City Development Strategy

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  • Publication
    Transforming Tanzania’s Cities: Harnessing Urbanization for Competitiveness, Resilience, and Livability
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-06) World Bank
    Tanzania’s growth and poverty reduction aspirations hinge on shifting from a reliance on agriculture toward greater productivity. Cities’ key role in generating a more competitive economy is already apparent: in 2012, just four Tanzanian cities produced more than half of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP), and they are expected to represent almost 60 percent of the country’s GDP in 2030. Urban areas also account for the majority of the country’s physical, financial, human, academic, and technological capital. Cities are integral for shaping Tanzania’s development, but what shape are cities in now and where are they heading based on current trends? This report analyses the state of Tanzania’s urbanization process and the condition of its cities and institutions through the lens of three main challenges that constrain the contribution of Tanzania’s towns and cities to economic diversification and growth, reduce their resilience to shocks, and limit their livability and inclusivity. The report then offers a set of recommendations to guide policies and investments that will promote urban planning for inclusive and resilient urban development, stronger connections between cities and neighborhoods, and institutions and financing mechanisms that are well placed to scale up sustainable urban development.
  • Publication
    Metropolitan Dar es Salaam: Participatory River Basin Planning
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020-11-13) Lugakingira, MaryGrace W.; Faust, Amy; Pomes-Jimenez, Maria
    Globally, cities are the source of over 70 percent of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. Cities are also the engines of the global economy, concentrating more than half the world’s population, and they are where the middle class is rapidly expanding. Indeed, by the year 2050, two-thirds of the world will be urban, with cities accommodating an additional 2.5 billion people over today’s total. Nearly all of this urban growth will occur in developing countries. This concentration of people and assets also means that the impacts of natural disasters, exacerbated by the changing climate, may be even more devastating, both in terms of human lives lost and economic livelihoods destroyed. These effects will disproportionately burden the poor. Earth is on a trajectory of warming more than 1.5 degrees Celsius unless important decarbonizing steps are taken.Often urban policymakers prescribe integration as the solution to steering urbanization towards decarbonization to achieve greater global and local environmental benefits. However, little is known about the struggles—and successes—that cities in developing countries have in planning, financing, and implementing integrated urban solutions. The main objective of this report is to understand how a variety of developing and emerging economies are successfully utilizing horizontal integration—across multiple infrastructure sectors and systems—at the metropolitan scale to deliver greater sustainability. This report explores how integrated planning processes extending well beyond city boundaries have been financed and implemented in a diverse group of metropolitan areas. From this analysis, the report derives models, poses guiding questions, and presents three key principles to provoke and inspire action by cities around the world.
  • Publication
    Enhancing Economic Development and Job Creation in Addis Ababa: The Role of the City Administration
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-05) World Bank Group
    Addis Ababa will play a major role in Ethiopia’s aspirations to reach middle income status, yet institutional inefficiencies currently hamper structural transformation. Addis Ababa contributes a third of Ethiopia’s manufacturing sector GDP and over half of urban employment. Yet, current policy restrictions on access to land already seem to be leading to a declining share of employment in the manufacturing sectors in which Addis Ababa is specialized, without a significant increase in the high value added sectors policy makers seek for the city. Policy makers at the city as well as national level therefore need to rapidly undertake efforts towards instituting a conducive environment for the development and attraction of these higher tech sectors. Given that unemployment in Addis Ababa is already the highest in urban Ethiopia, urgent action is needed to encourage economic succession to provide sources of employment for citizens. This report provides recommendations on the role of the City Administration in economic development and recommends a focus on better access to land, simpler procedures for domestic and diaspora investors, more competitively targeted enterprise support and increased capacity of the city administration.
  • Publication
    From Regulators to Enablers: Role of City Governments in Economic Development of Greater Kampala
    (Washington, DC, 2017-09) World Bank
    This report is the second major analysis on urbanization in Uganda by the World Bank after the 5th Econ Update - The Growth Challenge: Can Ugandan Cities Get to Work’. The report aims to provide Ugandan policymakers with economic analyses on the role of Greater Kampala in achieving Uganda’s economic goals outlined in Vision 2040, and the actions needed to unlock the city’s economic potential. While Greater Kampala accounts for only about 10% of Uganda’s population, it generates a third of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employs 46 percent of its formal workers. The report calls on the city governments that make up the Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area to transition from “regulators to enablers” of economic development, through investing in: 1. Transport – coordinated transport and economic infrastructure to improve mobility and increase access to markets. 2. Land and serviced premises – strengthen land use management and access to serviced premises in partnership with large landowners. 3. Skills and business services – partner with the private sector to provide support services to local firms. And none of this can be achieved without strong coordination among Government stakeholders in the GKMA and with the private sector.
  • Publication
    Safe and Resilient Cities in Ethiopia: CityStrength Diagnostics in Nine Regional Capitals and Dire Dawa City Administration
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017-06) World Bank
    This report captures the outcomes of the TA on Strengthening Urban Resilience in Ethiopia, including City Strength Diagnostic carried out in the Dire Dawa City Administration and nine regional capitals of Ethiopia. Chapter two provides an overview of shocks and stresses in the cities, the growing hazard exposure, the impacts of climate change, and preparedness in terms of emergency response and safe building construction. It also addresses the question of what hazards cities are exposed to (now and in future), and whether they are adequately prepared. Chapter three focuses on the resilience of urban systems based on assessments in 10 sectors across the 10 cities. It answers the question whether local capacity exists to deal with shocks and stresses, and if urban systems are resilient. Each sectoral assessment is done against the five qualities of resilience to understand capacity constraints and resilience priorities. This exercise was conducted jointly by the participants in the consultations and the World Bank sectoral specialists. After determining vulnerabilities at the sectoral level, Chapter four provides a summary of the priorities at the city level that were determined during the consultation workshops. It provides details of critical actions needed to make Ethiopian cities more resilient. Designed to be accessible to a broad audience, this report presents the most relevant and actionable information that emerged from the diagnostic exercise.
  • Publication
    Greening Africa's Cities: Enhancing the Relationship between Urbanization, Environmental Assets, and Ecosystem Services
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017-05-23) White, Roland; Turpie, Jane; Letley, Gwyneth Letley
    Africa is urbanizing late but fast. This brings many benefits but, as this report shows: thus far, urbanization in Africa, unique in a number of respects, is having deleterious and largely unchecked impacts on the natural environment; the degradation of natural assets and ecosystems within African cities carries tangible economic, fiscal and social costs; there are important opportunities to change the current environmental trajectory of African cities so that they move towards a more harmonious relationship between their natural and built environments. For this to happen, focused action is necessary.
  • Publication
    Return on Investment in Green Urban Development: Amelioration of Flood Risk in the Msimbazi River Catchment, Dar Es Salaam, Tanazania
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017-04-01) Turpie, Jane; Kroeger, Timm; De Risi, Raffaele; de Paola, Francesco; Letley, Gwyneth; Forsythe, Katherine; Day, Liz
    Rapid urbanisation is taking place at an unprecedented rate throughout the world, with the rate of growth often outpacing urban planning and the capacity of city managers. As a result, existing natural areas within cities,which provide a range of benefits to urban dwellersare becoming smaller and degraded, and problems such as flooding, air pollution and water pollution are becoming worse in many places. African cities often lackthe resources to deal with these problems. However, anumber of studies have suggested that investing in the maintenance or restoration of natural infrastructurein many cases may not only address given problems at comparable or lower cost than conventional engineering projects, but also generate multiple additional benefits that ultimately translate into cost savings and increased human wellbeing. Meanwhile, great strides have been made in the design of sustainable mechanisms to deal with urban environmental issues, stormwater flows and the attendant pollution problems, and management and planning of cities is increasingly taking a holistic approach that includes the use and conservation of semi-natural and natural areas within cities as part of a green urban development strategy. One of the challenges of green urban development will be to findthe right balance between ecological infrastructure(natural systems), “green” (= environmentally friendly)built infrastructure, and conventional (“grey”) built infrastructure. Dar es Salaam, located on Africa’s Indian Ocean Coast,faces a multitude of environmental problems. Prominent among them is the problem of flooding in and around the city centre, which frequently brings the city to a standstill, as well as causing infrastructural damage. Many factors have contributed to this problem, including unplanned informal settlements in the upper catchment and floodplain areas, a lack of drainage and a lack of solid waste management. The impacts of flooding are also exacerbated by high levels of pollution in the rivers, which increases the risks associated with flooding. In consultations for this study, stakeholders in Dar esSalaam identified the Msimbazi River as being amongthe most degraded ecosystems in the city and also the source of the most serious flooding problems. The aim of the study was to explore the potential costs and benefits of undertaking a green urban development approach, including catchment-to-coast restoration measures, to ameliorate flood risk in the Msimbazi Rivercatchment.
  • Publication
    A Preliminary Investigation of the Potential Costs and Benefits of Rehabilitation of the Nakivubo Wetland, Kampala
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2016-09) Turpie, Jane; Day, Liz; Gelo Kutela, Dambala; Letley, Gwyneth; Roed, Chris; Forsythe, Kat
    Rapid urbanisation threatens existing natural areas withincities and the ecosystem services that they provide. This case study forms part of a broader study that investigates the benefits of investing in Green Urban Developmentin African cities. The Kampala case study focuses on the Nakivubo wetland, one of several large wetland systems that occur within and around the city. This wetland has become severely degraded by polluted water from thecity that passes through the wetland before entering Inner Murchison Bay. However, as the city has continued to grow, pollution flows into the wetland have increased significantly, the size and assimilative capacity of the wetland has decreased, and the costs of water treatment have increased. These concerns, as well as the increasing shortage of public open space areas in the city that are available for recreation, haveled to the city’s consideration of the rehabilitation of the Nakivubo wetland, both to restore its functioning and to create the opportunity for a recreational area with associated possibilities for economic development. This study provides a preliminary evaluation of the state of the Nakivubo wetland, the potential costs and benefitsof its rehabilitation and the implications for the city’sexpansion plans. The primary objectives were defined as(1) effecting a measurable improvement of waterquality passing out of the Nakivubo wetland into InnerMurchison Bay, (2) ensuring sustainable management ofthe Nakivubo wetland, (3) reducing water quality impactson human health and (4) opening up opportunitiesfor safe recreational use of the lower wetland. One of the main challenges in achieving the above would be institutional. Greater Kampala extends well beyond the boundaries of the Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA), which originally encompassed the entire city, and unless the KCCA area is adjusted accordingly (as has been done in other countries), the problems that will arise in a growing city will be in areas under multiple other jurisdictions.
  • Publication
    Promoting Green Urban Development in African Cities: Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania Urban Environmental Profile
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2016-04-01) World Bank Group
    The city of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania has undergone a period of unprecedented urbanization that has contributed to the degradation of the city’s natural environment. With a growth rate above or near 5% for the past three decades, it is the fastest growing city in East Africa. The arrival of thousands of in-migrants year after year has overwhelmed the city’s ability to deliver adequate public services, housing and jobs. Unplanned, densely populated informal settlements that lack basic water, sewer, and waste services now cover much of the city’s land area. At the same time, climate change is placing further strains on the city’s ability to manage the urban environment. The projected rise in temperature, coupled with an increase in precipitation, could have wide-ranging impacts. A projected increase in the intensity of rainfall will result in storm runoff that exceeds the capacity of the city’s infrastructure, causing flooding and the spread of pollution, of particular concern for low-lying informal settlements. Such conditions have degraded the quality of the city’s natural environment and the vital ecosystem services that they provide. the study of urban environmental issues with the advancement of more sustainable urban growth. The Urban Environmental Profile for Dar es Salaam has been prepared as the first component of the assignment “Promoting Green Urban Development in Africa: Enhancing the Relationship Between Urbanization, Environmental Assets and Ecosystem Services,” a project being conducted under the leadership of the World Bank. The Profile summarizes the existing quality of the wetlands and other aquatic and terrestrial environmental assets, and identifies the key drivers of their environmental vulnerability, and the main institutional challenges and constraints.
  • Publication
    Promoting Green Urban Development in African Cities: Kampala, Uganda, Urban Environmental Profile
    (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2015-09) World Bank Group
    The city of Kampala has undergone a period of rapid urbanization that has contributed to the degradation of the city’s natural environment. The urban environmental profile for Kampala has been prepared as the first component of the assignment promoting green urban development in Africa: enhancing the relationship between urbanization, environmental assets, and ecosystem services, a project being conducted under the leadership of the World Bank. An overall objective of this project is to link the study of urban environmental issues with the advancement of more sustainable urban growth. The profile summarizes the existing quality of the wetlands and other aquatic and terrestrial environmental assets, identifies the key drivers that are the cause of their vulnerability, and describes the key institutional challenges and constraining factors that limit the city’s ability to address environmental management challenges. Identification of the key environmental assets and key drivers of environmental degradation within the city required a more comprehensive review of reports on urban planning and infrastructure services. The city has recently made progress in the development of key infrastructure systems such as solid waste management and sanitation. The report is organized as follows: section one gives introduction. Section two sets the background and context for Kampala, providing an overview of the impacts of rapid urbanization and climate change, drawing linkages to urban environmental assets. Section three, quality of the environmental assets of Kampala describes the state of the key environmental assets, including the terrestrial assets, aquatic assets, and air quality, and attempts to infer the associated historic and current trends. Section four, drivers of environmental vulnerability and degradation describes the key issues that are driving degradation and the impacts caused. Section five, institutional issues and challenges describes the key factors that constrain Kampala‘s ability to effectively address environmental management challenges. Section six, provides a synthesis of key findings.