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Publication Mali Climate-Smart Agriculture Investment Plan(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2019-11-27) World Bank GroupThis document provides an investment plan for climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in Mali, developed with support of the AAA Initiative and the World Bank, and technical assistanceof the International Center for Tropical Agriculture, the World Agroforestry Centre and the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture, Climate Change and Food Security (CCAFS). It identifies specific interventions that define on-the-ground action that are consistent with Mali’s NDC and national agricultural strategy, which can be funded by public and private sector partners. CSA interventions are designed to increase agricultural productivity, to help farmers, livestock keepers and fisher-people adapt and build resilience to climate risks, and, where appropriate, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that cause climate change.This plan includes a set of 12 key CSA investments for Mali that were developed with strong stakeholder engagement, expert input and scientific evidence. This plan is not intended to be comprehensive but can further include additional projects when more funds will be available. The plan presents a situation analysis of Mali’s national policies, plans and programs in relation to key climate risks, which form the context for key prioritized interventions. Designed project concepts are developed for each of these key investments, including the main project objectives, components and implementation arrangements. These provide a tangible set of project concepts for potential investors and donors to consider for funding. Finally, a general framing for developing a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework for the CSA investment plan (CSAIP) is provided, showing how CSA outcomes relate to other M&E frameworks and other monitoring activities for national-level development priorities.The CSAIP provides the context and evidence for the importance of these projects, and details how they can be economically beneficial and provide food security to the people of Mali. This can help spur investment and funding for CSA to help Mali deliver on its NDC and other national targets.Publication Benefit Sharing at Scale: Good Practices for Results-Based Land Use Programs(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2019-11-01) World Bank GroupLand use initiatives that distribute result-based payments for emission reductions need to define transparent and equitable benefit-sharing plans for how these incentives flow to a diverse range of stakeholders. This study synthesizes good practices for benefit sharing in jurisdictional land use programs that make results-based payments for emission reductions. The report draws lessons from large-scale programs and other relevant initiatives that involve benefit sharing focused on forests, land use, natural resources, and climate change. The analysis is designed to support government and program staff in developing and implementing benefit-sharing arrangements for jurisdictional level results-based land use programs, including participant countries of the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) and BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes (ISFL).Publication Economic Update for Cote d'Ivoire: Cacaoland - How to Transform Cote d'Ivoire(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2019-07-11) World Bank GroupCocoa is essential to Cote d’Ivoire. This sector mobilizes close to one million producers who provide income to five million persons (one-fifth of the country’s population) in order to meet 40 percent of global supply. Cocoa is also the country’s leading foreign exchange earner and is among the sectors making the biggest contribution to government revenue. In short, cocoa plays a central role in Ivorian society and in the lives of many families. However, despite its importance to the Ivorian economy and society, the cocoa sector is not fully playing its role as the engine of economic development. Some even go so far as to cite the curse of “brown gold,” for at least three reasons. First, more than half of producers live below the poverty line—on less than CFAF 757 (roughly 1.2 US Dollar) a day. Second, the price paid for the expansion of cultivated areas in recent decades has been the destruction of virtually all the country’s forests. Third, Côte d’Ivoire has not yet managed to increase its share (between 5 and 7 percent) of the profit made along the cocoa-chocolate global chain. Given this situation, it is not surprising that cocoa is at the center of a host of economic policy discussions in Côte d’Ivoire and that the Government has sped up its deliberations aimed at improving the performance of the sector, in particular through the Abidjan Declaration signed jointly in 2018 by the Presidents of Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana, which seeks to harmonize their policies and thus maximize their profit (these two countries account for approximately 65 percent of global production). After analyzing the most recent trends in the Ivorian economy, this ninth economic update for Côte d’Ivoire therefore focuses on how the cocoa sector could support the structural transformation of the country and, in so doing, promote greater economic and social inclusion.Publication A Destiny Shaped by Water: A Diagnostic of Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene and Poverty in Niger(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2019-01-24) World BankThe Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Poverty Diagnostic (PD) in Niger is part of a global initiative to improve evidence on the linkages between WASH and poverty. The Diagnostic provides a detailed analysis of sector status, strengths, and weaknesses to inform the attainment of the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that aim for universal access to safely managed water supply and sanitation.Publication Cote d’Ivoire Climate-Smart Agriculture Investment Plan(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2019-01) World Bank GroupClimate change threatens to bring substantial impacts to Côte d’Ivoire’s agriculture sector, which is central to the country’s economic productivity and food security. Climate change, of course, poses challenges not only for Côte d’Ivoire but also for countries across Africa. Côte d’Ivoire is a signatory to the United National Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Paris agreement and has submitted its nationally determined contributions (NDC), committing to take action both on adaptation to climate change and on reducing greenhouse emissions. Côte d’Ivoire is by far a minor emitter of greenhouse gases. This document provides an investment plan for climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in Côte d’Ivoire, developed with support of the AAA Initiative and the World Bank, and technical assistance of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). This plan includes a set of twelve key CSA investments for Côte d’Ivoire that were developed with strong stakeholder engagement, expert input and scientific evidence. Because it is a member of the AAA Initiative and is also committed to delivering on its NDC commitments, Côte d’Ivoire now has an investment plan that includes a set of specific climate-smart projects that improve productivity, build resilience to climate change and, as appropriate, reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the agriculture sector.Publication Pathways to Better Jobs in IDA Countries: Findings from Jobs Diagnostics(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-10) Merotto, Dino; Weber, Michael; Aterido, ReyesThis report documents cross-country findings from analysis conducted by World Bank staff working on Jobs Diagnostics. It identifies some key insights for policy makers to take into account when designing policies and programs for inclusive growth. The findings are drawn from three different sources. The macroeconomic section analyzes data for over 16,000 overlapping episodes of economic growth in 125 countries. The labor supply section analyzes labor data from the latest household surveys in 150 countries around the world. The firm-level analysis draws on business data from countries for which—at the time of writing—the World Bank had conducted a Jobs Diagnostic. The report identifies jobs-related transitions as the pathways people follow to better jobs —workers increase their hours worked, become more productive in their work, move between locations, change sectors and occupations, and shift from self- to waged employment and from less to more successful firms.Publication Nutrition Financing in Senegal(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-07) Offosse N., Marie-JeanneSenegal is known for having one of the most effective and far-reaching nutrition service delivery systems in Africa. Government commitment to improving the nutritional status of the population has increased over time and has been marked, among other things, by the creation in 2001 of the CLM and its Bureau Exécutif National (National Executive Bureau) (BEN); an increase in annual budget allocations to nutrition (from $0.3 million in 2002 to $5.7 million in 2015); and intensificationof community-based nutrition interventions. These commitments are reflected in the improvementof nutrition indicators, notably a 46 percent reduction in under-five stunting from 1992 to 2014.Unfortunately, these improvements have not led to greater visibility of nutrition sensitive interventions in relevant sectors such as agriculture, livestock, education, social protection and health. This shortfall, combined with a recent series of exogenous shocks, has led to recurrent fragmentation of nutrition approaches, paradigms and interventions, resulting in the absence ofa general framework that provides guidance on both nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive investments.Meanwhile, progress in reducing stunting has slowed,and low birthweight, iron-deficiency anemia, adolescent undernutrition, and maternal undernutrition have received little attention. These shortcomings threaten the achievements of recent decades. Recognizing this challenge, the government of Senegal joined the Mouvement pour le Renforcement de la Nutrition (Scaling Up Nutrition) SUN Movement in 2011 and adopted the United Nations Approach to Renewed Efforts Against Child Hunger and Undernutrition (REACH) in 2014. These initiatives aim to strengthen institutional capacity and facilitate a multisectoral process to help governments plan, prioritize and more efficiently manage nutrition actions involving multiple stakeholders. With respect to national policy, the government of Senegal has adopted the Politique Nationale de Développement de la Nutrition (National Policy for the Development of Nutrition)(PNDN)2 covering the period 2015 to 2025, which will be operationalized through a multisectoral nutrition strategy, outlined in the Plan Stratégique Multisectoriel de la Nutrition (Multisectoral Nutrition Strategic Plan) (PSNM). These policies aim to expand coverage and improve the quality of nutrition services in sectors whose functional prerogatives affect the prevention and management of malnutrition.Publication Before It’s Too Late: Deriving Sustainable Value from Wildlife in the Western Congo Basin(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-06) World BankThe Western Congo Basin (WCB) defined here as comprising Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Gabon, and the Republic of Congo is being rapidly emptied of its wild animals, with alarming rates of poaching in all four countries. High levels of poaching have numerous deleterious effects for sustainable development. In the WCB, efforts to protect wildlife have focused heavily on the establishment and management of protected areas, often within the context of a landscape-based approach that attempts to engage nearby communities and other land users. The low perceived value of forest wildlife resources for local communities is partially attributable to a lack of economic opportunities currently derivable from the sustainable management of wildlife assets. In a bid to help the WCB countries address this downward spiral, this study identifies approaches that can enhance the economic value of wildlife resources for local communities and governments as a contribution to poverty reduction, economic development, and conservation. It aims to do so at the regional and national levels as a single country cannot address this crisis given the fluidity of both borders and wildlife in the region. Naturally, the set and sequence of solutions most appropriate in any given setting will depend on a number of country-specific conditions. Nevertheless, the majority of the recommendations in this report apply to all four WCB countries. In that spirit, the study first provides an overview of the poaching crisis, using elephants as a case study to illustrate the scale of the problem (chapter 2). It then proceeds to analyze who the poachers are (chapter 3) to better understand drivers of poaching, while Chapter 4 analyzes the policy framework. Chapter 5 proposes approaches for creating economic value from wildlife, sharing it with communities, and creating the necessary underlying governance conditions, providing best-practice examples from other parts of the world. Chapter 6 presents conclusions.Publication Looking Beyond Government-Led Delivery of Water Supply and Sanitation Services: The Market Choices and Practices of Haiti’s Most Vulnerable People(Washington, DC, 2017-12-12) World BankThe Haiti water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) Poverty Diagnostic seeks to inform how to maximize the socioeconomic impact of the scarce fiscal resources channeled to the sector. The study assesses the linkages between improved access to WASH services, poverty, and health outcomes. The diagnostic also provides convincing evidence of the linkages between improved access to WASH services and variables affecting the adequate development of children in Haiti, with a particular focus on stunting. The diagnostic also analyzes the functioning of the water supply and sanitation (WSS) markets to identify ways to ensure that services delivered by the private sector are of good quality and affordable. Focusing on the metropolitan area of Port-au-Prince the diagnostic sheds light on the functioning of its water supply and fecal waste collection, transportation, and treatment services’ markets. Port-au-Prince has the largest and most sophisticated WSS market in Haiti, although not the fastest growing. Therefore, understanding how this market functions may aid stakeholders in addressing issues and opportunities that arise in other urban markets in the future, and in structuring successful public-private partnerships to serve rural communities.Publication Burundi Country Environmental Analysis: Understanding the Environment within the Dynamics of a Complex World—Linkages to Fragility, Conflict, and Climate Change(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017-11-01) World Bank GroupOver the past decades, Burundi's economic growth has relied on steady depletion of its natural capital, and as a result, the country's natural environment has been substantially degraded. The main driver of environmental degradation has been rapid population growth. In particular, to feed the growing population, substantial areas of forest have been cleared for agriculture, and poor agricultural practices have harmed soil fertility and integrity. Water resources have also been degraded, affecting several sectors and public health. In addition, biofuel burning continues to expose the population to severe indoor air pollution. In some cases, climate change is amplifying these consequences, particularly the frequency and severity of natural disasters. Without proper institutional arrangements in place, the environment has not been safeguarded from the expansive forces. Further, environmental degradation and resulting resource scarcity have led to conflicts, and, in turn, conflict and fragility have aggravated environmental degradation.