Other Poverty Study
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Publication
Using a Facebook Survey to Assess the Socioeconomic Conditions of Palestinians after the May 2021 Conflict: A Methodological Note
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-12)The World Bank launched the Rapid Web based Survey on the Impact of the Conflict (RWSIC) on June 9, 2021, covering key topics such as access to basic services, labor outcomes, mental health, and coping strategies. The survey was conducted over Facebook, using targeted advertisements based on gender, age and location to achieve a balance similar to the general population. 3,210 questionnaires were collected in over two weeks, providing much needed information on the living conditions of Palestinians. This study builds on the existing Facebook survey experience by targeting advertisements at a relatively local level and adjusting sampling weights based on the likelihood of the user seeing and responding to the survey’s advertisement before calibrating the weights to known parameters of the population. While this study offers some methods for alleviating the potential biases to representativeness, there could remain unobservable characteristics that make respondents systematically different to the rest of the population. -
Publication
Monitoring the Socio-Economic Impacts of COVID-19 on Djiboutian and Refugee Households in Djibouti: Results from the Third Wave of Survey
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-05-27)The third round of data collection on monitoring of socio-economic impacts of the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic in Djibouti followed urban national households based on two previous waves of data collection as well as a replacement sub-sample. This round also includes a refugee sub-sample, covering urban refugees and those based in refugee villages. Economic recovery in Djibouti continues to follow a positive trend. Breadwinners from Djiboutian households continue to come back to work. Only 4 percent of those working before the pandemic were not working at the time of the survey. Even when counting those who were not working before the pandemic, 83 percent of all national households' breadwinners are now working – continuing strong trends from waves 1 and 2. Nationals with waged work grew from 22 to 76 percent in that time, and only 9 percent of those currently working report working less than usual. Djiboutian workers are also working more – but for less pay. Only one in five Djiboutian breadwinners are working less than they were before the pandemic or not at all. However, half of those who worked less than usual received no pay in wave 3 – 53 percent up from 35 percent in wave 2, and fewer received partial payment compared to the previous waves. Poor households were more likely to have received no pay for work performed. Refugees based in refugee villages face worse employment conditions than those living in urban areas or urban nationals. They were less likely to be employed prior to COVID-19, more likely to lose their job during pandemic, and do not exhibit similar signs of recovery. Around 68 percent of urban refugee breadwinners are currently working and 7 percent who worked before the pandemic are currently not working. In comparison, less than half (49 percent) of refugee breadwinners based in refugee villages are currently working, and 16 percent are no longer working relative to pre-COVID-19. A quarter of urban refugees and around 35 percent of refugees in refugee villages worked neither now nor before the pandemic, and nearly a third (29 percent) of the latter who are working report working less than usual. In addition, refugee breadwinners’ concentration in the informal sector (87 percent) highlights the precarity of their livelihood. -
Publication
2021 Compounding Misfortunes: An Update to the Study
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-03)COVID-19 (coronavirus) has had an enormous impact on nearly every country in the world. However, Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon were already facing difficult to extreme circumstances even before the pandemic erupted, making them particularly vulnerable. This report looks at the impact of the pandemic, associated lockdowns and economic shocks and other misfortunes which have compounded the crisis, such as sharply lower oil revenues in Iraq and the Port of Beirut explosion in Lebanon, as well as political instability in both. The report estimates that 4.4 million people in the host communities and 1.1 million refugees or IDPs were driven into poverty in the immediate aftermath of the crisis, and while this considers all of Lebanon, it only includes three governorates in Jordan and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, due to data limitations. A response commensurate with the magnitude of the shock is needed to prevent further misery. The poverty impact of COVID-19 and the ensuing confinement policies and economic contractions have been felt throughout the world, not least by marginalized communities. However, COVID-19 has compounded existing vulnerabilities or crises in Jordan, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) and Lebanon. Syrian refugees – most of whom have been displaced for up to nine years – are particularly exposed given their perilous pre-crisis situation. Host communities in these three countries, who have supported and accommodated such large numbers of refugees, have also been heavily affected; all three countries were in strained positions prior to COVID-19, ranging from economic stagnation and high public debt in Jordan, to a collapse in public revenues due to international oil price shocks in KRI, to complete political and economic crisis in Lebanon. By March 2020, all three countries had witnessed their first cases of COVID-19 and introduced stringent containment policies ranging from partial closures of schools and shops to full curfew. While these measures were initially largely successful in containing the spread of the pandemic, they also led to a decline in economic activity across most sectors, particularly in the informal market. In Jordan and Iraq, the losses are estimated at around 8.2 and 10.5 percent of 2019’s GDP respectively. In Lebanon where the COVID-19 crisis is compounded by economic and political crises the losses are much higher, around 25 percent of GDP. Lebanon has experienced inflation of over 100 percent, largely due to its import dependence and currency depreciation. Unsurprisingly, given the magnitude of these shocks, recent rapid needs assessments and UNHCR administrative data show that refugees, who are highly concentrated in low-skilled jobs in the informal sector, have had to reduce food intake, incur additional debt and in some instances suffered eviction. -
Publication
Compounding Misfortunes: Changes in Poverty Since the Onset of COVID-19 on Syrian Refugees and Host Communities in Jordan, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Lebanon
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020-12-16)COVID-19 (coronavirus) has had an enormous impact on nearly every country in the world. However, Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon were already facing difficult to extreme circumstances even before the pandemic erupted, making them particularly vulnerable. This report looks at the impact of the pandemic, associated lockdowns and economic shocks and other misfortunes which have compounded the crisis, such as sharply lower oil revenues in Iraq and the Port of Beirut explosion in Lebanon, as well as political instability in both. The report estimates that 4.4 million people in the host communities and 1.1 million refugees or IDPs were driven into poverty in the immediate aftermath of the crisis, and while this considers all of Lebanon, it only includes three governorates in Jordan and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, due to data limitations. A response commensurate with the magnitude of the shock is needed to prevent further misery. The poverty impact of COVID-19 and the ensuing confinement policies and economic contractions have been felt throughout the world, not least by marginalized communities. However, COVID-19 has compounded existing vulnerabilities or crises in Jordan, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) and Lebanon. Syrian refugees – most of whom have been displaced for up to nine years – are particularly exposed given their perilous pre-crisis situation. Host communities in these three countries, who have supported and accommodated such large numbers of refugees, have also been heavily affected; all three countries were in strained positions prior to COVID-19, ranging from economic stagnation and high public debt in Jordan, to a collapse in public revenues due to international oil price shocks in KRI, to complete political and economic crisis in Lebanon. By March 2020, all three countries had witnessed their first cases of COVID-19 and introduced stringent containment policies ranging from partial closures of schools and shops to full curfew. While these measures were initially largely successful in containing the spread of the pandemic, they also led to a decline in economic activity across most sectors, particularly in the informal market. In Jordan and Iraq, the losses are estimated at around 8.2 and 10.5 percent of 2019’s GDP respectively. In Lebanon where the COVID-19 crisis is compounded by economic and political crises the losses are much higher, around 25 percent of GDP. Lebanon has experienced inflation of over 100 percent, largely due to its import dependence and currency depreciation. Unsurprisingly, given the magnitude of these shocks, recent rapid needs assessments and UNHCR administrative data show that refugees, who are highly concentrated in low-skilled jobs in the informal sector, have had to reduce food intake, incur additional debt and in some instances suffered eviction. -
Publication
Yemen Dynamic Needs Assessment: Phase 3 (2020 Update)
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020-12-01)In June 2014, armed conflict between the government and armed groups began to spread across much of the Republic of Yemen. The conflict, which escalated in March 2015, has caused major loss of life, internal displacement, and damage to infrastructure and service delivery throughout the economy and society. To understand the effect of the evolving conflict on the Yemeni people and estimate preliminary recovery and reconstruction needs, the World Bank Group (WBG), in close cooperation with the Government of Yemen (GoY), initiated the multi-phased Yemen Dynamic Needs Assessment (DNA) in September 2015. This assessment is the third phase in the series of DNAs that the WBG has conducted since 2015. It was conducted in 2018, and updated in 2020. The key objective of the third phase of the Yemen DNA is to provide the WBG, the GoY, and the international community with an update on the impact of the crisis on the population, physical assets, infrastructure, service delivery, and institutions of the Republic of Yemen. It also provides a preliminary estimate of the need for reconstruction of physical infrastructure and restoration of service delivery that may be useful in planning recovery. Temporal scope: Damage and needs were calculated according to a March 2015 baseline situation, compared to data and information collected as of January 2020. Sectoral scope: The assessment is conducted for the following 12 sectors: education, food security, governance, health, housing, information and communications technology (ICT), power, social protection, social resilience, solid waste management, transport, and water and sanitation (WASH). Geographic scope: The third phase of the Yemen DNA is primarily a city-level assessment for the following 16 cities: Ad-Dhale, Aden, Al Hazm, Amran, Bayhan, Dhamar, Hodeidah, Khoka, Lahj, Lodar, Ma’rib City, Mocha, Rada’a, Sa’da, Sana’a, and Taiz. Whenever sufficient and accurate information was available, the assessment was extended to cover the governorates in which the target cities are located. Certain sectors were assessed at the governorate level or at the national level. -
Publication
Monitoring the Socio-Economic Impacts of COVID-19 on Djiboutian Households: Results from Second Wave of Survey (September 20-October 18)
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020-12)To monitor the rapidly changing economic landscape due to Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), the National Institute of Statistics of Djibouti (INSD), with the technical assistance from the World Bank, conducted a second wave of the COVID phone survey from September 20 to October 18, 2020. The sample, consisting of 1,460 complete interviews, combined a panel of households interviewed during the first wave, to which a replacement sample was added to compensate for attrition. The response rate stands at 85 percent nationally and the results are representative of the country’s urban population except for the top wealth quintile (richest 20 percent). Since mid-May, when the lockdown ended, economic activities have been trending back to normal. In times of COVID-19, households contend with significant challenges regarding access to food, a key element of food insecurity. The survey uncovers that 40 percent of the households are worried about not having enough food due to a lack of economic resources. Despite the challenging health and economic context, many households remained optimistic about the future. -
Publication
Monitoring the Socio-Economic Impacts of COVID-19 on Djiboutian Households: Results from First Round of Survey
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020-09)Djibouti had its first confirmed case of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on 18 March 2020. As an early response, the government suspended all in and out international passenger flights on March 18, 2020, closed schools and universities, and ordered a general lockdown starting from March 27, 2020. As of August 20, 2020, there were 5,374 confirmed cases of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Djibouti, with fifty-nine reported deaths. Even though the total number of cases increased sharply in the last two weeks of May and early June, they declined considerably in July and August. This report focuses on the Coronavirus (COVID-19) impacts on households in Djibouti as of September 2020. -
Publication
Poverty Map of the Palestinian Territories: Palestinian Expenditure and Consumption Survey 2016 and Census 2017
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2019-09)This technical report describes the methodology and data used to produce small area poverty estimates for the Palestinian territories. The first section presents the methodology. The second section describes the data, and the technical challenges in estimating poverty at the locality level. The third section discusses selection of the best model, its performance and conducts validation exercises. The fourth section shows poverty and inequality estimates for different levels. -
Publication
Water and Sanitation for All in Tunisia: A Realistic Objective
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-11)In recent decades, Tunisia has made remarkable progress in reducing poverty and increasing access to water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services. More than 4 million people in Tunisia have gained access to improved sanitation between 1990 and 2015, and 4 million have gained access to water. This is a significant accomplishment, considering that Tunisia is currently home to 11 million people, 33 percent of whom live in rural areas. Despite this progress, however, around 250,000 people in Tunisia still rely on unimproved drinking water from mostly unprotected wells and springs; of the 900,000 people who use unimproved sanitation, about half use shared latrines, and the other half use mostly unimproved latrines. There are also substantial imbalances in terms of water-resource distribution between the better endowed North and the semi-arid South. If left unaddressed, deficiencies could become more severe in the coming years. Tunisia is a water-scarce country, and water supply security challenges are predicted to be exacerbated by climate change in the coming years. Opportunities for improvement are analyzed and condensed into five clear recommendations for the way forward for the WASH sector in Tunisia. -
Publication
Toward Water Security for Palestinians: West Bank and Gaza Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Poverty Diagnostic
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-08-31)The Palestinian territories face significant and growing shortfalls in the water supply available for domestic use. With population of approximately 4.8 million growing at an average annual rate of 2.8 percent, the domestic supply gap is projected to dramatically increase unless supply and service options are expanded. The Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Poverty Diagnostic (WASH PD) assesses the underlying causes of the chronic and growing water insecurity in the Palestinian territories to inform water and sanitation programming. Water security requires that water resources are well managed, including risks, and that water service providers (SPs) are capable and motivated to provide sustainable, efficient, and equitable services. In the Palestinian territories, the WASH PD identified that water security was threatened by a complex set of factors including (a) Water resources: Declining quality and quantity due to over-abstraction, lack of regulation, and lack of environmental protection of water resources; (b) Service provision: The SPs operate on an inefficient basis with not-insignificant water losses and low-cost recovery. The SPs’ inability to provide reliable water services undermines customer confidence and willingness to pay; and (c) Geopolitical: The sector development is constrained by the geopolitical context within which it operates, limiting access to goods, services and water resources. To analyze and improve water security in the Palestinian territories, the WASH PD proposed an IWII framework (institutions, water resources, investments and incentives) that integrates efficient use of natural and financial resources to better meet demand and collaborative solutions within the region and with Palestinians to improve access to water supply and to protect resources. The WASH PD in West Bank and Gaza is part of a global initiative to improve evidence on the linkages between WASH, poverty, and service delivery.