Miscellaneous Knowledge Notes
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Publication
Hydropower and Dams (H&D): Strengthening Climate-Informed Project Design
(Washington, DC, 2022-10)This learning note is the second of a 4-note-series developed by the Water Global Practice (GP) Climate Change Team to highlight successful examples of water operations that support climate change–related activities and provide useful lessons and recommendations for project design. -
Publication
Forewarned, but not Forearmed?: Lessons for the Recent Floods in Pakistan from 2010
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022-09)As climate change results in recurrent and more frequent natural disasters, each calamity proves instructional for the future. The author summarizes the lessons learned from the social protection and wider disaster response in the 2010 floods in Pakistan and discuss how they can benefit ongoing efforts to recover from the floods in the country in 2022, and other settings. -
Publication
Earthquake Recovery and Revitalization in Sisak-Moslavina County
(Washington, DC, 2022-07)In March and December 2020, Croatia was hit by series of earthquakes that caused substantial damage and losses to people, infrastructure, and the economy. In the aftermath, the World Bank supported the government of Croatia with technical assistance and funding, including analytics that focused on local government recovery and the revitalization of Sisak-Moslavina County, where the effects of the December earthquakes were severe. These analytics are reflected in two technical notes Rapid Damage and Needs assessment for the cities of Sisak, Petrinja, and Glina – December 2020 Earthquake and Municipal Finance Assessment (both concluded in 2022). This policy brief presents the summary findings and policy recommendations produced in these two notes. The customized information and recommendations generated by the analytics can guide the ongoing recovery and reconstruction process of the local and regional authorities in Sisak-Moslavina County and inform the financial management and governance decisions of authorities at the central level. -
Publication
Floods and Urban Connectivity: A Toolkit for Prioritizing Resilience Investments – Demonstration Note with Case Studies from Kinshasa and Kigali
(Washington, DC, 2022-06)Cities are intricately interconnected socioeconomic systems, with transport networks connecting people to their jobs, health, and education facilities, and ensuring the smooth functioning of supply chains. When floods happen, they isolate people and firms from these vital networks, causing cascading disruptions and losses. Such floods are not limited to rare and extreme events. Especially in developing country cities, the lack of resilient infrastructure systems means that even regular rainfall events, for example, during rainy seasons, can cause havoc. Attention is often biased towards direct asset losses from floods, rather than the wider economic costs of disrupted networks. This is due primarily to the complex dynamics of economic and infrastructure networks. But public transport and road usage data are also often limited, especially when the predominant modes of transport are informal and walking. So how can we identify and prioritize cost-effective measures for urban resilience This note describes an analytical approach that can help prioritize investments in urban transport resilience and public transport, while also strengthening the economic case for such investments. -
Publication
Predicting Urban Employment Distributions: A Toolkit for More Targeted Urban Investment and Planning Decisions
(Washington, DC, 2022-06)Cities are intricately interconnected socioeconomic systems, with transport networks connecting people to their jobs, health, and education facilities, and ensuring the smooth functioning of supply chains. When floods happen, they isolate people and firms from these vital networks, causing cascading disruptions and losses. Such floods are not limited to rare and extreme events. Especially in developing country cities, the lack of resilient infrastructure systems means that even regular rainfall events, for example, during rainy seasons, can cause havoc. Attention is often biased towards direct asset losses from floods, rather than the wider economic costs of disrupted networks. This is due primarily to the complex dynamics of economic and infrastructure networks. But public transport and road usage data are also often limited, especially when the predominant modes of transport are informal and walking. So how can we identify and prioritize cost-effective measures for urban resilience This note describes an analytical approach that can help prioritize investments in urban transport resilience and public transport, while also strengthening the economic case for such investments. -
Publication
Irrigation and Drainage (I and D): Strengthening Climate-Informed Project Design
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022-02)To ensure food security and other social needs, support profitable farms that create jobs, reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and bolster resilience to climate extremes and other shocks, agriculture must become more productive, resource efficient, and environmentally sustainable. This requires improvements in water service provision and soil water management. Sustaining agricultural water resources, enhancing resilience for farmers, and improving the quality of water service provision all require: institutional strengthening by supporting reforms that increase accountability; modernizing infrastructure and promoting innovation; and encouraging data-based and participatory decision making by all stakeholders. -
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Water Resources Management (WRM): Strengthening Climate-Informed Project Design
(Washington, DC, 2022-02)As climate shocks increasingly impact the water dependent sectors, it is vital that countries embrace integrated, cross-sectoral policies and programs. Water projects improve chances to attain positive climate-related and overall results by adopting an integrated and climate-informed approach to water resources management (WRM), carefully managing climate-related environmental and social safeguards and establishing effective coordination mechanisms based on incentives with all relevant stakeholders. -
Publication
Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS): Strengthening Climate-Informed Project Design
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022-02)Climate-informed projects aimed at boosting water utilities’ performance are likely to succeed in achieving intended results by investing in energy efficiency, nonrevenue water (NRW) reduction, climate resilience, and demand-side water use efficiency. Extending water supply and sanitation (WSS) services, especially to unserved or underserved segments in areas with high climate risks, requires managing water resources efficiently and taking into account climate change–related factors. -
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Defining Results-Based Climate Finance, Voluntary Carbon Markets and Compliance Carbon Markets
(Washington, DC, 2022)Under the Kyoto Protocol, compliance carbon markets (CCM) were primarily in the form of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI). In 2015, the Paris Agreement introduced a new bottom-up approach to address climate change. Under the Paris Agreement, Parties set non-binding climate targets through their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Article 6 of the Paris Agreement recognizes cooperation among countries for achieving their NDCs and raising climate ambition. This provides the basis for international CCM, where countries can trade emission reduction (“carbon”) credits with each other. Article 9 of the Paris Agreement stipulates that developed countries shall provide resources to developing countries for climate mitigation and adaptation. Developed countries would also take the lead in mobilizing climate finance from a variety of sources that represents a progression beyond previous efforts. The objective of this information paper is to outline three avenues for monetizing climate results – results-based climate finance (RBCF), voluntary carbon markets (VCM), and CCM. The paper is intended to describe activities by non-state or private sector actors in these mechanisms, and how their participation can facilitate the achievement of climate benefits in a cost-effective manner. -
Publication
The Role of Existing Social Protection Programs in Alleviating Poverty Caused by Large-Scale Negative Shocks
(World Bank, Malaysia, 2021-09-02)The deep global recession induced by Covid-19 (coronavirus) is putting at risk the gains in poverty reduction made over the past three decades. The ability of existing social protection programs to prevent a permanent increase in poverty is thus of obvious importance. Yet, research on their performance during and after large aggregate shocks is largely missing. This Brief provides evidence by examining the performance of cash transfer programs in Indonesia and the Philippines following two recent natural disasters. One of them, Typhoon Yolanda, is an extreme weather event of the kind expected to become more common as global climate change intensifies. The results presented also contribute to the broader discussion on adaption to climate change and the need to provide adequate protection mechanisms to affected populations.