Transport Papers
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Publication
Paths Toward Green Mobility: Perspectives on Women and Rail Transport in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022)This report explores two aspects of the rail transport sector - mobility, and employment--in the countries of Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina from a gender perspective. It examines issues of rail transport for women both as passengers, and as sector employees. It highlights the urgency of transport decarbonization for the Western Balkan countries (WB6) in the context of the European Union’s Green Deal,2 which aims to achieve net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050. This report shows that Covid-19 has decimated rail transport use at a time when global and WB6 regional efforts must dramatically increase their movement toward decarbonization. The study confirms that the pandemic has drawn people away from public transport including rail, and toward more carbon-intensive individual modes of transportation. It also makes a rarely made connection between getting more women into the transport sector and improved mobility for women. Rail services remain male-dominated across the world. The report finds clear parallels between women’s employment and mobility. Finally, while this study focuses on women and rail transport, it has the benefit of making rail more attractive for other cohorts as well, including those who primarily use private vehicles (mainly men). -
Publication
Croatian Logistics: Opportunities for Sustainable Competitiveness
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021-06-04)Croatia needs to find new sources of economic growth to attain income convergence with the EU; this was true before the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, and it is an even more urgent challenge now. Improvements in freight logistics, which permeate the tradeable economy and domestic commerce, can become a catalyst of productivity growth, business resilience, and environmentally sustainable economic expansion for Croatia. Efficient logistics facilitate trade by improving access to markets through connectivity improvements and cost competitiveness. This report takes stock of Croatia’s logistics sector at the national level. It aims to describe the sector’s supply-demand composition, identify challenges and opportunities to improve sectoral performance, and recommend public policy measures to address these challenges and meet the opportunities at hand. -
Publication
Improving Freight Transit and Logistics Performance of the Trans-Caucasus Transit Corridor: Strategy and Action Plan
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020-01)This strategy and action plan put forward a guiding vision for the trans-Caucasus transit corridor (CTC), with a focus on the part to be played by Georgia and Azerbaijan to develop the CTC into a competitive alternative to other regional routes for the transport of goods, especially for containerized goods between China and Europe, and to promote a solid and professional transport system in the two countries, in association with neighboring economies (Kazakhstan, Turkey, and others). The implementation of this strategy and action plan will ensure that the corridor is operated in an efficient way that augments the economic benefits of the infrastructure works, attracting traffic, and reducing operating costs. The strategy outlines five strategic targets that define a path to successfully navigate the institutional and functional changes presented by the action plan: (i) reduce major nonphysical barriers to the efficiency of the CTC; (ii) remove physical barriers, by, for example, interconnecting infrastructure more efficiently, and installing intermodal facilities; (iii) improve institutional frameworks, including the establishment of a coordinating body to streamline and strengthen governance transport along the CTC and promote and support its development; (iv) develop a transnational regulatory framework; and (v) build capacity in the logistics sector. -
Publication
Towards a Transit Oriented Development Approach for Belgrade
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-09)The purpose of this report is to explore opportunities to better integrate land use and public transit planning in Belgrade. Specifically, the aim is to develop an approach toward Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) for Belgrade building off the city’s recently approved Transport Master Plan (2017). The Transport Master Plan, which is to be implemented over the next 16 years (through2033), includes all modes of transport: automobiles, public buses, trams, metro, and commuterrail service (known as BG Voz). The required total investment is estimated to be over 400 millioneuros excluding the metro project. Thus, implementation will require large sums of money for bothcapital and operational expenses, while the city has limited financing resources. Given the fiscalconstraints, it would be prudent for Belgrade city authorities to explore self-financing projectschemes for urban transit and land development, incorporating land value capture (LVC). Thisreport evaluates the Transport Master Plan together with other available data to find ways to realize TOD and LVC in Belgrade, including identifying current gaps in knowledge towards such a goal. There are several large-scale, long-term urban development projects envisaged for Belgrade such as development of the Makis Polje area and Waterfront Railway Yard Conversion Project and theWaterfront. The Transport Master Plan considers these developments as a given. The projected future populations in these sites serve as the base to model future traffic demand, and to evaluate the proposed transport investment projects. The Transport Master Plan recognizes the need for detailed planning and economic verification of these urban development schemes. -
Publication
Making It to the School: Education and Transport Policies for Children in South East Europe
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2011-10)Providing at least basic education to all children especially those coming from poor or disadvantaged families is an important factor for increasing chances to improve their lives in the future. Many countries recognize the need to better educate their populations and do so by trying to improve the equity and quality while taking care of efficiency. The provision of equal educational opportunities is a challenge for every society, where specific solutions typically depend on a number of factors. The intention of this document is to raise awareness and provide support to decision makers in planning the measures that will secure access to quality education for all children above all to those who are under higher risk of dropping out of the education system through a set of transportation and education policy measures. The document aims to equip municipal authorities, as well as transport and education stakeholders, with a systemized approach for assessing the access and accessibility of education services, and tools for the selection of the most appropriate options for improvements. The document is organized as follows: chapter one provides a short introductory review of the demographic changes in South East Europe (SEE) countries; chapter two is a valuable source of information on the experiences of countries in the SEE region and worldwide; chapter three gives decision-making framework for local authorities; chapter four provides a summary and a set of recommendations for local- and national-level authorities on the most effective ways of fulfilling legal obligations and ensuring a basic children's right- access to education; chapter five and six sets paths for making chosen policy options sustainable and for future developments based on innovative transport and education approaches and proven practices; and chapter seven gives literature and data sources. -
Publication
Road Asset Governance Filter : Case Study of Kazakhstan and Armenia
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2011-02)Building upon the transport governance filter developed by the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) transport team, which identified several thematic principles and actionable indicators on the governance of the transport sector at large, this paper seeks to assess the overall governance performance of the road sector as well as the concrete issues that road administrations should address in order to improve sector governance. A pilot survey was conducted in Armenia and Kazakhstan, in which road sector stakeholders were asked to evaluate more than seventy questions structured along four governance dimensions: (i) transparency, disclosure and accountability of the road agency; (ii) transparent and accessible procurement processes; (iii) financial management system; and (iv) administrative procedures and anticorruption effort. This report starts with an overview of the existing approaches to governance and corruption with a particular focus on the road sector. It then outlines the methodological framework developed under the study to assess the governance challenges facing the road sector, and report the governance challenges in Armenia and Kazakhstan using the methodology developed. The report will conclude with an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the methodological approach used and concrete suggestions to strengthen governance in the road sector of Armenia and Kazakhstan. -
Publication
Urban Transport Projects: Patterns and Trends in Lending, 1999-2009
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2011)The study consisted of developing a compendium of profiles for all free-standing urban transport projects funded by the Bank in calendar years from 1999 through 2009, followed by a first-pass synthesis of patterns and trends. There were 50 such projects. In addition, profiles were done for several projects from this period which were classified as urban or transport, but with significant urban transport components. Also, profiles were done for several operations approved before 1999 or after 2009, because they formed organic sequences with some operations in the 1999-2009 batches, in the same city or the same country. In all, profiles were done for 56 operations. A list of these projects is in annex one. Full profiles are in annex two, grouped by the geographic region, and in the chronological order according to the date of loan approval. The sources consulted in writing the profiles included project appraisal documents, loan and project agreements, restructuring papers, and implementation completion reports. In addition to this introduction, the synthesis report has four chapters. In the next (second) chapter, a brief overview is provided of the batch of projects for which the profiles were done. Chapter three reviews urban transport programs by region. Chapter four presents outcome ratings for completed projects and issues related to their success or otherwise. Chapter five discusses the fit between the projects and a provisional version of the Bank's urban transport strategy. -
Publication
Private Participation in the Transport Sector : Lessons from Recent Experience in Europe and Central Asia
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2009-06)This report was commissioned to draw lessons from the experiences with public private partnerships (PPPs) in the transport sector in Europe and Central Asia (ECA) countries. The report will review experiences to date with private participation in the transport sector with a primary focus on experiences in the ECA countries and Europe. To carefully prepare and select the most desirable PPP projects during the most severe economic downturn since the Second World War, availability of regional best practices would be helpful. This report will provide guidance for successful PPP implementation and will hopefully encourage public authorities to critically evaluate their project designs. The lessons from this study apply regardless of the financial crisis. While the dire economic environment will considerably impact the current PPP pipeline, the fundamental success factors for these projects will remain the same. During times of economic turmoil, evaluating past investment projects can provide lessons for stimulating the next period of economic growth. The report discusses the impact of the financial crisis separately in annex B. -
Publication
Road User Charges : Current Practice and Perspectives in Central and Eastern Europe
( 2008-11-01)This paper covers the most commonly used means to charge road users, including fuel taxes, vehicle taxes, vignettes and tolls. It presents a brief survey of road user charging systems in selected European countries and a more detailed overview of current status and perspectives of road user charges in Poland. Consideration is also given to private financing of roads through different forms of public-private partnerships (PPP), including a review of potential applications of the World Bank toolkit for PPP in highways as an instrument to help decision makers and practitioners to define the best PPP approach for a specific country. -
Publication
Launching Public Private Partnerships for Highways in Transition Economies
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2005-09)In many countries the private sector has been involved in financing infrastructure through concessions under a public-private partnership (PPP) program. PPP schemes, however, are somewhat underutilized in transition economies, where the potential financing gaps are significant and growing, and there seems to be an enormous potential for more private sector involvement in the financing and operation of highway assets in these countries. Institutions such as the World Bank can contribute to enhance private financing of road infrastructure through greater use of their guarantee power, in addition to supporting, when required, the public sector contribution to the construction cost of a PPP project through loans. Partial risk guarantees are particularly relevant in the context of seeking more private involvement in the financing of road infrastructure. This paper reviews potential applications of partial risk guarantees, the required legal framework (for example, concession law) for attracting private capital for PPP schemes, possible steps for a country to launch a program of private participation in highways, the concept of greenfield and road maintenance concession programs, and the treatment of unsolicited proposals. It also summarizes potential applications of the World Bank Toolkit for PPP in Highways as an instrument to help decision-makers and practitioners to define the best PPP approach for a specific country.