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Publication
Poverty and Distributional Impact of Fiscal Policy in Dominican Republic
(Washington, DC, 2023-11-28)This report assesses the impact of fiscal policy, both revenue and expenditure, on inequality and poverty in the Dominican Republic. On the revenue side, the analysis focuses on the personal income tax, the value added tax (tax on the transfer of industrialized goods and services, known as ITBIS in the Dominican Republic for its initials in Spanish) and excise taxes on alcoholic beverages, cigarettes, fuel products and telecommunication services. These taxes combined accounted for 7.8 percent of GDP in 2018, equivalent to 60 percent of total tax revenues. On the expenditure side, the analysis focuses on social protection benefits like direct cash and near-cash transfers (e.g., the school food-program and the school uniforms and supplies program), indirect subsidies (energy, water, and public transport), and in-kind benefits on education and health, which together account for 39.2 percent of total government expenditures and 85.9 percent of social expenditures. The remainder of this report is organized as follows: Section II describes the Dominican Republic’s tax systems and government spending in 2018 and compares them with those of selected Latin American countries. Section III includes a description of the data, methodology and assumptions made in carrying out the analysis in this report. The main results are provided in Section IV, starting with fiscal policy’s net impact on inequality, followed by its impact on poverty incidence. A comparison with other countries is then provided. Section IV also includes a detailed analysis of the distributional impact of taxes, social spending, and subsidies, to demonstrate their impact on the welfare of the poor. The report’s main conclusions are presented in Section V. -
Publication
Adaptation of the Calculator of Social and Environmental Impacts from Small-Scale Gold Mining in the Amazon: Application in Frontier Regions between Brazil, Colombia and Peru
(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2023-11-09)Over the past decade, illegal gold extraction has increased significantly in the Amazon region, partly due to the high international prices of this mineral, the less stringent attitude of some countries in relation to the environment and the pursuit of immediate economic opportunities. Furthermore, this illicit activity is closely intertwined with other illegal practices, such as drug trafficking, human trafficking, and the trafficking of endangered species. This has repercussions not just for the region's ecological wealth, but also for the physical well-being of those safeguarding their lands and the health of communities living in proximity to the extraction zones due to the contamination of their rivers and, consequently, their primary sources of food, such as fish. Despite the international effort to recognize the socio-environmental repercussions of this activity, there are still gaps on this issue, mainly due to the economic losses that this activity represents. -
Publication
Promoviendo competencia en mercados locales en el Perú: Una aplicación subnacional de la herramienta de análisis de mercados y política de competencia del Banco Mundial - Piloto en Piura
(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2023-11-08)Este informe utiliza la herramienta de Análisis de Mercados y Políticas de Competencia (MCPAT, por sus siglas en inglés), desarrollada por el Banco Mundial, para evaluar los mercados y las políticas de competencia en el departamento de Piura. Mediante este análisis, el informe busca proporcionar información sobre cómo mejorar las regulaciones para promover un entorno de mercado más competitivo, impulsando así el desarrollo económico y la productividad en Piura. La eliminación de barreras burocráticas es un componente fundamental para el desarrollo de una política de competencia en el Perú. Una política de competencia efectiva debe (i) promover regulaciones y otras intervenciones que faciliten la entrada de nuevas empresas y fomenten la rivalidad en el mercado; (ii) garantizar la neutralidad competitiva y (iii) asegurar la aplicación efectiva de las leyes de competencia. Al eliminar las barreras burocráticas, se crea un entorno propicio para la competencia, lo que a su vez impulsa el crecimiento económico y promueve la innovación en el sector privado del país. -
Publication
Abordando las brechas de derechos humanos de las personas migrantes y refugiadas venezolanas considerando aspectos de género en el Perú
(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2023-11-03)Las Ollas Comunes son espacios autogestionados, conformados principalmente por mujeres, que han surgido históricamente en países de América Latina para responder a crisis multidimensionales y a las necesidades alimentarias de las personas más vulnerables. Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar oportunidades de integración social entre mujeres peruanas y mujeres migrantes y refugiadas venezolanas mediante su intervención en las Ollas Comunes de Lima. A través de métodos cualitativos y participativos con enfoque etnográfico, se describe la participación de las mujeres en estos espacios comunitarios, se analizan sus dinámicas y se identifican las brechas de derechos humanos basadas en aspectos de género existentes. Los hallazgos del estudio muestran el potencial que poseen las Ollas Comunes como espacios de integración social; por ejemplo, mediante su contribución en la creación de redes de apoyo. En esa línea, el estudio incluye recomendaciones para incrementar el impacto positivo de las Ollas Comunes en la integración social de mujeres venezolanas refugiadas y migrantes a las comunidades de acogida. -
Publication
Lessons Learned through the Health Program for Results in Costa Rica
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2023-10-24)Costa Rica was one of the first countries in the Latin America and Caribbean region to choose the World Bank Program for Results (PforR) financing instrument to support the implementation of the Strategic Agenda for Strengthening Health Insurance by the Costa Rican Social Security Fund (CCSS), for its name in Spanish, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social). The PforR’s unique features include using a country’s own institutions and processes and linking disbursement of funds directly to the achievement of specific program results, which helps building capacity within the country, enhances effectiveness and efficiency and leads to achievement of tangible, sustainable program results. The CCSS is the primary provider of health care in the country. The PforR “Strengthening Universal Health Insurance in Costa Rica" was approved by the World Bank's Board of Executive Directors in 2016, with the aim of improving the availability and quality of the universal health insurance system while boosting the institutional efficiency of the CCSS. Through the PforR, the CCSS successfully undertook strategic and complex health sector reforms that have had significant impact on quality of care, equity, and efficiency in Costa Rica’s health sector. This series of knowledge reports, developed by the World Bank in collaboration with the CCSS, aims to document the drivers of success, how challenges were faced, and crucial lessons learned during the design and implementation of the PforR and its associated transformative reforms. The overarching objective is to provide a practical guide for other countries interested in implementing similar programs. -
Publication
The Integrated Family Record System (SIFF), a Key Tool for Monitoring the Social Determinants of Health in Costa Rica
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2023-10-24)Costa Rica was one of the first countries in the Latin America and Caribbean region to choose the World Bank Program for Results (PforR) financing instrument to support the implementation of the Strategic Agenda for Strengthening Health Insurance by the Costa Rican Social Security Fund (CCSS), for its name in Spanish, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social). The PforR’s unique features include using a country’s own institutions and processes and linking disbursement of funds directly to the achievement of specific program results, which helps building capacity within the country, enhances effectiveness and efficiency and leads to achievement of tangible, sustainable program results. The CCSS is the primary provider of health care in the country. The PforR “Strengthening Universal Health Insurance in Costa Rica" was approved by the World Bank's Board of Executive Directors in 2016, with the aim of improving the availability and quality of the universal health insurance system while boosting the institutional efficiency of the CCSS. Through the PforR, the CCSS successfully undertook strategic and complex health sector reforms that have had significant impact on quality of care, equity, and efficiency in Costa Rica’s health sector. This series of knowledge reports, developed by the World Bank in collaboration with the CCSS, aims to document the drivers of success, how challenges were faced, and crucial lessons learned during the design and implementation of the PforR and its associated transformative reforms. The overarching objective is to provide a practical guide for other countries interested in implementing similar programs. -
Publication
Expansion of the Coverage of the Single Digital Health Record (EDUS) in the PHC System in Costa Rica
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2023-10-24)Costa Rica was one of the first countries in the Latin America and Caribbean region to choose the World Bank Program for Results (PforR) financing instrument to support the implementation of the Strategic Agenda for Strengthening Health Insurance by the Costa Rican Social Security Fund (CCSS), for its name in Spanish, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social). The PforR’s unique features include using a country’s own institutions and processes and linking disbursement of funds directly to the achievement of specific program results, which helps building capacity within the country, enhances effectiveness and efficiency and leads to achievement of tangible, sustainable program results. The CCSS is the primary provider of health care in the country. The PforR “Strengthening Universal Health Insurance in Costa Rica" was approved by the World Bank's Board of Executive Directors in 2016, with the aim of improving the availability and quality of the universal health insurance system while boosting the institutional efficiency of the CCSS. Through the PforR, the CCSS successfully undertook strategic and complex health sector reforms that have had significant impact on quality of care, equity, and efficiency in Costa Rica’s health sector. This series of knowledge reports, developed by the World Bank in collaboration with the CCSS, aims to document the drivers of success, how challenges were faced, and crucial lessons learned during the design and implementation of the PforR and its associated transformative reforms. The overarching objective is to provide a practical guide for other countries interested in implementing similar programs. -
Publication
Increasing the Number of Major Outpatient Surgeries to Reduce the Waiting List in Costa Rica
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2023-10-23)Costa Rica was one of the first countries in the Latin America and Caribbean region to choose the World Bank Program for Results (PforR) financing instrument to support the implementation of the Strategic Agenda for Strengthening Health Insurance by the Costa Rican Social Security Fund (CCSS), for its name in Spanish, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social). The PforR’s unique features include using a country’s own institutions and processes and linking disbursement of funds directly to the achievement of specific program results, which helps building capacity within the country, enhances effectiveness and efficiency and leads to achievement of tangible, sustainable program results. The CCSS is the primary provider of health care in the country. The PforR “Strengthening Universal Health Insurance in Costa Rica" was approved by the World Bank's Board of Executive Directors in 2016, with the aim of improving the availability and quality of the universal health insurance system while boosting the institutional efficiency of the CCSS. Through the PforR, the CCSS successfully undertook strategic and complex health sector reforms that have had significant impact on quality of care, equity, and efficiency in Costa Rica’s health sector. This series of knowledge reports, developed by the World Bank in collaboration with the CCSS, aims to document the drivers of success, how challenges were faced, and crucial lessons learned during the design and implementation of the PforR and its associated transformative reforms. The overarching objective is to provide a practical guide for other countries interested in implementing similar programs. -
Publication
The Use of Satisfaction Surveys to Improve the Delivery of Health Services to the Population in Costa Rica
(World Bank, Washington DC, 2023-10-23)Costa Rica was one of the first countries in the Latin America and Caribbean region to choose the World Bank Program for Results (PforR) financing instrument to support the implementation of the Strategic Agenda for Strengthening Health Insurance by the Costa Rican Social Security Fund (CCSS), for its name in Spanish, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social). The PforR’s unique features include using a country’s own institutions and processes and linking disbursement of funds directly to the achievement of specific program results, which helps building capacity within the country, enhances effectiveness and efficiency and leads to achievement of tangible, sustainable program results. The CCSS is the primary provider of health care in the country. The PforR “Strengthening Universal Health Insurance in Costa Rica" was approved by the World Bank's Board of Executive Directors in 2016, with the aim of improving the availability and quality of the universal health insurance system while boosting the institutional efficiency of the CCSS. Through the PforR, the CCSS successfully undertook strategic and complex health sector reforms that have had significant impact on quality of care, equity, and efficiency in Costa Rica’s health sector. This series of knowledge reports, developed by the World Bank in collaboration with the CCSS, aims to document the drivers of success, how challenges were faced, and crucial lessons learned during the design and implementation of the PforR and its associated transformative reforms. The overarching objective is to provide a practical guide for other countries interested in implementing similar programs. -
Publication
Cierre de Brecha Digital en el Departamento del Amazonas
(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2023-10-16)Colombia ocupa la última posición en conexiones a internet por cada 100 habitantes entre los 38 países medidos por la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE). La brecha de conectividad entre las áreas rurales y las áreas urbanas del país es considerable. El 52,9 % de los hogares en el área urbana y el 12,4 % de los hogares en el área rural tienen acceso a internet fijo. Los menores niveles de hogares con conexión a internet se encuentran en departamentos de las regiones de la Amazonía, la Orinoquía y el Pacífico. De conformidad con el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2022-2026 “Colombia Potencia Mundial de la Vida”, el Gobierno de Colombia (GdC) está trabajando en múltiples frentes orientados a cerrar la brecha digital y a conectar el 85 % del país. El estudio para el cierre de la brecha digital en el departamento del Amazonas se basa en las prioridades estratégicas del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo (PND).