Other Agriculture Study
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Publication
Spearheading Vietnam’s Green Agricultural Transformation: Moving to Low-Carbon Rice
(Washington, DC, 2022)This report focuses on promoting low-carbon rice production systems in Vietnam. There are many sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions within the agricultural sector in Vietnam, including along value chains and within the whole agri-food context. However, because rice production is so important to the country and to emission reductions in agriculture, this report focuses on known actions that can be rapidly upscaled, along with other complementary actions to reduce GHG emissions from rice production systems. The report covers emission reduction pathways in rice. This report assesses agronomic and other options that offer technically and economically feasible pathways to promote low-carbon rice. Some options have been piloted in Vietnam and require significant upscaling at the farm-level. This report considers challenges and practical actions and policy reforms to address these challenges for Vietnam’s low-carbon transition (LCT) in rice. -
Publication
Realizing Scale in Smallholder-Based Agriculture: Policy Options for the Philippines
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-06)In recent decades, the agriculture and fisheries sector in the Philippines has grown but has clearly not lived up to its potential. Philippine agriculture has weathered the impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic better than the overall national economy. Recent government reports highlight the difficulty of modernizing Philippine agriculture under circumstances in which farmland is continuously fragmented, institutional arrangements for farm-to-market coordination and distribution are underdeveloped, and large parts of the food economy experience significant logistical bottlenecks and costs. This report combines results from three activities undertaken from mid-2020 to the first months of 2021. This report has five chapters. Chapter 2 reviews recent policy developments and some current priorities of the Department of Agriculture (DA). Chapter 3 describes the spatial analysis, highlighting the differences in agriculture’s transformative potential in different regions of the country. Given that spatial strategies are a relatively new departure in Philippine agriculture, Chapter 4 draws on experience at the national and subnational levels of other Asian countries to derive positive lessons for implementing them in the Philippines. -
Publication
Agricultural Land Use and Sustainable Livelihoods in the Mekong Delta: Alternative Scenarios and Policy Implications
(Washington, DC, 2021)The Mekong Delta (MKD) is Vietnam’s most productive agricultural region, and its agroeconomy is well integrated into international markets. Nevertheless, there are increasing threats to the MKD’s agricultural achievements, and other serious questions are emerging about the sustainability of many of the prevailing production systems. Sea level rise, caused by climate change, is increasingly threatening the viability of once protected cropping systems in the coastal areas. This study seeks to contribute to the planning effort for the MKD by addressing some analytical gaps, especially around the technical feasibility and socioeconomic characteristics of alternative agricultural production systems in the context of the evolving natural conditions in the region, and more specifically in the MKD’s three subregions (that is, Upper, Middle, and Coastal). The primary purpose of the study is to fill in that gap by reviewing and assessing different livelihood models and land-use scenarios in the MKD using multi-criteria of technical feasibly, climate change, environmental adaptability, economic and financial, and social aspects to inform the ongoing agricultural transformation in the MKD. -
Publication
Vietnam: Food Smart Country Diagnostic
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020-09-28)The term food smart refers to a food system that is efficient, meets the food needs of a country, and is environmentally sustainable. Reducing food loss and waste (FLW) is one of the critical pillars to build a smart food system. This diagnostic focuses on the FLW pillar, from farm to fork to landfill, with the objective of alerting policymakers to the role that addressing food loss and waste can play in meeting their various global and national policycommitments. -
Publication
Indonesia Agro-Value Chain Assessment: Issues and Options in Promoting Digital Agriculture
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020-06-23)This background paper aims to provide an assessment of the issues and options in promoting digital agriculture in Indonesia, within the broader technology landscape of the country, with the primary aim of informing the design of the proposed World Bank investment project. The study considers global best practices as well as the status of Indonesia in product traceability, e-commerce, agriculture fintech service providers, weather index insurance providers, and precision farming technology providers. Although digital agriculture is cross-cutting across all commodities, the focus was on the horticulture and small ruminant value chains as those were identified as priority commodity categories by the Ministry of Agriculture. The study also offers high-level recommendations for policymakers on reforms and programs that can accelerate the adoption of digital agriculture. In the first section, the national context and the importance of ICT technology in agriculture are summarized. Section two presents the current landscape of digital agriculture in Indonesia, followed by section three that suggests key areas where ICT can play a role in agriculture, based on global experience. As scaling up the digitization of the agriculture sector involves a complex set of policy, investment, innovation, and capacity-building measures, several high-level recommendations are provided for policymakers and practitioners in the fourth and last section. -
Publication
Transforming Philippine Agriculture: During COVID-19 and Beyond
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020-06)Like other rapidly growing and urbanizing middle-income countries, the Philippines is experiencing a structural transformation of its economy. Structural transformation has progressed slowly in the Philippines, however, indicating that Philippine agriculture is not performing to its potential and therefore not fully delivering to the national (and rural) economy. The new strategic vision for the agricultural sector is a food-secure and resilient Philippines with prosperous farmers and fisherfolk. This new thinking for accelerating agricultural transformation recognizes both the limitations of and potential for the agricultural sector in the COVID-19 (Coronavirus) context. This report outlines policy and investment options to promote the development of a more diversified agriculture and food system that will enhance the welfare of the rural population and improve food security for the population at large. This report considers the major programs of the department of agriculture (DA) and trends in spending patterns over the last few years, although it is not a comprehensive review of agricultural policies and public expenditures, owing to a lack of data. This report comprises five chapters. Chapter one is introduction. Chapter two provides an overview of the agricultural sector, highlighting important trends over time, the current situation, and challenges. Chapter three reviews programs of the DA and attached agencies, including the major banner programs. Chapter four discusses policy reforms, institutional changes, and investments that have produced transformational change in the agri-food sector in other countries and explores how the Philippines can use lessons from these experiences. Chapter five presents recommendations for future policy directions. -
Publication
Agricultural Transformation and Inclusive Growth: The Malaysian Experience
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2019-11)The Malaysian story involves a farsighted leadership that has mobilized the considerable assets of a resource-rich country to translate a long-term vision of nation building into action and transformational results. This report analyzes what Malaysia did to achieve transformative results in agriculture. It focuses on four main areas in which the Malaysian experience is distinctive and which have been critical to its success, as follows: (1) The role of the public sector, encompassing national leadership, vision, and government action; (2) The main drivers of transformation and inclusive growth; (3) The role of value chains; (4) The inclusiveness of Malaysia's agricultural transformation. -
Publication
Making Agriculture Work for the Poor in Timor-Leste
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2019-06-18)About 80 percent of the poor households in Timor-Leste live in rural areas and are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. It is therefore widely acknowledged that growth in the agriculture sector is an important channel through which poverty can be reduced in the country. That notwithstanding, the country’s agricultural production system is one of the least developed in the world and all subsectors are dominated by subsistence systems and by farmers who are very risk averse. Agricultural productivity in the country is also well below that of other small island developing states and has fallen below the average for other low-income, food-deficit countries in recent years making the sector underperform in terms of its contribution to food security, sufficient livelihood, and overall economic growth. Using data from the 2007 and 2014 of the Timor-Leste Survey of Living Standards, the note provides insight into the extent to which increases in agricultural productivity can contribute to poverty reduction, including assessing the drivers of, and identifying the constraints to, increasing agricultural productivity in the country. The note finds that improvements in agricultural productivity reduce the probability of being poor among agricultural households. Yet, improving productivity goes beyond the confines of raising yield or decreasing cost to include enhancing food quality and promoting higher value products. To do so, the following factors ought to be considered: facilitation of mechanization, improvement in the use of chemical (fertilizer, pesticides, and herbicides) inputs, enhancement in access to credit and extension, encouragement to farmers to join farmer groups, expansion of the commercialization of farm produce, and reduction in the gender gap in agricultural productivity. Investment in the sector can be improved by allocating the limited public funds more strategically and better correspond with local poverty. The findings from this study contribute to existing evidence pertinent to guide how agricultural policy can effectively help reducing poverty in the country. -
Publication
Striking a Balance: Managing El Niño and La Niña in Cambodia’s Agriculture
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2019-04)The purpose of this report is to help Cambodia’s policy makers and stakeholders prepare for future El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. It does this by providing information on ENSO’s poverty, economic, and agricultural impacts in Cambodia and outlining ways forward. The report finds that ENSO’s impacts vary from region to region and harm Cambodia’s people, economy, and agricultural sector. The country has made inroads in preparing for climate events like floods and other natural disasters, but more could be done to prepare for ENSO specifically. Being proactive to prepare for ENSO in Cambodia is important because of the country’s high exposure to climate shocks, the prominence of the agricultural sector in the national economy, the large rural population and its climate vulnerability. -
Publication
Striking a Balance: Managing El Niño and La Niña in Lao PDR’s Agriculture
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2019-04)This report’s purpose is to help Lao policy makers and stakeholders prepare for future El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. It does this by providing information on ENSO’s poverty, economic, and agricultural impacts in Lao PDR and outlining ways forward. The report finds that ENSO’s impacts vary from region to region and harm Lao PDR’s people, economy, and agricultural sector. The country has sought to prepare for climate risks through climate change adaptation and disaster risk management but could do more to prepare specifically for ENSO events. Preparing for ENSO is important because of Lao PDR’s exposure to ENSO-related climate shocks, the importance of agriculture in the national economy, the rural population’s climate and economic vulnerability, and the lack of research on ENSO in Lao PDR.This report is timely given the lack of research on ENSO in Lao PDR and the high likelihood the country will face another El Niño in the near term. It is difficult to disentangle ENSO’s impacts from those of other climate shocks, natural disasters,and economic cycles. This makes it more difficult to design policies and response mechanisms that help mitigate ENSO-related welfare losses and economic damages.This report evaluates El Niño and La Niña’s impacts on Lao PDR’s agricultural sector particularly crops, livestock, and fisheries—and how these have implications for the economy and society. It then looks at the actions undertaken by the Lao government to mitigate the losses associated with climate risks. This includes actions to prepare and respond to climate change and natural disasters. Next, the report simulates how well certain policy options mitigate ENSO-related GDP and welfare losses. It concludes by recommending actions to enhance Lao PDR’s preparedness for future ENSO events.