Institutional and Governance Review
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Publication CPIA Africa, June 2024: Structural Reforms for a Vibrant Private Sector(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-07-15) World BankThe CPIA Africa report highlights policy trends, best practices, and key changes in Sub-Saharan Africa, following the World Bank's annual Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA). The analysis is designed to assess the elements of policies and institutional arrangements within a country's control for promoting sustainable growth and poverty reduction. Discussion is limited to countries eligible for financing from the International Development Association (IDA), the part of the World Bank that supports the world’s poorest countries. With government investment and spending in Sub-Saharan Africa currently constrained, there is an urgent need for the private sector to accelerate. This year's CPIA Africa report focuses on reforms across policy areas that bolster private sector growth and highlights the policy trends that have been instrumental in supporting business development in 2023. The CPIA 2024 report for Africa underscores several key developments. First, the region has made significant strides in economic management and policies for social inclusion and equity, surpassing the global IDA average. However, the slower improvement in the governance cluster remains a concern. Second, the region has implemented reforms to enhance resilience to international economic shocks, particularly in central bank independence and transparency. Nonetheless, exchange rate pressures have posed challenges for countries actively managing exchange rate fluctuations. Third, the growing debt service obligations in the region limit the amount of resources available for public-sector investment. Public spending is especially constrained in countries with heightened concerns about external debt distress with some countries resorting to increased arrears and monetary financing. Finally, the report highlights two major trends offering hope for private sector growth: digital technology and increased intraregional trade. These trends have the potential to be transformational and provide significant opportunities for increased competition, FDI inflows, and economic diversification.Publication CPIA Africa, September 2023: Policies for Economic Resilience in a Turbulent World(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2023-09-12) World BankThe Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) for Africa is an annual diagnostic tool for Sub-Saharan African countries that are eligible for financing from the International Development Association (IDA), the part of the World Bank that helps the world’s poorest countries. The CPIA Africa 2023 report provides an assessment of the quality of policies and institutions in all 39 IDA-eligible countries in Sub-Saharan Africa for calendar year 2022. The average overall CPIA score for Sub-Saharan Africa remained unchanged at 3.1 in 2022. Economic and social resilience continues to be tested in all countries in Sub-Saharan Africa amid tight global credit markets, as institutional capacity for restoring stability and delivering sustained growth remains a challenge. Such resilience is also fundamental to responding to global climate change and the expected market shifts as the world economy transitions to green energy. The recovery of economic activity in the region following the slowdown caused by COVID-19 has been multispeed, with wide variation across countries. Global events that diverted attention away from longer-term development priorities marked 2022. Inflation was the predominant form in which international pressures translated to domestic economies in Sub-Saharan Africa, resulting in stress on social policies and government budgets, on account of divergent responses by governments and private sector competition. In some countries, this has led to significant stress on debt sustainability, highlighting the importance of debt management, budgetary oversight, and financial soundness. An opportunity for regrouping on policy reforms arose in the second half of 2022, as gas prices declined after a mild European winter and China lifted health-related restrictions. Despite global economic challenges, more countries in Sub-Saharan Africa saw improvements in their overall CPIA scores compared to the previous year. In Western and Central Africa (AFW), the overall score increased for eight countries—Benin, Cabo Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, the Republic of Congo, and Togo. The overall score increased for four countries in Eastern and Southern Africa (AFE)—Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, and Zambia. In contrast, the overall score decreased for eight countries—Chad, the Comoros, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, São Tomé and PrÃncipe, and Sudan. The countries with improved scores made notable advancements in the economic management, policies for social inclusion, and governance clusters. Conversely, the countries with declining scores faced economic management and governance challenges. For the most part, the countries that received downgrades were positioned toward the lower end of the scale, while the upgraded countries generally had overall scores above 3, indicating a growing divergence in scores across the region in 2022.Publication CPIA Africa, November 2021: Assessing Africa’s Policies and Institutions(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-11) World BankThe Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) 2021 Africa report provides an assessment of the quality of policies and institutions of International Development Association (IDA); eligible countries in Sub-Saharan Africa in calendar year 2020, at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. The report analyzes the CPIA scores for 2020 to assess the extent to which the policies and institutions of the region's IDA countries are fostering sustainable growth, poverty reduction, and the effective utilization of development resources. The CPIA scores quantify the level of performance of each country against 16 criteria that represent the policy and institutional arrangements of an effective poverty reduction and growth strategy. The criteria are grouped into four clusters: economic management, structural policies, policies for social inclusion and equity, and public sector management and institutions. Countries are rated on a scale between 1 and 6, with high and rising scores signifying stronger policy and institutional frameworks.Publication Tanzania Education Sector Institutional and Governance Assessment(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-06-30) World BankThe Tanzania Education Sector Institutional and Governance Assessment (hereafter referred to as the report) identifies the drivers of efficient and effective basic education service delivery in Tanzania by exploring the sector’s institutional and governance context. The assessment has four main components: i) the policy and institutional setting; ii) the public financial management (PFM) context; iii) decentralization and its impact on basic education; and iv) school autonomy and accountability in the delivery of education services. Viewing these through a ‘service delivery lens’, the report presents the key findings and recommendations for medium-term as well as immediate future programming aimed at improved learning outcomes in Tanzania. The report takes an overall systems approach where each component is viewed as part of the whole, to create a picture where interconnected systemic constraints underpin an uncertain accountability chain. This is presented as a synthesis of learnings across all four components. The picture that emerges informs the recommendations of the Report, enabling the identification of synergistic critical pathways and entry-points for effective, efficient, and accountable education service delivery and, in the longer term, improved learning outcomes.