Other Rural Study

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India Land Governance Assessment: National Synthesis Report
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2015) World Bank
The Land Governance Assessment Framework (LGAF) is a diagnostic tool to assess the status of land governance at country level using a participatory process that draws systematically on existing evidence and local expertise rather than on outsiders. The analysis covers nine themes: land tenure recognition; rights to forest and common lands and rural land use regulations; urban land use, planning, and development; public land management; process for transfer of public land to private use; public provision of land information (land administration and information systems); land valuation and taxation; dispute resolution and review of institutional arrangements and policies. The assessment follows a scorecard approach and produces a matrix of policy priorities matrix. The LGAF process helps to establish a consensus on (i) gaps in existing evidence; (ii) areas for regulatory or institutional change, piloting of new approaches, and interventions to improve land governance on a broader scale (e.g. by strengthening land rights and improving their enforcement); and (iii) criteria to assess the effectiveness of these measures. This report presents the result for India.
Land Governance Assessment Framework for Bihar
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2014-09) Das, V. Mukunda; Mishra, B.L.; Samanta, Debabrata; Misra, Bidhanesh
The Land Governance Assessment Framework (LGAF) is a diagnostic tool to assess the status of land governance at country level using a participatory process that draws systematically on existing evidence and local expertise rather than on outsiders. The analysis covers nine themes: land tenure recognition; rights to forest and common lands and rural land use regulations; urban land use, planning, and development; public land management; process for transfer of public land to private use; public provision of land information (land administration and information systems); land valuation and taxation; dispute resolution and review of institutional arrangements and policies. The assessment follows a scorecard approach and produces a matrix of policy priorities matrix. The LGAF process helps to establish a consensus on (i) gaps in existing evidence; (ii) areas for regulatory or institutional change, piloting of new approaches, and interventions to improve land governance on a broader scale (e.g. by strengthening land rights and improving their enforcement); and (iii) criteria to assess the effectiveness of these measures. This report presents the result for Bihar.
Improving Land Governance in West Bengal
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2014-08) Landesa
The Land Governance Assessment Framework (LGAF) is a diagnostic tool to assess the status of land governance at country level using a participatory process that draws systematically on existing evidence and local expertise rather than on outsiders. The analysis covers nine themes: land tenure recognition; rights to forest and common lands and rural land use regulations; urban land use, planning, and development; public land management; process for transfer of public land to private use; public provision of land information (land administration and information systems); land valuation and taxation; dispute resolution and review of institutional arrangements and policies. The assessment follows a scorecard approach and produces a matrix of policy priorities matrix. The LGAF process helps to establish a consensus on (i) gaps in existing evidence; (ii) areas for regulatory or institutional change, piloting of new approaches, and interventions to improve land governance on a broader scale (e.g. by strengthening land rights and improving their enforcement); and (iii) criteria to assess the effectiveness of these measures. This report presents the result for West Bengal.
Rural Road Development in India : An Assessment of Distribution of PMGSY Project Benefits in Three States by Gender and Ascribed Social Groups
(Washington, DC, 2014-06-12) World Bank
In 2000, the Government of India launched the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (hereinafter PMGSY) with the primary objective of providing all-weather road connectivity (with necessary culverts and cross-drainage structures operable throughout the year), to eligible unconnected habitations in rural areas. Currently, about 60 percent of the 170,000 eligible habitations have a road. By the end of 2010, expenditures for the program had amounted to about US$14.6 billion, and a further US$40 billion is estimated to be required to complete the program by 2020 (World Bank, 2010). The PMGSY program is a very large undertaking with the World Bank also being involved in its financing and execution all along; the most recent credit amounted to US$1.4 billion. This report summarizes findings based on data collected as part of the primary survey, coupled with findings from the qualitative survey which included focus group discussions (FGDs). It highlights findings which answer the six key questions which are relevant to decision makers as evidence to improve existing and proposed programs and for further policy dialogue. This is a short version of a separate detailed report which in addition to the key findings of the quantitative and qualitative surveys has annexes on key impacts and detailed findings by state. The detailed analysis and tables generated are part of the full statistical analysis report by international consultants and the preliminary findings report which will serve as background reports for reference as required. It is hoped that the report(s) will make a useful contribution to the process of drawing up recommendations to improve PMGSY's impact in the sphere of ascriptive distribution - in short, on its 'inclusiveness'.
What Works at Scale? Distilling the Critical Success Factors for Scaling Up Rural Sanitation
(Washington, DC, 2014-05-27) World Bank
In February 2014, the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India, in collaboration with the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) of the World Bank, brought together policy makers, scholars and practitioners in Jaipur, India, for the Knowledge Sharing Forum entitled what works at scale? Distilling critical success factors for scaling up rural sanitation. The forum participants reviewed the conditions required for successful sanitation programs and strategies that could lead to sound implementation of such programs and strategies in their own states and/or countries. Participants from within India came from State and District sanitation programs, international organizations, NGOs and the private sector. The forum also benefited from international experience, with strategic inputs provided by key resource people from Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, Tanzania, Thailand and Uganda. Prior to the formal sessions, international participants were able to visit two districts in Rajasthan to observe sanitation campaigns which had resulted in open defecation-free status. The Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA), Clean India Campaign, focuses on a comprehensive program to ensure the sustained use of safe sanitation facilities in rural areas, eliminating the practice of open defecation and ensuring a clean environment. The NBA experience has shown that without the motivation for safe sanitation, facilities will not be used with any degree of consistency. Demand creation must therefore take precedence over physical implementation and new practices must be sustained after construction. The focus is not on individual households but on groups of people at the habitation, village, community (Panchayat) levels who can work together, supporting each other to achieve long term open defecation-free status. Once the demand is created, a strong supply chain must be in place to ensure a rapid response.
Land Governance Assessment Framework: Andhra Pradesh
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2014) Centre for Good Governance
The Land Governance Assessment Framework (LGAF) is a diagnostic tool to assess the status of land governance at country level using a participatory process that draws systematically on existing evidence and local expertise rather than on outsiders. The analysis covers nine themes: land tenure recognition; rights to forest and common lands and rural land use regulations; urban land use, planning, and development; public land management; process for transfer of public land to private use; public provision of land information (land administration and information systems); land valuation and taxation; dispute resolution and review of institutional arrangements and policies. The assessment follows a scorecard approach and produces a matrix of policy priorities matrix. The LGAF process helps to establish a consensus on (i) gaps in existing evidence; (ii) areas for regulatory or institutional change, piloting of new approaches, and interventions to improve land governance on a broader scale (e.g. by strengthening land rights and improving their enforcement); and (iii) criteria to assess the effectiveness of these measures. This report presents the result for Andhra Pradesh.
Land Governance Assessment Framework: Karnataka State Report 2014
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2014) Azim Premji University
The Land Governance Assessment Framework (LGAF) is a diagnostic tool to assess the status of land governance at country level using a participatory process that draws systematically on existing evidence and local expertise rather than on outsiders. The analysis covers nine themes: land tenure recognition; rights to forest and common lands and rural land use regulations; urban land use, planning, and development; public land management; process for transfer of public land to private use; public provision of land information (land administration and information systems); land valuation and taxation; dispute resolution and review of institutional arrangements and policies. The assessment follows a scorecard approach and produces a matrix of policy priorities matrix. The LGAF process helps to establish a consensus on (i) gaps in existing evidence; (ii) areas for regulatory or institutional change, piloting of new approaches, and interventions to improve land governance on a broader scale (e.g. by strengthening land rights and improving their enforcement); and (iii) criteria to assess the effectiveness of these measures. This report presents the result for Karnataka.
Empowering Rural India - Expanding Electricity Access by Mobilizing Local Resources
(Washington, DC, 2010-01) World Bank
This document intends to facilitate further discussion of the necessary steps to implement and institutionalize the proposed business models and to introduce the necessary policy and regulatory changes. The remainder of the report is presented in four chapters. Chapter two presents the options available to the utility to address the issue of making electricity accessible to rural areas. It further develops the economic framework for identifying markets that are attractive to distributed generation and supply (DG&S) and the financial mechanisms for ensuring that the model becomes commercially viable for investors as well as utilities. The financial analysis has been undertaken based on the primary and secondary data collected from selected districts in the states of Maharashtra and Haryana. Chapter three summarizes the national and international precedents for enhancing electricity access though various models that involve distributed generation in off-grid or grid-connected mode private-sector participation in the form of franchisees. Chapter four describes the framework for implementing the DG&S model described in chapter one. It explains how the model will work and discusses such issues as selecting a DG&S operator and the position's relevant responsibilities, aggregated net metering, bulk supply tariff, capital investment, the need for viability gap funding, and the possible mechanisms to provide for this gap. Chapter five summarizes actions necessary for the DG&S model to be implemented successfully.
India - Taking Agriculture to the Market
(Washington, DC, 2008-10) World Bank
Policy makers in India recognize the importance o f well-functioning markets to agricultural growth, food security, and broad-based rural development. Markets facilitate the commercialization and diversification of farming, and they are essential for efficiently bringing food and agricultural products to domestic and international consumers. Well functioning domestic markets can reduce the cost of food and assure stability of supply, which as the recent global food crisis has highlighted, are key to assuring the food security of poor and non-poor households. They also open opportunities for greater value-addition and employment throughout the economy. The rapid growth of the Indian economy is bringing new forces for change in agricultural marketing and processing systems. Changes in consumer demand are fueled by rising incomes, increasing urbanization, a growing middle class demanding more diversified and higher-quality food, more working women demanding access to prepared or processed foods and more convenient shopping under one roof, and increased exposure to products through wider media penetration (domestic and international television, cable, and internet). These forces in turn drive changes in the structure of marketing and encourage agricultural diversification.
India - Land Policies for Growth and Poverty Reduction
(Washington, DC, 2007-07) World Bank
In India, land continues to be of enormous economic, social, and symbolic relevance. The main purpose of this report is to review new empirical evidence on land administration and land policy, as well as the possible interaction between the two, to derive policy conclusions. The empirical basis for the discussion of land administration is provided by a review of land records, survey and settlement, and land registration in 14 states. Chapter two describes the origin, nature, and main functions of current institutions and the ensuing problems for secure tenure and easy transferability of land. Chapter three identifies elements of a best practice approach to improving textual data (records and registration) and, based on a review of state experience, identifies the associated benefits. Chapter four reviews the extent to which lessons from improving textual records could help to give a boost to improvement of the spatial database for land administration. Chapter five concludes the discussion on land administration by assessing the scope for title registration to help improve tenure security in India and by identifying that need to be discussed. Chapter 6 highlights that land reform has helped increase accumulation of physical and human capital but that the impact is declining over time. Chapter 7 explores the functioning of land lease markets, and the extent to which restrictions on land leasing reduce the scope for productivity and equity enhancing transfers through such markets which could be particularly beneficial for women. Chapter 8 reviews the operation of land sales markets and suggests alternative approaches for preventing land loss by tribal people and chapter 9 concludes with a series of policy recommendations.