Miscellaneous Knowledge Notes
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Publication
Living Conditions and Asset Ownership for the Host and Rohingya Populations in Cox's Bazar
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2019-11-25)The modules on housing characteristics and assets were administered as part of the household questionnaire of the Cox’s Bazar Panel Survey (CBPS) to the household head or an adult member (age 15+) with substantial knowledge about the daily activities of the household. Data was collected from 5,020 households across camp and host settlements (Camp settlements are defined as areas within the camp boundaries set by the government, UNHCR and IOM jointly. Host settlements are defined as all areas outside of the camp boundaries), on topics of housing conditions and asset holdings. This includes information on the construction material of housing, water and sanitation facilities, lighting and electricity usage, and current and past ownership of assets. The module generates representative statistics for hosts and displaced Rohingya population in Cox’s Bazar; and it can be further disaggregated into hosting areas with low and high exposure to the Rohingya influx -
Publication
Knowledge Exchanges on Integrated Urban Water Management Briefing Note 1—January 2019
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2019-01)This note describes the outcomes of a June 2018 knowledge exchange visit to study urban water management and urban renewal experiences in Brazil. Participants included 23 country representatives and 9 World Bank staff from Ethiopia, Ghana, and Indonesia who visited the two Brazilian cities of São Paulo and Teresina. São Paulo is a mega-city that has addressed serious urban water issues—from water scarcity and flooding to informal settlements and water supply, sanitation, and pollution—over the past couple decades. Teresina, meanwhile, is a medium-sized town that has integrated several sectors in the urban area at project level. Both cities clearly showed how integration beyond traditional borders between sectors and active stakeholder involvement can lead to significant additional benefits for urban inhabitants. Participants learned from these implementation experiences and took home clear guidance and next steps to be incorporated through ongoing World Bank projects. -
Publication
Distributional Effects of Investments in Road Infrastructure: The Case of Colombia's 4th Generation Concession Program
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-08)Estimating ex-ante distributional impacts of road infrastructure is increasingly important to better understand the poverty effects of these investments. This note presents such analysis for the ongoing 4th generation (4G) road concessions program in Colombia, which involves the concession of 40 new roads and the transformation of 8,170 kilometers of road network. An ex-ante evaluation of the program suggests that 180,000 jobs will be created and that moderate and extreme poverty would decline by 0.5 and 0.3 percentage points, respectively. -
Publication
Using Satellite Imagery to Revolutionize the Creation of Tax Maps
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-08)Globally, cities rely on property taxes as a key source of revenues to finance the services that enhance its long-term competitiveness and counter the negative aspects of density. In developing countries, the technical complexity of ensuring that tax rolls are complete and valuations current is often perceived as a major barrier to bringing in more property tax revenues. This policy paper shows how high-resolution satellite imagery makes it possible to assess the completeness of existing tax maps by estimating built-up areas based on building heights and footprints. Together with information on sales prices from the land registry, targeted surveys, and routine statistical data, this makes it possible to use mass valuation procedures to generate tax maps. The example of Kigali illustrates the reliability of the method and the potentially far-reaching revenue impacts. Estimates based on modelling show that heightened tax compliance and a move to a one percent ad valorem tax would yield a tenfold increase in revenue from public land. -
Publication
Relocation and Resettlement
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-03)This note provides guidance on approaches to relocation and resettlement of people. Although resettlement is ideally avoided, the complexities of unclear, unrecognized, informal, and overlapping land claims in many areas means that it is an issue that investors and governments often need to address. Field research suggests room for improvement in processes and outcomes where resettlement had been undertaken. Critical factors for success included how resettled people perceived that their living situations had changed after resettlement, which includes compensation, access to livelihood opportunities, and social services. Also important was the extent to which people were consulted, where involved in decision making, and had access to grievance mechanisms. -
Publication
Community Engagement Strategies
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-03)This note provides guidance on the overall approach to consulting, engaging, and partnering with local communities, to bridge gaps in information and expectation between communities and investors and create the social license to operate. Engaging with local communities and other stakeholders is both socially responsible and a business imperative; investors that are well integrated with the local community are more likely to be financially successful. Effective engagement is necessary across all phases of the investment project, from the initial mapping, consultations withcommunities, and contract negotiations to the establishment of a grievance mechanism, ongoing community dialogue, and monitoring of both environmental and social impacts. Aligning the expectations and understanding of investors and communities creates the necessary environment for mutual benefit. -
Publication
Community Development Agreements
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-03-01)This note provides guidance on negotiating, designing, and implementing community development agreements between investors and local communities. Some investors, in particular those thatoperate in remote rural areas, have made significant contributions to local development through social development programs. Their effectiveness and the manner in which they are implemented depend on the context and the capacity of the investor. The most successful programs include localcommunities in making decisions about scope, require investors to make binding commitments, and support rather than supplant governmental responsibilities. -
Publication
Respecting Land Rights and Averting Land Disputes
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-03-01)This note provides guidance on how to ensure that agricultural investments respect existing land rights, both formal and informal, and thereby avert land disputes. Failure to respect land rights - in particular country - or region-specific land tenure systems and history, including use by pastoralists - has negative consequences for communities and other stakeholders. It is also financially damaging for investors who shortcut due process and end up spending time and money dealing with land disputes. -
Publication
Enhancing Local Economic Impact
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018-03-01)This note provides guidance on how to ensure that an agricultural investment generates positive impacts on the local economy by encouraging and supporting opportunities arising for individuals, farmers, businesses, and institutions. Investments can have a transformative impact on the communities where they are located. Much of this impact can be long term, and go beyond the immediate activities of the investors, through economic linkages and spillover effects. Positive impacts on the local economy are not automatic: the policies and practices of the investor and the government influence outcomes. Careful management and choice of agricultural investments, and provision of complementary initiatives by investors and by governments, can maximize the benefits arising from economic linkages and spillovers while minimizing the risks. -
Publication
Citizen Service Centers in Kenya: The Role of Huduma Centers in Advancing Citizen-Centered Service Delivery in a Context of Devolution and Digitization
(World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017-06)This case study analyzes the Huduma Kenya program, under which the Government of Kenya is advancing citizen-centered public service delivery through a variety of channels, including deploying digital technology and establishing citizen service centers across the country. The paper examines key topics related to the operation, from institutional arrangements, funding, and staffing to digitization, organizational culture, and customer feedback. The program has beenparticularly successful at forging an organizational culture focused on excellence in customer service, which revolves around improving transparency, efficiency, and integrity. This organizational culture helps motivate staff and level the playing field for citizens of all backgrounds to get equal service and treatment from the same place, an important step toward enhancing accessibility and nondiscrimination. The Huduma Kenya program takes a multichannel approach, combining brick-and-mortar centers with digital service platforms to ensure that citizens with differing levels of literacy and access to the Internet are reached while still keeping pace with the latest technological developments. To date, the primary challenges encountered in the rollout of the Huduma Centers concern the coordination among the various institutions involved in their management, staffing, and oversight; and the deployment of staff incentives related to compensation and professional development.