03. Journals

3,128 items available

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These are journal articles published in World Bank journals as well as externally by World Bank authors.

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  • Publication
    Removing Barriers to Entry in Medicine: Evidence from Pakistan
    (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the World Bank, 2024-01-03) Aqeel, Fatima
    In 1992, Pakistan equalized admissions criteria for women and men applying to medical schools, causing a rapid increase in the female share of medical graduates. Using birth cohort variation, I find that equalizing admissions criteria increased employment among female doctors by 21 percentage points and among doctors overall by 9 percentage points, even though female doctors are less likely to be employed than male doctors. Earnings for male medical graduates increased as lower ability males were crowded out. The 1992 reform led to increased gender diversification in a wide range of medical specialties, but it also concentrated doctors in urban districts where women prefer to practice.
  • Publication
    The Rise in Women’s Labor-Force Participation in Mexico: Supply vs. Demand Factors
    (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the World Bank, 2023-09-07) Bhalotra, Sonia; Fernández, Manuel
    This study estimates the relative importance of alternative supply and demand mechanisms in explaining the rise of female labor-force participation (FLFP) over the last 55 years in Mexico. The growth of FLFP in Mexico between 1960 and 2015 followed an S-shaped, with a considerable acceleration during the 1990s. Using descriptive decomposition methods and a shift-share design, the study shows that, put together, supply and demand factors can account for most of the rise of FLFP over the entire period, led by increases in women’s education, declining fertility, and shifts in the occupational structure of the workforce. However, there is unexplained variation in the 1990s, when FLFP spiked.