Other Public Sector Study
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Publication
The Regulation of Digital Trade: Key Policies and International Trends
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020-01-04)One day, people will wonder how global trade was even possible with before goods and services were bought and sold in global digital markets without regard or even knowledge of where sellers and buyers where located. We are not there yet --not by a long shot. For now, digital trade remains segmented mostly along national and regional boundaries, due largely to a combination of lack of consumer trust in online transactions and regulatory differences across borders, as well as the inherent challenges of moving goods internationally. Regulation plays a central role in building the foundations of digital markets. It can provide the legal tools necessary for remote contracts, clarify the rights and obligations of the multiple actors involved in digital transactions, and establish a framework that promotes consumer trust in digital markets, even when the consumer does not know the merchant or when the merchant is in a different country. However, regulation can also further segment digital trade, de facto restricting digital transactions to within national boundaries, or allowing for cross-border transactions with some partners to flourish, while limiting others. This can be the intended result of regulatory measures that limit cross-border data flows or online purchases or may be the undesired effect of regulatory differences across countries that leads businesses to offer different goods and services across boundaries. -
Publication
Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector: Maximizing Opportunities, Managing Risks
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020)The paper curate’s knowledge residing in public documents and aims to distill lessons learned on how to adopt and use AI as part of a public sector modernization strategy. The paper’s primary scope is on governance-related aspects. Chapter two elaborates on the opportunities being availed by governmentsaround the world using AI. These opportunities should be availed while managing associated risks, which are discussed in chapter three. For maximizing opportunities and managing risks, governments need to adopt AI ethical principles and institutional arrangements, discussed in chapter four. Chapter five discusses the ethical dimensions that need a broader policy response at the national level. Chapter six enumerates the building blocks necessary for a successful long-term AI strategy. The appendices contain information for practitioners. Appendix A provides technical information and additional resources for further support, and Appendix B highlights solutions that rely on AI for improvements in efficiency, scientific analysis, and prediction within the disciplines. To fully comprehend the impact that AI might have on governments, it is necessary to develop a solid understanding of key AI concepts. The paper does not offer in-depth coverage of work in specific sectors. The findings in the paper were validated through interviews with industry experts. Special efforts have been made to ensure the architectural design approaches discussed in the paper incorporate the best industry knowledge. The paper goes to great lengths to maintain a practical approach, with ‘handson’ examples of architectures and applications. -
Publication
Moldova Mobile ID Case Study
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-12)The Republic of Moldova was among the first countries in the world to implement Mobile eID, whichhas been implemented through the innovative Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model. In recognitionof Moldova embracing mobile technologies as an opportunity to tap the potential of mobile phones toimprove government initiatives, the government of Moldova was awarded the Best mGovernment Awardby the GSMA during the 2013 Mobile World Congress in Barcelona. The concept of Mobile eID, also known as mobile signature, works as an ID in the virtual world, allowing users to authenticate themselves in cyberspace, with the aim to prove their identity with the help of a cell phone or electronically sign a legally-binding transaction or document. For the regular users, the advantage of mobile eID lies in its simplicity, since no separate card reader or drivers areneeded, as the phone itself already performs these functions. Implementation of Mobile eID in Moldova was part of a larger digital transformation initiative supported by a 20 million US Dollars World Bank–funded loan as part of Governance eTransformation Project (GeT), and assuch, it benefited from increased political support. Moreover, the approval by the government of Moldova of the strategic e-Transformation program further paved the way for eID implementation, by expressly stating that mobile electronic identity is "a means to ensure data integrity and security in eservice delivery and financial transactions." -
Publication
Ukraine e-Government Assessment
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-06)Electronic Government (e-government) is among the main bases for improving public administration and service delivery in Ukraine. To effectively support enhanced developmentoutcomes, it requires a systemic and coordinated approach and parallel advancement of various components of digitalization. The purpose of this assessment is to identify issues and opportunities to consolidate, enhance and accelerate the electronic government reform in Ukraine. It informs and serves as a foundation for the prioritization and development of future areas of engagement of the broader e-government reform.Efforts to advance the implementation of e-government activities have not been properly sequenced and have been uncoordinated.To assess governance e-transformation this report introduces a comprehensive methodology – Electronic Government’s Governance Outline (hereafter Assessment) – that was developed by the team and is used for the first time. This assessment reflects the progress and status against various benchmarks of e-government, grouped in 18 dimensions and spread among 5 areas.The Ukraine assessment is a first attempt at bringing together the technical perspective of digitalization with the treatment of the agency problem underlaying the essence of governance. Recognizing the challenges and complexity of reforms in this area, the report outlines key priorities for future focus by policymakers and implementers in setting up specific strategies for addressing weaknesses and advancing reforms. The assessment, which was performed through desk review of policy and regulatory framework, interviews and structured surveys of key stakeholders, reveals a pattern of disproportional development of the system. The report discusses three foresight scenarios as alternatives to the “status quo”.The scenarios reflect different approaches to addressing identified vulnerabilities of e-government in Ukraine. Implementing many of the good practices will be a challenge in the short-term. Next steps should ideally focus on reforms that prioritize consolidation of datacenters. Implementing a centralized policy for ICT procurement requires strong political will and high-level support. The first manifestation of such political support could be clear definition of the stakeholder roles and, most importantly, separation of implementation from policymaking. -
Publication
Identification for Development: Sierra Leone
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2016)The Government of Sierra Leone (GOSL) has developed an ambitious plan in 2014 to reform civil registration in the country and to establish a national identity register. About 5 percent of people in Sierra Leone are registered in a national identity registry, managed by the National Registration Secretariat (NRS). The development of digital identity in Sierra Leone can help the country’s economic and social development. The use of an official identity can improve the efficiency and reduce the cost of collecting taxes, conducting census, issuing passports, delivering pensions, managing elections, controlling borders, delivering financial services, and running effective safety net programs. This report provides a rapid diagnosis of the potential and readiness of digital identity in Sierra Leone, and is funded by the Korean Trust Fund (KTF) and the Ebola multi-donor trust fund (MDTF). The report is based on consultations held with the GOSL and with stakeholders in the identity ecosystem of Sierra Leone. The report provides a preliminary review of the enabling environment and the functional identity programs in Sierra Leone, along with a discussion of possible next steps. -
Publication
Identification for Development: Guinea
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2016)Guinea’s ITC sector, the pilot project for the establishment of a national digital identification system must be more clearly defined; clarification is required regarding the status of the project signed at the end of March 2015, for the establishment of a civil registry and the production of National Identity Cards. Notwithstanding the solution chosen by the Guinean authorities, the terms of reference must be drafted in such a way as to ensure that: the needs of all sectors are duly taken into account; the right of all to civil registration is respected; resources already invested are re-utilized; the system to be put in place is perfectly well organized and in conformity with an existing legal framework, or one to be defined; the system will be interoperable; the system is sustainable.a comprehensive assessmentof eID initiatives, in order to avoid launching an eID project in an uncoordinated manner. Therefore, the National Digital Identification Register, herein after referred to as the Project, must constitute the backbone of allservices to citizens and be a flagship project in the area of civil registration. The most difficult phase of the Project is the initial development of the register, which must be constituted while ensuring that the rights of all citizens are respected. This may only be achieved if there is full transparency at all stages of the process and if all citizens understand the issues involved. As part of the preliminary study on the implementation of a national digital identification system, we have conducted an analysis of the current situation, gathering information on systems already in place or in the process of implementation, as well as the needs of the various Ministries. This report should serve as the basis for recommendations to be made for the implementation of a national digital identification system. This document is intended for all stakeholders who have participated in this study. It could be used in the event of arbitration by the Guinean authorities in relation to the development and implementation of the Project. -
Publication
Identification for Development: Liberia
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2015-06)The Government of Liberia (GOL) enacted the national identification registry (NIR) act in 2011 to establish national identification in the country. The law called for the setup of a NIR to be responsible for issuing a biometric-based identification card to each citizen and resident in Liberia. The development of digital identity in Liberia can help the country’s economic and social development. This report provides a rapid study of the potential and readiness of digital identity in Liberia. The report is based on consultations held with the GOL and stakeholders in Liberia during 2014 and 2015. The report provides a preliminary review of the enabling environment and the functional identity programs in Liberia, and discusses next steps. Further assessment of the enabling environment and a detailed action plan will be needed for the GOL to pursue developing digital identity in the country. -
Publication
Identification for Development: Nigeria
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2015-06)The Nigerian federal government recognized the need to create a national identity program, incorporating lessons from past attempts of Department of National Civic Registration, and following leading practices of national identity programs in other countries. With an aim to create a comprehensive identity system, Nigeria constituted "The Committee on the Harmonisation of National Identity Cards" to create a national policy and institutional framework for an identity management system in Nigeria. As per the recommendation of the Committee, and subsequent enactment of a law, the government established NIMC as the agency responsible for developing a National Identity Management System (NIMS). several government agencies issue an identity credential to residents for specific uses, but NIMC leads the identity agenda of Nigeria, and offers a "foundational identity" or an "official identity." -
Publication
Identification for Development: Morocco
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2014-07)The report is organized as follows. Section two reviews the identity ecosystem in Morocco. The section discusses in detail five identification programs that seem to have complementary strengths and that can be considered as assets. These are the national identity (CNIE), the civil register, the children school register (MASSAR), the register of health assistance (RAMED), and the social security register (CNSS). Section three, provides a global analysis of the data collected and highlights the findings within a holistic view. Section 4 presents some options that may be explored to improve the identification systems in the country. In annex one, the color coded performance matrix for the What Matters factors is given for reference. The methodology of the research is briefly presented in annex two along with the raw data collected through the SPA ID Questionnaire tool, and in annex three some population data from HCP that is used in this report is provided for convenience. It is important to emphasize that in developing options for consideration we worked within the constraint of leveraging existing assets and avoided strategies that would result in activities that overlap with what has been done in the past. This is particularly true for enrollment of the population, which is a costly process. This approach recognizes the need to leverage the existing enrollment databases and procedures. -
Publication
Public Sector-operated Price-comparison Websites : Case Studies and Good Practices
(Washington, DC, 2013-06)This technical note is intended to provide regulators with concrete, practical information on operating price-comparison websites and the strategic considerations necessary to take into account when designing such sites. The technical note examines price-comparison websites operated by public sector entities in Canada, Hungary, Ireland, Malaysia, Mexico, Norway, and the United Kingdom. The technical note describes the price-comparison tools in these case study countries, comparing differing approaches and highlighting good practices found across countries. Institutional and structural arrangements were found to vary across case study countries. Price-comparison websites are operated by either a financial regulator (Hungary, Malaysia) or more commonly by a financial consumer agency set up by the government but operating as an independent agency (Canada, Ireland, Mexico, Norway, United Kingdom). Typically, less sophisticated price-comparison websites provide basic price-comparison tools, while more sophisticated sites provide interactive product-selection tools and complementary educational materials in an intuitive, easy-to-use format.