Other Poverty Study
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Publication
Toward Water Security for Palestinians: West Bank and Gaza Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Poverty Diagnostic
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-08-31)The Palestinian territories face significant and growing shortfalls in the water supply available for domestic use. With population of approximately 4.8 million growing at an average annual rate of 2.8 percent, the domestic supply gap is projected to dramatically increase unless supply and service options are expanded. The Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Poverty Diagnostic (WASH PD) assesses the underlying causes of the chronic and growing water insecurity in the Palestinian territories to inform water and sanitation programming. Water security requires that water resources are well managed, including risks, and that water service providers (SPs) are capable and motivated to provide sustainable, efficient, and equitable services. In the Palestinian territories, the WASH PD identified that water security was threatened by a complex set of factors including (a) Water resources: Declining quality and quantity due to over-abstraction, lack of regulation, and lack of environmental protection of water resources; (b) Service provision: The SPs operate on an inefficient basis with not-insignificant water losses and low-cost recovery. The SPs’ inability to provide reliable water services undermines customer confidence and willingness to pay; and (c) Geopolitical: The sector development is constrained by the geopolitical context within which it operates, limiting access to goods, services and water resources. To analyze and improve water security in the Palestinian territories, the WASH PD proposed an IWII framework (institutions, water resources, investments and incentives) that integrates efficient use of natural and financial resources to better meet demand and collaborative solutions within the region and with Palestinians to improve access to water supply and to protect resources. The WASH PD in West Bank and Gaza is part of a global initiative to improve evidence on the linkages between WASH, poverty, and service delivery. -
Publication
The Connections between Poverty and Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Panama: A Diagnostic
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-07)The present report summarizes the evidence and findings from a series of studies and new data collection around water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and poverty. This WASH poverty diagnostic was undertaken to increase our understanding of the linkages between monetary poverty and WASH services. The work focuses on answering four questions: who are the poor?, does access to WASH vary by poverty level?, what are the synergies between WASH and other sectors, and how does this affect welfare?, and what are the constraints to service and potential solutions to providing universal access to safely managed water supply and sanitation? Although the work done in the context of this diagnostic covered both urban and rural areas, the main focus has been on the rural, and particularly, the indigenous areas, as these are the ones facing the greatest gaps in services. A more in-depth exploration of urban issues has been left for a future date. -
Publication
Findings of the Mozambique Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Poverty Diagnostic
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-03-01)The Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Poverty Diagnostic in Mozambique is part of a global initiative to improve the evidence base on the linkages between WASH, human development, and poverty. The Diagnostic provides a detailed analysis of sector status, strengths and weaknesses to inform the conditions needed to attain the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that aim not only for universal access but for safely managed water and sanitation coverage. This report summarizes three background papers of this activity; the first containing the overall summary of findings, a dossier of sector data, and lessons and recommendations; then two technical reports that cover (i) the detailed information and data on the linkages between WASH, health and human development outcomes, and (ii) the analysis of the main institutional barriers that exist in the rural water subsector. The report presents updated evidence and data using diverse analytical tools that contribute to understand why and how WASH investments could be coordinated with other sectors to improve human development outcomes, such as reduced childhood stunting. The information presented in this comprehensive report explores water supply service quality, affordability and availability and offers conceptual framework and institutional diagnostic applied to the rural water sector, where services have been lagging behind in terms of coverage over the past decades. -
Publication
Improving Service Levels and Impact on the Poor: A Diagnostic of Water Supply, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Poverty in Indonesia
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017-10)The objective of this report is to provide an empirical basis for more inclusive and equitable service delivery in the water and sanitation sector in Indonesia. Despite recent gains, there are close to 100 million people without improved sanitation and 33 million without improved drinking water. These figures hide the persistent divides between urban and rural populations and among different income levels in access to services, and they mask underlying gaps in quality faced by all households, regardless of income or geographic location. Unequal access to services at the beginning of life is a key driver of inequality, placing children at a unfair disadvantage from the outset. The report shows that children living in communities where open defecation is practiced and where the quality of drinking water is poor are more likely to be stunted and suffer from cognitive deficits later in life. Improving the ability of and opportunity for the poor and vulnerable to benefit from water and sanitation services can help to ensure that Indonesia not only achieves its service delivery targets, but that water supply and sanitation become key drivers of a reduction in inequality, enhanced health and well-being, and economic growth and prosperity. -
Publication
Glass Half Full: Poverty Diagnostic of Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Conditions in Tajikistan
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017-08-29)Located on the western tip of the Himalayas, Tajikistan has abundant fresh water resources in its rivers, lakes, and glaciers. Yet, access to improved drinking water, and to sanitation connected to a functioning sewerage system, are among the most severe and unequally distributed services in the country. Unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) conditions have significant adverse effects on well-being, particularly for rural residents, the poor and the children. Glass Half Full: Poverty Diagnostic of Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Conditions in Tajikistan documents the realities, characteristics, and priorities of Tajikistan’s WASH-deprived population. It presents new, comprehensive evidence on the coverage and quality of WASH service conditions, along with their diverse well-being impacts. It also identifies institutional gaps and service delivery models that can inform future policies and investments in the WASH sector. The findings communicate a sense of urgency that should inspire the government, civil society, and the international community to accelerate their actions toward addressing WASH deprivation in Tajikistan. -
Publication
A Wake Up Call: Nigeria Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Poverty Diagnostic
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017-08)This report offers an overview of the state of WASH services in the country. It draws from a number of national data sources, desk reviews, and original research to analyze service delivery in the country and assess the sector’s performance. It offers an overview of poverty in Nigeria, considers the relationship between poverty and WASH, explores demographic patterns influencing access to WASH, and analyzes the relationship between WASH and child health outcomes. Further, it evaluates the performance of water agencies, examines and identifies institutional bottlenecks, offers insights on how to make the sector more efficient and sustainable, conducts a public expenditure review (PER) of the WASH sector, and explores the organization of the institutional landscape for urban water supply in Bauchi City. The report concludes with recommendations for tackling the current crisis of WASH services in Nigeria. -
Publication
Reducing Inequalities in Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene in the Era of the Sustainable Development Goals: Synthesis Report of the WASH Poverty Diagnostic Initiative
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017-08)The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the World Bank’s corporate goals of ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity call for specific attention to the poor and vulnerable. The overarching objective of the SDGs is to end poverty in all its forms, but their key difference from the earlier Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is the integration of social, economic, and environmental goals (UN 2015). This has significant implications for reforms aimed at improving service delivery. With this understanding as its guiding compass, the Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Poverty Diagnostic Initiative focuses on what it would take to reduce existing inequalities in WASH services worldwide. This report, a synthesis of that global initiative, offers new insights on how data can be used to inform allocation decisions to reduce inequalities and prioritize investment in WASH to boost human capital. It also offers a fresh perspective on service delivery that considers how institutional arrangements affect the incentives of a range of actors. -
Publication
Kyrgyz Republic: Insights on Household Access to Water Supply and Sanitation
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2015-04)This note has been prepared as part of the work program on multi-dimensional poverty in the Kyrgyz Republic to raise awareness of poverty dimensions, which in turn should help accelerate the development of water supply and sanitation services, and necessary reforms in the Kyrgyz Republic. The note analyzes the quality and reliability of the Integrated Households Survey (KIHS) data to measure access to water supply and sanitation services. The household survey was conducted by the National Statistics Committee (NSC) of the Kyrgyz Republic. It is representative at the national, rural/urban, and oblast levels. Using survey data we analyze the consumption of water supply and sanitation services at the household level with a focus on access, quality, and expenditures.