Other Agriculture Study
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Publication
Developing Parametric Insurance for Weather Related Risks for Indonesia
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-01)Indonesia is one of the main agriculture producers globally and largely relies on domestic staples for its growing population. Projections of climate change models for Indonesia point towards increasing temperatures and more extreme distributions of precipitation with more frequent dry and wet periods. The Government of Indonesia (GoI) has been focusing on modernizing rice production through improved irrigation infrastructure and early warning systems to better cope with developing droughts and support schemes for rice farmers. While governments use risk transfer solutions mostly for infrastructure, parametric insurance covers have become increasingly available for agriculture assets including crops, livestock, and forestry. This study investigates the development of a parametric insurance product as an ex ante risk management instrument that relies on regional drought indices and provides province-level payouts to the GoI in case of severe droughts. As a case study, the province of Central Java has been chosen given its importance in rice production and a recent request of the Central Java Government to transfer drought risk. This study uses over 50 years of historical gridded precipitation and temperature data to develop standard precipitation indices (SPI) and standard precipitation evapotranspiration indices (SPEI) to quantify drought extents at a resolution of 50 x 50 km. Preliminary results of this study have been shown and discussed with the Ministry of Agriculture of Central Java, the National Weather Service of Indonesia (BMKG), the Office of the Insurance Regulator, the Ministry of Finance, and leading Indonesian insurers in the form of workshops undertaken in Indonesia (Semarang and Jakarta) in July 2017. The availability of longer seasonal rice production data will improve the validation of the developed indices. -
Publication
Tuna Fisheries
(World Bank, Sydney, 2016)This is a background paper to the Pacific Possible report. The Pacific Island countries control one of the World's largest and healthiest tuna stock. They have been able to significantly increase revenue from fisheries licenses over the past few years through the introduction of the Vessel Day Scheme in the context of the Parties to the Nauru agreement. This report outlines how the Pacific Island countries can further increase benefits from oceanic fisheries without increasing total catch or threatening the sustainability of Pacific tuna fish stocks. -
Publication
Philippines : PPP Options in Irrigation Sector
(Washington, DC, 2013-06)This study proposes an analytical framework to determine the extent to which Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is a viable and effective business option for developing and modernizing the irrigation sector in the Philippines. It focuses on: (a) assessing and providing recommendations to address the policy, regulatory and institutional constraints that limit the recourse to PPP as a tool to support the development of the irrigation sector; and (b) if PPP is proven to be a viable option, develop the capacity within the Department of Agriculture (DA), National Irrigation Administration (NIA) and National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) PPP Center to identify and assess potential projects. The TA was meant primarily to produce a simple and practical analytical framework for the Government to build on, rather than a full-blown study on an irrigation PPP project. Adopting the PPP scheme in irrigation will require specific answers to the following questions: (1) how PPP contractual arrangements can help to address the usual problems in public irrigation (e.g., maintenance problems due to budget restriction and decision making processes); (2) how PPP can ensure financial viability of the irrigation system; (3) how PPP can avoid political interference in setting irrigation fees; and (4) how PPP can increase the useful life of irrigation systems and break the vicious cycle of low collection of irrigation fees, poor maintenance, network degradation and expensive rehabilitation. The PPP scheme has to make the case that the financial costs of privately-funded projects are on a par with those of publicly-funded projects. -
Publication
Pacific Islands - Fisheries sector engagement strategy
(World Bank, 2012-03-05)The World Bank's 11 Pacific Island member countries are a diverse group in terms of economic and social conditions. Five are least developed countries, with annual per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as low as US$ 700, while in some of the territories average incomes are comparable to those in wealthy industrialized countries. Population densities and growth rates, land areas and the level of urbanization all display similarly wide ranges. There is a great diversity of cultures and languages. What they have in common is that all are islands surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, with jurisdiction over areas that are many times (in some cases thousands of times) their land area. All derive significant economic and social benefits from their marine resources, with many coastal communities depending on them for their livelihoods. Several have large and important freshwater fisheries. All identify their living aquatic resources (for fisheries, aquaculture and non-extractive uses mainly related to tourism) as a major opportunity for economic growth and development. In some cases, they represent one of the only opportunities. Reviews of the importance of fish as a source of food for Pacific Island populations have found that annual per capita consumption of fishery products in all cases exceeds the global average of 16.5 kg. In several small island countries, where opportunities to produce other food are very limited, fish consumption is among the highest in the world. Fishing also plays an important cultural role for men and women in many of the region's coastal communities. -
Publication
Mongolia : Improving Feed and Fodder Supply for Dzud Management
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2011-06)The paper reports on improving feed and fodder supply for the dzud management in Mongolia study, and aims to identify policy options that could improve the effectiveness and efficiency of dzud emergency management and response. It includes an assessment of the appropriate roles for the private and public sectors, identification of issues, and capacity building requirements. The study will support a policy dialogue and could provide the foundation for a longer-term pilot project in feed and fodder production, storage, and distribution, as part a coherent and effective emergency strategy. -
Publication
Understanding Resilience in Mongolian Pastoral Social-ecological Systems : Adapting to Disaster Before, During and After 2010 Dzud--Year 1 Report
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2011-05-31)This study reports on in-depth case studies of dzud (extreme cold weather during winter, subsequent to a very dry summer) impacts and responses. Focus groups, key informant interviews, a household survey, and photovoice, were used to document individual and community experiences with dzud, and identify the factors that make some households and communities more vulnerable, and some less vulnerable, to the impacts of dzud, and the strategies that were most effective in responding to dzud. It was found that dzud is a complex, social-ecological phenomenon, and vulnerability to dzud is a function of interacting physical, biological, socio-economic, and institutional factors. Vulnerability is affected by both local and cross-scale factors. Actions that are adaptive and reduce vulnerability for one group at one spatial or temporal scale, may be mal-adaptive and increase vulnerability for another group, or at a different scale. Communities that are well prepared for dzud at the household level may suffer disproportionate losses if exposure is increased by in-migrating livestock from other areas. The lessons of dzud for actors at all levels of social organization, point to the need for increased responsibility and leadership by individual actors, be they households, herder groups, or local governments, as well as the critical importance to all actors (including donor and aid organizations) of reaching out, communicating and cooperating with others within and across sectors and scales. -
Publication
Assessment of Innovative Approaches to Flood Risk Management and Financing in Agriculture : The Thailand Case Study
(Washington, DC, 2009-05)The World Bank recently conducted research and concept-testing activities to investigate the expansion of the index approach from drought to flood. The main objective was to assess prerequisite conditions, as well as practical and efficient methods, to conceptualize and potentially implement index-based insurance for agricultural flood losses. In addition, the work assessed how modern technologies such as flood modeling and remote sensing-which are widely used to support flood risk mapping, and flood detection, warning and control-could be harnessed to support the design of such flood insurance programs for rural clients. This paper summarizes the findings from work carried out from September 2005 to April 2008 in the Muang Petchaboon District of the Petchaboon province in Thailand. The next section illustrates the importance of flood risk in agriculture and challenges in providing flood insurance. The following section describes the flood index insurance concept and methodology that were tested during the feasibility study. Section four highlights the findings from the Petchaboon province of Thailand, and the final section synthesizes lessons learned and recommends areas for future research and applications. Finally, it is important to recognize that the process of quantifying weather risk, and of creating an operational system which combines risk and asset information, have much broader applications than simply for index-based weather insurance or other risk transfer solutions. -
Publication
Optimizing Fisheries Benefits in the Pacific Islands : Major Issues and Constraints
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2008-05)In the last 10 years, World Bank activity in the fisheries sector of the Pacific Islands region has been limited to two regional economic reports, a study of coastal resources management, and a few technical assistance missions. The purpose of this study was to conduct a brief internal review of the Pacific fisheries sectors past performances, based on the existing literature and experience of the individuals involved. The report's main aim is to identify key constraints and past mitigating activities in fisheries in the Pacific Islands region, and activities supported by past donor, regional and national fisheries programs. In addition, the report examines the potential future role of the World Bank in the Pacific Islands region fisheries sector. This report's findings are intended as a starting point in this analysis. The next step is to facilitate a frank discussion about the potential World Bank role with key donors, regional institutions, and national government authorities currently involved in the sector. The record of past donor support suggests that while single donors have successfully implemented technical assistance and investment projects, they have, as a group, been less effective in addressing core sector issues such as: (a) the economically lopsided relationship between Pacific Island countries (PICs) and Distant Water Fishing Nations (DWFNs); (b) the economically sub-optimal management of tuna fisheries; and (c) enhancing PICs' share of the value added created by the region's tuna fishery. -
Publication
Agenda for Water Sector Strategy for North China : Summary Report
(Washington, DC, 2002-05-09)The acute water shortage, and pollution problems in North China have been exacerbated by the continued population growth, and the accelerated industrial expansion over the past half-century, conducive to increasingly severe freshwater shortages, and catastrophic consequences for the future. Significant commitments need to be made to rapidly implement strategies to bring water resource utilization back into a sustainable balance. The report reviews past and present situations, focusing on the future impacts of various social, and economic growth scenarios within the context of water management, where preconditions for its success are the combined requirements of complementary pricing, management, and regulatory reforms in water resources (including groundwater, water pollution, and wastewater reuse). Findings suggest a water demand management as proposed in the action plan - with further water price increases, and improving irrigation efficiency. Agricultural productivity depends on irrigation efficiency, thus water management calls for water-savings measures, low-yield land improvement, and, large-scale systems rehabilitation. Structural water pollution remedy measures, should focus on industrial wastewater pretreatment, and internal reuse of processed water, pollution prevention programs, and combined industrial, and municipal treatment plants, to include as well artificial groundwater recharge (wastewaters and floodwaters). Institutional aspects will require further strengthening, regarding water resource allocation, protection, and financing. -
Publication
China : Agenda for Water Sector Strategy for North China, Volume 4. GIS Maps
(Washington, DC, 2001-04-02)The acute water shortage, and pollution problems in North China have been exacerbated by the continued population growth, and the accelerated industrial expansion over the past half-century, conducive to increasingly severe freshwater shortages, and catastrophic consequences for the future. Significant commitments need to be made to rapidly implement strategies to bring water resource utilization back into a sustainable balance. The report reviews past and present situations, focusing on the future impacts of various social, and economic growth scenarios within the context of water management, where preconditions for its success are the combined requirements of complementary pricing, management, and regulatory reforms in water resources (including groundwater, water pollution, and wastewater reuse). Findings suggest a water demand management as proposed in the action plan - with further water price increases, and improving irrigation efficiency. Agricultural productivity depends on irrigation efficiency, thus water management calls for water-savings measures, low-yield land improvement, and, large-scale systems rehabilitation. Structural water pollution remedy measures, should focus on industrial wastewater pretreatment, and internal reuse of processed water, pollution prevention programs, and combined industrial, and municipal treatment plants, to include as well artificial groundwater recharge (wastewaters and floodwaters). Institutional aspects will require further strengthening, regarding water resource allocation, protection, and financing.