Miscellaneous Knowledge Notes
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Publication
Behavioral Approaches to Address Gender Inequality in Economic Opportunity
(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2022-04-04)Recent innovations in policy interventions have departed from the traditional assumption that people just need sufficient information, adequate incentives (such as lower costs or benefits) or laws for the desired behaviors to happen. The authors have learned that psychological and social factors that influence human behaviors need to be taken into account as they play an instrumental role in the success of development policies and outcomes at every level. Behavioral science - which borrows from anthropology, economics, neuroscience, psychology, and sociology - offers new insights and tools to help policymakers and development practitioners improve upon the design and implementation of policies and interventions - often at low cost - by revealing and addressing patterns of human thinking and behavior normally not accounted for in traditional policy design. The purpose of this note is to offer policymakers and operational teams a simple guide for applying behavioral insights to policies and programs aimed at addressing gender gaps; and a selection of some examples of rigorously evaluated interventions that have successfully addressed drivers of behavior to close specific gender gaps in developing country contexts. Specifically, the note focuses on two dimensions of women’s economic opportunity: women’s participation in the labor force and women’s ownership and control over productive assets. -
Publication
Social Protection and Jobs Responses to COVID-19: A Real-Time Review of Country Measures
(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2022-02-07)As of January 2022, a total of 3,856 social protection and labor measures were planned or implemented by 223 economies. This constitutes a net increase of 523 measures, or 15.6 percent since the last update in May 2021. While noteworthy, such increase is the lowest among net additions observed over previous semesters. In fact, the global pace of measures’ introduction over January 2020-January 2022 has been slowing down. This report focuses on the real-time review of country measures in terms of social protection and job responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19). -
Publication
The Business Case for Investing in Women’s Employment in Iraq: Company Insight - Ashur International Bank for Investment - Advancing Women in Business Leadership & Management Banking/ Financial Sector, Iraq
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2022)In Iraq, women are generally absent from senior management and leadership positions, with an estimated representation of just 1 percent - even lower than the regional average. Women also account for more than half of the financial sector’s workforce, owing in part to government directives to appoint more females within Iraqi banks. In 2018, with International Finance Corporation (IFC) assistance, the Central Bank of Iraq required that every Iraqi bank’s board of directors should include at least one woman. Many private banks in Iraq are currently developing modern banking practices, with several of them prioritizing gender diversity in leadership positions. This company insight explores the experience of one such Iraqi bank, Ashur International Bank for Investment (Ashur Bank), which has been a pioneer for private banks in recruiting and promoting women to management positions. In Ashur Bank’s experience, these policies have improved the company’s performance, driven economic growth and profitability, and improved innovation. The sample size however is not statistically significant and cannot be used to draw definite conclusions but rather provides anecdotal evidence on the topic of this study. -
Publication
Understanding the Socioeconomic Differences of Urban and Camp-Based Refugees in Kenya: Comparative Analysis Brief - 2018 Kalobeyei Settlement, 2019 Kakuma Camp, and 2020-21 Urban Socioeconomic Surveys
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2021)The comparative analysis on the socioeconomic conditions of urban and camp-based refugees in Kenya builds upon the findings of the Kalobeyei, Kakuma and Urban Socioeconomic Surveys (SES). It offers an analytical understanding about key differences between refugees while providing explanations, and policy recommendations.