Gridlines
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Gridlines share emerging knowledge on public-private partnership and give an overview of a wide selection of projects from various regions of the world. Gridlines are a publication of PPIAF (Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility), a multi-donor technical assistance facility. Through technical assistance and knowledge dissemination PPIAF supports the efforts of policy makers, nongovernmental organizations, research institutions, and others in designing and implementing strategies to tap the full potential of private involvement in infrastructure.
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Publication
PPI in Poor Countries : How to Increase Private Participation in Infrastructure Management and Investment
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2010-02)To overcome huge shortfalls in access to infrastructure services, poor countries need much higher investment levels and more expertise to build, operate, and maintain infrastructure facilities. The private sector is one source for such resources, and projects involving private participation in infrastructure (PPI) have increasingly been used in developing countries. But PPI investment has been much lower in poor countries than in better-off developing countries-and has been more affected by the global financial crisis. How can PPI projects play a larger role in improving infrastructure service provision in these countries? -
Publication
Private Participation in Transport : Lessons from Recent Experience in Europe and Central Asia
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2009-06)Facing fiscal constraints, many governments in Central and Eastern Europe and Southeastern Europe have pursued private finance for transport infrastructure more to move investments off budget than to improve efficiency and services. Results have been mixed and suggest a need to focus more on public-private partnerships (PPPs) that can achieve value for money. Today's economic environment will reduce the potential for PPP projects in the short term. Some PPP projects at an advanced stage of procurement may need additional public support, while ambitious projects may need to be phased to reduce their scale to what the market can absorb. -
Publication
Another Lost Decade? Effects of the Financial Crisis on Project Finance for Infrastructure
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2009-06)Rapid growth in project finance, driven by huge increases in liquidity, helped fuel the gains in private participation in infrastructure (PPI) in developing countries in the past decade. But when the financial crisis hit, the excess liquidity began to dry up as lenders backed away from practices that had helped generate it. The effects are already apparent in greater delays in financial closures, more cancellations, and higher financing costs for PPI projects. If full recovery of the project finance market takes much longer than expected, some of the measures that are now being adopted to avoid shutting down project pipelines might have unintended and very negative consequences. -
Publication
Financing the Boom in Public-Private Partnerships in Indian Infrastructure : Trends and Policy Implications
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2008-12)India has seen rapid growth in recent years in its program of infrastructure public-private partnerships (PPPs). Despite the surge in demand for finance, local financial markets coped well over the period to 2007 and even offered better terms as they became more used to the PPP model. But areas of possible concern have developed. Gearing has increased significantly, and financing terms mean that PPPs are more exposed to interest rate volatility causes for concern in a period of rising rates and reduced liquidity. Further growth in PPPs will likely require a broadening of the sources of financing once the present financial market turmoil has lessened. Addressing these concerns will call for policy reforms to capital markets and concession frameworks. -
Publication
Unlocking Land Values to Finance Urban Infrastructure : Land-Based Financing Options for Cities
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2008-08)Raising capital to finance urban infrastructure is a challenge. One solution is to 'unlock' urban land values - such as by selling public lands to capture the gains in value created by investment in infrastructure projects. Land-based financing techniques are playing an increasingly important role in financing urban infrastructure in developing countries. They complement other capital financing approaches, such as local government borrowing, and can provide price signals that make the urban land market more efficient. -
Publication
A Demand-Driven Design for Irrigation in Egypt : Minimizing Risks for Both Farmers and Private Investors
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2008-06)A new type of irrigation project, designed for the West Delta region of the Arab Republic of Egypt, promises to usher in an era of cost recovery and sustainable operation and maintenance. The project, which emphasizes involving private investors and the farming community, deploys several innovative mechanisms, such as a strategy to mitigate demand, commercial, and currency risks. Unlike the centrally planned projects of the past, this one is demand driven. The focus is on developing an irrigation network with features that farmers want and are willing to pay for. -
Publication
The Role of Developing Country Firms in Infrastructure : New Data Confirm the Emergence of a New Class of Investors
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2008-06)Developing country investors have emerged as a major source of investment finance for infrastructure projects with private participation. This update of the article in 2006, shows that, indeed, during 1998-2006 these investors accounted for more of this finance in South Asia and East Asia and Pacific, and for more in transport across developing regions than did investors from developed countries. Even though the policy implications are not yet fully clear for policy makers, this development suggests a need to rethink the criteria used in selecting investors in schemes for private participation, which have been biased toward large international operators. -
Publication
Does the Private Sector Deliver on its Promises? Evidence from a Global Study in Water and Electricity
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2008-05)Is private operation better than public when it comes to utilities; a recent global study funded by the World Bank and Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) examines the effect of private sector participation in electricity distribution and water and sanitation services. Using a data set of more than 1,200 utilities in 71 developing and transition economies, the study finds that privately operated utilities convincingly outperform state-run ones in operational performance and labor productivity. -
Publication
India Leads Developing Nations in Private Sector Investment : But the Region Needs More Investment to Meet Demands
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2008-03)India has had the most success attracting more private investment in infrastructure in 2006 than any other developing country. Long-standing policies in most other South Asian countries are beginning to bear fruit as well. Nevertheless, delivering the infrastructure services needed to sustain and accelerate growth in South Asia remains a major challenge. Estimates suggest that closing the gap in service provision and meeting future needs will require infrastructure investment in the range of 7 to 8 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) a year. The private sector can do more to help close the region's infrastructure service deficit. But first the region's governments will need to close the infrastructure policy deficit, manifested in many sectors in distorted pricing, poor governance and accountability, and weak financial and operational performance. -
Publication
What it Takes to Lower Regulatory Risk in Infrastructure Industries : An Assessment and Benchmarking of Brazilian Regulators
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2007-09)This article points out that regulatory governance-how regulators manage concession contracts, or other public-private contractual arrangements and sector laws-can affect the private sector's perception of regulatory risk and thus the availability of private capital for infrastructure projects. Four key elements of the regulatory governance structure can reduce the risk of regulatory failure: political and financial autonomy, decision-making structures that reduce regulatory discretion, access to effective enforcement and other regulatory tools, and efficient rules of accountability. This note presents an analytical framework based on those four elements and applies it in assessing regulatory governance in Brazil.