East Asia and Pacific Region Sustainable Development
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Publication
Making Livelihoods and Social Protection Gender-Sensitive
(Washington, DC, 2012-10)This note on making livelihoods and social protection approaches gender- sensitive is the seventh in a series of guidance notes on gender issues in disaster risk management (DRM) in the East Asia and the Pacific region. Targeting World Bank staff, clients and development partners, this note gives an overview of the main reasons for including gender sensitive social protection and livelihoods approaches in DRM; it identifies the key challenges, and recommends strategies and tools for incorporating gender-sensitive social protection and livelihoods into DRM programs and strengthening the linkages between these disciplines. -
Publication
Integrating Gender-Sensitive Disaster Risk Management into Community-Driven Development Programs
(Washington, DC, 2012-10)This note on integrating gender-sensitive disaster risk management (DRM) in community-driven development (CDD) Programs is the sixth in a series of guidance notes on gender issues in DRM in the East Asia and the Pacific region. Targeting World Bank staff, clients and development partners, this note gives an overview of the main reasons for incorporating gender-sensitive DRM into CDD programs, identifies the key challenges, and recommends strategies and tools. Poor women and men are more at risk from adverse impacts of natural hazards. Vulnerability to the risks and income shocks resulting from natural disasters is one of the fundamental dimensions of poverty (World Bank, 2009). Many of the communities in which CDD programs are being implemented are disaster-prone and sensitive to the impacts of climate change. Initiatives to strengthen the resilience of poor and vulnerable men and women to natural hazard and climate change impacts can not only contribute to improving their livelihoods and safety but also to protecting the substantial investments being made in poverty reduction, infrastructure and services provision. -
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Gender-Sensitive Post-Disaster Assessments
(Washington, DC, 2012-10)This note on gender-sensitive post-disaster assessments is the eighth in a series of guidance notes on gender issues in disaster risk management (DRM) in the East Asia and the Pacific region. Targeting World Bank staff, clients and development partners, this note gives an overview of the main reasons for assessing gender impacts as part of a post-disaster needs assessment, identifies the key challenges, and recommends strategies and tools how to make post disaster assessments more gender-sensitive. -
Publication
Making Women's Voices Count: Integrating Gender Issues in Disaster Risk Management - Overview and Resources for Guidance Notes
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2012-10)The countries of East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) are among the most vulnerable in the world to the physical, social, and economic effects of natural disasters. Disaster impacts are not distributed uniformly within a population. Due to existing socio-economic conditions, cultural beliefs and traditional practices, women and men are affected differently. In many cases, the mortality rates for women in the aftermath of a disaster are much higher than those of men. For example, women represented an estimated 61 percent of fatalities in Myanmar after Cyclone Nargis in 2008, 70 percent after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami in Banda Aceh, and 91 percent after Cyclone Gorky in Bangladesh in 1991. Failure to consider the different impact disaster have on women and men are likely to lead to overlooking the true costs of disasters and making disaster risk management (DRM) support less effective. Gender-blind responses can also reinforce, perpetuate and increase existing gender inequalities, making bad situations worse for women and other vulnerable groups. To make DRM effective, therefore, it is essential that both women and men's voices and needs are integrated on equal terms men in the design and implementation of DRM programs. To address key issues and bottlenecks for mainstreaming gender issues into disaster risk management projects; and to help teams design and implement gender dimensions into disaster risk management work, the infrastructure and social development groups of the World Bank's Sustainable Development Department in the East Asia and Pacific region have jointly produced a set of operationally relevant guidance notes for World Bank staff, clients and development partners. Grounded in extensive field work in Lao PDR and Vietnam, and drawing on the significant amount of material already available, these notes aim to condense a number of complex issues and themes to provide 'first stop' practical information. -
Publication
Gender Informed Monitoring and Evaluation in Disaster Risk Management
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2011-11-28)This note on gender informed monitoring and evaluation in disaster risk management is the third in a series of guidance notes on gender issues in disaster risk management (DRM) in East Asia and the Pacific. The note looks at the collection and analysis of sex-disaggregated data, needs assessments, pre- and post-disaster assessment and analysis, and gender indicators. Select references specific to gender and DRM are given at the end of this note. Good practice disaster risk management projects are informed by gender sensitive data and evidence during the design, implementation and the monitoring and evaluation phases. This information is sourced by collating available secondary data sources (e.g., government census and socio-economic development data), conducting primary data gathering in the project area, and through regular monitoring and evaluation during program implementation. A key obstacle, however, in the development of gender sensitive DRM policies and projects is the lack of sex-disaggregated data (i.e., data that can be separated by men and women). Without disaggregated data, it is difficult to identify, understand and address the different needs of men and women before, during and after a disaster. As gender considerations vary depending on socio-economic conditions and cultural beliefs, sex-disaggregated data is required at all levels. For example, national level disaggregated data is useful, but not sufficient for planning activities at the village level, as gender roles may vary from village to village within a country. The data collected are instrumental in helping identify the needs of men and women to shape the design of early warning systems, emergency preparedness plans, and post-disaster recovery programs among others, and to determine the allocation of funding. Gender-sensitive monitoring and evaluation in DRM programs allow governments and partner organizations to swiftly react to the changing situation in affected areas and enable the involved institutions to make corrections in the program design and implementation plans, re-assess development outcomes and the underlying processes. This can improve the likelihood of achieving the development objectives outlined in the reconstruction programs, and helps the reconstruction partners to understand, effectively respond and shape the dynamic situation on the ground. -
Publication
Making Women's Voices Count: Addressing Gender Issues in Disaster Risk Management in East Asia and the Pacific
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2011-11-28)This note on making women's voices count addressing gender issues in disaster risk management (DRM) in East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) is the first in a series of guidance notes targeting World Bank staff, clients and development partners. The note gives an overview of the links between gender and disaster risk management, identifies the key operational bottlenecks, and recommends strategies and resources. Grounded in extensive field work in Lao PDR and Vietnam, and drawing on the significant amount of material already available, these guidance notes are intended to be first stop, practical documents that can be used to design and implement gender dimensions into disaster risk management work across the EAP region. The target audience is World Bank staff, clients and development partners active in the fields of gender and DRM. A gender sensitive DRM approach takes both women's and men's different needs, constraints and opportunities into account throughout the whole project cycle, thereby strengthening community disaster resilience and making DRM interventions more effective. Addressing gender issues contributes to reducing women's vulnerabilities and increases their resilience to overcome the impacts of disasters. When done well, women and men can both benefit, and women can be empowered to make decisions and contribute to household recovery. -
Publication
Integrating Gender Issues in Community-Based Disaster Risk Management
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2011-11-28)This note on integrating gender issues in community-based disaster risk management is the fourth in a series of guidance notes on gender issues in dis-aster risk management (DRM) in East Asia and the Pacific. The first part of this note looks at reasons to adopt a gender sensitive approach for community based disaster risk management. The second part focuses on tools to support a gender conscious approach to community based DRM efforts. Community-based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) is an approach that seeks to actively engage at risk communities in the identification, analysis, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of disaster risks in order to reduce their vulnerabilities and enhance their capacities (ADPC 2004). The underlying rationale is that communities bearing the brunt of disasters have intimate knowledge of the issues and vulnerabilities they face and therefore, given appropriate support, are well-placed to identify solutions; plan and implement disaster risk reduction activities; and in the event of a disaster, manage relief and recovery efforts. The aim of disaster risk management is to reduce vulnerabilities and build the resilience of communities to external shocks of major hazard events. The CBDRM approach advocates equal community participation and involvement. It focuses on community vulnerabilities and is couched within the broader sustainable development and poverty reduction goals. Using a gender sensitive approach ensures that DRM is conducted in a comprehensive way, addressing the needs and harnessing the capacity of all people (women, girls, boys and men) living in the community. A gender sensitive CBDRM approach can have a positive impact on many aspects of women and men's lives. Working with existing women's networks helps strengthening women's participation in the community's decision-making processes. For example, women's participation can highlight issues related to gender-based violence and strengthen women's roles in community-based early warning systems. It can also be used to elevate the role of women as leaders who can drive a risk reduction agenda in support of community development goals. -
Publication
Integrating Gender Issues in Disaster Risk Management Policy Development and in Projects
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2011-11-28)This note on integrating gender issues in disaster risk management (DRM) policy development and in projects is the second in a series of guidance notes on gender issues in DRM. The first part of this note looks at mainstreaming gender considerations into policy development. The second part focuses on the World Bank project cycle identifying entry points and providing practical advice and links to good practice examples. Grounded in extensive field work in Lao PDR and Vietnam, and drawing on the significant amount of material already available, these guidance notes are intended to be first stop, practical documents that can be used to design and implement gender dimensions into disaster risk management work across the EAP region. The target audience is World Bank staff, clients and development partners active in the fields of gender and DRM. DRM projects are informed and draw heavily on existing government policies and strategies to determine how best to meet the clients' development needs. Mainstreaming gender into the government's DRM policy and legal frameworks requires governments to create an effective enabling environment for gender equality and in cases where such environment already exists, identify and highlighting the policy entry points. Creating an enabling environment for gender equality often relies on a change in mindset and attitudes of many policy makers, which takes time. Improving information and awareness on gender and DRM, including existing policies, building the capacity of current and potential women policy makers, and providing more opportunities for women's participation in the DRM decision making process are some strategies that can be used to better address gender issues in Governments' DRM policies. -
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Integrating Gender Issues in Recovery and Reconstruction Planning
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2011-11-01)This note on integrating gender issues in recovery and reconstruction planning is the fifth in a series of guidance notes on gender issues in Disaster Risk Management (DRM) in East Asia and Pacific region. There are number of key challenges that women face in different elements of post disaster risk reconstruction and recovery. This note addresses the following bottlenecks: a) housing, land titling and property rights, b) health and post disaster violence, c) community services and infrastructure restoration, and d) poverty reduction, livelihood restoration and economic development.