Transport Papers

86 items available

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http://hdl.handle.net/10986/16994

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Deterring Corruption and Improving Governance in Road Construction and Maintenance

(Washington, DC, 2009-09) World Bank

This sourcebook is part of a broader program on governance and corruption in the transport sector. The Sourcebook is meant as a resource to sector practitioners to assess the extent and risks of corruption in the sector and to improve governance in ways that reduce corruption. As this is an emerging field, the sourcebook is not intended to be a manual, nor a set of directives but rather to organize and illustrate approaches and tools which sector practitioners may find useful. This sourcebook is in seven sections. Section two provides an overview of governance and corruption, and the framework used to evaluate governance and corruption risks in transport. Section three describes a 'generic' transport sector structure and several tools for evaluating governance at the sector level. The next four sections describe how to detect corruption, and improve governance in: sector policy and planning (section four); capital works (section five); government engineering and construction units (section six); and public-private partnerships (section seven).
Air Freight : A Market Study with Implications for Landlocked Countries

(Washington, DC, 2009-08) World Bank

To facilitate air freight, landlocked countries need to improve operations at their airports and liberalize access for foreign airlines. But until those countries become major exporters, it is unlikely that scheduled air cargo operators will have significant operations. Instead, most air cargo will move as belly cargo on passenger airlines, with some complementary use of chartered air freighters during shipment peaks. Landlocked countries should therefore provide greater access to foreign passenger airlines.
Private Participation in the Transport Sector : Lessons from Recent Experience in Europe and Central Asia

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2009-06) Cuttaree, V. ; Humphreys, M. ; Muzira, S. ; Strand, J-P.

This report was commissioned to draw lessons from the experiences with public private partnerships (PPPs) in the transport sector in Europe and Central Asia (ECA) countries. The report will review experiences to date with private participation in the transport sector with a primary focus on experiences in the ECA countries and Europe. To carefully prepare and select the most desirable PPP projects during the most severe economic downturn since the Second World War, availability of regional best practices would be helpful. This report will provide guidance for successful PPP implementation and will hopefully encourage public authorities to critically evaluate their project designs. The lessons from this study apply regardless of the financial crisis. While the dire economic environment will considerably impact the current PPP pipeline, the fundamental success factors for these projects will remain the same. During times of economic turmoil, evaluating past investment projects can provide lessons for stimulating the next period of economic growth. The report discusses the impact of the financial crisis separately in annex B.
Transport Against HIV/AIDS : Synthesis of Experience and Best Practice Guidelines

(Washington, DC, 2009-01) World Bank

The transport sector is especially vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. Transport workers including long distance truck drivers, seafarers, airline crews and infrastructure construction workers spend long periods of time away from home, often endure harsh working conditions, and may engage in unsafe behavior that can lead to infection. Their mobility makes it difficult to access health information and treatment, or to maintain drug regimen. Transport hubs and construction sites are often considered hot spots due to the influx and interaction that take place among the mobile workers. Furthermore, the sector works as a vector for HIV spread as the opening of new roads connects low and high prevalence areas. The World Bank transport group has been proactively mainstreaming HIV response by assisting client governments to design and implement sector-level interventions. Programs are most developed in the highest prevalence areas, initially in Sub-Sahara Africa and now also in Asia. Support to the sector includes organizing training events to increase staff awareness and knowledge, providing access to research materials, and securing funds to develop or scale up intervention programs. To institutionalize the response, explicit provisions for HIV prevention have been embedded in the standard bidding document. The group also collaborates with local workers organizations with the help of International Transport Workers Federation and the International Labor Organization. Some lessons learned are: (i) strategies must be crafted to meet the specific needs of the country in accordance with the local culture and unique epidemic situations; (ii) coordination with the health sector and the national AIDS authority is necessary for effective program design; and (iii) involving stakeholders from local communities is key to program success.
Freight Transport for Development Toolkit: Ports and Waterborne Freight

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2009) Kruk, C. Bert ; Donner, Michel

The estimate of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development is that more than 80 percent or close to 8 million tons in 2007, of world freight is transported by sea. Most, if not all, freight transport moves from the producer to the consumer through logistic processes thereby passing a number of nodal points. As for waterborne transport, sea and river ports and terminals form these nodal points where freight is transferred from one mode to another. Chapter one provides data on world maritime transport and explains the different types of cargo that pass which are carried by the world merchant fleet and the cargoes they carry. It also is explained that the former general cargo type of vessels have evolved into vessel designs that have specifically been designed for different types of cargoes. Chapter two provides an extensive overview of the development of the container in terms of what containers are, how dedicated container vessels have developed as well as the impact of containers on logistic processes, including hinterland connections. Chapter three provides an overview of the world port in terms of numbers and classifies the largest ports in the world in terms of total cargoes, containers and dry bulk. Chapter four presents an overview of the indicators used in ports. Chapter five describes how ports around the world are owned and managed. First the major characteristics and functions of ports are described and possible ownership structures are explained. The chapter six not only describes the aspect of emissions, but also describes other forms of pollution sources of the sector, as these are noise, light, dust and soil and water pollution. As is explained in chapter seven, port work has gradually changed from pure physical work to processing control using dedicated and complicated equipment and automated systems. Similarly, the work of seafarers has changed. Chapter eight provides tools as to how cities can cope with this issue; in particular how former port areas can be and have been re-integrated in the city. Chapter nine presents a number of examples comparing rates that were charged in 2008 with those in the same period in 2009. Finally, chapter ten provides a comparison between the World Bank's transport business strategy paper 2008-2012 and the issues presented in this overview of ports and waterborne transport.
Supply Chain Security Guide

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2009) Donner, Michel ; Kruk, Cornelis

A supply chain is a system of resources, organizations, people, technologies, activities and information involved in the act of transporting goods from producer to consumer and user. This (SCS) guide is intended for trade and transport government officials, port authorities and transport, cargo and logistics communities, in particular in developing countries. The purpose of the guide is to make concerned trade and transport-related officials, managers and personnel in developing countries acquainted with, and aware of, the many initiatives mushrooming in the field of supply chain security, what these will mean for their respective organizations, and how to tackle the inlaid challenges. This chapter attempts to clarify the background and current status of the multitude of programs that exist across the world today. This is achieved by, firstly, giving a brief account of the changing security environment (post 9/11) and its resulting implications for SCS programs. This is important as it helps to explain the motivation of the programs which are later expanded upon in more detail within the chapter. Within this section, the motivations for different types of programs, not directly linked to the events of 9/11 but to other reasons, such as combating illegal activities, enhancement of efficiency and standardization are also explained. Secondly, a list of the main programs is present under four main subheadings: compulsory programs, major voluntary programs, regional or national programs, and others. Tables are presented at the end of the section summarizing the main points of each program. Finally, some of the issues surrounding the programs are presented in the concluding section.
Freight Transport for Development Toolkit: Integrated Logistics Services

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2009) Kopicki, Ron

Globalization has imposed entry requirements on developing economies. Countries need to have the ability to synchronize the business processes which take place within local producers with business processes, which take place in the supply chains of their suppliers and their customers. Integrated logistics services are nowadays a critical component of international freight transport systems, but their development and coverage vary widely across countries, in particular in the developing world. This paper explains this important development. It documents the increasingly important role, which third party logistics service providers play in facilitating business process connectivity and thus in integrating producers based in developing countries into the global economy. It provides a look at the global significance of integrated logistics services in a globalized economy, and goes on to review specific examples of establishment of such services in developing countries. These examples in turn suggest a set of specific policy recommendations to help policymakers enable the development of efficient logistics services to serve both their domestic and international markets. The paper describes ways in which integrated logistics services have evolved over the past 20 years. It describes aspects of that development, which have particular significance for accelerating the economic growth of developing economies. From a review of various means, which third party service providers have used to integrate the business processes of their clients into the supply chains of their clients, it attempts to develop some general principles, which can help policy makers to enhance the competitiveness of their own economies. In additional it discusses the interface between public and private sectors and particular ways in which public policy can enhance competitiveness through this important growth leverage. It goes on to discuss appropriate means and modes for regulating an emerging third party logistics industry and, finally, it suggesting specific initiatives and service design initiatives, which can help, accelerate economic development.
Road User Charges : Current Practice and Perspectives in Central and Eastern Europe

( 2008-11-01) Queiroz, Cesar ; Rdzanowska, Barbara ; Garbarczyk, Robert ; Audige, Michel

This paper covers the most commonly used means to charge road users, including fuel taxes, vehicle taxes, vignettes and tolls. It presents a brief survey of road user charging systems in selected European countries and a more detailed overview of current status and perspectives of road user charges in Poland. Consideration is also given to private financing of roads through different forms of public-private partnerships (PPP), including a review of potential applications of the World Bank toolkit for PPP in highways as an instrument to help decision makers and practitioners to define the best PPP approach for a specific country.
Urban Transport for Development : Towards an Operationally-Oriented Strategy

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2008-10) Mitric, Slobodan

This paper arose from the perception that a gap existed between the practice of project design and the formal Bank strategies for transport and urban sectors as stated in the cited reports. Formal strategies tend to be too general to be linked meaningfully to project designs. The paper in hand attempts to close this gap by putting forward a different, operationally-oriented concept of urban transport strategy and derives one such strategy from a review of recent Bank-funded projects. The term "operationally-oriented" means that the strategy is expressed in terms of objectives, policies, institutions and investments, mimicking the structure common to all individual projects. Projects on which the paper is based date from the last 15 years. They exhibit a wide diversity of features, reflecting inherited local conditions, the nature and rhythms of socio-economic changes underway, and the vintage of client-Bank relations. Yet, a strong central tendency is also evident, amounting to a coherent and robust approach. The core strategy, as this approach is called in the paper, aims to protect and nurture public transport services and non-motorized transport modes, with underlying meta-objectives of equity and environmental sustainability.
Applying the HDM-4 Model to Strategic Planning of Road Works

(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2008-09) Archondo-Callao, Rodrigo

The Highway Development and Management Model (HDM-4) is a software system for evaluating options for investing in road transport infrastructure. Worldwide, the HDM-4 model is most commonly used as a basis for feasibility studies, in which a road project is evaluated in terms of its economic viability. A more comprehensive type of evaluation based on HDM-4 is a network evaluation, which assesses an entire road network to help decision makers in their strategic planning of road investments and/or the definition of a rational road works program, with or without budget constraints. A network economic evaluation is the most challenging use of the model, but the effort is well justified given the potential savings to be achieved on transport costs by comparing various project alternatives and performing an optimization under budget constraints. This technical note presents the author's experience applying HDM-4 and its predecessor, the Highway Design and Maintenance Standards Model (HDM-III), to road network strategic planning evaluations in developing countries, with the objective of providing recommendations and tools to the readers who are involved in strategic planning activities. The purpose of the evaluations, the methodology itself, the input requirements, the challenges, and the presentation of results to decision makers are each reviewed in turn.