represent the formal opinion of a World Bank unit on the topic. This set includes the sectoral and thematic studies which are not Core Diagnostic Studies. Other analytic and advisory activities (AAA), including technical assistance studies, are included in these sectoral/thematic collections.

Sub-collections of this Collection

Items in this collection

Now showing 1 - 5 of 5

Colombia - Evaluación de las Capacidades de Preparación y Respuesta ante Futuras Pandemias y Emergencias en Salud Pública

(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2022-05-31) Urquijo Velasquez, Lenis Enrique ; Valderrama, José ; Arango Soler, Juan Manuel ; Aguirre Martens, Gabriel Eduardo ; Toro, Juan Pablo ; Campbell, Jonathon Robert ; Veillard, Jeremy Henri Maurice

El sistema de salud en Colombia (SGSSS) se basa en un sistema de aseguramiento que tiene como objetivo garantizar el acceso a los servicios de salud y la protección económica de la población. El SGSSS tiene principalmente dos esquemas de beneficiarios: subsidiado y contributivo 1 . Los beneficiarios de estos regímenes están afiliados a las empresas de aseguramiento (EPS) que los representan y administran sus riesgos de salud coordinando los servicios necesarios, según lo determine el Plan de Beneficios. Este Plan se refiere a la gama elegible de servicios, procedimientos, medicamentos y tecnologías para prevenir, aliviar y tratar enfermedades. Por cada beneficiario, se reconoce y desembolsa a cada EPS, una tasa de prima de salud, la Unidad de Pago por Capitación (UPC). Las EPS organizan su red de prestaciones de servicios y contratan a las Instituciones Prestadoras de Servicios de Salud (IPS), para brindar servicios de salud a sus beneficiarios. Las IPS pueden ser hospitales públicos o privados, servicios de atención ambulatoria o profesionales de la salud por cuenta propia. El sistema de salud se financia principalmente con recursos del Estado central, con recursos adicionales derivados de los aportes de personas y empresas con empleados formales. Otros recursos centralizados son desembolsados a las entidades territoriales para financiar iniciativas de salud pública y complementar el régimen subsidiado. Las entidades territoriales también han destinado ingresos (impuestos a licores y loterías) para atender gastos en salud. La pandemia causada por la expansión a escala global del virus SARS CoV2 y de la enfermedad generada por este agente (COVID-19), ha suscitado una crisis sin precedentes desde la perspectiva sanitaria, social y económica (Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020). Tal circunstancia ha develado la necesidad de evaluar hasta qué punto estamos preparados como sociedades, regiones, países, ciudades y municipios para encarar y resistir los efectos devastadores de una epidemia, emergencia o problemática sanitaria de tal magnitud. Por ello, resulta preciso identificar brechas y vacíos en las capacidades de preparación y respuesta identificando el grado de desarrollo de aquellas habilidades, condiciones y potencialidades que resguarden las capacidades de operación de los sistemas de salud y permitan responder efectivamente a estas adversidades.
Colombia Jobs Diagnostic: Structural Challenges for the Creation of More and Better Jobs

(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2022-05-05) Carranza, Eliana ; Wiseman, William David ; Eberhard-Ruiz, Andreas ; Cardenas Martinez, Ana Lucia

In mid-2020, the Government of Colombia launched a labor reform consultation process (Misión de Empleo) in response to a deterioration in pre-Covid19 employment indicators and changing economic and labor market conditions. Based on a comprehensive review of Colombia’s labor market performance for the 2009-2019 period, this report seeks to provide analytical underpinnings to this process. At the macro level, the report shows that employment in Colombia is insufficiently diversified relying almost exclusively on job creation in the services sectors. This exposes the labor market to cyclical changes in internal demand that are typical for commodity rich economies like Colombia. At the worker level, the report shows that the economy generates too few formal employment opportunities for those with fewer skills and those living in rural areas, implying low earnings, high rates of self-employment, and high levels of informality. At the firm level, the reports shows that the labor regulatory regime has contributed to strong increases in labor costs with important effects on entry and exit dynamics of firms contributing to a compositional shift towards larger, more capitalized, and more skill-intensive firms.
Sistematización y Revisión de la Experiencia de Chile para las Políticas y Medidas Educativas en el Contexto de la Pandemia

(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2022-03-08) World Bank

La pandemia del COVID-19 generó una disrupción sin preceden - tes en los sistemas educativos de todo el mundo, obligando a los gobiernos a reaccionar con urgencia implementando soluciones para permitir la continuidad del aprendizaje durante el cierre de las escuelas. Simulaciones del Banco Mundial indican que el rezago en el aprendizaje causado por el cierre de las escuelas podría resultar en pérdidas de hasta US$17 trillones en ingresos futuros (calculados a valor presente) para la actual generación de estudiantes, equivalente a 14% del PBI mundial. A las pérdidas de aprendizaje, hay que añadir los costos en términos de bienestar físico y mental, y de habilidades socioemocionales relacionados con el cierre escolar. Mientras la emergencia sanitaria continúa significando una serie de retos hacia el regreso a clases pre - senciales, los gobiernos deben enfrentarse a otra urgencia: la recuperación de las enormes pérdidas académicas, donde existe evidencia de una concentración en los estratos más vulnerables de la población. La recuperación no es una tarea de corto plazo, sino un desafío que requerirá un esfuerzo de mediano y largo plazo sin precedentes.
Social Inclusion in Uruguay

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020-05-01) Freire, German ; García Mora, María Elena ; Lara Ibarra, Gabriel ; Schwartz Orellana, Steven

Uruguay is a regional leader in the path toward social inclusion. Sustained economic growth and redistributive policies have made it the most egalitarian country in Latin America. However, some groups are still excluded. Afro-descendants, persons with disabilities, women particularly in female-headed households and LGBTI people are more likely to be excluded. They face unequal opportunities, lower accumulation of human capital and skills, and a lack of voice and agency to have their points of views and aspirations of development included in decision making. This translates into disadvantages in education, health, housing, political representation, and employment, among others, and a higher tendency to live in poorer regions and slums. Excluded groups are also confronted with glass ceilings in the job market, which result in lower incomes and fewer opportunities. Uruguay has a robust matrix of social policies and one of the highest levels of public social spending in the region, but atomization of social programs and lack of coordination between them compromises their effectiveness. Closing the remaining gaps is possible and may not require large additional spending. Very often, changes in preexisting programs is all it takes to make them more socially inclusive. Policies that put social inclusion at their core do not necessarily do more, but they do things differently.
Improving Gender and Development Outcomes through Agency : Policy Lessons from Three Peruvian Experiences

(Lima: World Bank, 2013-07) Perova, Elizaveta ; Vakis, Renos

Peruvian public policy is currently focused on economic growth with social inclusion. The Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion (MIDIS)-created in October 2011-leads the sector and promotes evidence-based public policy using three strategic guidelines: 1) matching criteria and mechanisms for the selection of areas and target population, 2) generation of instruments for inter-sectorial and inter-governmental result-based coordination, and 3) activation of monitoring and evaluation procedures to measure interventions' progress and results. This study is about the incredible and frequently underestimated role of agency-the ability to make choices to achieve desired outcomes-in economic development. The authors share the view that agency has inherent value for development: it is an attribute and manifestation of development, or using Sen's words, it is constituent to development. This study however, focuses on the instrumental role of agency for more tangible manifestations of development, such as, poverty reduction and economic growth. It attempts to show that expanding individual agency is a powerful catalyst for improving welfare, as measured by these concrete and widely used metrics of policy success. Moreover, it argues that in many cases, improving development outcomes through agency is highly cost-effective. This study centers on several policy initiatives in Peru, which as will be subsequently shown, have improved the agency of their beneficiaries. The purpose of this study is twofold. First, it aims at bridging this information gap, providing a review of evidence that shows how the psychological components of agency, such as aspirations and self-esteem, can effectively contribute to more traditional development objectives-ranging from higher investments in human capital to increased income. Second, the study reviews and synthesizes research on several policy interventions in Peru, which have empowered their beneficiaries. In this way, the study aims to derive practical recommendations on how to incorporate psychological elements of agency into policy interventions in order to achieve better development outcomes. The study is structured as follows: the next section discusses the concept of agency, providing examples of its broad role in achieving development objectives. The following section reviews the quantitative and qualitative research that served as the basis for this study and elaborates on the methodologies used to derive the conclusions presented in the ensuing section. The last section synthesizes the conclusions of the review of different interventions in Peru into six practical 'policy lessons'.