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Does Female Reservation affect Long-Term Political Outcomes? Evidence from Rural India

(Taylor and Francis, 2014-09-17) Deininger, Klaus ; Jin, Songqing ; Nagarajan, Hari K. ; Xia, Fang

While studies have explored the impacts of political quotas for females at household level, differential effects on males and females and their evolution through time have received little attention. Using nationwide data from India spanning a 15-year period, we find that, while leader quality declines, gender quotas increase the level and quality of women’s political participation, their ability to hold leaders to account, and their willingness to contribute to public goods. Key effects persist beyond the reserved period and impacts on females often materialize only with a lag.
Book Review of State-Business Relations and Economic Development in Africa and India Edited by Kunal Sen

(Taylor and Francis, 2014-06-27) Sisombat, Lili

From a practitioner point of view, State-Business Relations and Economic Development in Africa and India edited by Professor Kunal Sen is an immensely useful book. It presents a variety of case studies in Africa and India looking at the effects of state-business relations (SBRs) on economic performance both at the macro and micro level. The work derives from empirical research in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia and asks three questions: first, what characterizes effective SBRs and how have they evolved over time; second, what are the effects of effective SBRs on economic performance at the micro, meso and macro level; and, third, how do effective SBRs emerge? These are crucial questions for practitioners who are working on the reform process and are building coalitions to address critical regulatory issues.
Spatial Determinants of Entrepreneurship in India

(Taylor and Francis, 2013-12-03) Ghani, Ejaz ; Kerr, William R. ; O’Connell, Stephen

The spatial determinants of entrepreneurship in India in the manufacturing and services sectors are analysed. Among general district traits, the quality of the physical infrastructure and workforce education are the strongest predictors of entry, with labour laws and household banking access also playing important roles. Extensive evidence is also found of agglomeration economies among manufacturing industries. In particular, supportive incumbent industrial structures for input and output markets are strongly linked to higher establishment entry rates. In comparison with the United States, regional conditions in India play a stronger relative role for the spatial patterns of entrepreneurship compared with incumbent industry locations.
School Inputs, Household Substitution, and Test Scores

(American Economic Association, 2013-04) Das, Jishnu ; Dercon, Stefan ; Habyarimana, James ; Krishnan, Pramila ; Muralidharan, Karthik ; Sundararaman, Venkatesh

Empirical studies of the relationship between school inputs and test scores typically do not account for household responses to changes in school inputs. Evidence from India and Zambia shows that student test scores are higher when schools receive unanticipated grants, but there is no impact of grants that are anticipated. We show that the most likely mechanism for this result is that households offset their own spending in response to anticipated grants. Our results confirm the importance of optimal household responses and suggest caution when interpreting estimates of school inputs on learning outcomes as parameters of an education production function.
Growth Strategies and Dynamics: Insights from Country Experiences

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2008) El-Erian, Mohamed A. ; Spence, Michael

The paper examines the challenges that developing countries face in accelerating and sustaining growth. The cases of China and India are examined to illustrate a more general phenomenon which might be called model uncertainty. As a developing economy grows, its market and regulatory institutions change and their capabilities increase. As a result, growth strategies and policies and the role of government shift. Further, as the models of economies in these transitional states are incomplete and because models used to predict policy impacts in advanced economies may not provided accurate predictions in the developing economy case, growth strategies and policies need to be responsive and to evolve as the economy matures. This has lead governments in countries that have sustained high growth to be somewhat pragmatic, to treat the policy directions that emerge from the advanced economy model with circumspection, to be somewhat experimental in seeking to accelerate export diversification, to be sensitive to risks, and as a result to proceed gradually in areas such as the timing and sequencing of opening up on the current and capital accounts. The last is an area in which existing theory provides relatively little specific guidance, but in which there are relatively high risks that decline over time as the market matures.