City Development Strategy
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Publication
Yokohama Urban Design Sketchbook: Translating a Community-Led Vision into Practice
(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2022-03-10)Pioneered in Yokohama City, Japan, the Yokohama Urban Design Sketchbook (YUDS) is a citizen engagement and co-creation methodology for urban design at the neighborhood level. It leverages cross-sectional sketches and drawings to translate citizens' visions and ideas of urban areas into concrete proposals of urban design. YUDS also develops interest among the community on urban areas and it enhances community engagement in broader urban planning and municipal processes. Based on the experience of Yokohama City, the YUDS methodology has been successfully piloted and tested in two distinct urban contexts: in Panama City, Panama, in April 2019, and in Barranquilla, Colombia, in February 2020. The YUDS methodology consists of structured participatory workshops, in which participants collaboratively produce sketches that reflect their urban vision. The uniqueness of the methodology derives from the use of cross-sectional sketches, a simple yet powerful tool that overcomes barriers of communication and encourages consensus among participants regard-less of their language, generation, or social position. The most significant feature of YUDS is the use of schematic representations by the use of cross-sectional sketches. This approach is different from traditional urban design methodologies, which typically rely on photography, maps, and bird's-eye view illustrations.The implementation of the YUDS methodology requires careful planning and dedication of time and resources. Workshops require the preparation of urban design materials and their simplification for nonprofessional participants. The methodology also works best when a municipal champion is committed to the process, and when university researchers and students are closely engaged in the preparation and implementation of each workshop. -
Publication
A Catalogue of Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Resilience
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-11-08)Cities worldwide are facing resilience challenges as climate risks interact with urbanization, loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, poverty, and rising socioeconomic inequality. Extreme precipitation events, flooding, heatwaves, and droughts are causing economic losses, social insecurity, and affecting wellbeing. Over time, urban resilience challenges are expected to grow, driven by processes such as urbanization, land use, and climate change. Whereas climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of some natural hazards, urbanization can also lead to higher exposure of people and assets in cities. More than half of the global population lives in cities, and more than seventy percent are expected to do so by 2050. Nature-based solutions are approaches that use nature and natural processes for delivering infrastructure, services, and integrative solutions to meet the rising challenge of urban resilience. The catalogue of Nature-based solutions for urban resilience has been developed as a guidance document to support the growing demand for NBS by enabling an initial identification of potential investments in nature-based solutions. The document is structured as follows: Chapter 2 describes generic principles for integrating NBS into urban environments. Chapter 3 provides a reader’s guide and holds the Catalogue of the fourteen NBS families. -
Publication
The State of Cities Climate Finance: Part 2. The Enabling Conditions for Mobilizing Urban Climate Finance
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-06)The Enabling Conditions for Urban Climate Finance Part 2 is a contribution of the World Bank to the State of Cities Climate Finance Report 2021. Part 2 analyzes enabling frameworks and presents solutions for mobilizing urban climate finance at scale to transition cities to low-carbon, climate-resilient development pathways. It seeks to provide a common level of understanding of the terminologies, knowledge, and themes used by climate policy and climate finance practitioners, city-level urban planners, and municipal finance officials. It presents innovative and critical concepts on the roles and agency of city governments in climate action; the enabling conditions at the country, city, and climate transaction level; concrete practical examples, solutions and approaches and key recommendations for local, national, and international officials to mobilize urban climate finance at scale. The entire State of Cities Climate Finance Report, including the Executive Summary, is available here: https://www.citiesclimatefinance.org/2021/06/2021-state-of-cities-climate-finance/ . -
Publication
Transforming Tanzania’s Cities: Harnessing Urbanization for Competitiveness, Resilience, and Livability
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-06)Tanzania’s growth and poverty reduction aspirations hinge on shifting from a reliance on agriculture toward greater productivity. Cities’ key role in generating a more competitive economy is already apparent: in 2012, just four Tanzanian cities produced more than half of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP), and they are expected to represent almost 60 percent of the country’s GDP in 2030. Urban areas also account for the majority of the country’s physical, financial, human, academic, and technological capital. Cities are integral for shaping Tanzania’s development, but what shape are cities in now and where are they heading based on current trends? This report analyses the state of Tanzania’s urbanization process and the condition of its cities and institutions through the lens of three main challenges that constrain the contribution of Tanzania’s towns and cities to economic diversification and growth, reduce their resilience to shocks, and limit their livability and inclusivity. The report then offers a set of recommendations to guide policies and investments that will promote urban planning for inclusive and resilient urban development, stronger connections between cities and neighborhoods, and institutions and financing mechanisms that are well placed to scale up sustainable urban development. -
Publication
Pancakes to Pyramids: City Form to Promote Sustainable Growth
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-05-31)Towns and cities are economic and social microcosms in which large numbers of people and firms interact. These interactions largely shape how a city looks, how it functions, and how it grows. But how exactly does this many-sided relationship work? What are the specific drivers of urban economic and spatial development? Pancakes to Pyramids brings us closer to answering these questions, beginning with an idealized contrast between two patterns of urban spatial growth. Pancakes are cities that grow outward and remain relatively low-built. Pyramids are cities that grow partly outward, but also partly inward and upward, filling vacant parcels and adding height to central districts to increase economic and residential densities. Both types of density can help cities overcome the challenges that come with population growth, and most urgently, evolving from a pancake into a pyramid, creating a platform with more options for controlling greenhouse gas emissions. This report draws on new evidence, econometric analysis, and predictive modeling to relate the economic growth of cities to their past spatial evolution, and to the possibility and conditions for future pyramidal growth. -
Publication
Cities, Culture, Creativity: Leveraging Culture and Creativity for Sustainable Urban Development and Inclusive Growth
(Paris: UNESCO, and Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2021-05-20)Culture and creativity have untapped potential to deliver social, economic, and spatial benefits for cities and communities. Cultural and creative industries are key drivers of the creative economy and represent important sources of employment, economic growth, and innovation, thus contributing to city competitiveness and sustainability. Through their contribution to urban regeneration and sustainable urban development, cultural and creative industries make cities more attractive places for people to live in and for economic activity to develop. Culture and creativity also contribute to social cohesion at the neighborhood level, enable creative networks to form and advance innovation and growth, and create opportunities for those who are often socially and economically excluded. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has had a deep impact on the cultural sector, yet it has also revealed the power of cultural and creative industries as a resource for city recovery and resilience. More generally, cities are hubs of the creative economy and have a critical role to play in harnessing the transformative potential of cultural and creative industries through policies and enabling environments at the local level. ‘Cities, Culture, and Creativity’ (CCC) provides guiding principles and a CCC Framework, developed by UNESCO and the World Bank, to support cities in unlocking the power of cultural and creative industries for sustainable urban development, city competitiveness, and social inclusion. Drawing from global studies and the experiences of nine diverse cities from across the world, the CCC Framework offers concrete guidance for the range of actors — city, state, and national governments; creative industry and related private-sector organizations; creatives; culture professionals and civil society— to harness culture and creativity with a view to boosting their local creative economies and building resilient, inclusive, and dynamic cities. -
Publication
Evolution of Quality Infrastructure Investment in Japan
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-04)This report reviews the evolution of Quality Infrastructure Investments (QII) in the Japanese urban sector. The report is structured around the six QII principles (sustainable development, economic efficiency, environmental considerations, disaster resilience, social considerations and governance) and the three phases of post-war development in Japan. Specifically, the evolution of the six principles is reviewed in relation to historical events during the periods 1956–73, 1974–90, and 1990–2020. The report has the associated case studies for urban practitioners' further read. -
Publication
Toyama City: Compact City Development
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021)This case study is showcases examples where the “G20 Principles for Quality Infrastructure Investment (QII)” have been operationalized in Japan`s urban infrastructure projects. It highlights Toyama City, which is now a global role model for compact city development and reviews the city’s difficult journey towards a compact city through the lens of Economic Efficiency and Infrastructure Governance, which are two of the six G20 Principles for QII. This case study sheds light on the importance of governance aspects such as alignment with the national policy, organizational commitment, and collaboration with the private sector. Furthermore, it illustrates how effective governance can lead to economic efficiency and some evidence of a compact city`s wider benefits. The implications are expected to benefit policymakers and practitioners in developing countries. -
Publication
Transit-Oriented Development Implementation Resources and Tools, 2nd Edition
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021)This toolkit provides a compendium of resources for Transit-Oriented Development stakeholders to navigate each phase of the TOD process: Assessing, Enabling, Planning and Design, Financing, and Implementing. It includes how-to guides, analytical tools, communication tools, resources, case studies and template terms of reference for each phase. The latest addition fully embeds road safety consideration at all steps of the process. Transit-oriented development, commonly known as TOD, is a planning and design strategy that focuses on creating urban development patterns which facilitate the use of public transit, walking and cycling, as primary modes of transport and which supports vibrant, diverse and livable communities. This is achieved by concentrating urban densities, communities and activities within a 5-10 minute walking distance from mass rapid transit stations (both bus and rail-based), developing quality urban space and providing convenient and efficient access to a diverse mix of land uses. TOD brings together elements of land use and transport planning, urban design, urban regeneration, real estate development, financing, land value capture, and infrastructure implementation to achieve more sustainable urban development. Since TOD implementation can be complex, it is essential that cities understand the dynamics at play related to all city systems- real estate economics, transit routing, infrastructure design, land use planning and zoning, the development of the local economy through urban regeneration, and urban design- to achieve the concept’s full potential. TOD, as a tool, enables city actors to negotiate through varying urban priorities to ultimately prioritize inclusion and resilience in an optimized environment. The World Bank considers these priorities as the bedrock of successful TODs. -
Publication
Kyoto A Creative City: Leveraging Creativity for City Competitiveness and Inclusive Urban Transformation
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021)This report builds on the findings from the Technical Deep Dive (TDD) ‘Creative Cities: Case of Kyoto,’ organized by the Tokyo Development and Learning Center (TDLC) in partnership with UNESCO and the City of Kyoto in January 2020. The TDD focused on the framework for developing creative cities and the impact that creative industries can have on cities’ spatial, economic, and social development. Using the case of Kyoto in Japan, the TDD highlighted the different components of creative neighborhoods and communities and how to build them. This report uses the case of Kyoto to demonstrate how city planners and the local private sector can collectively build creative communities. It builds on an important conversation on how to leverage creative cities to safeguard inclusive economic development and catalyze urban spaces that enhance economic, urban, and social development. Insights for this report were derived from a literature review along with interviews with practitioners with a focus on creative clusters and spatial transformation. Social inclusion is also a theme that we discuss in the report, though to a lesser degree because of data constraints. This report provides distilled practical lessons and key insights for policy makers and practitioners interested in applying the concept of creative cities effectively. Using the case of Kyoto, the report analyzes how creative communities and policy action can be leveraged for urban transformation not only at the neighborhood level but also citywide and beyond.