Accounting and Auditing Assessment
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Publication Cambodia - Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC): Accounting and Auditing(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-11) World BankCambodia has achieved remarkable economic development and political stabilization in recent years. Continuous high growth has heightened demand for high quality financial reporting and auditing in the corporate sector and in the government sector. This report on the observance of standards and codes accounting and auditing (ROSC A and A) report assesses the significant progress in the institutional framework for A and A since the previous ROSC A and A report in 2007. It analyses the accounting frameworks of listed companies, the banking and insurance sectors, state-owned enterprises (SOEs), and micro, small, and medium enterprise (MSMEs). The current report seeks to support the ongoing development of the financial reporting institutional framework in line with Cambodia’s national strategic development plan (NSDP) 2019-2023, which features good governance as a cross cutting theme. The report summarizes key findings, identifies gaps, and makes recommendations for consideration by the authorities to improve alignment with international standards and good practice. Unless otherwise specified, data and statistics quoted in this report relate to the 2019 calendar year. This reflects the data that was available and or applicable at the time the analysis was done.Publication Reporting by Audit Oversight Bodies(World Bank, Vienna, 2018) World Bank GroupA wave of accounting scandals beginning about fifteen years ago, including Enron, WorldCom, and Parmalat, created a consensus among policymakers across the globe that independent auditors were not adequately challenging the financial reporting by their clients and could not be trusted to regulate themselves. Beginning with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the U.S., there has been a global movement away from self-regulation of the auditing profession and towards independent oversight. Perhaps the most important milestone in this movement was the 2006 Audit Directive of the European Union, which required all EU members and accession candidates to implement independent oversight. A key goal of independent oversight is to provide relevant and reliable information to investors, lenders, audit committees, regulators, other stakeholders, and the general public about auditors and the audit market, among other matters. This paper aims to provide a brief synopsis on the topic of reporting by audit oversight bodies (AOBs) through their annual and inspection reports. It outlines international principles and legislative requirements, highlights certain good practices and shares results from a focused survey across EU-REPARIS and STAREP countries.Publication Key Accounting and Auditing Reforms(World Bank, Vienna, 2017-12-01) World Bank GroupThe purpose of this knowledge paper focusing on key accounting and auditing reforms is to assist the government to make informed decisions for future reform actions following the publication of the Macedonian Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC) on Accounting and Auditing (A and A). The paper should be used as a tool to assist the Ministry of Finance when discussing and further analyzing some possible implications of various reform actions that the government and key stakeholders may choose to conduct, as well as provide possible application examples when possible. The government has remained committed to continue its reform efforts in corporate financial reporting frameworks and actual practices and implement the recommendations of the ROSC A and A update. This paper is divided into four thematic areas including: (i) Definition and special Considerations for Public Interest Entities (PIEs); (ii) Reducing regulatory burdens related to compliance with accounting, financial reporting and auditing requirements for Micro and Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs); (iii) public oversight of statutory auditors and quality assurance over external audit function; and (iv) professional accountancy education and training.Publication Zambia Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes: Accounting and Auditing(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017-10) World Bank GroupThe government of Zambia is implementing the seventh National Development Plan (NDP) focused on building a diversified and resilient economy for sustained growth and social economic development (2017 – 2021). This second Zambia report on the Observance of Standards and Codes – Accounting and Auditing (ROSC A and A) is aimed at determining reforms that will further strengthen the accountancy profession to accelerate its contribution towards economic and social development. The report is set out as follows. Section I describes the objective, approach, country and economic context, and link between corporate and financial reporting and the seventh NDP, World Bank country partnership strategy, and different sectors; section II provides an assessment of the framework supporting the accountancy profession; section III discusses the status of implementation of 2007 policy recommendation; and section IV lists policy recommendations.Publication Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes on Accounting and Auditing: Republic of the Philippines(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017-09-28) World Bank GroupReports on the Observance of Standards and Codes Accounting and Auditing (‘ROSC A&A’) assess financial reporting and auditing standards, institutions and practices in participating countries. These reports form part of a joint initiative implemented by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to review the quality of implementation of internationally recognized standards and principles in 12 key areas (‘the ROSC program’) with a view to promoting financial and economic stability. This report provides an assessment of financial reporting and auditing requirements and practices within the corporate sector2 in the Philippines and sets forth areas for consideration for improving the institutional environment for A&A. The ROSC A&A used international benchmarks of good practice governing financial reporting and auditing in the assessment, including International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and International Standards on Auditing (ISA). This report updates an earlier assessment which was published in 2006 and was undertaken following a formal request from the Government of the Philippines.Publication Myanmar Report on Observance of Standards and Codes: Accounting and Auditing Module(Washington, DC, 2017-06) World BankSince launching fundamental political and economic reforms in 2011, Myanmar has been undergoing a major transformation aimed at increasing openness, empowerment and inclusion. The economic transition has witnessed an acceleration in growth, buoyed by improved macroeconomic management, increased gas production and exports, and stronger performance in the non-gas sectors as the economy opened up. Medium-term economic growth is projected to average 7.1 percent per year. The new Government’s economic objectives envisage Myanmar’s economy becoming more competitive and with the ability to attract increased foreign direct investment. The objectives include the development of an integrated capital market and a modern financial sector. A fundamental foundation for any market-based economy is high quality financial reporting and auditing practices. This plays a vital role in promoting improved transparency and accountability thereby ensuring a level playing field and promoting investor confidence. The Reports on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC) are a joint World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) initiative that helps member countries strengthen their financial systems by improving compliance with internationally recognized standards and codes. The ROSC was developed in the wake of the financial crisis of the late 1990s as part of a series of measures to strengthen the international financial architecture. The global financial community believed the implementation of internationally recognized standards and codes will provide a framework to strengthen domestic institutions, identify potential vulnerabilities, and improve transparency.Publication Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes, Accounting and Auditing: Module B - Institutional Framework for Corporate Financial Reporting, B.1 Commercial Enterprises (including SMEs)(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017) World BankThe purpose of this report is to gain an understanding of the general financial reporting and audit requirements for commercial enterprises in a jurisdiction as established by law or other regulation (for example, companies’ act). Commercial enterprises are defined as companies established with a profit-making objective that do not issue equity and debt on a public exchange, are not financial institutions (such as banks or insurance companies), and are not owned and controlled by the state. The definition of commercial enterprises also includes small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). The focus of this report is commercial enterprises with limitations of liability, such as limited liability companies (LLCs) and joint stock companies. The report is structured as follows: statutory framework; financial reporting requirements for commercial enterprises; statutory audit and other forms of independent assurance; audit committees; filing and publication of financial statements; monitoring and enforcement: financial reporting; and corporate governance.Publication Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes, Accounting and Auditing: Module B - Institutional Framework for Corporate Financial Reporting, B.6 Accountancy Education(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2017) World BankThe purpose of this report is to gain an understanding of the institutional environment underpinning accountancy education at the tertiary level as well as the practices followed by leading universities in the teaching of accountancy. Questions are based on examples of international good practice for the education of aspiring accounting professionals and auditors such as the International Education Standards (IESs) issued by the International Accounting Education Standards Board (IAESB). The report is structured as follows: institutional environment for accountancy education; admission criteria; accountancy curriculum; and post-university career.Publication Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes, Accounting and Auditing: Module C - Observed Reporting Practices and Perceptions(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017) World BankThe objectives of module C are twofold: (i) to corroborate the findings from the assessments of Accounting and Auditing (A&A) standards (module A) and the institutional framework for corporate financial reporting (module B) with reference to financial statements issued and reports from the regulators in the jurisdiction; and (ii) to gather perceptions on the demand for and quality of financial information from users of financial statements. The module is divided into three sections, which correspond to the three approaches for assessing actual practices: financial statements review; review of regulatory findings; and perceptions survey.Publication Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes, Accounting and Auditing: Revision of the Diagnostic Tool Summary Note - Annex. Questions No Longer Inlcuded in the Diagnostic Tool(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017) World BankThis report presents the questions no longer included in the revised diagnostic tool.