Armenian PDFs Available
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Publication
Europe and Central Asia Economic Update, Fall 2021: Competition and Firm Recovery Post-COVID-19
(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2021-10-05)Although global economic activity is recovering and output in Europe and Central Asia (ECA) is expected to grow in 2021, containing COVID-19 remains a challenge in the region. Enterprise survey data for the emerging and developing countries in the region show that COVID-19 had a profound and heterogeneous impact on firms. Smaller, younger, and female-run businesses were hit harder and had greater difficulty recovering. But the crisis also played a cleansing role and economic activity in ECA appears to have been reallocated toward more productive firms during the crisis, particularly in countries with more competitive markets. Firms with high pre-crisis labor productivity experienced significantly smaller drops in sales and employment than firms with low pre-crisis labor productivity and were also more likely to adapt to the crisis by increasing online activity and remote work. Many governments in ECA implemented broad policy support schemes to address the initial economic fallout from the crisis. Overall, this government support was more likely to go to less productive and larger firms, regardless of the level of their pre-crisis innovation. As economies enter the economic recovery phase, it will be important for policy makers in all countries to phase out broad policy support measures as soon as appropriate and focus on fostering a competitive business environment, which is key to a strong recovery, resilience to future crises, and sustainable, long-term economic growth. -
Publication
Invitations and Incentives for Primary Care Screenings in Armenia
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020)Since 2011, the Armenian government has implemented a national performance-based financing scheme which has given financial incentives to providers for screening the population, including for hypertension and diabetes. In addition, there have been investments in training health workers on clinical guidelines and mass media campaigns to increase demand. Personal invitations from family physicians prompted users to consider their need for screening, but attendance also depended on the personal value on one’s health and the perceived health benefits of screening. Global experience indicates that conditional financial incentives can increase preventive health care use by removing resource constraints to adopting healthy behaviors and by helping overcome issues of bounded rationality or willpower. Messaging interventions, including mass media messages and personal invitations, can also increase preventive health care use by reducing obstacles to change, adjusting perceptions of social norms, or associating the desired behavior with valued outcomes.This study estimates the impact of demand-side financial incentives and invitations from a family physician on primary care screening attendance rates and examines potential mechanisms of action.